不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.83055

Abstract

Abstract:

Water deficiency is a main limiting factor for maize growth in dryland. The seasonal fluctuation of precipitation and the frequent occurrence of drought have severely affected the normal growth and stable production of spring maize in Weibei dryland. An in-situ experiment was conducted in Heyang county located in Weibei dryland from 2016 to 2018, with five treatments of nitrogen rates, including 0 kg ha ^-1 (N0), 75 kg ha ^-1 (N75), 150 kg ha ^-1 (N150), 270 kg ha ^-1 (N270), and 360 kg ha ^-1 (N360) from 2016 to 2017 and 0 kg ha ^-1 (N0), 90 kg ha ^-1 (N90), 180 kg ha ^-1 (N180), 270 kg ha ^-1 (N270), and 360 kg ha ^-1 (N360) in 2018, using two spring maize varieties Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Shaandan 8806 (SD8806). The effects of nitrogen application rates on dynamic changes of soil moisture, dry matter accumulation, yield composition, economic returns and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize during growth period were analyzed in different test years. There were two distribution types of precipitation in the test years, one was rainy at the ear stage and droughty at the grain stage (2016, 2018), while the other was droughty at the ear stage and rainy at the grain stage (2017). Precipitation amount and its distribution in the growing season significantly affected soil water storage and aboveground dry matter accumulation of maize, thus affecting grain yield and its components. Drought at the ear stage significantly reduced aboveground dry matter accumulation and kernel number per ear, while drought in the grain stage decreased kernel weight. The yield of applying nitrogen fertilizer treatment was 6.72%-91.23% higher than that of N0 across three years. The effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield and WUE followed a quadratic curve relationship. In the case of being rainy at the ear stage and droughty at the grain stage there occurred the highest grain yield and WUE in N270, in contrast when it was droughty at the ear stage and rainy at the grain stage, spring maize performed better in N150 treatment. The Grain yield was positively correlated with “precipitation from fallow to tasseling” (FP2) and “the sum of soil water storage before sowing and precipitation from sowing to tasseling” (SP2) (FP2: R ²=0.839 ^**; SP2: R ²=0.837 ^**). Based on a comprehensive assessment for grain yield, WUE and net economic returns, the optimum nitrogen application rate in this study is basic fertilizer of 150 kg ha ^-1 plus top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer in time according to the predicted yield, which is estimated by FP2 or SP2, so as to get the optimized N fertilizer amount and maximized yield, WUE and economic returns in Weibei dryland.

Key words: spring maize, distribution of precipitation, nitrogen application rate, yield, WUE

Fang NING,Yuan-Hong ZHANG,Peng-Fei WEN,Rui WANG,Qian WANG,Zhao-Yang DONG,Guang-Can JIA,Jun LI. Responses of maize growth and yield to nitrogen application in dryland under different precipitation conditions[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2019, 45(5): 777-791.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 3

Table 4

Yield, water use efficiency, and evapotranspiration of maize under different treatments"

