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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (01): 74-83.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93026

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状及影响因素分析

赵波1,李小龙1,周茂林2,宋碧3,雷恩4,李钟5,吴雅薇1,袁继超1,孔凡磊1,*()   

  1. 1 四川农业大学农学院/作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
    2 重庆市农业科学院玉米研究所, 重庆401329
    3 贵州大学农学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
    4 红河学院, 云南红河 661106
    5 南充市农业科学院, 四川南充 637000
  • 收稿日期:2019-04-18 接受日期:2019-08-09 出版日期:2020-01-12 网络出版日期:2019-09-01
  • 通讯作者: 孔凡磊
  • 作者简介:E-mail: sicauzb4633@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目资助(2016YFD0300307);本研究由国家重点研发计划项目资助(2017YFD0301704)

Current status and influencing factors of broken rate in mechanical grain harvesting of maize in Southwest China

ZHAO Bo1,LI Xiao-Long1,ZHOU Mao-Lin2,SONG Bi3,LEI En4,LI Zhong5,WU Ya-Wei1,YUAN Ji-Chao1,KONG Fan-Lei1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2 Corn Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, China
    3 College of Agronomy, Guizhou Agricultural University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
    4 Honghe University, Honghe 661106, Yunnan, China
    5 Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2019-04-18 Accepted:2019-08-09 Published:2020-01-12 Published online:2019-09-01
  • Contact: Fan-Lei KONG
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the State Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300307);This study was supported by the State Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0301704)

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摘要：

籽粒破碎率高是西南玉米机械粒收技术发展和应用的主要限制因素。明确当前西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状, 研究其主要影响因素, 对推动西南玉米机械粒收的发展具有重要意义。利用2017—2018年在西南区开展的多点多品种系列粒收试验获得的788组籽粒破碎率样本数据, 分析了西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状, 并于2018年采用同一机型、同一操作人员开展多品种、大跨度多收期试验, 调查不同收获时期籽粒破碎率、含水率、力学强度变化, 分析籽粒含水率、力学强度与破碎率的关系。结果表明, 当前西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率范围为0.54%~42.72%, 平均值为8.34%。随机械粒收时期推迟, 籽粒含水率下降, 籽粒力学强度增加, 破碎率先降低后逐渐升高。破碎率(y)与籽粒含水率(x)间的关系符合y = 0.0329x 2-1.3328x+15.529 (R 2= 0.5467 **)方程, 在籽粒含水率为20.26%时破碎率最低, 破碎率≤5%的籽粒含水率范围为10.76%~29.76%; 破碎率(y)与籽粒立面(x立面)和侧面(x侧面)压碎强度的关系符合y = 0.0006x立面 2-0.2692x立面+32.7030 (R 2= 0.3138 **)和y = 0.0021x侧面 2-0.6092x侧面+46.979 (R 2= 0.3790 **)方程, 当籽粒立面和侧面压碎强度为224.33 N和145.05 N时破碎率最低。籽粒压碎强度与含水率呈极显著负相关。随收获时期推迟, 籽粒含水率下降导致其力学强度的改变是影响破碎率变化的主要原因, 通过选育和选用后期立秆能力强、籽粒脱水快的品种, 当籽粒含水率降至28%以下进行机械粒收是降低西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率的重要举措。

关键词: 西南玉米, 机械粒收, 破碎率, 含水率, 力学强度

Abstract:

Maize mechanical grain harvesting is the development direction of maize production in Southwest China. High grain broken rate is the main limiting factor for the development and application of this technology. It is of great significance to clarify the current status of broken rate of mechanical grain harvesting in Southwest China, to study the main influencing factors, so as to promote the development of mechanical grain harvesting in Southwest China. Using 788 sets of sample data of grain broken rate obtained from a series of multi-point and multi-variety grain harvesting experiments conducted in Southwest China from 2017 to 2018, the present situation of mechanical grain broken rate in Southwest China was analyzed. In 2018, the same machine and operator were used to carry out multi-variety, long-span and multi-harvest experiments to investigate the changes of grain broken rate, grain moisture content and grain mechanical strength in different harvest periods, and to analyze the relationship among grain moisture content, grain mechanical strength and broken rate. The broken rate of mechanically harvested grains was 0.54%-42.72% with the average of 8.34% in Southwest China. With the delayed mechanical grain harvesting, the moisture content of grains decreased, the crushing strength of grains increased, and the broken rate of grains decreased first and then increased. The relationship between broken rate (y) and grain moisture content (x) was in accordance with the equation y = 0.0329x 2- 1.3328x + 15.529 (R 2= 0.5467 **). The broken rate was the lowest when the moisture content of grains was 20.26%. The range of moisture content of the grains with a broken rate less than 5% was 10.76%-29.76%. The relationship between broken rate (y) and crushing strength of grain facade (xfacade) and side (xside) was in accordance with the equations of y = 0.0006xfacade 2 - 0.2692xfacade + 32.7030 (R 2 = 0.3138 **) and y = 0.0021xside 2 - 0.6092xside + 46.979 (R 2 = 0.3790 **), respectively. When the crushing strength of grain facade and side was 224.33 N and 145.05 N, the broken rate was the lowest. With delaying harvest time, the change of mechanical strength caused by the decrease of grain moisture content may be the main reason affecting the change of broken rate. Breeding and selecting varieties with strong standing pole ability and quick dehydration, making the moisture content of grain below 28%, is an important measure to reduce the broken rate of mechanical grain harvesting in Southwest China.

