栽培模式对杂交粳稻常优5号根系形态生理性状和地上部生长的影响

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褚光, 周群, 薛亚光, 颜晓元, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 栽培模式对杂交粳稻常优5号根系形态生理性状和地上部生长的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(7): 1245-1258
CHU Guang, ZHOU Qun, XUE Ya-Guang, YAN Xiao-Yuan, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang. Effects of Cultivation Patterns on Root Morph-physiological Traits and Aboveground Development ofJaponica Hybrid Rice Cultivar Changyou 5 . Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(7): 1245-1258 复制到剪切板

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栽培模式对杂交粳稻常优5号根系形态生理性状和地上部生长的影响

褚光¹, 周群¹, 薛亚光^1,³, 颜晓元², 刘立军¹, 杨建昌^1,^*

¹扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

²中国科学院南京土壤研究所, 江苏南京 210008

³江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所, 江苏南通 226541

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 杨建昌, E-mail:jcyang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979317

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:chuguang19880210@163.com

收稿日期:2014-04-16

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271641, 31071360), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103003, 201203079), 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14, 2012BAD04B08, 2013BAD07B09), 江苏高校优势学科建设工程专项和江苏省农业三项工程项目(SXGC [2012] S32180001-20)资助;

摘要

以杂交粳稻常优5号为材料, 设置未施氮肥处理(0N)、当地高产栽培(对照)、超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等4种栽培模式, 观察其对水稻不同生育期根系形态生理和地上部生长的影响。结果表明, 不同栽培模式下水稻产量差异极显著。超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培两年的平均产量分别为12.29 t hm^-2和9.62 t hm^-2, 平均分别较对照增产41.4%和10.7%。上述两种栽培模式的氮肥农学利用率(每kg施氮量增加的产量)分别较对照增加80.7%和76.8%, 灌溉水利用效率分别较对照提高62.1%和32.3%。与对照相比, 超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培均增加了水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、根干重、根长, 提高了粒叶比, 改善了库源关系, 并提高了根冠比与根系伤流量。同时也提高了灌浆期剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积, 生育中后期根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中的玉米素(Z)与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量、灌浆期籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)以及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性。这说明, 通过栽培技术的集成与优化可以提高水稻灌浆期根系和地上部的生理活性, 促进水稻高产与水分养分高效利用。

关键词: 水稻; 栽培模式; 产量; 根系形态生理; 氮肥利用率; 水分利用率

Effects of Cultivation Patterns on Root Morph-physiological Traits and Aboveground Development ofJaponica Hybrid Rice Cultivar Changyou 5

CHU Guang¹, ZHOU Qun¹, XUE Ya-Guang^1,³, YAN Xiao-Yuan², LIU Li-Jun¹, YANG Jian-Chang^1,^*

¹ Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

² Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

³Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong 226541, China

Fund:

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate if a cultivation technique could coordinately increase both grain yield and nutrient use efficiency of rice through an improvement in morphological and physiological traits of roots. A field experiment was conducted usingjaponica hybrid rice cultivar Changyou 5 with four cultivation patterns including no nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding cultivation (control), super high yielding cultivation (SHY) and high nutrient use efficiency cultivation (HUEN). The results showed that, the grain yield was 12.29 t ha^-1 under SHY and 9.62 t ha^-1under HUEN, which was 41.4% and 10.7% higher than that under the control, on the average, respectively. When compared with the control, SHY and HUEN increased nitrogen (N) agronomic efficiency (the increase in grain yield divides by the amount of N application) by 80.7% and 76.8%, and irrigation water use efficiency by 62.1% and 32.3%, respectively. The SHY and HUEN also significantly increased biomass from heading to maturity, leaf area index, root dry weight and root length, grain-leaf ratio, root-shoot ratio, the amount of root bleeding, photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf, root oxidation activity, total absorbing surface area and active absorbing surface area, contents of cytokinins (zeatin + zeatin riboside) in roots, leaves and root bleedings, and activities of sucrose synthase and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase in grains during grain filling. The results indicate that higher grain yield and high nutrient and water use efficiencies can be coordinately achieved through using integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