品种 Cultivar	施氮量 N application rate	播种期蓄水量 Soil water storage before sowing (mm)	收获期蓄水量 Soil water storage in harvesting (mm)	降水量 Rainfall (mm)	耗水量 ET (mm)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	水分利用效率WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
2016
郑单958 Zhengdan 958	N0	440.00	324.51	357.5	472.99 a	9975 d	21.14 b
	N75	440.00	348.09	357.5	449.41 a	10893 c	24.29 ab
	N150	440.00	350.18	357.5	447.32 a	11864 b	26.58 a
	N270	440.00	348.07	357.5	449.43 a	12221 a	27.25 a
	N360	440.00	348.00	357.5	449.50 a	11886 b	26.50 a
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806	N0	440.00	367.40	357.5	430.10 b	9771 d	22.78 a
	N75	440.00	303.87	357.5	493.63 a	10141 c	20.59 a
	N150	440.00	321.72	357.5	475.78 a	10678 b	22.50 a
	N270	440.00	334.37	357.5	463.13 ab	10970 a	23.74 a
	N360	440.00	330.05	357.5	467.45 ab	10998 a	23.58 a
2017
郑单958 Zhengdan 958	N0	423.62	405.54	362.6	380.68 a	2215 e	5.83 c
	N75	410.34	391.09	362.6	381.85 a	2779 d	7.29 c
	N150	419.71	391.76	362.6	390.56 a	4474 a	11.48 a
	N270	420.35	400.57	362.6	382.38 a	4115 b	10.78 ab
	N360	421.82	425.56	362.6	358.86 a	3427 c	9.57 b
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806	N0	418.00	423.05	362.6	357.55 b	2305 e	6.46 c
	N75	390.57	372.08	362.6	381.09 ab	3022 d	7.95 b
	N150	398.73	349.95	362.6	411.38 a	4170 b	10.16 a
	N270	412.64	380.34	362.6	394.89 a	4285 a	10.87 a
	N360	395.96	400.60	362.6	357.96 b	3802 c	10.64 a
2018
郑单958 Zhengdan 958	N0	451.88	376.05	225.0	300.83 d	6718 b	22.33 c
	N90	443.38	351.20	225.0	317.18 b	9675 a	30.50 a
	N180	452.88	365.40	225.0	312.49 c	9821 a	31.43 a
	N270	455.23	359.73	225.0	320.50 b	10102 a	31.52 a
	N360	452.25	341.28	225.0	335.97 a	9411 a	28.01 b
陕单8806 Shaandan 8806	N0	456.45	375.36	225.0	306.09 d	4670 c	15.26 d
	N90	439.14	333.00	225.0	331.14 b	7172 b	21.66 c
	N180	454.16	353.96	225.0	325.20 c	9752 a	29.99 ab
	N270	456.36	354.43	225.0	326.93 bc	10259 a	31.38 a
	N360	465.66	344.64	225.0	346.01 a	9827 a	28.40 b
变异来源 Source of variation
年份Year (Y)		—	—	—	**	**	**
施氮量N application rate (N)		—	—	—	NS	**	*
品种Cultivar (C)		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
年份×施氮量 Y×N		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
年份×品种 Y×C		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
施氮量×品种 N×C		—	—	—	NS	NS	NS
年份×施氮量×品种 Y×N×C		—	—	—	NS	**	**

Table 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total N content (g kg^-1)	全磷 Total P content (g kg^-1)	全钾 Total K content (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydro nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P content (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K content (mg kg^-1)
0-20	11.38	0.98	0.79	11.15	56.02	28.39	277.36
20-40	8.53	0.81	0.65	10.41	38.20	24.89	283.09
40-60	8.02	0.63	0.71	11.53	25.74	21.78	233.95

年份 Year	播种 Sowing	幼苗 Seedling	拔节 Jointing	抽雄 Tasseling	灌浆 Filling	成熟 Maturity
2016	4/26	6/1	6/27	7/25	8/25	9/17
2017	4/26	5/25	6/26	7/13	8/14	9/22
2018	4/26	5/26	6/28	7/17	8/17	9/10

施氮量 N rate	穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Kernels per spike	百粒重100-kernel weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	生物量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	收获指数 HI (%)	边际产量 MP (kg N^-1)	边际成本 MC (Yuan kg^-1)	边际收益 MR (Yuan kg^-1)
2016
N0	60224	520 e	31.97 c	9983	18220	54.74 b	—	—	—
N75	63545	545 b	31.66 d	10947	20132	54.11 c	964	0.3351	1.1888
N150	67750	543 c	32.18 b	11882	21397	55.45 a	935	0.3407	1.2512
N270	68279	550 a	32.47 a	12192	21934	55.72 a	194	0.5269	1.1000
N360	69860	532 d	32.09 b	11923	22222	53.49 d	-224	0.8000	0.7763
平均Average	65932	538	32.07	11385	20781	54.70	—	—	—
2017
N0	56873	145 e	26.79 e	2209	13257	16.71 d	—	—	—
N75	53333	165 d	31.67 d	2780	17345	16.03 e	571	0.4536	1.1261
N150	58347	235 a	32.74 c	4482	18097	24.72 a	1702	0.2275	1.3625
N270	56667	209 b	34.88 a	4121	19839	20.74 b	-226	0.4869	1.1025
N360	50000	208 c	32.93 b	3426	18354	18.67 c	-579	1.0197	0.5735
平均Average	55044	192	31.80	3404	17378	19.37	—	—	—
2018
N0	63505	420 e	25.17 e	6718	19451	34.54 d	—	—	—
N90	68331	543 d	26.10 d	9675	21420	45.17 a	2463	0.1050	1.4950
N180	64429	551 c	27.68 a	9821	22286	44.07 ab	122	0.2000	1.4000
N270	65884	559 a	27.43 b	10102	23231	43.48 b	234	0.2752	1.3248
N360	63657	557 b	26.56 c	9411	24334	38.68 c	-575	0.4610	1.1390
平均Average	65161	526	26.59	9145	22144	41.19	—	—	—

Responses of maize growth and yield to nitrogen application in dryland under different precipitation conditions

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