水稻甬优12产量13.5 t hm-2以上超高产群体的生育特征

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王晓燕, 韦还和, 张洪程, 孙健, 张建民, 李超, 陆惠斌, 杨筠文, 马荣荣, 许久夫, 王珏, 许跃进, 孙玉海. 水稻甬优12产量13.5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体的生育特征 . 作物学报, 40(12): 2149-2159
WANG Xiao-Yan, WEI Huan-He, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, SUN Jian, ZHANG Jian-Min, LI Chao, LU Hui-Bin, YANG Jun-Wen, MA Rong-Rong, XU Jiu-Fu, WANG Jue, XU Yue-Jin, SUN Yu-Hai. Population Characteristics for Super-high Yielding Hybrid Rice Yongyou 12 (>13.5 t ha^-1) . Acta Agronomica Sinica, 40(12): 2149-2159 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

水稻甬优12产量13.5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体的生育特征

王晓燕¹, 韦还和², 张洪程^2,^*, 孙健³, 张建民³, 李超², 陆惠斌⁴, 杨筠文³, 马荣荣⁵, 许久夫⁶, 王珏⁶, 许跃进⁶, 孙玉海²

¹浙江省宁波市种子公司, 浙江宁波315101

²扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009

³浙江省宁波市鄞州区农业技术服务站, 浙江宁波 315100

⁴浙江省宁波市种植业管理总站, 浙江宁波 315100

⁵浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所, 浙江宁波 315101

⁶浙江省宁波市鄞州区洞桥镇政府, 浙江宁波 315157

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2014-07-06

基金:本研究由农业部超级稻新品种选育与示范项目(02318802013231), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)和宁波市重大科技项目(2013C11001)资助;

摘要

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材、四叶一心期带蘖小苗移栽, 超稀植(12.45×10⁴穴 hm^-2)栽培, 对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)、超高产(>13.5 t hm^-2) 3个产量群体的产量及其结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态及干物质的积累与运转等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明, 产量由高产(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)到更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)再到超高产(>13.5 t hm^-2), 群体的颖花量不断提高, 结实率和千粒重略微下降。与高产和更高产群体相比, 超高产群体茎蘖数起点较高, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗, 至拔节期群体茎蘖数稳步增长, 达高峰苗, 此后群体茎蘖数平缓下降, 成穗率近60%; 群体叶面积指数生育前期较小, 最大值出现在孕穗期, 为9.17, 此后平缓下降, 成熟期在4.0以上; 群体干物质积累量在拔节期略低, 此后各生育时期均升高, 抽穗期为14.38 t hm^-2, 抽穗至成熟期为9.73 t hm^-2, 成熟期为24.11 t hm^-2; 群体根系干重、根冠比及单茎伤流强度在后期(抽穗至成熟期)均较高。

关键词: 甬优12; 超高产; 群体特征

Population Characteristics for Super-high Yielding Hybrid Rice Yongyou 12 (>13.5 t ha^-1)

WANG Xiao-Yan¹, WEI Huan-He², ZHANG Hong-Cheng^2,^*, SUN Jian³, ZHANG Jian-Min³, LI Chao², LU Hui-Bin⁴, YANG Jun-Wen³, MA Rong-Rong⁵, XU Jiu-Fu⁶, WANG Jue⁶, XU Yue-Jin⁶, SUN Yu-Hai²

¹Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

² Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

³Agricultural Technology Extension and Service, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China

⁴Ningbo City Crop Farming Management Station, Ningbo 315100, China

⁵ Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

⁶ Dongqiao Town Hall, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315157, China

Abstract

Usingindica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12, by transplanting seedlings with tillers at the age of four leaves with one leaf bud and applying super sparse cultivation technology, we compared and studied grain yield and its components, tiller dynamic, leaf area dynamic and accumulation dynamic of dry matter in three types of populations (high yield: 10.5-12.0 t ha^-1; higher yield: 12.0-13.5 t ha^-1; super-high yield: >13.5 t ha^-1). The results showed that super-high yielding rice had more population spikelets, and slightly lower seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight than high yielding and higher yielding rice. Compared with high yielding and higher yielding rice, super-high yielding rice showed more number of stems and tillers at transplanting stage and achieved the expected number of stems and tillers at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. During jointing stage the number of stems and tillers increased steadily and up to the maximum with a panicle rate of nearly 60%. The leaf area index of super-high yielding rice was relatively smaller at the early stage and the maximum of 9.17 at booting stage, and then slowly declined to more than 4.0 at maturity; the dry matter weight was relatively smaller at jointing stage and then the highest at each phase of the super-high yielding rice, which was 14.38 t ha^-1 at heading stage, 9.73 t ha^-1 from heading to maturity stage, and 24.11 t ha^-1 at maturity stage. The root dry weight, ratio of root to shoot and root bleeding intensity per stem of the super-high yielding rice population were all the highest from heading to maturity stages.

Keyword: Yongyou 12; Super-high yielding; Population characteristics

Show Figures

水稻是人类重要的粮食作物, 在当今耕地面积不断减少和人口逐年增加的背景下, 提高水稻单产水平是提高水稻总产量的关键途径^{[ 1, 2]}。国内外对水稻超高产方面的研究一直很重视, 如日本的“逆7.5.3”计划^{[ 3]}、国际水稻研究所的新株型育种计划^{[ 4]}及中国的超级稻计划^{[ 5]}等等, 人们也从超高产栽培技术、形成规律等^{[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]}方面进行了大量的研究, 成果颇丰。同时, 最近几年, 在长江中下游地区, 随着超高产潜力品种(组合)的选育及栽培技术的进步, 产量记录不断突破, 平均产量达到12.0~13.5 t hm^{- 2 [ 13]}。近些年, 在长江中下游地区的浙江宁波^{[ 14]}和新昌^{[ 15]}等地籼粳交超级稻甬优12连片丰产方平均产量超13.5 t hm^-2并且最高产超15 t hm^-2。当前就甬优12产量达13.5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体的报道多是对其基本栽培管理等方面的描述, 其超高产群体形成特征及形成机制等方面的研究则鲜有报道。为深入了解甬优12超高产群体特征及其相应生理机制, 本研究在连续多年以甬优12单产超13.5 t hm^-2的丰产方上进行大田追踪测定, 研究其产量结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态以及光合物质生产等方面的特征, 提出了甬优12超高产群体形成的动态特征, 以期为该品种及同类品种的超高产栽培技术提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与栽培管理概况

超级稻甬优12, 主茎总叶数为17叶, 伸长节间数为7个。2012—2013年甬优12超高产攻关田的生育期情况见表1。

表1 超高产生育期以及生育阶段天数 Table 1 Development stage and period of the super-high yield rice

2012—2013年, 于浙江省宁波市鄞州区洞桥镇种粮大户许跃进田中(水稻生育期日照2615.90 h, 均温22.7℃)设置超高产攻关试验, 面积为6.67 hm², 该种粮大户在2012年创造最高田块产量15.21 t hm^-2, 平均产量为14.45 t hm^-2的超高产记录, 2013年在水稻生育后期受到台风“菲特”影响的情况下, 平均产量依然达到13.92 t hm^-2的超高产水平。试验田前茬为小麦, 土壤类型为黄化青紫泥田, 含有机质38.37 g kg^-1、速效磷20.14 mg kg^-1、速效钾78.45 mg kg^-1、水溶性盐总量0.13 g kg^-1。

1.1.1 超高产(>13.5 t hm^-2)群体的栽培管理 2年具体播种期见表1, 塑料软盘育秧, 秧龄20 d左右, 移栽叶龄4.1叶左右, 平均带蘖数0.51~0.62个, 栽插株行距为30.0 cm × 26.7 cm, 每穴2~3个种子苗。施纯氮330 kg hm^-2, 其中基蘖肥∶穗粒肥以6∶4施用, 施过磷酸钙(含12% P₂O₅) 1250 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥︰穗粒肥=5︰5施用, 施钾肥(含60% K₂O) 750 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥︰穗粒肥=4︰6施用。同时基肥中加施450 kg hm^-2的硅肥(含70% SiO₂)。移栽后采用湿润灌溉为主, 建立浅水层; 群体达到目标穗数的80%时搁田, 控制无效分蘖发生; 保持抽穗扬花期田间3 cm水层, 灌浆结实期间歇灌溉, 干湿交替, 收割前7 d断水搁田。按超高产栽培要求防治病虫害。

1.1.2 更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)群体的栽培管理

塑料软盘育秧, 秧龄20 d左右, 移栽叶龄4.1叶左右, 栽插株行距为30.0 cm × 26.7 cm, 每穴2~3个种子苗。施纯氮300 kg hm^-2, 其中基蘖肥︰穗粒肥以6︰4施用, 施过磷酸钙(含12% P₂O₅) 1050 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥︰穗粒肥=5︰5施用, 施钾肥(含60% K₂O) 675 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥︰穗粒肥=4︰6施用。同时基肥中加施300 kg hm^-2的硅肥(含70% SiO₂)。茎蘖数达到预期穗数的90%左右时, 开始排水搁田; 保持抽穗扬花期田间3 cm水层, 至成熟期实行湿润灌溉, 干湿交替, 收割前7 d断水搁田。按超高产栽培要求防治病虫害。

在连片超高产攻关田外选取部分甬优12田块作为对照(CK), 对照田块(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)的栽培管理为塑料软盘育秧, 秧龄20 d左右, 移栽叶龄4.1叶左右, 栽插株行距为30 cm × 26.7 cm, 每穴2~3个种子苗。施纯氮270 kg hm^-2, 其中基蘖肥︰穗粒肥以7∶3施用, 施过磷酸钙(含12% P₂O₅) 900 kg hm^-2, 全部基施, 施钾肥(含60% K₂O) 600 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥∶穗粒肥=5∶5施用。当茎蘖数达到预期穗数时排水搁田, 拔节至成熟期实行湿润灌溉, 干湿交替, 按常规高产栽培要求防治病虫害。

