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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (7): 1055-1066.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.01055

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

半干旱区沟垄集雨种植谷子的肥料效应及其增产贡献

陈雪娇1,2,张旭东1,2,韩治中1,2,张鹏1,2,贾志宽1,2,连延浩1,韩清芳1,2,*   

  1. 1 农业部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
    2 西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室 / 中国旱区节水农业研究院, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2017-10-01 接受日期:2018-03-26 出版日期:2018-07-10 网络出版日期:2018-04-23
  • 通讯作者: 韩清芳
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家高技术研究发展计划项目(2013AA102902), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD09B03)和高等学校学科创新引智计划项目(B12007)资助

Fertilizer Response and Its Contribution to Yield of Foxtail Millet under Ridge-furrow Rainfall Harvesting Planting Model in Semi-arid Areas

Xue-Jiao CHEN1,2,Xu-Dong ZHANG1,2,Zhi-Zhong HAN1,2,Peng ZHANG1,2,Zhi-Kuan JIA1,2,Yan-Hao LIAN1,Qing-Fang HAN1,2,*   

  1. 1 Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
    2 Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education / Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Area of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
  • Received:2017-10-01 Accepted:2018-03-26 Published:2018-07-10 Published online:2018-04-23
  • Contact: Qing-Fang HAN
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2013AA102902), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2012BAD09B03), and the “111” Project of Chinese Education Ministry (B12007).

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摘要：

研究沟垄集雨种植施肥水平对谷子生长的影响及其对产量的贡献, 为完善集雨种植技术理论体系及半干旱区谷子的合理施肥提供科学依据。在宁南旱农区进行了2个年型的二因素大田试验, 研究了沟垄半覆膜集雨(R)和传统裸地平作(T) 2种种植模式下4个施肥水平(高量N 270 kg hm -2 + P2O5 180 kg hm -2, H; 中量N 180 kg hm -2 + P2O5120 kg hm -2, M; 低量N 90 kg hm -2 + P2O5 60 kg hm -2, L; 不施肥对照, CK)对谷子株高、叶面积、光合指标、干物质积累量和水肥利用效率的影响, 并分析了集雨模式下的增产贡献来源。结果表明: (1)集雨模式有效促进了边行谷子光合生理和生长, 在各施肥水平下谷子株高、顶三叶叶面积、Pn (净光合速率)、Tr (蒸腾速率)和生物量较平作模式分别提高7.1%~23.5%、1.7%~22.7%、10.4%~20.3%、8.0%~55.9%和9.8%~30.0%; 中行各指标较平作模式均下降不显著。(2)集雨种植模式显著提高了谷子的水肥利用效率, 配施氮磷肥水分利用效率显著增加, 在丰水年高肥处理显著高于中、低肥处理, 欠水年中肥处理最高且显著高于高肥处理, 与低肥处理差异不显著; 肥料利用效率随着施肥量的增加而下降, 在丰水年低肥处理的肥料利用率显著大于高肥和中肥处理, 欠水年各施肥水平间差异显著。(3)施肥对谷子的增产贡献大于种植模式。施肥对产量的贡献率在丰水年随施肥量的增加而增加, 高、中、低施肥处理间差异显著, 达27.8%~49.3%, 欠水年各施肥处理间差异不显著(19.2%~23.7%); 种植模式贡献率在2年中各施肥处理间差异均不显著。综合考虑, 集雨模式在丰水年施高肥、欠水年施中肥可实现谷子高产高效生产。

关键词: 垄沟集雨, 施肥, 谷子, 产量, 综合作用

Abstract:

