小麦品种的麦红吸浆虫抗性分级方法及抗性评价

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武予清, 段爱菊, 张自启, 刘长营, 刘顺通, 蒋月丽, 苗进, 段云, 巩中军, 李彤. 小麦品种的麦红吸浆虫抗性分级方法及抗性评价. 作物学报, 2013, 39(12): 2171-2176[WU Yu-Qing, DUAN Ai-Ju, ZHANG Zi-Qi, LIU Chang-Ying, LIU Shun-Tong, JIANG Yue-Li, MIAO Jin, DUAN Yun, GONG Zhong-Jun, LI Tong. Resistance Grading Method and Evaluation in Wheat Varieties to Orange Wheat Blossom Midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) in China . Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(12): 2171-2176] 复制到剪切板

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小麦品种的麦红吸浆虫抗性分级方法及抗性评价

武予清^1,^*,**, 段爱菊^2,^**, 张自启², 刘长营², 刘顺通², 蒋月丽¹, 苗进¹, 段云¹, 巩中军¹, 李彤¹

¹河南省农业科学院植物保护研究所 / 河南省农作物病虫害防治重点实验室 / 农业部华北南部作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室, 河南郑州 450002

²洛阳市农林科学院, 河南洛阳 471000

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 武予清, E-mail:yuqingwu36@hotmail.com, Tel: 0371-65738134

** 同等贡献(Contributed equally to this work)

收稿日期:2013-06-24

基金:西北农林科技大学2009届研究生夏鹏亮、河南农业大学2010届研究生郁振兴、华中农业大学2010届研究生陈华爽、河南科技大学林学院的老师和同学参与了田间调查、室内剥穗和数据统计工作, 河南省农业科学院植物保护研究所封洪强博士帮助修改英文摘要, 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所闫长生博士提供了北方冬麦区推广面积在20万公顷品种名录, 在此一并致谢。

摘要

为了简化小麦品种对麦红吸浆虫抗性的鉴定方法, 评价我国冬小麦主栽品种对吸浆虫的抗感性, 2008—2012年在河南洛阳田间, 连续调查鉴定麦红吸浆虫对我国小麦主栽品种的虫穗率(ISP)与损失率, 分析其相关性。结果表明ISP和损失率存在显著的相关性。在田间吸浆虫高密度下, ISP定级方法比相对定级方法更能表现品种的抗性和敏感程度, 各抗级的指标依次为0 (免疫)、0< ISP< 20 (高抗)、20 ≤ ISP< 40 (中抗)、40 ≤ ISP< 60 (中级)、60 ≤ ISP< 80 (感)和ISP ≥ 80 (高感)。我国冬小麦的主要生产品种对吸浆虫均为感虫或高感, 而荆麦66表现为高抗, 我国小麦中极度缺乏抗虫品种。鉴定结果表明, ISP定级方法简便高效, 可以取代相对定级法用于小麦抗红吸浆虫的鉴定。

关键词: 麦红吸浆虫; 抗性定级方法; 品种鉴定

Resistance Grading Method and Evaluation in Wheat Varieties to Orange Wheat Blossom Midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) in China

WU Yu-Qing^1,^*,**, DUAN Ai-Ju^2,^**, ZHANG Zi-Qi², LIU Chang-Ying², LIU Shun-Tong², JIANG Yue-Li¹, MIAO Jin¹, DUAN Yun¹, GONG Zhong-Jun¹, LI Tong¹

¹ Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Pests Control of Henan Province / Key Laboratory of Pest Management in South of North-China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002, China

² Luoyang Municipal Academy of Agricultural & Forestry Sciences, Luoyang 471000, China

Abstract

To simplify the method of identifying resistance in winter wheat varieties to orange wheat blossom midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyidae), we compared the traditional method for resistance assessment and a resistance grading method based on percentage of infested spike (ISP) in field experiments carried out in Luoyang, Henan Province, China from 2008 to 2012, using 236-417 wheat varieties each year. The correlation analysis showed that yield loss was highly associated with ISP. Under high density of insect population, the ISP grading method was more effective in identifying the resistance to the insect than the traditional method, and the resistance toS. mosellana was divided into five levels, namely immune (ISP = 0), highly resistant (0< ISP< 20), moderately resistant (20 ISP< 40), Medium (40 ISP< 60), susceptible (60 ISP< 80), and highly susceptible (ISP ≥ 80). Using ISP grading method, resistance toS. mosellana was evaluated in 25 commercial wheat varieties with growing area larger than 2×10⁵ hectares. All varieties were susceptible or highly susceptible toS. mosellana, but Jingmai 66 was highly resistant. This result indicates not only the possibility of replacement of the traditional resistance evaluation method by the new simple and high-efficient grading method, but also the risk ofS. mosellana burst due to extreme shortage of resistant resource in Chinese wheat varieties.

Keyword: Sitodiplosis mosellana; Resistance grading method; Evaluation of varieties

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¹河南省农业科学院植物保护研究所 / 河南省农作物病虫害防治重点实验室 / 农业部华北南部作物有害生物综合治理重点实验室, 河南郑州 450002;²洛阳市农林科学院, 河南洛阳 471000

麦红吸浆虫[ Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin)]是我国冬小麦的主要害虫。该害虫以幼虫潜伏在颖壳内吸食正在灌浆的汁液, 造成麦粒瘪疮、空壳或霉烂, 一般减产10%~20%, 重者减产30%~50%, 甚至颗粒无收。据全国农业技术推广总站的资料, 自2002年以来我国小麦吸浆虫(以麦红吸浆虫为主)发生面积超过200万公顷, 直接威胁着我国小麦的安全生产^{[ 1]}。