1.2 测定项目与方法

1.2.1 茎蘖动态从每块代表性田块选取5个观察点, 每点确定10穴定期观察, 拔节期前每5 d观察一次, 拔节后每7 d观察一次。

1.2.2 叶面积与干物质量在有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期(抽随后20 d)和成熟期, 从不同生长水平群体田块取6穴为1个样本, 测定叶面积和干物质量。采用长宽系数法测定叶面积, 并将各器官分开, 105℃杀青30 min, 75℃烘干至恒重后, 测定干物质量。

1.2.3 根系干重和伤流强度在抽穗期、乳熟期(抽穗后20 d)和成熟期, 不同水平群体以6穴为1个样本挖取根土, 并将根土置40目尼龙网袋流水清洗, 105℃杀青30 min, 75℃烘干至恒重后, 称量根系干重。同时在抽穗、乳熟和成熟期不同水平群体以6穴为1个样本, 于18:00在各茎离地面约12 cm处(取样前排干田间水)剪去地上部分植株, 将预先称重的脱脂棉放于茎剪口处, 包上塑料薄膜, 于第2天8:00取回带有伤流液的脱脂棉并称重, 计算伤流强度。

1.2.4 产量测定在成熟期, 调查不同产量水平群体田块200穴, 计算有效穗数; 取50穴考察穗部性状, 同时求得每穗粒数、结实率; 在各代表性田块中采用5点法, 每方20 m², 收割稻种晾晒, 并抓取5组1000粒干种子求千粒重。由专家组验收实产。

1.2.5 计算方法与数据处理

群体生长率(g m^-2 d^-1) = ( W₂- W₁)/( t₂- t₁)

式中, W₁和 W₂为前后2次测定的干物质量(t hm^-2), t₁和 t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d)。

光合势(×10⁴ m² d hm^-2) = 1/2 ( L₁+ L₂)( t₂- t₁)

式中L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积(m² hm^-2), t₁和 t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d)。

净同化率(g m^-2 d^-1) = [(ln L₂-ln L₁)/( L₂- L₁)] × [( W₂- W₁)/( t₂- t₁)]

式中, L₁和 L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积(m² hm^-2), W₁和 W₂为前后2次测定的干物质重(t hm^-2), t₁和 t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d)。

颖花/叶(cm²)=总颖花量/抽穗期叶面积

实粒/叶(cm²)=总实粒数/抽穗期叶面积

粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)=籽粒产量/孕穗期叶面积

表观输出率(%)=100×(抽穗期单茎茎鞘重-成熟期单茎茎鞘重)/抽穗期单茎茎鞘重

最大输出率(%)=100×(抽穗期单茎茎鞘重-乳熟期单茎茎鞘重)/抽穗期单茎茎鞘重

1.3 数据处理

运用Microsoft Excel软件录入数据、计算, 用DPS软件进行统计分析。文内数据若无年份特别说明, 以2013年试验数据为主(2012年部分试验数据未经测定)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其构成因素

表2表明, 高产(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)、超高产(>13.5 t hm^-2)群体的实际产量分别为11.3、12.9和14.2 t hm^-2 (2年平均值), 差异极显著。3种产量群体的结实率分别为86.5%、85.1%和84.6%, 千粒重分别为23.3、23.1和22.9 g, 3种群体的结实率和千粒重变化均不大。就颖花量而言, 3种群体差异较大, 如2013年超高产群体较更高产和高产群体高14.60%和27.96%, 同时颖花量的2个构成因素即穗数和每穗粒数均呈超高产群体>更高产群体>高产群体, 差异极显著。

表2 超高产生育期以及生育阶段天数 Table 2 Development stage and period of the super-high yield rice

2.2 茎蘖动态和成穗率

由表3可知, 超高产群体在移栽期的茎蘖数较高, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期能达到预期穗数, 并且茎蘖数高于更高产和高产群体, 此后至拔节期高产群体的茎蘖数迅速增加, 而超高产和更高产群体的茎蘖数相对增加缓慢, 且3种产量群体均在拔节期茎蘖数达到最大, 以高产群体茎蘖数最高。抽穗、乳熟和成熟期的茎蘖数均呈现超高产群体>更高产群体>高产群体。就成穗率而言, 超高产群体为58.90%, 极显著高于更高产(55.14%)和高产(49.39%)群体。

表3 不同产量群体茎动态和成蕙率 Table 3 Tillers dynamics and panicle rate of different yield populations

2.3 叶面积指数动态以及抽穗期叶面积组成

由表4可知, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期的叶面积指数以超高产群体最高, 分别较更高产、高产群体高1.98%和7.59%, 差异极显著。拔节期的叶面积指数以高产群体最高, 且极显著高于超高产群体。3种群体的叶面积指数均在孕穗期达到最大, 超高产群体的最大叶面积指数达到9.17, 极显著高于更高产(8.51)和高产(8.24)群体。此后, 在抽穗、乳熟和成熟期的叶面积指数均呈现超高产群体>更高产群体>高产群体, 3种产量群体之间差异极显著, 同时抽穗后的叶面积衰减率也以超高产群体最小。

再从抽穗期的叶面积组成来看, 有效、高效叶面积指数以及比叶重均以超高产群体最高, 如超高产群体的比叶重平均为5.78, 高于更高产(5.40)和高产群体(5.16)。本文用粒叶比表示库源比, 超高产群体平均颖花/叶为0.889、平均实粒/叶为0.752、粒重/叶为15.46, 且超高产群体的粒叶比均高于更高产和高产群体, 差异极显著( 表5)。

表4 不同产量群体各生育期的叶面积指数 Table 4 Leaf area index of the different yield populations

表5 不同产量群体抽穗期叶面积构成和粒叶比 Table 5 Leaf area components and grain-leaf ratio at heading of the different yield populations

2.4 物质生产积累动态

由表6可知, 播种至拔节期的干物质积累量(5.31 t hm^-2)及占生物学产量的比例(28.0%)均以高产群体最高。拔节至抽穗期的干物重积累量以超高产群体最高, 达9.71 t hm^-2, 分别较更高产和高产群体高20.39%和35.24%, 对应的占生物学产量的比例也以超高产群体(40.3%)最高, 且极显著高于更高产(36.9%)和高产(33.1%)群体, 抽穗至成熟期的干物重积累也呈现类似规律。就群体生长率、光合势和净同化率而言, 播种至拔节期以高产群体居高, 拔节至抽穗期及抽穗至成熟期以超高产群体最高, 且极显著高于更高产和高产群体。

表6 不同产量群体各生育阶段光合物质生产特征 Table 6 Characteristics of photosynthate accumulation in different yield populations

2.5 生育后期茎鞘物质的输出与转运

由表7可知, 3种产量群体在抽穗、乳熟和成熟期的单茎茎鞘重均呈“V”型, 以抽穗期最大, 乳熟期最低, 至成熟期又有所上升, 并且超高产群体在各期均高于更高产和高产群体, 差异极显著。就单茎茎鞘物质输出量而言, 超高产群体抽穗至乳熟期最高, 达1.49 g, 分别较更高产和高产群体高10.73%和16.77%, 差异极显著。抽穗至成熟期的输出量则以高产群体最高, 同时3种产量群体在乳熟至成熟期的输出量均为负值, 且超高产群体输出量的绝对值最大。进一步分析物质输出率可知, 最大输出率以超高产群体最高, 达30.41%, 而表观输出率则以高产群体最高。可见超高产群体茎鞘物质在灌浆初期(抽穗—乳熟期)输出量大, 充分满足籽粒充实的需要。灌浆后期(乳熟—成熟期)叶片中富余的光合产物可供茎鞘再度充实, 提高了单茎茎鞘重以及茎鞘强度。

表7 生育后期茎鞘物质输出与转运特点 Table 7 Output and translocation of dry matter per stem and sheath in later stage

2.6 生育后期根系生理特征

由表8可知, 随生育后期进程, 单茎根系伤流强度降低, 且抽穗、乳熟和成熟期的伤流强度均以超高产群体最高, 如超高产群体在抽穗期的单茎伤流强度较更高产和高产群体分别高1.89%和7.80%。单茎、群体根干重和根冠比均在抽穗期最高, 此后随生育进程而降低, 至成熟期最低, 并且超高产群体在生育后期的单茎、群体根干重以及根冠比均高于对应的更高产和高产群体, 差异极显著。

表8 不同产量群体根系伤流强度和根干重 Table 8 Root bleeding intensity and dry weight in different yield populations

3 讨论

3.1 甬优12超高产群体的产量结构特征

不断扩大库容量是实现高产、超高产的前提, 群体库容是由群体穗数和每穗粒数共同形成, 人们从这两方面对如何实现库容量的突破进行大量的研究。杨惠杰等^{[ 16]}认为超高产水稻的穗数和每穗粒数均需增加, 并且穗数对颖花量的贡献高于每穗粒数。吴文革等^{[ 17]}认为每穗粒数的增加是超级稻群体扩大库容的关键。吴桂成等^{[ 18]}以4个超级粳稻为材料研究发现, 高产到更高产, 颖花量增加以穗数贡献率较高; 更高产到超高产, 以每穗粒数的贡献率较高。本试验条件下, 随着群体颖花量不断增大, 产量由高产到更高产, 群体颖花量的增加以穗数的直接作用较大(直接通径系数为0.5528), 高于每穗粒数的直接作用(直接通径系数为0.4829)。产量由更高产到超高产, 每穗粒数对颖花量的直接作用(直接通径系数为0.5934)高于穗数的直接作用(直接通径系数为0.4214), 这与吴桂成等^{[ 18]}的结论相一致。