A field experiment was conducted under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting model in 2013 (flood years) and 2014 (drought years) to explore the combined effect of planting model and fertilizer level on yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency of foxtail millet. A two-factor randomized block designed pot with two planting models (rainfall harvesting planting model, R; traditional flat planting model, T) and four fertilizer levels (N 270 kg ha -1+P2O5 180 kg ha -1, H; N 180 kg ha -1+P2O5 120 kg ha -1, M; N 90 kg ha -1+P2O5 60 kg ha -1, L; with no fertilizer as control) was used in the experiment. Plant height, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, water and fertilizer use efficiency, and source of yield increase of foxtail millet were analysed. Compared with T, R effectively promoted the photosynthetic physiology and growth of side row of foxtail millet, increasing plant height by 7.1%-23.5%, the top three leaves area by 1.7%-22.7%, Pn (photosynthetic rate) by 10.4%-20.3%, Tr (transpiration rate) by 8.0%-55.9%, and dry matter by 9.8%-30.0% in different fertilization treatments. There was no significantly difference between the middle rows of R and T on the five indexes. R significantly improved water and fertilizer use efficiency. Application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer significantly improved WUE, in flood years H was significantly higher than M and L, in drought years M was significantly higher than H and no significantly difference with L, Fertilizer use efficiency decreased with the increase of fertilization amount, which was significantly higher in L than in M and H in flood years, with significant difference between the treatments of fertilization in drought years. Effect of fertilizer was bigger than that of planting factor in contribution rate to foxtail millet yield. Contribution rate of fertilization increased by 27.8%-49.3% with increasing fertilizer amount in flood years, with significant, difference among treatments while these was no significant difference in all treatments in the drought years (19.2%-23.7%), Contribution rate of planting model was not significantly different between treatments in two years. Therefore, RH in flood years and RM in drought years could be regarded as a better farming management with high yield and high efficiency in semi-arid area of southern Ningxia.

Key words: ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting, fertilizer, foxtail millet, yield, combined action

表1

试验地0~60 cm土层土壤养分状况"

年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Hydro-N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2013 0-20 12.30 0.85 20.65 8.76 59.18
20-40 13.90 0.85 20.37 3.77 86.16
40-60 12.83 0.81 21.21 3.25 73.73
2014 0-20 14.86 0.98 63.16 23.68 136.47
20-40 13.41 0.92 48.25 5.09 103.71
40-60 14.21 0.93 47.42 4.41 90.11

表2

试验各处理"

处理
Treatment		 种植模式
Planting model		 施肥水平
Fertilizer level
集雨种植模式下高量施肥RH 集雨种植模式R N 270 kg hm-2, P2O5 180 kg hm-2(H)
集雨种植模式下中量施肥RM 集雨种植模式R N 180 kg hm-2, P2O5 120 kg hm-2(M)
集雨种植模式下低量施肥RL 集雨种植模式R N 90 kg hm-2, P2O5 60 kg hm-2(L)
集雨种植模式下不施肥RCK 集雨种植模式R N 0 kg hm-2, P2O5 0 kg hm-2(CK)
平作模式下高量施肥TH 平作种植模式T N 270 kg hm-2, P2O5 180 kg hm-2(H)
平作模式下中量施肥TM 平作种植模式T N 180 kg hm-2, P2O5 120 kg hm-2(M)
平作模式下低量施肥TL 平作种植模式T N 90 kg hm-2, P2O5 60 kg hm-2(L)
平作模式下不施肥TCK 平作种植模式T N 0 kg hm-2, P2O5 0 kg hm-2(CK)

图1

2013-2014年试验地(彭阳县)月降雨量和多年平均月降雨量"

图2

集雨种植谷子的边、中行植株株高变化RH-S: 集雨模式下高量施肥边行谷子; RH-M: 集雨模式下高量施肥中行谷子; TH: 平作模式下高量施肥谷子; RM-S: 集雨模式下中量施肥边行谷子; RM-M: 集雨模式下中量施肥中行谷子; TM: 平作模式下中量施肥谷子; RL-S: 集雨模式下低量施肥边行谷子; RL-M: 集雨模式下低量施肥中行谷子; TL: 平作模式下低量施肥谷子; RCK-S: 集雨模式下不施肥边行谷子; RCK-M: 集雨模式下不施肥中行谷子; TCK: 平作模式下不施肥谷子; S: 苗期; J: 拔节期; EH: 抽穗前期; MH: 抽穗中期; LH: 抽穗后期; F: 灌浆期。"