Keyword: Rice; Cultivation pattern; Yield; Morphology and physiology of roots; Nitrogen use efficiency; Water use efficiency

Show Figures

近年来, 我国开展了作物超高产研究, 涌现了许多超高产记录。然而, 大多数高产记录是在高水、肥投入下实现的。部分高产记录重演性较差, 在地区间或年度间产量表现出严重的不稳定性^{[ 1, 2, 3]}。究其原因, 可能与超高产水稻的生长发育规律不清楚、生育诊断指标不明确、超高产栽培技术尚未完全掌握等有关。

随着我国水稻产量的不断攀升, 氮肥的施用量也在持续增加。2010年, 我国化肥消费量达到5562万吨, 约占世界化肥总消费量的34%, 其中氮肥约为3200万吨, 为世界第一消费大国^{[ 4]}。氮肥投入量高、利用效率低是我国目前水稻生产中的一个突出问题。有研究表明, 我国稻田氮肥利用率仅为30%~50%, 在部分高产和高投入区域, 氮肥利用效率则更低^{[ 5, 6, 7, 8]}。如何在获得高产的同时, 实现水分与养分的高效利用？这是目前农业研究的一个热点问题。

根系作为水稻植株的重要组成部分, 不仅能够吸收养分和水分, 同时也可合成许多重要的生理活性物质, 因而在水稻生长发育的过程中起着十分重要的作用^{[ 9, 10, 11]}。近年研究表明, 水稻根系的生长发育与各种环境条件密切相关, 其中尤以水分、肥料、耕作栽培措施等影响较大^{[ 12, 13, 14]}。目前对超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下水稻地上部研究较多^{[ 15, 16, 17]}, 但对其地下部生长发育以及根冠相互作用机制的研究较少。本研究观察了杂交粳稻常优5号在超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培下根系形态生理特征的变化及其与地上部生长发育的关系, 以期从根系生长发育角度进一步认识水稻的高产与水分养分高效利用的机制。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料与试验地基本情况

试验于2012—2013年在中国科学院南京土壤研究所常熟野外生态试验站进行。试验地前茬作物为小麦。耕作层含有机质3.16%~3.18%、全氮0.17%~0.19%、有效氮82.70~83.24 mg kg^-1、速效磷26.5~27.3 mg kg^-1、速效钾110.7~111.6 mg kg^-1。供试品种为当地高产品种杂交粳稻常优5号。5月19日至20日播种, 6月17日至18日移栽, 双本栽插。于8月30日至9月3日抽穗, 10月25日至11月2日收获。

1.2 栽培模式

1.2.1 0N 不施氮肥, 仅在移栽前基施磷肥(过磷酸钙, 含P₂O₅ 13.5%) 90 kg hm^-2和钾肥(氯化钾, 含K₂O 60%) 120 kg hm^-2, 栽插株行距为20 cm×20 cm。除生育中期排水搁田外, 其余时期保持水层至收获前1周断水。

1.2.2 LHY即当地高产栽培(对照) 总施氮量(纯氮, 以下同)为300 kg hm^-2, 按基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥 = 6∶2∶2施用, 磷、钾肥的用量、栽插株行距及水分管理方式同0N处理。

1.2.3 SHY即超高产栽培氮肥较LHY增25%, 即375 kg hm^-2; 磷肥较LHY处理增加40%, 施用量为126 kg hm^-2; 钾肥较LHY增加50%, 施用量为180 kg hm^-2; 基肥增施硅肥225 kg hm^-2, 锌肥15 kg hm^-2, 菜籽饼肥2250 kg hm^-2。

1.2.4 HUEN即氮肥高效利用栽培(施用含有硝化抑制剂的尿素) 氮肥较LHY减25%, 即225 kg hm^-2。磷肥和钾肥的施用量及时间同SHY处理。

各处理施肥时期与施肥量如表1所示。

表1 水稻不同栽培模式的施肥时期和施肥量 Table 1 Time and amount of fertilizer application for different cultivation patterns (kg hm^-2)

