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作物学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (05): 631-639.

• 综述 •    下一篇

棉花轻简化栽培关键技术及其生理生态学机制

董合忠1,*,杨国正2,李亚兵3,田立文4,代建龙1,孔祥强1   

  1. 1山东棉花研究中心 / 黄淮海棉花遗传改良与栽培生理重点实验室, 山东济南 250100;2华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070;3中国农业科学院棉花研究所, 河南安阳 455000;4新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830091
  • 收稿日期:2016-11-09 修回日期:2017-03-02 出版日期:2017-05-12 网络出版日期:2017-03-07
  • 通讯作者: 董合忠, E-mail: donghz@saas.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:

    本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-18-21), 国家自然科学基金项目(31371573, 31271665), 山东省重点研发计划项目(2015GNC110001), 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发专项(2016B01001-2)和山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2016B05)资助。

Key Technologies for Light and Simplified Cultivation of Cotton and Their Eco-physiological Mechanisms

DONG He-Zhong1,*,YANG Guo-Zheng2,LI Ya-Bing3,TIAN Li-Wen4,DAI Jian-Long1,KONG Xiang-Qiang1   

  1. 1 Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory for Cotton Genetic Improvement and Cultivation Physiology in Huanghuaihai, Jinan 250100, China; 2 College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 3Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; 4Research Institute for Cash Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
  • Received:2016-11-09 Revised:2017-03-02 Published:2017-05-12 Published online:2017-03-07
  • Contact: 董合忠, E-mail: donghz@saas.ac.cn
  • Supported by:

    This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-18-21), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371573, 31271665), the Specific Key Project for Research and Development of Shandong (2015GNC110001) and Xinjiang (CXGC2016B05), and SAAS Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (CXGC2016B05).

摘要:

棉花轻简化栽培是指采用现代农业装备代替人工作业、减轻劳动强度, 简化种植管理、减少田间作业次数, 农机农艺融合, 实现棉花生产轻便简捷、节本增效的耕作栽培方式和方法。本文对轻简化栽培内涵、关键技术内容和相关生理生态学机制进行了总结性评述。实现棉花生产的轻便简捷、节本增效, 依赖于轻简化栽培的关键技术, 包括精量播种或轻简育苗技术, 经济施肥技术、节水灌溉技术、集中成铃技术等。单粒精播的壮苗机制在于棉花种子萌发出苗时, 其弯钩形成关键基因HLS1与COP1和下胚轴伸长关键基因HY5与ARF2的差异表达;密植减免整枝机制在于密植引起棉株激素合成代谢相关基因差异表达, 抑制了叶枝的生长;轻简栽培棉花的丰产稳产机制在于棉花产量构成、生物量和经济系数的适应性协同;依据适宜叶面积指数及其动态, 适宜株高、节枝比和棉柴比等量化指标, 可以有效塑造高光效群体, 实现优化成铃和集中成铃与采收;轻简施肥的依据在于棉花对肥料N的吸收集中在开花后20 d以内, 初花肥利用效率最高且主要分配到生殖器官;分区灌溉节水机制在于部分根区灌溉诱导地上部合成茉莉酸, 茉莉酸又经韧皮部运至灌水侧根系, 增强了该侧根系的吸水能力, 提高了水分利用率。展望未来, 应在深入研究轻简化植棉生理生态学规律的基础上, 进一步改革和优化种植制度, 创新关键栽培技术, 研制新的物质装备, 促进农艺技术和物质装备高度融合, 为轻简化植棉提供更加有力的理论和技术支撑, 推动棉花生产的可持续发展。

关键词: 棉花, 轻简化栽培, 生理生态

Abstract:

Light and simplified cultivation (LSC) of cotton refers to the use of modern agricultural equipment instead of manual operation, the simplification and minimization of field management and operations, as well as the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic technologies to reduce production costs and labor intensity during cotton farming and cultivation. The connotation, key technical contents and the related eco-physiological mechanisms of LSC are reviewed in this paper. The achievement of easy and convenient as well as cost-saving and benefit-increasing production of cotton is dependent on the key technologies of LSC, mainly including practices of precision seeding, simplified seedlings nursing and transplanting, high-efficient fertilization, water-saving irrigation and regulation of fruiting distribution and so on. The mechanism of well-established strong seedlings by individual seeding lies in the hypocotyl differential expression of hook formation genes HLS1 and COP1 as well as hypocotyl elongation genes HY5 and ARF2 during seed germination and emergence. The mechanism of the inhibited growth and development of vegetative branches by close-planting lies in differential expression of genes related to hormone synthesis in cotton plants. That of yield stability lies in the adaptive coordination among yield components, biomass, and harvest index under LSC. Optimized and concentrated fruiting in cotton plants can be realized through the establishment of a high photosynthetic efficiency population in terms of the required LAI and its dynamics, rational plant height and the ratio of seed cotton to stalks. The absorption of fertilizer N in cotton occurs mainly within 20 days after flowering and is mainly distributed to the reproductive organs with the highest use efficiency when N fertilizer applies at early flowering which provides a theoretical basis for efficient and simplified fertilization of cotton. The mechanism of water use efficiency improvement through partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) lies in the enhanced water absorption in the irrigated root side, which is regulated by the shoot-sourced jasmonic acid transported through the phloem. In order to provide a more powerful theoretical and technical support for LSC of cotton in the future, on the one hand, in-depth study is required to reveal the physiological and ecological mechanisms of LSC; on the other hand, it is necessary to further reform and optimize the cotton cropping systems, to innovate the key cultivation techniques, and to develop the corresponding agricultural equipment with better integration of agronomic technology. Improved LSC technologies will further promote the sustainable development of cotton production in China.

Key words: Cotton, Light and simplified cultivation, Eco-physiology

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