图3

集雨种植不同施肥处理谷子的边、中行植株顶三叶叶面积动态缩写同图2。"

表3

不同年份下种植模式、施肥量对谷子灌浆期光合特性影响的显著性检验P值"

测定项目
Item		 种植模式
Planting model (P)		 施肥水平
Fertilizer (F)		 年份
Year (Y)		 P×F P×Y F×Y P×F×Y
净光合速率
Pn (mol m-2 s-1)		 边行 Side row <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01 0.54 0.54
中行 Middle row <0.01 <0.01 0.91 0.43 0.92 0.35 0.35
蒸腾速率
Tr (mol m-2 s-1)		 边行 Side row <0.01 <0.01 0.35 0.41 0.73 0.78 0.92
中行 Middle row <0.01 <0.01 0.52 0.25 0.96 0.28 0.57
气孔导度
Gs (mol m-2 s-1)		 边行 Side row <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.90 <0.01 <0.01 0.99
中行 Middle row <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.25 <0.01 <0.01 0.07

表4

不同处理谷子灌浆期旗叶光合特性"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 净光合速率 Pn (mol m-2 s-1) 蒸腾速率 Tr (mol m-2 s-1) 气孔导度 Gs (mol m-2 s-1)
边行
Side row		 中行
Middle row		 边行
Side row		 中行
Middle row		 边行
Side row		 中行
Middle row
2013 RH 20.33 a 19.39 a 5.82 a 5.25 a 0.27 a 0.21 a
RM 17.41 b 17.62 ab 5.53 ab 5.46 a 0.26 ab 0.21 a
RL 14.81 bcd 17.21 ab 5.08 b 5.57 a 0.21 bc 0.22 a
RCK 14.67 cd 11.15 d 4.28 c 3.32 bc 0.18 c 0.11 bc
TH 16.78 bc 16.78 b 5.20 ab 5.20 a 0.19 c 0.19 a
TM 15.21 bcd 15.21 bc 4.96 b 4.96 a 0.16 cd 0.16 ab
TL 13.76 d 13.76 c 4.10 c 4.10 b 0.12 de 0.12 bc
TCK 8.44 e 8.44 e 2.50 d 2.50 c 0.09 e 0.09 c
2014 RH 22.03 a 18.47 ab 6.05 a 5.23 ab 0.14 a 0.12 ab
RM 20.76 ab 17.68 abc 5.70 a 5.40 ab 0.14 a 0.11 abc
RL 20.52 ab 15.82 bcd 5.55 a 4.93 ab 0.13 a 0.09 bc
RCK 17.94 bc 13.75 d 4.70 ab 4.75 ab 0.11 ab 0.09 c
TH 19.96 ab 19.96 a 5.60 a 5.60 a 0.12 ab 0.12 a
TM 18.57 abc 18.57 ab 4.38 ab 4.38 ab 0.11 ab 0.11 abc
TL 17.82 bc 17.82 abc 4.36 ab 4.36 ab 0.11 ab 0.11 abc
TCK 14.91 c 14.91 cd 3.02 b 3.02 b 0.09 b 0.09 bc

图4

集雨种植不同施肥处理谷子生育期的边、中行单株生物量缩写同图2。"

表5

不同年份、种植模式与施肥量对谷子产量、水分利用效率和肥料利用效率影响的显著性检验P值"

测定项目
Item		 种植模式
Planting model (P)		 施肥水平
Fertilizer (F)		 年份
Year (Y)		 P×F P×Y F×Y P×F×Y
籽粒产量Yield (kg hm-2) <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.52 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05
水分利用效率WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.05 <0.01
氮(磷)肥农学效率N (P2O5) AE (kg kg-1) <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 0.52 0.10 <0.01
氮(磷)肥偏生产力N (P2O2) PPE (kg kg-1) <0.05 <0.01 <0.01 0.47 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