筛选、鉴定和培育抗小麦吸浆虫品种并加以利用是麦红吸浆虫综合治理的主要技术措施之一, 在20世纪50年代, 抗小麦吸浆虫品种西农6028和南大2419曾在生产中发挥了重要作用^{[ 2]}; 1985年以来, 小麦吸浆虫再次在华北西北麦区大面积发生, 并出现大范围的“北扩东移”现象, 河北、山东等地50年代并无吸浆虫危害的报道, 而现在成为吸浆虫发生的主要地区。目前, 我国吸浆虫的生物学规律和监测防控技术, 以及品种抗性鉴定和抗性机制研究都取得了许多进展^{[ 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, 但是仍然缺乏抗吸浆虫的小麦生产品种。

品种抗性的调查和分级是抗性研究的基础工作, 在我国一直以损失率或受害率为筛选指标, 如粒被害率分级法^{[ 10]}、虫穗率结合单穗虫口分级法^{[ 11]}、危害损失率分级法^{[ 12]}、抗性指数分级法(参试品种估计损失率除以对照品种损失率)^{[ 13]}。1989年, 郭予元制定了以损失率为基础的相对定级标准, 即以参试品种各重复最高估计损失率与所有参试品种平均估计损失率之比值作为当年抗性定级标准^{[ 14]}, 此后的抗性鉴定一般依据该标准^{[ 15, 16, 17]}。Wise等^{[ 18]}也曾用籽粒受害程度来评价抗虫性, 并在加拿大温尼伯省育种程序中开始采用扬花后2周的麦穗脱落幼虫情况来筛选抗性品系^{[ 19, 20]}。

以相对损失率作为抗性分级标准时, 需要检查剥开每穗的所有颖壳记载每个籽粒的受害状和幼虫数, 按每品种调查30穗计, 每人每天只能调查2~4个品种(系); 由于幼虫容易脱落, 因而对鉴定时间有比较严格的限制, 当需要鉴定数百份甚至上千份品种资源时, 需要动用大量人力, 这是抗性鉴定筛选工作的一大制约因素。

2008—2012年, 国家小麦产业技术体系在河南洛阳开展了我国小麦生产主栽品种的对吸浆虫抗性鉴定和评定工作, 通过4年的数据试图找出损失率和虫穗率的关系, 以简化抗性评定工作, 并对我国北方冬麦区2008—2011年的主栽品种进行评价, 指导小麦生产。

1 材料与方法

1.1 品种来源

冬小麦品种来源于国家小麦产业技术体系病虫害防控研究室(依托西北农林科技大学植物保护学院)。2008年种植236个, 2009年种植284个, 2010年种植356个, 2011年秋种植417个。由于春季冻害个别品种没有收获。

1.2 试验设计

2008年和2009年在河南省洛阳市洛宁县孙村洞村, 2010年和2011年在河南省洛阳市洛龙区焦寨村10月中旬播种, 麦红吸浆虫幼虫播前淘土, 棋盘式取样, 每小方平均幼虫量逐年分别为20.1、27.5、84.6和135.5头; 每品种每小区种植1 m双行, 重复3次, 记载每个品种的抽穗期。

1.3 抗虫性评价方法

在小麦乳熟期吸浆虫尚未脱壳入土前, 剥穗检查每粒小麦上的幼虫数, 按每粒有虫1、2、3和≥4头分为4级。在小麦乳熟期(老熟幼虫入土前), 每小区随机取10穗, 每个品种共取30穗, 每穗放入一纸袋内, 带回室内逐穗、逐粒剥查麦粒中的幼虫数, 计算出每个鉴定品种的估计损失率( L, %)和相对损失( L/ L_m, L_m为平均估计损失率)。

(1)

式中, W为穗上总虫数; G为总穗粒数; 麦红红吸浆虫幼虫吃完一粒麦粒需4头。按郭予元的相对定级标准, 将 L/ L_m分为5级分别对应不同抗级, 依次是免疫( L/ L_m=0)、高抗(0< L/ L_m≤0.2)、中抗(0.2< L/ L_m≤0.5)、低抗(0.5< L/ L_m≤1.0)、感虫(1.0< L/ L_m≤ 1.5)和高感( L/ L_m>1.5)^{[ 14]}。

按虫穗率(percentage of infested spikes, ISP)作评价指标时, 共分6级, ISP=0单独作为一级, ISP每增加20%为一个抗级, 当ISP≥80%时归为一级。

1.4 基于损失率和和基于虫穗率的抗性分级相关性

用2种评价方法分别统计各抗性的品种数。统计基于虫穗率的各抗性品种损失率的平均值, 并利用SPSS16.0软件比较2种方法各抗级损失率的差异, 以及对2种方法作相关性分析。

1.5 虫穗率定级法对小麦生产品种的抗性鉴定

选择2008—2011年冬麦区推广面积超过33.3万公顷的全部品种和推广面积20.0~33.3万公顷的大部分品种共26个, 荆麦66作为对照, 用虫穗率定级法鉴定红吸浆虫抗性。品种名录由中国农业科学院作物研究所闫长生博士提供。

2 结果与分析

2.1 小麦品种虫穗率和损失率之间的相关关系

虫穗率与损失率之间相关性显著, 随着吸浆虫穗侵染百分率的增加, 损失率以指数级数增加(图1)。说明可用品种虫穗率来代替用损失率作相对定级的标准, 从而大幅度简化调查程序和降低工作强度, 提高抗虫性筛选和鉴定效率。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 麦红吸浆虫侵染后虫穗率和损失率的相关关系Fig. 1 Relationship between percentage of infested spike and yield loss in wheat infested by Sitodiplosis mosellana