同时人们对于超高产群体的产量结构配置也有大量研究, 杨从党等^{[ 19]}研究云南特殊生态区桂朝2号14.33 t hm^-2超高产群体的产量结构为颖花量65 000×10⁴ hm^-2 (穗数464.7×10⁴ hm^-2、每穗粒数142.4)、结实率80%、千粒重27.6 g左右。张洪程等^{[ 13]}研究长江下游甬优8号13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体的产量结构为颖花量60 000×10⁴ hm^-2 (穗数为217.5×10⁴ hm^-2、每穗粒数为280左右)以上, 结实率和千粒重分别为85%和27.0~27.5 g。本试验条件下, 甬优12超高产群体(>13.5 t hm^-2)颖花量73 500×10⁴ hm^-2(穗数为210.0×10⁴~217.5×10⁴ hm^-2、每穗粒数为350~ 360)以上, 结实率和千粒重分别为85%和23.0~ 23.5 g。与桂朝2号超高产群体相比, 甬优12的穗数明显低, 但每穗粒数较其高2.5倍左右, 最终颖花量也较高; 与甬优8号相比, 甬优12超高产群体较高的颖花量主要由于其较高的每穗粒数(穗数与甬优8号基本持平), 与此同时, 结实率也与其相当(85%左右)。可见甬优12超高产群体不仅库容量大, 而且其充实性状也较好, 这主要得益于以下2点: (1)高效的光合系统。籽粒灌浆所需要的营养物质80%以上来自抽穗后叶片的光合作用^{[ 20]}, 因此, 叶片的光合特性以及叶姿对于光合物质的生产至关重要。杨建昌等^{[ 21]}比较中熟粳稻超高产和高产群体发现, 超高产群体生育前期的叶面积指数、光合势低于高产群体, 抽穗后则显著高于高产群体。同时光合速率高、比叶重大等也是超高产群体叶片的重要特征^{[ 22, 23]}。本试验条件下, 与高产和更高产群体相比, 超高产群体在生育后期的群体叶面积指数高, 且在抽穗期的有效、高效叶面积指数和比叶重高, 这种配置有利于提高光合效率及光合物质的生产。(2)高效光合系统的平稳消退。本试验中甬优12超高产群体籽粒灌浆期长达75 d左右, 确保灌浆阶段光合物质平稳持续输出便显得尤为重要。对于叶片而言, 光合功能的持续时间长以及后期叶面积指数的平缓下降是超高产群体的重要特征^{[ 13]}。根系作为水分与养分吸收的主要器官, 良好的根系是后期群体不早衰的重要保障^{[ 24]}, 一般而言, 超高产群体根系生物量、体积、吸收面积、伤流量均大^{[ 25]}。本试验条件下, 超高产群体在抽穗后的光合势高、叶面积指数衰减速率慢, 至成熟期单茎仍有3张以上绿叶。同时单茎和群体根系在抽穗、乳熟和成熟期的干物重高, 根系发达, 且3个时期的根系伤流量也高, 在灌浆充实阶段仍保持较强的根系活力, 保证了群体光合系统的平稳消退、后期不早衰。

3.2 甬优12超高产群体形成特征与指标

与更高产和高产群体相比, 甬优12超高产群体起点较高, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗, 此后茎蘖数稳步增长, 高峰苗低, 拔节期后群体茎蘖数平缓下降, 成穗率近60%。可见甬优12超高产群体的茎蘖动态合理, 成穗率(60%左右)也高于更高产和高产群体, 但其成穗率明显低于其他品种超高产群体(≥75%)^{[ 26, 27]}。为了更好地说明问题, 本文主要与甬优8号13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体比较^{[ 13]}, 结果表明, 就茎蘖动态而言, 二者具有一定的相似性, 但甬优8号高峰苗(290×10⁴ hm^-2)明显低于甬优12 (375×10⁴ hm^-2), 最终群体的穗数基本持平, 成穗率(>75%)也比甬优12高。造成这种差异的原因可能有两个: (1)超稀植栽培。甬优8号群体的栽插株行距为30 cm× 15 cm, 而甬优12为30.0 cm×26.7 cm, 密度只有12.45×10⁴穴 hm^-2, 移栽后群体密度稀, 养分充足, 发棵快。(2)品种特性。甬优8号和甬优12的总叶片数分别为19和17叶, 伸长节间数均为7个, 按叶龄模式推算, 甬优12分蘖期的阶段天数较甬优8号缩短两个叶龄期左右, 但最终二者的群体有效穗数基本持平, 可见在分蘖期甬优12超高产群体的茎蘖数更为快发, 导致其高峰苗偏高, 成穗率偏低。

表9 甬优12产量超13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体指标 Table 9 Population development quantitative of Yongyou 12 super high yield rice (>13.5 t hm^-2)

同时超高产群体在物质生产方面表现为拔节期前生长量较小, 中期(拔节—抽穗期)逐渐占据优势, 后期(抽穗-成熟期)物质生产能力(叶面积、光合势和干物重等)明显强。抽穗后根系生理特征表现为“根量大(单茎、群体根干重和根冠比均高)、根活性强(根系伤流强度大)”。根据本文研究结果, 将甬优12产量超13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体指标列于表9, 以供该品种的超高产栽培管理参考。

4 结论

与一般高产群体相比, 甬优12超高产群体的穗数足、穗型大、结实率和千粒重相仿; 生育前期(有效分蘖临界叶龄期-拔节期)群体生长平稳, 无效分蘖少, 高峰苗低; 中期(拔节-抽穗期)群体干物质积累数量多, 群体质量优; 后期(抽穗-成熟期)群体光合能力强, 光合产物多, 茎鞘物质输出与转运协调。甬优12超高产群体形成的基本特征为依靠前、中期的协调生长形成巨量安全库容群体, 后期以较强的光合势和净同化率提高光合物质生产能力, 促进库容的充实, 维持较高的茎鞘强度, 增强群体抗倒伏能力, 并依靠强大根系保证后期群体不早衰。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[20]	李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 高产氮高效粳稻品种的叶片光合及衰老特性研究. 中国水稻科学, 2013, 27: 168-176 Li M, Zhang H C, Yang X, Ge M J, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K. Leaf photosynthesis and senescence characteristics of japonica rice cultivars with high yield and high N-efficiency. Chin J Rice Sci, 2013, 27: 168-176 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[21]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[22]	刘建丰, 袁隆平, 邓启云, 陈立云, 蔡义东. 超高产杂交稻的光合特性研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 258-264 Liu J F, Yuan L P, Deng Q Y, Chen L Y, Cai Y D. A study on characteristics of photosynthesis in super high-yielding hybrid rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 258-264 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[23]	韦还和, 姜元华, 赵可, 许俊伟, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郑飞. 甬优系列杂交稻品种的超高产群体特征. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2201-2210 Wei H H, Jiang Y H, Zhao K, Xu J W, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Zheng F. Characteristics of super-high yield population in Yongyou series of hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2201-2210 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[24]	杨建昌. 水稻根系形态生理与产量、品质形成及养分吸收利用的关系. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 36-46 Yang J C. Relationships of rice root morphology and physiology with the formation of grain yield and quality and the nutrient absorption and utilization. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 36-46 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[25]	魏海燕, 张洪程, 张胜飞, 杭杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 张庆, 刘艳阳. 不同氮利用效率水稻基因型的根系形态与生理指标的研究. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 429-436 Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Zhang S F, Hang J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Ma Q, Zhang Q, Liu Y Y. Root morphological and physiological characteristics in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies, Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 429-436 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[26]	潘圣刚, 黄胜奇, 张帆, 汪金平, 蔡明历, 曹凑贵, 唐湘如, 黎国喜. 超高产栽培杂交中籼稻的生长发育特性. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 537-544 Pan S G, Huang S Q, Zhang F, Wang J P, Cai M L, Cao C G, Tang X R, Li G X. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid-season indica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 537-544 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[27]	许轲, 张军, 花劲, 张洪程, 周培建, 程飞虎, 黄大山, 陈忠平, 陈国梁, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 高辉. 双季杂交晚粳超高产形成特征. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 678-690 Xu K, Zhang J, Hua J, Zhang H C, Zhou P J, Cheng F H, Huang D S, Chen Z P, Chen G L, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Wei H Y, Gao H. Yield components and population characteristics of super-high-yielding late japonica hybrid rice in double- cropping rice area. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 678-690 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]

2005

0.802

0.0

2012

0.0

1.494

于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 451-456

L H

, Li

G H

, Xu

J J

, Ling

Q H

, Ding

Y F.