Key words: southwest maize, mechanical grain harvesting, broken rate, moisture content, mechanical strength

表1

机械粒收试验品种信息(2017-2018)"

地点
Location		 品种
Cultivar		 收获机型
Harvester type
四川中江
Zhongjiang,
Sichuan		 正红505, 中单808, 渝单8号, 荣玉1510, 瑞玉11, 渝单30, 丹玉336, 正红6号, 郑单958, 粒收1号, 渝豪单6号, 仲玉3号, 成单30, 正红211, 正红431, 先玉1171, 延科288, 国豪玉7号, 华试919, 蠡玉16, 奥玉3111, 联创808, 瑞玉16, 华凯2号
Zhenghong 505, Zhongdan 808, Yudan 8, Rongyu 1510, Ruiyu 11, Yudan 30, Danyu 336, Zhenghong 6, Zhengdan 958, Lishou 1, Yuhaodan 6, Zhongyu 3, Chengdan 30, Zhenghong 211, Zhenghong 431, Xianyu 1171, Yanke 288, Guohaoyu 7, Huashi 919, Liyu 16, Aoyu 3111,
Lianchuang 808, Ruiyu 16, Huakai 2		 久保田4LZY-1.8B
Kubota 4LZY-1.8B
四川南充
Nanchong,
Sichuan		 仲玉3号, 正红505, 众望玉88, 郑单958, 粒收1号, 先玉1171, 正红431, 渝单8号, 中玉335, 正红6号, 渝单30
Zhongyu 3, Zhenghong 505, Zhongwangyu 88, Zhengdan 958, Lishou 1, Xianyu 1171, Zhenghong 431, Yudan 8, Zhongyu 335, Zhenghong 6, Yudan 30		 艾禾4LZT-4.0ZB
Aihe 4LZT-4.0ZB
重庆潼南
Tongnan,
Chongqing		 迪卡M9, 粒收1号, 渝单8号, 先玉1171, 正红6号, 正红431, 荣玉1510, 仲玉3号, 渝单30, 成单30, 正红505, 渝豪单6号, 中单808, 渝单50, 必胜118, 金穗33, 贵单8号, 黔1403, 帮豪58, 新玉503, 资玉6号, 郑单958, 中玉335, 中单901
DikaM9, Lishou 1, Yudan 8, Xianyu 1171, Zhenghong 6, Zhenghong 431, Rongyu 1510, Zhongyu 3, Yudan 30, Chengdan 30, Zhonghong 505, Yuhaodan 6, Zhongdan 808, Yudan 50, Bisheng 118, Jinsui 33, Guidan 8, Qian 1403, Banghao 58, Xinyu 503, Ziyu 6, Zhengdan 958, Zhongyu 335, Zhongdan 901		 沃德4LZ-3.0E
Wode 4LZ-3.0E
贵州安顺
Anshun,
Guizhou		 先玉1171, 渝单8号, 正红6号, 筑黄127/S02, 珍禾99, 爱农001, 正红431, 金玉932, 靖丰18, 荣玉1510, 仲玉3号, 靖单15, 粒收1号, 金玉306, 筑黄99M/21, 黔单16, 靖单12, 靖玉1号, 郑单958, 金玉838, 新中玉801, 靖单14, 宣黄单17, 金玉579
Xianyu 1171, Yudan 8, Zhenghong 6, Zhuhuang 127/S02, Zhenhe 99, Ainong 001, Zhenghong 431, Jinyu 932, Jingfeng 18, Rongyu 1510, Zhongyu 3, Jingdan15, Lishou 1, Jinyu 306, Zhuhuang 99M/21, Qiandan 16, Jingdan 12, Jingyu 1, Zhengdan 958, Jinyu 838, Xinzhongyu 801, Jingdan 14, Xuanhuangdan 17, Jinyu 579		 雷沃4LZ-4G1
Lovol 4LZ-4G1
云南红河
Honghe,
Yunnan		 粒收1号, 郑单958, 先玉1171, 渝单8号, 正红431, 中玉335, 靖单14, 靖单15, 新中玉801, 宣黄单17, 宝玉9号, 佛单7号, 华兴单88, 金粒1号, 金玉99, 靖单12,
靖丰18, 五谷3861, 先玉696, 雅玉69, 正大619
Lishou 1, Zhengdan 958, Xianyu 1171, Yudan 8, Zhenghong 431, Zhongyu 335, Jingdan 14, Jingdan 15, Xinzhongyu 801, Xuanhuangdan 17, Baoyu 9, Fodan 7, Huaxingdan 88, Jinli 1,
Jinyu 99, Jingdan 12, Jingfeng 18, Wugu 3861, Xianyu 696, Yayu 69, Zhengda 619		 久保田4LZY-1.8B
Kubota 4LZY-1.8B