2.2 虫穗率作为抗性定级标准的判定

按虫穗率作定级标准, 4年统计结果显示, 各抗性的平均损失率呈现随虫穗率增大而增加的趋势(表1)。按此标准分为0~5共6个抗级, 其中0级为免疫, 5级为高感(表2), 有的年份1~3级的损失率差异不显著(表1), 其中3级可作为从抗虫到感虫的过渡级别。

表1 虫穗率不同区段之间平均损失率的差异显著性 Table 1 Significance on yield loss between different percentages of infested spike (%)

表2 小麦品种对麦红吸浆虫抗性的分级标准 Table 2 Grading criteria of resistance to S. mosellanaiin wheat varieties

2.3 虫穗率定级标准准确性检验

以相对损失率定级方法为对照, 比较两种定级标准检出各抗级品种数量, 发现2种分级的鉴定方法各抗级的品种数存在差异(表3)。2012年在高侵染程度的情况下, 由于417个品种的平均损失率高达68.53%, 其中139个品种损失率为100%, 损失率比值为1.46, 所以相对定级标准的最高级别为4级。在这种情况下, 损失率定级标准与品种的表现不符, 极易掩盖感虫基因的表现; 同时, 该年用损失率定级方法获得的品种的平均抗级仅为2.58, 显著低于虫穗率分级方法下的抗级平均值(4.94)。这说明在红浆虫高密度条件下, 虫穗率分级方法较相对损失率定级方法更合理和有效。

表3 相对损失率和虫穗率定级标准各个抗别的品种数比较 Table 3 Comparison of variety numbers belonging to different resistance grads identified by methods based on relative yield loss and percentage of infested spike

小麦品种的损失率、虫穗率与损失率定级标准下品种的平均抗级无显著相关性, 相关系数分别为0.728和0.755; 但与虫穗率定级标准下的品种平均抗级有显著相关性, 相关系数分别为0.909和0.997。这进一步说明虫穗率定级标准更能反映品种被侵染的程度。

2.4 主要小麦生产品种对麦红吸浆虫的虫穗率抗性分级

对我国冬麦区主栽小麦品种的鉴定结果表明, 济麦22、百农AK58、郑麦9023、烟农19、邯6172、西农979、良星99、周麦18、豫麦49-198、衡观35、烟农21、扬麦16、小偃22、郑366、周麦16、泛麦5号、淮麦20、山农15、皖麦52、偃展4110、豫麦70-36、新麦18、济麦20、石家庄8号、周麦22、扬麦13等26个均为感虫品种中, 周麦18、邯6172、衡观35和石家庄8号连续4年为5级或接近5级, 表现高感, 而对照品种荆麦66则连续4年表现高抗。

3 讨论

田间筛选小麦抗性基因是培育寄主抗性的重要基础。抗性品种(系) 筛选鉴定的过程, 实际上是鉴定吸浆虫侵染程度, 包括产量损失率、虫穗率和被害籽率等。目前我国田间抗性筛选鉴定是损失率相对值定级标准, 损失率的检查工作量极大, 特别是材料多、虫量大的情况下, 抗性的评定受到很大限制。例如, 在2012年的抗性鉴定中, 损失率100%的品种139个, 占全部417个品种的1/3, 其中扬麦13、丰抗38和12SJ-13的平均单穗虫量分别高达432.7、451.2和460.2头, 每人每天只能鉴定1~3个品种; 同时短时间内不能检查完毕, 幼虫则极容易从穗上脱落, 从而造成损失率计算的误差。我国自1985年至今众多的抗性鉴定报道中, 一直采用损失率相对值定级标准, 迄今尚没有筛选出公认的抗性基因在生产上应用。与20世纪50年代抗虫品种南大2419和西农6028在防治吸浆虫上发挥的重大作用相比, 当前的品种防治技术没有得到新的提升。另外, 损失率相对值定级标准, 是在高感和高抗品种不详的情况下的相对评级, 如2012年在吸浆虫侵害严重的情况下, 1/3的品种损失率100%, 但最高级却没有5级, 与实际情况不符。

本研究中虫穗率与剥穗调查的损失率存在高度的指数相关关系, 2种调查指标可以相互置换, 而且虫穗率定级标准比损失率相对定级标准更能表现小麦品种被吸浆虫的侵害程度; 与损失率相对比值定级标准相比, 直接用虫穗率定级标准, 抗性品种在何种吸浆虫虫口密度下, 都表现出抗性。虫穗率调查方法简单, 每人每天可检查50~100个品种, 可以大大提高田间筛选鉴定效率, 促进小麦对吸浆虫抗性研究和利用。

在加拿大育种计划实施的初期, 也采取剥穗的方法检查小麦吸浆虫侵染的麦粒数来鉴定抗性^{[ 21]}, 而近来加拿大温尼伯育种程序中开始采用有虫穗数来鉴定, 即在田间或者虫圃内种植不同品种/品系, 在扬花后2周取穗, 带回实验室检查幼虫量。评估员通过将麦穗放置在白色托盘里敲打, 计数脱落的幼虫。检查5个穗, 如果第一个穗上有幼虫脱落, 可确认基因型是易感的。这样每天可鉴定300~400个小区。如果在5个穗上没有发现脱落幼虫, 得到的基因型是抗性的, 因为他们认为未发育成熟的幼虫没有从穗上脱落, 也是表现抗性基因型的一种性状^{[ 19, 20]}。

本研究鉴定结果表明, 北方冬麦区的主栽品种均表现感虫, 在吸浆虫大发生的情况下均严重减产。几个高感主栽品种(如周麦18、邯6172)在该地区的抗吸浆虫鉴定中可作为感虫对照。荆麦66在连续鉴定中表现高抗, 可以作为抗虫对照。抗虫和感虫对照品种的确定, 可以促进我国抗虫品种/抗虫种质的抗性鉴定, 也为抗虫基因的利用奠定基础。