Population characteristics of machine-transplanted japonica rice based on high- yield demonstration fields. Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 451-456 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The population characteristics, such as yield and its components, accumulation of drymatter and nitrogen of machinetransplanted japonica rice was investigated in three highyield demonstration fields(over 6.7 hm2 per field) at Zouqu, Caoqiao, and Qianhuang Towns, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province in 2008, and one highyield demonstration field at Rudong County, Jiangsu Province in 2009. Results showed that yield was closely related with spikelet number per panicle and spikelet number per m2. The spikelet number per m2 should be greater than 45 000 as grain yield was above 10.5 t/hm2. For highyield mechanically transplanted rice (above 10.5 t/hm2), the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity paid a contribution rate about 70%~80% to the grain dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation mainly occurred at the two growing stages, before critical tiller leaf age, and after heading. It indicated that higher spikelet number per m2 was the main basic characteristic of high yielding, mechanically transplanted japonica rice. And sufficient N supply, improved dry matter accumulation after heading, as well as spikelet number per panicle help increase grain yield of machinetransplanted japonica rice.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation， Ministry of Agriculture， Nanjing Agricultural University， Nanjing 210095， China； 2 Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Jiangsu Province， Nanjing 210024， China；

考查了机插常规粳稻超高产群体产量构成、干物质积累以及氮素积累等群体特征。2008年对江苏武进区邹区（品种为武香粳9号）、漕桥和前黄镇（品种均为武运粳7号）等3个百亩连片超高产示范方，2009年对江苏省如东县(品种为宁粳3号)的百亩连片超高产示范方进行了调查。结果表明，机插稻产量与颖花量的相关达极显著，要达到10.5 t/hm2以上的产量，每1m2颖花量需≥ 45 000；籽粒产量10.5 t/hm2以上高产机插水稻的花后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%～80%；高产机插稻氮素积累的优势在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前和抽穗后两个阶段。足够的颖花量是机插粳稻高产群体的基本特征；保证后期氮素供应、发挥后期干物质积累优势、促进大穗的形成是提高机插水稻产量的主要技术途径。

... 5 t hm^{-2 [13]} ...

2008

0.0

... 计划^[3]、国际水稻研究所的新株型育种计划^[4]及中国的超级稻计划^[5]等等, 人们也从超高产栽培技术、形成规律等^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]}方面进行了大量的研究, 成果颇丰 ...

1998

0.0

0.605

1998

0.0

0.9745

程式华, 廖西元, 闵绍楷. 中国超级稻研究: 背景、目标和有关问题的思考. 中国稻米, 1998, (1): 3-5

Cheng

S H

, Liao

X Y

, Min

S K.

Study on super rice in China: the thought of background aim and relative problem. China Rice, 1998, (1): 3-5 (in Chinese)

2010

0.0

1.889

张洪程, 吴桂成, 吴文革, 戴齐根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 黄幸福, 龚金龙. 水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2645-2660

Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Wu

W G

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Huang

X F

, Gong

J L.

The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

（扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

2013

0.0

1.299

张洪程, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 蒋晓鸿, 陈厚存, 高尚勤, 李德剑, 赵成美, 戴齐根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(21): 50-59

Zhang

H C

, Zhu

C C

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Jiang

X H

, Chen

H C

, Gao

S Q

, Li

D J

, Zhao

C M

, Dai

Q G

, Wei

H Y

, Guo

B W.

Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting. Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.

为研究钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及生理生态特点，在长江中下游不同生态区选用当地大面积种植的代表性品种淮稻8号、甬尤8号、常优5号、皖稻68、镇稻11、武运粳24为材料，设置钵苗机插高产示范田和专题对比小区试验，并以常规盘育毯苗机插为对照（CK），就产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态各项指标进行系统比较。结果表明，与水稻毯状小苗机插相比，机插钵苗秧苗素质高，活棵发苗快，高峰苗数较小，成穗率高7个百分点；钵苗机插水稻生育中、后期群体生长率和净同化率相对较高，其中抽穗至成熟期群体生长率高出8.7%~15.1%。抽穗后群体光合势、干物质积累等光合物质生产指标均显著或极显著高于毯苗机插，其中抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量增加8.7%；钵苗机插水稻抽穗后根系活力各项指标均较优，乳熟期颖花根活量提高14.2%，且抗倒伏能力较强，基部节间倒伏指数小7%～16.8%。钵苗机插水稻具有显著的增产优势，比毯苗机插增产6.0%～12.6%，其产量形成优势的主要特征是"穗大粒多"。

2012

0.0

1.299

2010

0.0

1.667

吴桂成, 张洪程, 戴齐根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英. 南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1921-1930

G C

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Sha

A Q

, Xu

Z J

, Qian

Z H

, Sun

J Y.

Characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation and super-high yield of japonica super rice in South China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1921-1930 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The relationship between dry matter production and yield, dynamics of dry matter accumulation and output and translocation in middle and last stages of three types of populations (High Yield: 8.25–9.75 t ha^-1; Higher Yield: 9.75-11.25 t ha^-1; Super High Yield:＞11.25 t ha^-1) in four japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. The results showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with weight of dry matter at maturity and the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, there were parabolic relationships between yield and weight of dry matter at heading in high yield, higher yield and super-high yield populations. Weight of dry matter from jointing to heading was significantly positively correlated with yield from high yield population to higher yield population and from higher yield population to super-high yield population. Super-high yield population had more biomass at maturity than higher yield and high yield populations, and the harvest index was not significantly higher than that of higher yield population, but was significantly higher than that of high yield population. Weight of dry matter, LAI in heading, rate of leaf area of productive tillers, rate of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, spikelets of population and spikelets per square centimeter leaf area in middle stage (from jointing to heading) were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area decreasing per day of super-high yield population from heading to maturity was significantly less than that of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass and grain-leaf ratio (filled grains per square centimeter leaf area, grain weight per square centimeter leaf area) from heading to maturity were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Output and translocation of dry matter in super-high yield population from heading to milky stages were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations, while these from heading to maturity were significantly lower than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Weight per stem and sheath and total filling in maturity of super-high yield population were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以超级粳稻品种武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号为材料，对高产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、更高产(9.75~11.25 t hm^-2)和超高产(＞11.25 t hm^-2) 3个产量等级群体的物质生产与产量的关系、干物质积累、输出与转运等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，4个超级稻品种成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关，抽穗期干物质重均与产量呈抛物线关系，拔节至抽穗期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关(高产—更高产、更高产—超高产以及将3个产量等级综合起来)；从高产到更高产再到超高产，4个超级稻品种的生物学产量不断提高(差异显著)，而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当(0.5000以上)，显著高于高产水平；较之更高产、高产群体，超高产群体在生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量大，抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优[有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、总颖花量与颖花/叶(cm²)、基部节间粗、单茎茎鞘重均高]，在生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)，光合能力强(叶面积衰减率小，光合势、群体生长率、净同化率高)、干物质积累量高(占生物学产量的40.0%以上)、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调[实粒/叶(cm²)、粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)均高]。

2013

0.0

1.667

薛亚光, 葛立立, 王康君, 颜晓元, 尹斌, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 不同栽培模式对杂交粳稻群体质量的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 280-291

Xue

Y G

, Ge

L L

, Wang

K J

, Yan

X Y

, Yin

, Liu

L J

, Yang

J C.

Effects of different cultivation patterns on population quality of japonica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 280-291 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A high quality of population is necessary to achieve high grain yield in rice, but little information is available on understanding how cultivation patterns affect population quality. In this study, two japonica hybrid rice cultivars Changyou 3 and Changyou 5 were grown in the field, with six cultivation patterns including no nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding cultivation (control), cultivation for high yielding and high efficiency(CHYHE), super high yielding cultivation (SHY), cultivation for super high yielding and high efficiency (SHYHE) and cultivation for high use efficiency of N（HUEN）. The results showed that, the average yields of two cultivars under SHY and SHYHE were 12.0 t ha^-1 and 10.9 t ha^-1, respectively, and 41.6% and 29.1% higher than these of control. Compared with the control, the SHY and SHYHE also significantly increased percentage of productive tillers, biomass from heading to mature, efficient and high efficient leaf area, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate and SPAD values after anthesis , root-shoot ratio, and root bleeding after heading. The results indicated that the population quality of rice could be improved and higher yield could be achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

以杂交粳稻常优3号和常优5号为材料，设置未施氮处理(0N)、当地高产栽培(对照)、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培、超高产高效栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等6种不同栽培模式，并观察上述栽培模式对水稻产量和群体质量的影响。结果表明，两品种超高产栽培和超高产高效栽培的产量平均分别达12.0 t hm^-2和10.9 t hm^-2，较当地常规高产栽培分别高出41.6%和29.1%。与当地常规高产栽培相比，超高产栽培和超高产高效栽培等处理的茎蘖成穗率明显提高，抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累增加，有效叶面积和高效叶面积比率增加。上述两处理还提高了水稻粒叶比，改善了源库关系，并提高了剑叶的光合速率和叶绿素含量以及抽穗后的根冠比和根系伤流量。这些结果表明，通过栽培技术的集成与优化，可以改善水稻群体质量，获得更高产量。

2013

0.0

1.667

纪洪亭, 冯跃华, 何腾兵, 李云, 武彪, 王小艳. 两个超级杂交水稻品种物质生产的特性. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2238-2246

H T

, Feng

Y H

, He

T B

, Li

, Wu

, Wang

X Y.

Dynamic characteristics of matter population in two hybrid rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2238-2246 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to find foundations of high-yield cultivation in super hybrid rice (SHR), we modeled on dynamics of population indexes. A field experiment with two super hybrid cultivars (Zhunliangyou 527, Q you 6) and Control (II you 838) was conducted in 2011 and 2012, and dry matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured. The dynamic equations of DMA and relative leaf area index (RLAI) were established and the dynamic characteristics of crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), and Specific leaf area (LAR) were analyzed based on the equations. The DMA and its proportion to the total biomass at rapid growth stage were significantly higher than those of Control. In the process of time after transplanting, the tendency of CGR was expressed in a single peak curve, and CGR of two SHR was higher than that of Control in rapid growth stage. The RGR of Zhunliangyou 527 was higher than that of control from 23 d after transplanting to mature period. As compared with the RGR of Control, the RGR of Q you 6 was lower before 43 d after transplanting, higher from 43 d to 113 d after transplanting , and not much difference from 113 d after transplanting to maturity . A significant correlation was observed between gross LAD and LAD at rapid growth stage, and also between gross LAD and duration of LAI at rapid growth stage. Compared with Control, the RGR of SHR showed faster increasing and decreasing, and its peak value was higher. A single peak curve was available for the dynamic changes of NAR with its most high value from 43 d to 53 d after transplanting. The LAR of two SHR decreased fast from 23 d to 43 d after transplanting, moderately from 73 d to mature stage, and slowly from 43 d to 73 d after transplanting stage. The LAR of two SHR was higher in rapid growth stage than that of Control.