表2

不同收获时期试验品种信息(四川中江, 2018) "

类型
Type		 品种个数
Number of varieties		 品种
Cultivar		 收获次数
Number of harvests
春玉米
Spring maize		 4 正红6号, 仲玉3号, 先玉1171, 成单30
Zhenghong 6, Zhongyu 3, Xianyu 1171, Chengdan 30		 6
夏玉米
Summer maize		 15 正红431, 奥玉3111, 先玉1171, 正红505, 粒收1号, 正红6号, 中玉335, 延科288, 联创808, 丹玉336, 仲玉3号, 渝单8号, 渝单30, 荣玉1510, 郑单958
Zhenghong 431, Aoyu 3111, Xianyu 1171, Zhenghong 505, Lishou 1, Zhenghong 6, Zhongyu 335, Yanke 288, Lianchuang 808, Danyu 336, Zhongyu 3, Yudan 8, Yudan 30, Rongyu 1510, Zhengdan 958		 2

图1

籽粒力学强度受力示意图"

图2

西南玉米机械粒收籽粒破碎率现状(2017-2018) "

图3

不同收获时期玉米籽粒破碎率、含水率、力学强度变化(2018) 箱型图中的箱体部分代表50% (25%~75%)样本的分布区域, 为四分位区间(IQR)。箱体内实线为中位线, “?”为异常值点, “+”为均值。图中不同小写字母表示不同时期在0.05水平下差异显著。"

图4

籽粒破碎率、含水率及力学强度间的关系(中江春玉米, 2018)"

表3

不同品种间的机械粒收破碎率差异(四川中江, 2018) "

分组编号
Group number		 收获时间
Harvest time
(month
/day)		 品种
Cultivar		 籽粒类型
Grain type		 收获机型
Harvester type		 含水率
Moisture content (%)		 籽粒力学强度
Grain mechanical strength (N)		 破碎率
Broken rate (%)
立面Facade 侧面Side
1 7/31 先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 硬粒型
Flint corn		 久保田4 LZY-1.8B 34.15 a 140.01 a 106.32 a 5.87 B
成单30
Chengdan 30		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B 34.83 a 146.85 a 103.66 a 13.88 A
2 9/8 中玉335
Zhongyu 335		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 久保田4 LZY-1.8B 26.53 a 207.13 a 143.35 a 7.11 B
渝单30
Yudan 30		 马齿型
Dent corn		 Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B 26.49 a 181.40 a 130.16 a 4.26 B
荣玉1510
Rongyu 1510		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 26.48 a 188.12 a 132.90 a 13.25 A
3 9/16 荣玉1510
Rongyu 1510		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 久保田4 LZY-1.8B 23.86 a 182.44 a 102.14 a 8.21 a
郑单958
Zhengdan 958		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B 23.84 a 186.14 a 114.58 a 4.13 c
渝单8号
Yudan 8		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 23.75 a 214.72 a 130.29 a 6.53 b
4 9/8 粒收1号
Lishou 1		 马齿型
Dent corn		 久保田4 LZY-1.8B 22.22 B 208.33 a 114.22 b 6.25 a
渝单8号
Yudan 8		 半马齿型
Semident corn		 Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B 28.30 A 206.91 a 128.21 a 6.85 a
5 9/8 正红431
Zhenghong 431		 马齿型
Dent corn		 久保田4 LZY-1.8B 30.33 A 172.69 a 104.79 a 11.60 a
先玉1171
Xianyu 1171		 硬粒型
Flint corn		 Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B 25.77 B 171.03a 104.41 a 12.63 a
渝单30
Yudan 30		 马齿型
Dent corn		 23.78 a 189.04 a 122.94 a 3.78 c
6 8/13 正红6号 Zhenghong 6 马齿型
Dent corn		 久保田4 LZY-1.8B 23.03 a 190.92 a 146.94 a 2.62 b
9/8 正红6号 Zhenghong 6 马齿型
Dent corn		 Kubota 4 LZY-1.8B 22.63 a 195.50 a 125.13 a 5.93 a
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