Olfertal等^{[ 21, 22]}已筛选出小麦抗吸浆虫品种, 并获得有效抗性基因; Thomas等^{[ 23]}报道了春小麦位于染色体2B上的一个抗吸浆虫单基因 SM1, 并认为这个基因可使吸浆虫幼虫高水平致死。另外, 还有一种遗传抗性机制, 即排异性(antixenosis)或不选择性(non-preference), 如某些春小麦品种的穗部气味可以减少吸浆虫产卵^{[ 24, 25]}, 这同样是一种可遗传抗性。Blake等^{[ 26]}以抗虫品种Reeder和感虫品种Conan构建重组自交系, 对抗吸浆虫主效基因进行遗传定位, 鉴定出1个主效QTL ( QSm.mst-1A), 位于染色体1A上, 近等基因系抗虫品种Reeder在该位点的等位基因可以减少吸浆虫侵染42%。

4 结论

建立了用虫穗率作为小麦抗红吸浆虫的定级标准, 与传统的以相对损失率作为抗性分级方法相比, 不仅操作简单, 效率大幅提高, 而且在高密度虫口时具有更灵敏和准确的鉴定结果。用虫穗率定级方法对目前我国冬麦区的主栽品种进行吸浆虫抗性鉴定, 未发现抗虫品种。高抗品种荆麦66和高感品种周麦18和邯6172可作为抗性鉴定中的抗、感对照。

致谢: 西北农林科技大学2009届研究生夏鹏亮、河南农业大学2010届研究生郁振兴、华中农业大学2010届研究生陈华爽、河南科技大学林学院的老师和同学参与了田间调查、室内剥穗和数据统计工作, 河南省农业科学院植物保护研究所封洪强博士帮助修改英文摘要, 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所闫长生博士提供了北方冬麦区推广面积在20万公顷品种名录, 在此一并致谢。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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[9]	Duan Y(段云), Wu R-H(吴仁海), Luo L-Z(罗礼智), Wu Y-Q(武予清), Jiang Y-L(蒋月丽), Miao J(苗进), Gong Z-J(巩中军). Characterization of SSRs from the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Acta Entomol Sin(昆虫学报), 2011, 50(10): 1147-1154 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.875]
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[13]	Cheng W-N(成卫宁), Li X-L(李修炼), Wu J-X(仵均祥), Li J-J(李建军). A method on resistance evaluation of wheat varieties to Sitodiplosis mosellana. Agric Res Arid Areas(干旱地区农业研究), 2006, 24(6): 44-47 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.0272]
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[16]	Qiu S-Y(仇松英), Shi Z-L(史忠良), Shi X-F(史晓芳), Zhang S-L(张松令), Xie F-L(谢福来), Gao W(高炜), Lu L-H(逯腊虎). Genetic diversity of wheat midge resistant varieties by phenotype and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers analysis. J Triticeae Crops(麦类作物学报), 2011, 31(6): 1050-1054 (in Chinese with English abstract). [本文引用:1]
[17]	Qu Z-G(屈振刚), Wen S-M(温树敏), Qu Y(屈赟), Liu G-R(刘桂茹). Evaluation and identification of wheat varieties resistant to Sitodiplosis mosellana. J Plant Genet Resour(植物遗传资源学报), 2011, 12(1): 121-124 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.1628]
[18]	Wise I L, Lamb R J, Smith M A H. Domestication of wheats (Gramineae) and their susceptibility to herbivory by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Can Entomol, 2001, 133: 255-267 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.848]
[19]	Barker P S, McKenzie R I H, Possible sources of resistance to the wheat midge in wheat. Can J Plant Sci, 1996, 76: 689-695 [本文引用:2] [JCR: 0.613]
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[21]	Olferta1 O O, Mukerjia1 M K, Doane J F. Relationship between infestation levels and yield loss caused by wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat in Saskatchewan. lferta1 O O, Mukerjia1 M K, Doane J F. Relationship between infestation levels and yield loss caused by wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat in Saskatchewan. Can Entomol, 1985, 117: 593-598 [本文引用:2] [JCR: 0.848]
[22]	McKenzie R I H, Lamb R J, Aung T, Wise I L, Barker P, Olfert O O, McIntosh R I. Inheritance of resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, in spring wheat. Plant Breed, 2002, 121: 383-388 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.596]
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[25]	Lamb R J, Wise I L, Smith M A, McKenzie R I H, Thomas J, Olfert O O. Oviposition deterrence against Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in spring wheat (Gramineae). Can Entomol, 2002, 134: 85-96 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.848]
[26]	Blake N K, Stougaard R N, Weaver D K, Sherman J D, Lanning S P, Naruoka Y, Xue Q, Martin J M, Talbert L E. Identification of a quantitative trait locus for resistance to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin), the orange wheat blossom midge, in spring wheat. Plant Breed, 2011, 130: 25-30 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.596]

2011

0.0

... 据全国农业技术推广总站的资料, 自2002年以来我国小麦吸浆虫(以麦红吸浆虫为主)发生面积超过200万公顷, 直接威胁着我国小麦的安全生产^[1] ...

... 目前, 我国吸浆虫的生物学规律和监测防控技术, 以及品种抗性鉴定和抗性机制研究都取得了许多进展^{[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]}, 但是仍然缺乏抗吸浆虫的小麦生产品种 ...