Agronomy College of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

定量分析超级杂交水稻若干群体指标的动态特征，以期为其高产栽培提供依据。于2011年和2012年在大田条件下，以超级杂交水稻准两优527、Q优6号和对照品种II优838为试材，通过连续测定干物质和叶面积，建立了水稻群体干物质和相对叶面积指数动态模型，进而以群体干物质和相对叶面积指数模型为基础，分析了超级杂交水稻作物生长率、相对生长率、光合势、净同化率、叶面积比率动态变化特征。结果表明，超级杂交水稻快增期的干物质积累量及其占总生物量的比例均高于对照。作物生长率(CGR)随移栽后时间呈先升高后下降的单峰曲线变化，其快增期的CGR较大。与对照相比，超级杂交水稻相对生长率(RGR)表现出上升快、峰值大、下降快的特点。准两优527在移栽后23 d至成熟期高于对照，Q优6号的RGR在移栽后43 d以前低于对照，移栽后43 d至113 d高于对照，两者在移栽后113 d至成熟期的RGR相差不大。不同水稻净同化率(NAR)随移栽后时间呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线变化，最大NAR出现在移栽后43~53 d。总光合势与快增期光合势及与快增期绿叶面积持续时间均呈极显著正相关。2个超级杂交水稻叶面积比率(LAR)在移栽后23 d至43 d迅速下降，移栽后43 d至73 d缓慢下降，移栽后73 d至成熟期快速下降，其快增期的LAR较大。

2013

0.0

1.667

许轲, 郭保卫, 张洪程, 周兴涛, 陈厚存, 张军, 陈京都, 朱聪聪, 李桂云, 吴中华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 高辉, 曹利强, 李明银. 有序摆抛栽对超级稻超高产与光合生产力的影响及水稻超高产模式探索. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 1652-1667

, Guo

B W

, Zhang

H C

, Zhou

X T

, Chen

H C

, Zhang

, Chen

J D

, Zhu

C C

, Li

G Y

, Wu

Z H

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Wei

H Y

, Gao

, Cao

L Q

, Li

M Y.

Effect of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting on super high yield and photosynthetic productivity and exploration of rice super high yield model. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 1652-1667 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rice seedling broadcasting is a technique of light and simple cultivation method in China and the stable super high yield from using the method relies on the ordered plantation of rice. Three planting methods including ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT) using dry-raising seedlings in plastic plates were compared with mechanical transplanting (MT) to investigate the photosynthetic productivity and matter accumulation characteristics during the formation of super high yield in respect of seedling establishment, tillering, LAI, grain-leaf ratio, photosynthetic potential, matter production, accumulation and translocation in late stages. Using methods of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice seedlings had the better population quality with earlier seedling establishment at the beginning, and their LAI, leaf area duration, grain-leaf ratio, matter production, accumulation in each growing stage, and net photosynthetic rate and matter translocation in later growing stages were all significantly or very significantly superior to those of cast transplanting. Moreover, in late growing stages, they showed comparatively better population light transmittance and ventilation, slower senescence, and higher matter production and lodging resistance as well. The transplanting hill number for of 3- and 2-hole closely gathered plates were 30–60 percent less than that for single-hole ones, which improved transplanting speed. Although 3-hole seedlings had earlier seedling establishment in early growing stage, 2-hole seedlings kept higher matter production and lodging resistance in middle and late growing stages. Eventually, two hole seedings had higher yield than 3-hole seedlings and 1-hole seedlings. With their higher population starting point, earlier seedling establishment, proper matter accumulation in early growing stage as well as higher matter production, accumulation and translocation ability in later growing stages, ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting methods were capable of leading to the stable super high yielding cultivation of super rice. Two-hole plate transplanting seedlings showed better matter production and obvious growth superiority during the whole growth stage, and 3-hole one also showed growth superiority in some aspects, which could lead us to the conclusion that 2- and 3-hole plate seedlings ordered transplanting are new-typed cultivation patterns of super high yielding in super rice.

<div style="line-height: 150%">1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Crop Cultural Station, Hai’an County, Hai’an 226600, China</div>

抛秧是一项水稻轻简化栽培技术，有序化栽插是抛秧稻稳定高产和进一步超高产的基础。本试验通过摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种抛栽方式以及新型秧盘培育稻株的光合物质积累特性的比较，旨在研明水稻有序化栽插超高产的光合物质积累特性，并探索水稻超高产新模式。有序摆栽和点抛群体起点质量高，发棵快，各生育时期群体叶面积、粒叶比、光合势、物质生产、积累、后期剑叶光合速率和物质转运均优于撒抛，后期通风透光性好，仍能保持较强的物质生产和抗倒伏能力，最终产量高。二连孔、三连孔栽插较单孔减少1/3~1/2，提高了栽插速度。三连孔稻苗前期活棵较快，二连孔稻株中、后期表现出较强的优势，能保持较强抗倒伏和群体物质生产能力，最终产量表现为二连孔稻株大于三连孔和单孔，三连孔和单孔稻株间差异不显著。有序摆抛栽稻群体起点质量高，活棵快，前期有着适宜的光合物质积累和叶面积，后期保持较强的光合物质生产、积累和转运能力，是实现超级稻稳定超高产的基础，二连孔稻株整个生育时期均表现出较强的物质生产和生长优势，三连孔稻株也具有一定优势，二连孔、三连孔有序摆抛栽是一种水稻省工超高产栽培新模式。

2010

0.0

1.667

张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴齐根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13. 5 t hm^-2超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1547-1558

Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Li

D J

, Xiao

Y C

, Gong

J L

, Li

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Wang

B J

, Wu

A G.

Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13. 5 t ha^-1). Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Population characteristics of super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha^-1) were studied and its formation mechanism was explored using Yongyou 8 as material in Xinghua and Jiangyan. Results showed that population of 13.5 t ha^-1 had more spikelets per panicle and total spikelets than population of 12.0 t ha^-1. There was no significant difference in panicles, filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight between populations of 13.5 t ha^-1 and 12.0 t ha^-1. Population of 13.5 t ha^-1 exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved excepted number of stems and tillers at critical leaf-age for productive tillers, whose max number of stems and tillers was at jointing stage and was about 1.3 times of excepted number. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, which achieved expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of 13.5 t ha^-1population was more than 75%, which was higher than that of population of 12.0 t ha^-1.The leaf area index of 13.5 t ha^-1 population was lower than that of 12.0 t ha^-1 population at the early growth stage, and the max leaf area index was about 8.5 at booting, which decreased stably and was above 4.0 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of population with 13.5 t ha^-1 was small at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total photosynthetic potential was above 6.75×10⁶ m² d ha^-1, of which most than 45.0% was from heading to maturity. The dry matter accumulation was smaller compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1before jointing, and the weight of it was above 60 kg ha^-1 at heading, which was significantly higher than that of population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total weight of dry matter was above 23.25 t ha^-1, of which above 9.75 t ha^-1 was accumulated from heading to maturity. Formation mechanism of super-high yielding population (13.5 t ha^-1) was that: population quality was enhanced at critical leaf-age for productive tillers through cultivating strong seedlings, germinating low positiontillers and achieved expected number of stems and tillers in time, which formed the biological foundation for high quality population at middle stage; in order to form high photosynthetic efficiency of population structure with strong lodging-resistance and large population spikeletes at heading, suitable number of strong stems and large panicles was cultivated through establishing suitable dynamic and size of population; in order to enlarge sink-filling and keep strength of stems and sheaths, dry matter accumulation was enriched after heading through photosynthetic system smooth and steady fade away.

1Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation technology in Yangtze Valley,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009, China;2 Rice Research Institute of xianghua, Fengyuan,Xinghua 22570,China;3Bureau of Agriculture of Xing hua County, Xinghua 225700,China;4 Bureau of Agriculture of Jiangyan County,Jiangyan 225500,China

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号，以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0 hm²连片与6.67 hm²连片超高产攻关方为依托，研究了13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体特征，并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明，较之12.0 t hm^-2左右群体，13.5 t hm^-2群体的穗型大，群体颖花量多(60 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上)，有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当；群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长，至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数，高峰苗出现在拔节期，数量少，为预期穗数的1.3倍左右，此后群体平缓下降，至抽穗期达适宜穗数，成穗率高(＞75%)；群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢，最大值出现在孕穗期，为8.5左右，此后下降缓慢，成熟期仍保持在4.0以上；群体光合势生育前期较小，中、后期较大，总光合势为6.75×10⁶ m² d hm^-2以上，抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上；群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低，拔节后积累速度较快，至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5 t hm^-2以上，抽穗后积累量亦高，一般为9.75 t hm^-2以上, 总干物重高23.25 t hm^-2以上。13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体形成机制为，依靠精苗，发大蘖，及时够苗，提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期)，为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础；依靠合理的群体动态及其规模，培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗，于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体；依靠平稳消退的光合系统，提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力，增大群体库容的总充实量，并维持较大的茎鞘强度，增强群体的安全抗倒力。

... 5 t hm^{-2 [13]} ...

... 张洪程等^[13]研究长江下游甬优8号13 ...

... 对于叶片而言, 光合功能的持续时间长以及后期叶面积指数的平缓下降是超高产群体的重要特征^[13] ...