表6

不同处理的谷子籽粒产量与水分利用效率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量Yield
(kg hm-2)		 生物产量Biomass
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数Harvest index
(%)		 耗水量
ET
(mm)		 水分利用效率WUE
(kg hm-2 mm-1)		 氮(磷)肥农学效率N(P2O5) AE
(kg kg-1)		 氮(磷)肥偏生产力N(P2O2) PPE
(kg kg-1)
2013 RH 7075 a 13722 a 51.7 a 505.6 c 14.0 a 12.9 bc (19.4 b) 26.2 d (39.3 d)
RM 6171 c 12019 b 51.6 a 486.4 de 12.7 b 14.4 b (21.6 b) 34.3 c (51.4 c)
RL 4966 e 10019 d 49.6 ab 477.0 e 10.4 c 15.4 ab (23.0 a) 55.2 b (82.8 b)
RCK 3584 f 7989 f 45.2 c 460.4 f 7.8 d — —
TH 6715 b 13893 a 48.3 b 534.4 a 12.6 b 10.7 c (16.0 c) 24.9 d (37.3 d)
TM 6269 c 12455 b 50.4 ab 522.3 b 12.0 b 13.5 b (20.3 b) 34.8 c (52.2 c)
TL 5353 d 10937 c 49.0 b 515.1 bc 10.4 c 16.9 a (25.3 a) 59.5 a (89.2 a)
TCK 3836 f 9134 e 42.0 d 491.9 d 7.8 d — —
2014 RH 7394 a 14502 a 50.9 bc 318.1 a 23.3 bc 6.5 c (9.7 c) 27.4 d (41.1 d)
RM 7325 ab 14093 a 51.9 ab 299.1 bc 24.5 a 9.3 b (14.0 b) 40.7 c ( 61.0 c)
RL 6984 c 13030 b 53.5 a 293.2 c 23.8 ab 14.9 a (22.3 a) 77.6 a (116.4 a)
RCK 5643 e 11262 c 49.6 c 266.0 d 21.2 e — —
TH 7116 bc 14027 a 50.7 bc 320.7 a 22.2 d 7.0 c (10.5 c) 26.4 d (39.5 d)
TM 7038 c 14164 a 49.6 c 307.4 b 22.9 cd 10.0 b (15.1 b) 39.1 c (58.7 c)
TL 6236 d 12658 b 49.2 cd 291.4 c 21.4 e 11.2 b (16.8 b) 69.3 b (103.9 b)
TCK 5231 f 11035 c 47.2 d 275.2 d 19.0 f — —

表7

集雨模式谷子籽粒产量贡献率"

处理
Treatment		 基础地力 Basic fertility 种植模式 Planting 施肥 Fertilizer 种植模式与施肥综合作用 IPCF
产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)		 贡献率Contribution rate
(%)		 增产量
Increase of yield
(kg hm-2)		 贡献率Contribution rate (%) 增产量
Increase of yield
(kg hm-2)		 贡献率Contribution rate (%) 增产量
Increase of yield
(kg hm-2)		 贡献率Contribution rate (%)
2013
RH 3836 54.3 c -251.8 -3.5 a 3491 a 49.3 a 3239 a 45.8 a
RM 62.2 b -4.1 a 2587 b 41.9 b 2335 b 37.8 b
RL 77.3 a -5.1 a 1382 c 27.8 c 1130 c 22.8 c
RCK — — — — — —
2014
RH 5231 70.8 a 412.4 5.6 a 1751 a 23.7 a 2163 a 29.3 a
RM 71.4 a 5.7 a 1682 a 23.0 a 2094 a 28.6 a
RL 74.9 a 5.9 a 1341 a 19.2 a 1753 a 25.1 a
RCK — — — — — —
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