1965

0.0

... 筛选、鉴定和培育抗小麦吸浆虫品种并加以利用是麦红吸浆虫综合治理的主要技术措施之一, 在20世纪50年代, 抗小麦吸浆虫品种西农6028和南大2419曾在生产中发挥了重要作用^[2] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 36(4):381-382

Monitoring on adults of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) with yellow sticky traps

Wu Y-Q , 武予清), Zhao W-X , 赵文新), Jiang Y-L , 蒋月丽), Duan Y

2010

0.0

. 2010, 36(5):138-140

A note of natural host cereals of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in western Henan Province, China

Wu Y-Q , 武予清), Liu S-T , 刘顺通), Duan A-J , 段爱菊), Liu C-Y , 刘长营), Zhang Z-Q , 张子启), Jiang Y-L , 蒋月丽), Duan Y

2008-2009年在河南省洛宁县调查了小麦红吸浆虫的禾本科寄主植物，发现麦田地头的节节麦和邻近麦田的沙杨林地中的纤毛鹅观草均被小麦红吸浆虫侵染。纤毛鹅观草被侵染的水平仅次于小麦，虫穗率超过50%。节节麦、大麦、雀麦也有较低的侵染水平。纤毛鹅观草有较晚的抽穗期，抽穗期长达10 d，是小麦红吸浆虫比较合适的交替寄主。

2011

0.0

. 2011, 54(4):432-436

Trajectory analysis of long distance dispersal of the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), with air current

Miao J , 苗进), Wu Y-Q , 武予清), Yu Z-X , 郁振兴), Chen H-S , 陈华爽), Liu S-T , 刘顺通), Jiang Y-L , 蒋月丽), Duan Y

为了解麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)种群随气流远距离扩散的可能性和扩散方向, 本研究于2010年5月在河南省洛阳市洛宁县, 利用系留气球携带取样器调查了麦红吸浆虫种群在5~75 m高空的分布以及活动节律, 应用HYSPLIT-4大气扩散模型模拟了2010年以洛宁县(34.35°N, 111.52°E)为起始点, 空中不同高度层麦红吸浆虫种群的扩散轨迹, 以及2007年麦红吸浆虫种群在我国北方麦区的扩散轨迹。结果表明: 在成虫发生期, 麦红吸浆虫在空中5, 45, 50和65 m 4个高度层种群密度较大, 表现出了明显的成层效应。2010年河南洛宁迁入的种群来自西南方的河南南阳地区, 迁出种群能够随气流进入东北方向的河南省宜阳县境内。2007年麦红吸浆虫种群能够随小麦发育期的先后, 随西南气流逐步向东北方向扩散。成虫随气流扩散是麦红吸浆虫种群远距离扩散的一种重要方式。研究结果有助于了解我国麦红吸浆虫远距离扩散方式, 同时对优化发生动态监测和综合治理提供参考。

2011

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2011, 22(3):779 - 784

Spatial pattern ofSitodiplosis mosellana and its egg parasitoids mixed population.

麦红吸浆虫及其卵寄生蜂混合种群空间格局

MIAO Jin, WU Yu-qing, YU Zhen-xing, CHEN Hua-shuang, JIANG Yue-li, DUAN Yun

苗进,武予清**,郁振兴,陈华爽,蒋月丽,段云

Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Geostatistis methods were adopted to analyze the spatial pattern ofSitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) at its different development periods and of its egg parasitoids mixed population (Tetrastichus sp. andPlatygaster error; Hymoneptera: Eulophidae and Platygastridae). The aggregated spatial arrangements forS. mosellana cocoon, adult, and larva and for egg parasitoids mixed population could be well described by spherical model, spherical-exponential model, linear sill model, and spherical-exponential model, respectively. The spatial dependence range ofS. mosellana cocoon, adult at initial emergence period, adult at peak emergence period, and larva, and of egg parasitoids mixed population was 53.6, 190.6, 154.1, 4.2 and 280.3 m, and the aggregation intensity was 30.5%, 95.6%, 96.3%, 14.9% and 953%, respectively. The simulated maps of the spatial distribution produced by Kriging model could intuitively analyze the dynamic changes ofS. mosellana at its different development periods and of egg parasitoids mixed population from the two aspects of time and space.

运用地统计学方法对不同时期麦红吸浆虫及其卵寄生蜂混合种群（宽腹姬小蜂和尖腹黑蜂）的空间格局进行了分析.结果表明：麦红吸浆虫休眠体的半变异函数的最优模型为球型，成虫的最优模型为球型-指数型，幼虫最优模型为线性有基台型，卵寄生蜂混合种群半变异函数的最优模型为球型-指数型.麦红吸浆虫休眠体、成虫羽化初期、成虫羽化高峰期、幼虫和卵寄生蜂混合种群的空间相关范围分别为53.6、190.6、154.1、4.2和280.3 m，空间变异强度分别为30.5%、95.6%、96.3%、14.9%和95.3%.采用普通克立格插值法模拟的空间分布模拟图可较好地从时间、空间两个角度直观地分析不同时期麦红吸浆虫及其卵寄生蜂混合种群的动态变化.