... 5 t hm^-2超高产群体比较^[13], 结果表明, 就茎蘖动态而言, 二者具有一定的相似性, 但甬优8号高峰苗(290& ...

2012

0.0

0.9745

梁尹明, 孙永飞, 陈金焕, 吴凤姣, 王钦君, 梁桂华. 甬优12单产超900 kg/667 m²的性状表现. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(5): 39-41

Liang

Y M

, Sun

Y F

, Chen

J H

, Wu

F J

, Wang

Q J

, Liang

G H.

The traits of Yongyou 12 yielding over 900 kg per 667 m². China Rice, 2012, 18(5): 39-41 (in Chinese)

历经4年超高产攻关，2011年甬优12在浙江省新昌县种植终于有二块田单产突破900 kg/667 m2，创当地水稻单产历史纪录。本文总结了甬优12单产超900 kg/667 m2时的性状表现。

... 近些年, 在长江中下游地区的浙江宁波^[14]和新昌^[15]等地籼粳交超级稻甬优12连片丰产方平均产量超13 ...

2013

0.0

0.9745

孙永飞, 梁尹明, 吴光明, 杨琼琼, 陈金焕, 娄伟平. 对浙江甬优12最高产突破1000 kg/667 m²的评议. 中国稻米, 2013, 19(4): 94-96

Sun

Y F

, Liang

Y M

, Wu

G M

, Yang

Q Q

, Chen

J H

, Lou

W P.

The comments of Yongyou 12 highest yielding over 1000 kg per 667 m². China Rice, 2013, 19(4): 94-96 (in Chinese)

2012年甬优12最高单产在浙江突破1 000 kg/667 m2。本文对此评议，认为意义无法估量，不但表明浙江省水稻育种及栽培取得了重大突破，而且更主要的是将极大提高浙江乃至我国南方稻区的粮食生产能力，为确保粮食安全，也为让出更多耕地用于发展经济和维护生态安全开启了全新的篇章。产量突破主要是因种栽培的结果，需大力提升对栽培研究的支持力度。偏粳型超大穗将是超高产的主要方向，要改变目前育种力量分配以选育籼型品种为主的局面。包括土、秧、密、肥、水、保等各方面的配套栽培技术已初步集成，但推广工作任重道远，思想认识转变、农田质量改善、不同基因类型品种选育、栽培理论研究及技术到位等方面均有大量工作要做。

... 近些年, 在长江中下游地区的浙江宁波^[14]和新昌^[15]等地籼粳交超级稻甬优12连片丰产方平均产量超13 ...

2001

0.0

1.494

杨惠杰, 李义珍, 杨仁崔, 姜照伟, 郑景生. 超高产水稻的干物质生产特性研究. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 265-270

Yang

H J

, Li

Y Z

, Yang

R C

, Jiang

Z W

, Zheng

J S.

Dry matter production characteristics of super high yielding rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 265-270 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Physiological characteristics of super high yielding rice cultivars, which were bred recently, were studied in Longhai, Fujian and Taoyuan, Yunnan. The results showed that super high yielding rice cultivars accumulated high biomass production. The grain yield were raised with the increase of total dry matter accumulation. The grain yield resulted primarily from biomass production and harvest index contributed little to the grain yield. The production superiority of super high yielding rice was exhibited during the middle and late growth stages and the yield was increased with the increase of net dry matter accumulation during the two stages. The crop growth rate(CGR) of the cultivar during the middle and late growth stages had high positive correlation with the yield. However there was no close correlation between the CGR and the yield during the early stage. The average exportation amount of stem and leaf dry matter contributed 24%(Fujian) or 33%(Yunnan) to grain production. Both stem and leaf dry matter exportation amount and dry matter accumulation after heading had a very significant positive correlation with the grain yield. The contribution of CGR to dry matter accumulation was significantly larger than that of growth duration.

(1Institute of Genetics & Crop Breeding; Fujian Agricultural University; Fuzhou 350002; China; 2Institute of Rice and Wheat; Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China)

以我国近年育成的超高产水稻品种为材料, 在福建龙海和云南涛源研究分析了超高产水稻品种的高产生理特性。结果表明超高产水稻品种积累了高额的生物量。稻谷产量随干物质积累总量的增加而提高，产量主要取决于生物产量的高低，而收获指数对稻谷产量的贡献较小。超高产水稻干物质生产优势在中期和后期，产量随中期和后期干物质净积累量的增加而提高。中期和后期的群体生长率(CGR)与产量呈高度正相关，而前期CGR与产量的关系不密切。茎叶干物质输出量构成籽粒产量平均为24％（福建龙海）和33％（云南涛源），茎叶干物质输出量和抽穗后干物质积累量均与稻谷产量呈极显著正相关。在同一地点，对干物质积累的作用，CGR显著大于生长日数。

... 杨惠杰等^[16]认为超高产水稻的穗数和每穗粒数均需增加, 并且穗数对颖花量的贡献高于每穗粒数 ...

2007

0.0

1.889

吴文革, 张洪程, 吴桂成, 翟超群, 钱银飞, 陈烨, 徐军, 戴其根, 许轲. 超级稻群体籽粒库容特征的初步研究. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 250-257

W G

, Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Zhai

C Q

, Qian

Y F

, Chen

, Xu

, Dai

Q G

, Xu

Preliminary study on super rice population sink characters. Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 250-257 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】In order to reveal the population grains sink and the yield formation characteristics of super rice.【Method】As the material with representative 5 indica super rice cultivars, and in comparison with Shanyou 63 under field conditions, the composition and characteristic of sink were studied. 【Result】the result indicated that: (1)The average yield of 5 super rice cultivars grew in Dongahi ,Xinghua and Changshu of Jiangsu province were 700.4kg/667m2 (from 678.9 kg/667m2 to 724.7kg/667m2), which were significant or extremely significant higher than those of Shanyou 63.The leading cause of high yield were greater total spikelets number of population. Increasing total spikelets number of population due to larger panicle than more panicles.(2)To obtain larger panicle by adding primary branches(PB) and its spikelets per PB and secondary branches(SB) and by stabilizing its spikelets per SB in the panicles of super rice, in which the main was increasing of secondary branches and its total spikelets. By increasing branch number to enlarge panicle-type, meanwhile, stabilizing mean grains on secondary branch in order to increase mean grains on panicle branch that can optimize traits of panicles, increase filling grains on branch and seed setting rate on panicle, and increase single panicle weight up to 4.0g(compared to ck+10.9%), then the super-high yielding can be made success. (3)The peak capacity of sink on the super rice is about 870kg/667m2 , which were significant higher than those of Shanyou 63,but the variation of the effective filling rate of sink was wide rage between varieties and cultivated locations. The average effective filling rate of sink of super rice was 80.3%, there was still about 20% potential grain yield .【Conclusion】The yield components and population sink feature of super rice were large panicles based on the enough panicle number, greater total spikelets number of population and larger sink size mainly due to great numbers of primary and secondary branches in the panicles; raised seed setting and single panicle weight by optimizing the structure of branches and their spikelets. In this paper, study for super high-yielding culturing on super hybrid rice was proposed.

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室江苏扬州大学农学院

【目的】探索超级稻群体库容形成及其构成特征。【方法】以具有代表性的5个籼型超级稻为材料,用汕优63为对照,比较研究超级稻群体籽粒库容构成及特征。【结果】 (1)不同试点的超级稻品种均显著或极显著比对照增产,群体颖花量的增加是产量增加的直接原因。培育大穗是超级稻扩大库容量、增加颖花量的主要途径,而增穗并不能扩增群体总颖花量。(2)大穗是通过两种途径协调实现的:一是增加一次枝梗数及其上的平均着粒数,二是增加二次枝梗数但稳定二次枝梗上的平均着粒数; 其中增加二次枝梗数及其总粒数是主要的; 超级稻在一、二次枝梗数增加的同时,通过稳定二次枝梗上的平均着粒数而增加一次枝梗上的平均着粒数,优化颖花分布,提高全穗结实率而增加单穗籽粒重; 超级稻单穗重达4.0 g 以上, 平均比对照增重10.9% 。(3)超级稻产量潜力高,最大库容达870 kg/667m2，显著高于对照,平均增幅近10%；但最高库容有效充实度在品种间、试点间变化较大,并无稳定优势,平均为80.3%，略低于对照，故因种因地栽培是实现超级稻稳定超高产的关键。【结论】超级稻在稳定适宜穗数的基础上通过协调增加一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数及其平均着粒数来增大穗型,通过优化一、二次枝梗上颖花分布来提高结实率从而增加单穗重。

... 吴文革等^[17]认为每穗粒数的增加是超级稻群体扩大库容的关键 ...

2010

0.0

1.889

吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴齐根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276

G C

, Zhang

H C

, Qian

Y F

, Li

D J

, Zhou

Y Y

, Xu

, Wu

W G

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Xu

Z J

, Qian

Z H

, Sun

J Y

, Zhao

P H.

Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. 【Method】 The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations (High Yield: 8 250-9 750 kg?hm-2; Higher Yield: 9 750-11 250 kg?hm-2; Super High Yield:＞11 250 kg?hm-2) in four Japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. 【Result】 Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice (The difference among them was significant). There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. 【Conclusion】 The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种（武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号）为材料,对高产（8 250—9 750 kg?hm-2）、更高产（9 750—11 250 kg?hm-2）和超高产（＞11 250 kg?hm-2）3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高（差异显著）,而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减（差异不显著）。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容（安全成熟的群体高颖花量）,通过保持正常的充实度（即保证常年的结实率与千粒重）,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

... 吴桂成等^[18]以4个超级粳稻为材料研究发现, 高产到更高产, 颖花量增加以穗数贡献率较高 ...

... 4214), 这与吴桂成等^[18]的结论相一致 ...

1998

0.0

0.45

... 同时人们对于超高产群体的产量结构配置也有大量研究, 杨从党等^[19]研究云南特殊生态区桂朝2号14 ...

2013

0.0

1.494

李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 高产氮高效粳稻品种的叶片光合及衰老特性研究. 中国水稻科学, 2013, 27: 168-176

, Zhang

H C

, Yang

, Ge

M J

, Wei

H Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

Leaf photosynthesis and senescence characteristics of japonica rice cultivars with high yield and high N-efficiency. Chin J Rice Sci, 2013, 27: 168-176 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The difference in leaf photosynthesis and senescence characteristics of lowyielding and low Nefficiency, highyielding and medium Nefficiency, highyielding and high Nefficiency rice cultivars was investigated using six representative japonica varieties under their optimum N levels, respectively. The results were as follow: compared with lowyielding varieties, the highyielding ones showed higher population leaf area index (LAI), higher leaf area rates of productive tillers and top 3 leaves, higher flag leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value)and net photosynthetic rate, and slower senescence of leaves. Among highyielding varieties, as the nitrogen efficiency increased, the population leaf area index (LAI) reduced at the early and middle growth stages (Nn, jointing, and full heading), and increased at maturing. Though with no significant changes during early grain filling stage (0-10 days after full heading), the net photo synthetic rate remarkably increased in middle and late grain filling stages (20-40 days after full heading), which could mainly be attributed to the less breakingdown of chlorophyll, ensuring the higher CO2 assimilation capacity of leaves, the higher SOD activity providing strong antioxidant capacity of the plant, and the lower MDA content implying the less damage degree of membrane lipid. It could be one promising method for further improvement in nitrogen efficiency of highyielding rice varieties to reasonably control the growth of nonproductive and inefficient leaf area before heading, thus properly reducing population leaf area scale before heading and effectively delaying leaves senescence after heading to ensure sustained higher chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of leaves.

1 Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Technology in Yangtze Rice Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;

选用6个具代表性的低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型粳稻品种，在各自最适氮素水平下，研究了叶片光合、衰老特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明，高产类型群体叶面积指数(LAI)、高效叶面积率及有效叶面积率、剑叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率以及剑叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于低产类型品种，丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于低产类型。高产品种间比较，随着氮效率提升，生育前中期(够苗、拔节、齐穗期)群体叶面积指数下降，成熟期上升；灌浆前期(齐穗后0 d~10 d)剑叶净光合速率并未明显变化，灌浆中后期(齐穗后20 d~40 d)显著增高，主要原因如下：叶绿素分解少，保证了叶片对CO2的高同化能力；SOD活性高，保证了植株更强的抗氧化能力，MDA含量少，膜脂破坏程度低。说明抽穗前合理控制无效及低效叶面积生长以适当减小群体叶面积规模，抽穗后有效延缓植株衰老，以保证叶片持续较高的叶绿素含量和净光合速率，是促进水稻高产品种进一步提升氮效率的重要途径。

... 籽粒灌浆所需要的营养物质80%以上来自抽穗后叶片的光合作用^[20], 因此, 叶片的光合特性以及叶姿对于光合物质的生产至关重要 ...

2006

0.0

1.889

杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345

Yang

J C

, Du

, Wu

C F

, Liu

L J

, Wang

Z Q

, Zhu

Q S.

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

扬州大学农学院

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 杨建昌等^[21]比较中熟粳稻超高产和高产群体发现, 超高产群体生育前期的叶面积指数、光合势低于高产群体, 抽穗后则显著高于高产群体 ...

2005

0.0

1.889

刘建丰, 袁隆平, 邓启云, 陈立云, 蔡义东. 超高产杂交稻的光合特性研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 258-264

Liu

J F

, Yuan

L P

, Deng

Q Y

, Chen

L Y

, Cai

Y D.

A study on characteristics of photosynthesis in super high-yielding hybrid rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 258-264 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The morphological features and photosynthetic characteristics of 7 hybrid rice combinations with different canopy structure and super high-yielding potential were studied in comparison with Shanyou 63.The results showed that 4 combinations having significant increase in grain weight per plant compared with Shanyou 63 have advantages including (1) a smaller light extinction coefficient resulted from the more erect leaf blades and longer flag leaves enhanced the capacity of source supply on the basis of significant increase of sink demand (i.e. spikelets per panicle), (2) a higher rate of canopy photosynthesis during grain filling and higher rates of flag leaf photosynthesis at saturating light intensity during different stages (i.e. booting stage,10 days after heading, 30days after heading), (3) More dry matter accumulated in stems and sheaths before heading and translated to grains after flowering efficiently.

国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心

对7个冠层形态性状具有一定差异但又具有较高产量水平的杂交稻组合与对照组合汕优63的光合形态生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明，比对照显著增产的4个组合具有以下光合作用优势：在每穗粒数增加、库容扩大的基础上，剑叶长度增加、叶角较小，冠层各部光的分布比较均匀（消光系数小）; 在孕穗末期、抽穗后10 d和抽穗后30 d的光饱和光合速率及抽穗后10 d的群体光合速率比对照都有不同程度增加；抽穗前茎鞘中能积累较多的光合产物并能有效运转至籽粒。

2013

0.0

1.667

韦还和, 姜元华, 赵可, 许俊伟, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郑飞. 甬优系列杂交稻品种的超高产群体特征. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2201-2210

Wei

H H

, Jiang

Y H

, Zhao

, Xu

J W

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Zheng

Characteristics of super-high yield population in Yongyou series of hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2201-2210 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted using the representative indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 11, Yongyou 12, Yongyou 13, Yongyou 15, Yongyou 17 to compare between super-high and high yield populations formed by the regulation of cultivation measures. The results showed that the spikelets of the super-high yield population was higher than that of high yield population, with difference very significant, but the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of the super-high yield population were lower than those of high yield population. The average spikeletsper panicle was significantly higher than that of high yield population, meanwhile the number of the primary and secondary branches and total grains were higher than those of high yield population, showing a significant or very significant difference. The dry matter accumulation of the super-high yield population was a little lower than that of the high yield population at the jointing stage, but higher at heading and maturity stages. From the critical leaf-age for productive tillers to jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady growth with less ineffective tillers and lower peak number of tillers after jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady decline in number of tillers and had higher productive tillers rate, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation, compared with the high yield population. The super-high yield population had higher culm diameter and culm wall thickness in the basal first, second and third internodes, as well as higher bender moment and anti-broken strength, and lower lodging index than the high yield population.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以籼粳杂交稻有代表性的品种甬优11、甬优12、甬优13、甬优15、甬优17为试材, 通过栽培措施的调控, 形成超高产(产量≥12.0 t hm^-2)和高产(10.5 t hm^-2≤产量＜12.0 t hm^-2)群体。比较研究其特征表明, 与高产群体比，超高产群体的总颖花量极显著提高, 而结实率和千粒重略降低；平均每穗粒数极显著提高, 并且一、二次枝粳数以及粒数显著或极显著提高；拔节期的干物重略低, 但抽穗期和成熟期的干物重均显著或极显著提高；其有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的生长平稳, 无效分蘖发生少, 高峰苗低, 拔节期以后茎蘖数下降平缓, 成穗率、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累量等均较高；基部第1、第2、第3节间的茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度及基部第1、第2、第3节间的弯曲力矩、抗折力均显著或极显著提高, 且倒伏指数减小。

2011

0.0

1.889

杨建昌. 水稻根系形态生理与产量、品质形成及养分吸收利用的关系. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 36-46

Yang

J C.

Relationships of rice root morphology and physiology with the formation of grain yield and quality and the nutrient absorption and utilization. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 36-46 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Roots are an integral part of plant organs and involved in acquisition of nutrients and water, synthesis of plant hormones, organic acids and amino acids, and anchorage of plants. Root morphology and physiology are closely associated with the growth and development of above-ground part of plant. In this review, the relationships of root morpho-physiological traits with the formation of grain yield and the absorbtion of water and nutrients in rice were summerized. Recent advances in research on the role of the root chemical signals, such as hormones and organic acids, in the formation of grain quality of rice and the relation of ultra-structure of root tip cells with the growth and development of above-ground part of plant were intruduced. The existing problems and futher studies on rice roots were discussed.

(扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室)

植物根系既是水分和养分吸收的主要器官,又是多种激素、有机酸和氨基酸合成的重要场所,其形态和生理特性与地上部的生长发育有密切联系。本文综述了水稻根系形态生理与产量形成及水分养分吸收利用的关系,介绍了根系化学信号(激素、有机酸等)对稻米品质形成的作用及根尖细胞超微结构与地上部生长发育关系的最新研究进展,讨论了水稻根系研究存在的问题和今后研究的重点。

... 根系作为水分与养分吸收的主要器官, 良好的根系是后期群体不早衰的重要保障^[24], 一般而言, 超高产群体根系生物量、体积、吸收面积、伤流量均大^[25] ...

2008

0.0

1.667

魏海燕, 张洪程, 张胜飞, 杭杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 张庆, 刘艳阳. 不同氮利用效率水稻基因型的根系形态与生理指标的研究. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 429-436

Wei

H Y

, Zhang

H C

, Zhang

S F

, Hang

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Ma

, Zhang

, Liu

Y Y.