2013

0.963

0.0

J Insect Behav. 2013, 26(1):120 - 129 DOI:10.1007/s10905-012-9346-4

Long-Distance Wind-Borne Dispersal ofSitodiplosis mosellana Géhin (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) in Northern China

Jin Miao

⁽¹⁾,Yu-Qing Wu

⁽¹⁾,Zhong-Jun Gong⁽¹⁾,Yun-Zhuan He⁽²⁾,Yun Duan⁽¹⁾,Yue-Li Jiang⁽¹⁾

1.Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People’s Republic of China

2.College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People’s Republic of China

Abstract
Surveys based on the density of the adult wheat midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were conducted at ground level and at heights between 10 and 75 m in Xushui county (39.02 °N, 115.65 °E), Hebei province, China, in 2011. The HYSPLIT-4 model was used to analyze the possible dispersion trajectories and distances ofS. mosellana depending on the experimental location. The wheat midges were trapped at altitudes from 10 to 75 m a.g.l. strongly suggest that they might also be present at much higher altitudes, where potentially, they could take advantage of the fast moving air currents. 6-h backward-trajectories indicate that adultS. mosellana could have come from both north and south, and the trajectory distances were 25–107 Km. 6-h forward-trajectories indicate that adults most likely migrated to an area located in Tianjin, Beijing and northern Hebei province, north china, and the trajectory distances were 28–195 Km. In this study, no male midges were captured at 10 m or above, which suggest male midges don’t engage in wind borne long distance migration, suggestingS. mosellana mated before dispersal. The information presented here is helpful to alter the way we view their migration over limited distances and add to our ability in outbreak forecasts.

2012

0.0

2011

0.0

0.875

Kun Chong Xue Bao. 2011, 54(10):1147 - 1154

Characterization of SSRs from the ESTs in the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

麦红吸浆虫唾腺EST-SSRs的信息分析及分子标记筛选

DUAN Yun, WU Ren-Hai, LUO Li-Zhi, WU Yu-Qing, JIANG Yue-Li, MIAO Jin, GONG Zhong-Jun

段云, 吴仁海, 罗礼智, 武予清, 蒋月丽, 苗进, 巩中军

Insect expressed sequence tags (ESTs) database provides a valuable resource for developing well-characterized molecular markers. In this study, 1 217 ESTs from the salivary glands of the wheat midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana, were downloaded from NCBI database and assembled into unigenes. The characteristics of unigene-derived SSR were analyzed and partial EST-SSRs were screened. The results showed that 141 EST-SSRs distributed in 106 (10.12%) unigene sequences were detected, with an average of one SSR in every 3.49 kb of unigene sequence. Among 1-6 nucleotide repeat types, 1-3 nucleotide repeats are the main types, accounting for 97.16% of all SSR. A/T, AC/GT and AAC/GTT account for the highest proportion in mononucleotide, dinucleotide and trinucleotide, respectively. Furthermore, EST-SSR primer pairs were designed using the Primer Premier 5.0 program and 26 pairs were selected for marker development inS. mosellana adults. Of the 26 primer pairs, 20 pairs (76.92%) produced discernable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, and of these 20 primer pairs, 9 pairs (45%) displayed polymorphism. Fifty-one alleles were found in the 9 primer pairs, the mean number of alleles per locus was 5.67, the average expected heterozygosity was 0.65 and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.60. The SSRs identified in this study will help explore the population genetic structure and genetic diversity ofS. mosellana in the near future.

昆虫EST资源库的扩充为开发新的分子标记提供了宝贵的资源。本研究对NCBI的EST数据库中来源于麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana唾腺的1 217条EST序列进行了unigene组装、 SSR信息分析和EST-SSR分子标记筛选。结果表明：在1 047个unigenes中共找到141个SSR位点，分布于106个（10.12%）unigenes中，平均每3.49 kb出现一个SSR位点。在1~6碱基重复基元中， 1~3碱基是主要重复类型，占总SSR的97.16%以上。A/T（31.21%）， AC/GT（15.60%）和AAC/GTT（9.22%）分别是单、双和三碱基中占优势的重复基元类型。利用Primer Premier 5.0软件对查找的ESTSSRs进行引物设计，并以麦红吸浆虫基因组DNA为模板，对从中选出的26对SSR引物进行多态性检测。结果有20对（76.92%）引物能扩增出清晰的目的条带，并且其中9对（45%）引物表现出多态性。多态性分析结果表明，从9对EST-SSR引物中，共检测到51个等位基因，平均每个位点含有等位基因数为5.67，平均期望杂合度为0.65，平均多态信息含量为0.60。本研究能够为今后麦红吸浆虫的种群遗传结构与遗传多样性研究提供帮助。

1990

0.0

... 品种抗性的调查和分级是抗性研究的基础工作, 在我国一直以损失率或受害率为筛选指标, 如粒被害率分级法^[10]、虫穗率结合单穗虫口分级法^[11]、危害损失率分级法^[12]、抗性指数分级法(参试品种估计损失率除以对照品种损失率)^[13] ...

1990

0.0

1988

0.0

2006

0.0

1.0272

Agric Res Arid Areas. 2006, (6):44 - 47

A method on resistance evaluation of wheat varieties to sitodiplosis mosellana

小麦品种(系)抗麦红吸浆虫鉴定技术研究

CHENGWei-ning;LIXiu-lian;WUJun-xiang;LIJian-jun

成卫宁;李修炼;仵均祥;李建军

小麦抗麦红吸浆虫指标的制定是筛选抗虫品种,对麦红吸浆虫实行综合治理的基础工作.通过分析比较危害指数、粒被害率、估计损失率、抗性指数、相对指数及聚类分析等指标鉴定结果,发现以感虫品种为对照,以穗被害率、粒被害率、估计损失率和单穗虫数等多个指标为依据的聚类分析法的鉴定结果最符合客观实际,建议今后在麦红吸浆虫抗性鉴定中推广应用.

1989

0.0

... 1989年, 郭予元制定了以损失率为基础的相对定级标准, 即以参试品种各重复最高估计损失率与所有参试品种平均估计损失率之比值作为当年抗性定级标准^[14], 此后的抗性鉴定一般依据该标准^[15,16,17] ...

... 5)^[14] ...

2007

0.0

2011

0.0

. 2011, 31(6):1050-1054

Genetic diversity of wheat midge resistant varieties by phenotype and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers analysis

Qiu S-Y , 仇松英), Shi Z-L , 史忠良), Shi X-F , 史晓芳), Zhang S-L , 张松令), Xie F-L , 谢福来), Gao W , 高炜), Lu L-H

为更深入地揭示小麦抗麦红吸浆虫品种（系）的遗传多样性，从而为进一步选育抗虫品种提供依据，在对田间虫圃1 562份小麦品种(系)损失率鉴定的基础上，取47份年度间鉴定抗性结果较为一致的材料，利用表型和SSR标记，进行遗传多样性分析。这些抗麦红吸浆虫品种农艺性状表现出较大的差异，表型聚类在遗传距离为0.68处将供试材料分为6个类群。19对SSR标记在47份不同抗性品种中检测到104个等位基因，能够将所有品种区分开来，每对引物可以检测到3～8个等位基因，平均5.47个。47个小麦品种间遗传距离为0.40～0.95，平均为0.71。SSR标记聚类分析在遗传距离为0.74处将供试材料分为6大类群。Mental测验结果表明，表型同基因型距离矩阵间存在显著正相关(r=0.76,P<0.05)。抗虫品种晋麦65号单独聚为一类，同其余品种具有较远的亲缘关系，可作为新的抗源用于抗虫育种，并在吸浆虫发生地块推广种植。

2011

0.0

1.1628

J Plant Genet Resour. 2011, (1):121 - 124

Evaluation and Identification of Wheat Varieties Resistant to Sitodiplosis mosellana

小麦品种抗麦红吸浆虫鉴定与抗性分析

QuZhen-gang^[1];WENShu-min^[2];QUYun^[2];LIUGui-ru^[2]

屈振刚^[1];温树敏^[2];屈赟^[2];刘桂茹^[2]

利用一套较完整的田间自然感虫鉴定法,对183份小麦品种进行了抗麦红吸浆虫鉴定.鉴定结果表明,小麦不同品种对麦红吸浆虫的抗性存在着显著差异:高抗、中抗、低抗、感虫、高感的小麦品种,分别占参试品种的24.59%、16.94%、18.58%、14.21%、25.68%.不同抗性类型的小麦品种其穗被害率、粒被害率、估计损失率、抗性指数均有较大的差异,其中表现高抗类型45份,中抗类型31份.这些品种既可作为麦红吸浆虫发生区控制麦红吸浆虫危害的主推品种和后备品种,也可作为亲本材料提供给育种单位利用.

2001

0.848

0.0

... Wise等^[18]也曾用籽粒受害程度来评价抗虫性, 并在加拿大温尼伯省育种程序中开始采用扬花后2周的麦穗脱落幼虫情况来筛选抗性品系^[19,20] ...

1996

0.613

0.0

. 1996, 76:689-695

Barker P S

The objective of this study was to find resistance in wheat cultivars to the wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana [Géhin]). A total of 61 spring and 61 winter wheats were assayed in 1992 to 1994. Thirteen selected cultivars were planted in 1994. Three kinds of apparent response to midge infestation were found. Eight winter wheat cultivars suffered neither the usual typical kind nor high numbers of shrivelling of the seeds often attributed to the midge, but produced instead small numbers of shorter and more rounded (tubby) seeds which could be due to midge activity. Cultivar RL5708 differed from all other cultivars in that it showed low proportions of damaged seeds, which were often associated with dead midge larvae. The third group included lines and cultivars showing the typical shrivelling of the seeds due to the wheat midge. In 1993 most late-planted spring wheat cultivars were less affected by the midge than the same cultivars planted earlier probably because of asynchrony between times of wheat flowering and midge opposition. The incorporation of resistance to the wheat midge into hard red spring wheats should contribute to a reduction of wheat losses in years when wheat midge are abundant.
Key words: Winter wheat, spring wheat, wheat midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana, resistance

... Wise等^[18]也曾用籽粒受害程度来评价抗虫性, 并在加拿大温尼伯省育种程序中开始采用扬花后2周的麦穗脱落幼虫情况来筛选抗性品系^[19,20] ...

... 如果在5个穗上没有发现脱落幼虫, 得到的基因型是抗性的, 因为他们认为未发育成熟的幼虫没有从穗上脱落, 也是表现抗性基因型的一种性状^[19,20] ...

0.848

0.0

... Wise等^[18]也曾用籽粒受害程度来评价抗虫性, 并在加拿大温尼伯省育种程序中开始采用扬花后2周的麦穗脱落幼虫情况来筛选抗性品系^[19,20] ...

... 如果在5个穗上没有发现脱落幼虫, 得到的基因型是抗性的, 因为他们认为未发育成熟的幼虫没有从穗上脱落, 也是表现抗性基因型的一种性状^[19,20] ...

1985

0.848

0.0

. 1985, 117:593-598

Relationship between infestation levels and yield loss caused by wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat in Saskatchewan. lferta1 O O, Mukerjia1 M K, Doane J F. Relationship between infestation levels and yield loss caused by wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat in Saskatchewan

Olferta1 O O , Mukerjia1 M K , Doane J F

Losses in yield of spring wheat due to infestations ofSitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) were determined for 700 000 ha of arable land in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada in 1983. The proportion of kernels infested (y) was a power function of the number of wheat-midge larvae (x) (y = 35.3x^0.725). One, 2, 3, and 4 larvae per kernel resulted in a level of infestation of 38, 58, 78, and 96%, respectively. There was no significant difference between infestation levels from fields sampled at the heading stage of crop growth and the estimates of infestation levels for these fields at harvest time. Yield of grain (y) was negatively exponential to an increase in level of infestation (x) (lny = 5.7−0.017x). Infestations of 30, 60, and 90% reduced yields of spring wheat by 40, 65, and 79%, respectively. The average decrease in crop yield in the study area was about 30%, which resulted in estimated losses in total gross revenue of about $30 million.