Root morphological and physiological characteristics in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies, Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 429-436 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Nitrogen is the most important input required in rice production although over use of N causes so many environment problems. It is well known that N use efficiency is varied in different rice genotypes. Therefore, it is important to explore and exploit the potential contributing to the N use efficiency. As an integral part of plant organs, rice root plays an important role in absorption and utilization of N from soil and fertilizer. In this research, a field experiment with 225 kg ha-1 N fertilizer application was carried out in 2006 on the farm of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. A total of 12 rice genotypes ( 6 N-efficient and 6 N-inefficient ) selected from 120 rice cultivars grown in Yangzhou during 2004 and 2005 were adopted to investigate the charac-teristics of root morphology and physiology in rice types with different N use efficiencies. Relationship between N use efficiency and indexes of root morphology and physiology was also analyzed. The results showed that at different growth stages, the indexes of root morphology and physiology including the root dry weight, root volume, total absorbing surface area of root, active absorbing surface area of root, ratio of active absorbing surface area to total absorbing surface area in N efficient rice type were obviously higher than those in N inefficient rice type. At the critical stage of productive tillering and the stage of elongating, the ratio of root to shoot in N efficient rice type was significantly higher than that in N inefficient rice type while the trend was con-trary at the stages of heading and maturing. Before the stage of maturing, the root oxidation ability of α-NA in N efficient rice type was superior to that in N inefficiency rice type while at the stage of maturing the root oxidation ability of α-NA in N efficient hybrid rice was appreciably lower than that in some N efficient rice cultivars. N use efficiency positively correlated to all the above morphological and physiological indices at all growth stages, with the exception of negatively correlation to the ratio of root to shoot at the stage of heading and maturing. It could be concluded that the root morphology is good and the root is vigorous in N efficient rice type, its morphological and physiological characteristics ensures the efficient absorption and utilization of N in all its life, and proper ratio of root to shoot and the harmonious growth of root and shoot can also improve the efficiency of N absorption and utilization.

1 Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

选用氮素利用高效型和低效型具有代表性的12个粳稻品种, 研究了225 kg hm-2施氮条件下根系形态和生理指标的差异及其与氮素利用效率的相互关系。结果表明, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期, 氮高效型水稻的根干重、根系体积、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积比均显著或极显著大于氮低效型水稻。有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期, 氮高效类型水稻的根冠比显著大于氮低效型, 而抽穗和成熟期则表现相反趋势。成熟期前, 氮高效型水稻的根系α-NA氧化量极显著大于氮低效型, 而成熟期, 氮高效型中杂交水稻的根系α-NA氧化量略低于个别氮低效型水稻品种。相关性分析表明, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期, 水稻的根干重、根系体积、根系的α-NA氧化量、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积比与氮素利用效率呈显著或极显著正相关。有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期, 植株的根冠比与氮素利用效率呈显著正相关, 而抽穗和成熟期则呈极显著负相关。氮高效型水稻在其一生中具有良好的根系形态和保持较强的根系活力, 为植株大量吸收和高效利用氮素奠定了良好基础。同时, 在水稻的生长过程中, 地下部与地上部的合理比例及协调生长也是促进植株高效吸收利用氮素的重要因素。

2011

0.0

1.667

潘圣刚, 黄胜奇, 张帆, 汪金平, 蔡明历, 曹凑贵, 唐湘如, 黎国喜. 超高产栽培杂交中籼稻的生长发育特性. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 537-544

Pan

S G

, Huang

S Q

, Zhang

, Wang

J P

, Cai

M L

, Cao

C G

, Tang

X R

, Li

G X.

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid-season indica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 537-544 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the characteristics of super high yielding (yield ≥ 12.0 t ha^-1) of mid-season indica hybrid rice cultivars in nutrition absorption, dry matter production and yield formation, we grew five rice cultivars (including lines), Yangliangyou 6, P88S/747, Luoyou 8, Luoyou 234 and Tianliangyou 2 in paddy fields. The leaf area index (LAI) at panicle initiation stage, heading stage and grain filling stage of super-high-yield rice was significantly higher than that of the high-yield rice (CK, Yangliangyou 6, grain yield ≥9.0 t ha^-1), which was in the range of 6.5–7.2, 8.5–8.9, and 6.5–7.0, respectively. The ratio of high effective leaf area to total leaf area at the heading stage was higher than that of CK, which was in the range of 60.0%–66.5%. Super high yielding rice had more dry matter accumulation than CK at the heading stage, grain filling stage and maturity stage, which was in the range of 13.5–15.0, 15.0–16.0, and 25.0–28.0 t ha^-1, respectively. Super-high-yield rice did not show any advantage in the absorption of N, P and K at mid-tillering stage compared with CK, however, had noticeable advantage in that at panicle initiation stage, heading stage and maturity stage. Furthermore, super high yield rice had more productive panicles, higher seed setting rate and grain weight in comparison with CK, which were in the range of 250×10⁴–290×10⁴panicles per ha, 88.2%–92.3% and 29.0–31.0 g, respectively.

1 Crop Production and Physiology Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; 2 College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

以5个杂交中籼稻品种(含品系)扬两优6号、P88S/747、珞优8号、珞优234和天两优2号为材料，研究大田条件下超高产水平(产量≥12.0 t hm^-2)的物质生产、产量构成及养分吸收特性。试验结果表明，与高产水稻(产量≥9.0 t hm^-2)相比，超高产水稻具有以下特征，幼穗分化期、齐穗期和灌浆结实期(齐穗后10 d) LAI大，分别为6.5~7.2、8.5~8.9和6.5~7.0；齐穗期的高效叶面积比率高，为60.0%~66.5%；齐穗期、灌浆期和成熟期积累较多的干物质，分别为13.5~15.0、15.0~16.0和25.0~28.0 t hm^-2；分蘖盛期对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)吸收利用优势不明显，而幼穗分化期、齐穗期和成熟期对N、P、K 吸收利用高而且积累速度快。此外，具有穗数多(有效穗数介于250×10⁴~290×10⁴ 穗 hm^-2)、结实率高(88.2%~92.3%)、千粒重大(29.0~31.0 g)的特点。

2014

0.0

1.667

许轲, 张军, 花劲, 张洪程, 周培建, 程飞虎, 黄大山, 陈忠平, 陈国梁, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 高辉. 双季杂交晚粳超高产形成特征. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 678-690

, Zhang

, Hua

, Zhang

H C

, Zhou

P J

, Cheng

F H

, Huang

D S

, Chen

Z P

, Chen

G L

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Wei

H Y

, Gao

Yield components and population characteristics of super-high-yielding late japonica hybrid rice in double- cropping rice area. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 678-690 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This study investigated the formation rule of super-high-yielding late japonica hybrid rice in the double-cropping rice area. Using Yongyou 8 as material in Shanggao of Jiangxi Province, we analyzed grain yield and its components and the population characteristics in three types of populations (medium yield: 8.25–9.75 t ha^-1, high yield: 9.75–10.50 t ha^-1; super high yield:>10.50 t ha^-1). Results showed that supper-high-yielding population had more panicle and spikelets per panicle than medium and high yielding population. There was no significant difference in filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight among the three populations. Supper-high-yielding population exhibited more tillers at the transplanting stage and achieved expected number of stems and tillers on time, maximum number of stems and tillers at jointing stage. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, achieving an expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of supper-high-yielding population was about 78.0%, which was higher than that of medium and high yielding population. The leaf area index of supper-high-yielding population was lower than that of medium and high yielding population at the early growth stage, with the maximum leaf area index of about 8.0 at booting, and stably decreasing to above 3.5 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of supper-high-yielding population was smaller at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with the medium and high yielding populations, which was above 300 × 10⁴ m² d ha^–1 from heading to maturity, and above 675 × 10⁴ m² d ha^–1 in total. The dry matter accumulation of super-high-yielding population was smaller before jointing, increased faster after jointing, and reached about 10.5 t ha^–1 at heading and 19.0 t ha^–1 at maturity, which was significantly higher than that of medium and high yielding populations. Its translocation ratio of output was above 14.0%. In the super-high-yielding population the weight of dry matter of root, root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings, N content, N uptaking, and utilization were greater than those of the medium and high yielding populations. Based on the results of this study, we discussed the regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population.

张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn; Tel: 0514-87979220

本研究旨在明确传统双季晚籼稻地区双季杂交晚粳稻超高产产量构成及其群体特征，阐明双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成规律。以江西省上高县6.77 hm²连片双季杂交晚粳稻高产攻关示范方为依托，选用杂交粳稻甬优8号为材料，对中产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、高产(9.75~10.50 t hm^-2)和超高产(>10.50 t hm^-2) 3个产量水平群体的产量构成及群体特征进行系统比较研究。结果表明，与中产、高产水平群体相比，超高产水平群体表现穗数足、穗型大、群体颖花量多(50 000×10⁴ hm⁻²以上)的显著特点，但结实率和千粒重略低，差异不显著；群体茎蘖动态上，群体起点较高，可及时够苗；够苗后增长平缓，高峰苗数量较少、下降平缓，成穗率高(78.0%左右)。群体叶面积指数前期增长较缓，最大值出现在孕穗期，为8.0左右，此后下降缓慢，成熟期仍保持3.5以上；群体光合势生育前期较小，中、后期较大，抽穗至成熟期光合势为300×10⁴ m² d hm⁻²以上，总光合势为560×10⁴ m² d hm⁻²以上。拔节前干物质量积累速度较慢，拔节后积累速度较快，至抽穗期群体生物量为10.5 t hm⁻²左右，抽穗后积累量亦高，成熟期干物重达19.0 t hm⁻²左右，后期茎鞘物质转运率大于14.0%。超高产群体根量多、活力较强；植株吸氮能力强、成熟期氮素累积量高，氮素利用率40%以上。根据双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成特征，我们探讨了培育双季晚粳稻超高产群体的关键栽培技术。