... 在加拿大育种计划实施的初期, 也采取剥穗的方法检查小麦吸浆虫侵染的麦粒数来鉴定抗性^[21], 而近来加拿大温尼伯育种程序中开始采用有虫穗数来鉴定, 即在田间或者虫圃内种植不同品种/品系, 在扬花后2周取穗, 带回实验室检查幼虫量 ...

... Olfertal等^[21,22]已筛选出小麦抗吸浆虫品种, 并获得有效抗性基因 ...

2002

1.596

0.0

. 2002, 121(5):383-388

Inheritance of resistance to wheat midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana, in spring wheat

R. I. H. McKenzie¹,R. J. Lamb^1,*,T. Aung¹,I. L. Wise¹,P. Barker¹,O. O. Olfert²,R. I. McIntosh¹

¹ Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2M9
² Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0X2
^* Corresponding author, E-mail:rlamb@agr.gc.ca

Inheritance of resistance to a wheat midge,Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), was investigated in spring wheats derived from nine resistant winter wheat cultivars. F₁ hybrids were obtained from crosses between resistant winter wheats and susceptible spring wheats, and used to generate doubled haploid populations. These populations segregated in a ratio of 1:1 resistant to susceptible, indicating that a single gene confers the resistance. The F₂ progeny from an intercross among spring wheats derived from the nine resistance sources did not segregate for resistance. Therefore, the same gene confers resistance in all nine sources of resistance, although other genes probably affect expression because the level of resistance varied among lines. Heterozygous plants from five crosses between diverse susceptible and resistant spring wheat parents all showed intermediate levels of response, indicating that resistance is partly dominant. Susceptible plants were reliably discriminated from heterozygous or homozygous resistant ones in laboratory tests, based on the survival and development of wheat midge larvae on one or two spikes. This powerful resistance gene, designatedSm1, is simply inherited and can be incorporated readily into breeding programmes for spring or winter wheat. However, the use of this gene by itself may lead to the evolution of a virulent population, once a resistant cultivar is widely grown.

... Olfertal等^[21,22]已筛选出小麦抗吸浆虫品种, 并获得有效抗性基因 ...

2005

2.852

0.0

Mol Breeding. 2005, 15(2):183 - 192 DOI:10.1007/s11032-004-5041-2

Chromosome location and markers ofSm1: a gene of wheat that conditions antibiotic resistance to orange wheat blossom midge

J. Thomas(1) N. Fineberg(1) G. Penner(1) C. McCartney(1) T. Aung(1) I. Wise(1) B. McCallum(1)

1.Cereal Research Centre Agriculture and AgriFood Canada 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg MB, R3T 2M9 Canada

The geneSm1 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) confers resistance to orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM) (Sitodiplosis mosellana Gèhin). As previously described, resistance was inherited as a single gene (Sm1) that expresses antibiotic properties (death or slowed development) against larvae of OWBM. No DNA polymorphism associated with resistance was amplified following screening of about 500 Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers on bulked segregants but linked Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fragments were identified by screening 57 primer combinations. An allele-specific Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) DNA marker linked to midge resistance was elaborated from the sequence of one of these fragments. Primer sequences of this marker (WM1; 5 prime

to 3

, forward and reverse) were CAC CTG GAA TGT TGG ACT G and ACA TCA TCT GTC AAC GCA CTA and fragment size was 232 base pairs. Genetic tests showed that WM1 was located in the subterminal region of the short arm of chromosome 2B.Sm1 was mapped to a short interval (~2.5 cM) flanked proximally by WM1 and distally by the microsatelliteXgwm210. Among resistant cultivars, 14/15 carried WM1. However among susceptible common wheats, 33/66 also carried WM1. To permit marker use in combination with marked susceptibles, atrans recombinant carrying the resistance geneSm1 but lacking the SCAR (WM1) was isolated in a hard red spring wheat background. In other crosses segregating for leaf rust and midge resistance, adverse linkage drag was detected due to repulsion betweenLr16 andSm1. Twocis recombinants betweenLr16 andSm1were identified. Due to different crossover sites, these two lines show contrasting alleles of the microsatelliteXbarc35 which is also closely linked toSm1.

... Thomas等^[23]报道了春小麦位于染色体2B上的一个抗吸浆虫单基因SM1, 并认为这个基因可使吸浆虫幼虫高水平致死 ...

2001

0.848

0.0

... 另外, 还有一种遗传抗性机制, 即排异性(antixenosis)或不选择性(non-preference), 如某些春小麦品种的穗部气味可以减少吸浆虫产卵^[24,25], 这同样是一种可遗传抗性 ...

2002

0.848

0.0

2011

1.596

0.0

. 2011, 130(1):25-30

Identification of a quantitative trait locus for resistance toSitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), the orange wheat blossom midge, in spring wheat

N. K. Blake¹,R. N. Stougaard²,D. K. Weaver³,J. D. Sherman¹,S. P. Lanning¹,Y. Naruoka¹,Q. Xue²,J. M. Martin¹,L. E. Talbert^1,4

¹ Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
² Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, 4570 Montana 35, Kalispell, MT 59901, USA
³ Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
⁴ Corresponding author, E-mail:usslt@montana.edu

With 3 figures and 3 tables

... Blake等^[26]以抗虫品种Reeder和感虫品种Conan构建重组自交系, 对抗吸浆虫主效基因进行遗传定位, 鉴定出1个主效QTL (QSm ...