1.3 栽培技术

各小区用拖拉机旋耕, 耕深8~10 cm, 上水后耱平。每处理重复4次, 小区面积42 m², 小区之间筑田埂并用塑料薄膜覆盖, 以防肥水串灌。

针对超高产栽培(SHY)和氮肥高效利用栽培(HUEN)采用以下关键技术。

I．稀播育壮秧, 增加栽插密度。湿润育秧, 播量较LHY处理减少15%。移栽时秧苗带分蘖2~3个, HUEN株行距为20 cm×15 cm, 栽插密度较LHY处理增加33%, SHY株行距与LHY相同。

II．前氮后移。氮肥按基肥∶分蘖肥∶促花肥∶保花肥 = 5∶1∶2∶2施用。磷肥于移栽前作基肥一次性施入。钾肥分基肥和拔节肥两次施用, 前后两次的比例为5∶5。

III．精确灌溉。从移栽至返青建立浅水层; 返青至有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)前2个叶龄期(N-n- 2)进行间隙湿润灌溉, 低限土壤水势为-10 kPa; (N-n-1)叶龄期至(N-n)叶龄期进行排水搁田, 低限土壤水势为-20 kPa, 并保持1个叶龄期; (N-n+1)叶龄期至二次枝梗分化期初(倒三叶开始抽出)进行干湿交替灌溉, 低限土壤水势为-25 kPa; 二次枝梗分化期(倒三叶抽出期)至出穗后10 d进行间隙湿润灌溉, 低限土壤水势为-10 kPa; 抽穗后11 d至抽穗后45 d进行干湿交替灌溉, 低限土壤水势为-15 kPa。各生育期达到上述指标即灌2~3 cm浅层水, 用水分张力计监测土壤水势。

1.4 取样与测定

1.4.1 叶片形态与生理特性的测定分别于分蘖中期、穗分化始期、抽穗期、成熟期考察每个小区100穴植株的分蘖数, 按照平均茎蘖数取10穴植株, 分解为绿叶、枯叶、茎、鞘和穗(抽穗以后), 烘干测定干物质重。于以上时期各小区取2个8穴, 采用美国LI-COR公司生产的Li-Cor 3050型叶面积仪测定叶面积。并于抽穗期、抽穗后8、17、26 d, 选择晴朗上午, 于9:00采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合测定仪测定稻株最上展开叶的光合速率。叶室CO₂浓度为380 μmol mol^-1, 使用红蓝光源, 光量子通量密度(PFD)为1400 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 温度28~30℃, 各处理重复测定8张叶片。

1.4.2 根系形态与生理特性的测定分别于分蘖中期、穗分化始期、抽穗期、成熟期, 取5穴稻株, 每穴稻株以基部为中心, 挖取20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm的土块, 装于70目的筛网袋中, 先用流水冲洗, 然后用农用压缩喷雾器将根冲洗干净, 放入装有一薄层去离子水的玻璃皿中(30 cm × 30 cm), 用镊子调整根的位置以尽量避免交叉重叠, 先用扫描仪(Epson Expression 1680 Scanner, Seiko Epson Corp. Tokyo, Japan)扫描图像, 后用WinRHIZO根系分析系统(Regent Instruments Inc. Quebec, Canada)分析和计算, 测得根长和根直径并于烘干后测干重。分别于抽穗期、抽穗后8、17、26 d, 用上述取根方法, 取3穴参照杨建昌等^{[ 18]}方法测定根系氧化力。另取3穴采用甲烯蓝蘸根法^{[ 19]}测定根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积。另分别于上述时期, 取代表性植株6穴, 于18:00在各茎离地10 cm处剪去地上部分植株, 将预先称重的脱脂棉放于茎的剪口处, 包上塑料薄膜, 于第2天早6:00取回带有伤流液的脱脂棉并称重, 挤出伤流液测定其Z+ZR含量。参照陈远平等^{[ 20]}的高效液相色谱法并作改进提取、纯化和定量分析根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中激素: 用石油醚萃取去除样品中的叶绿素和脂肪等物质, 经Sep-Pak C18柱过滤以减少样品中杂质; 色谱条件改用Dubhe C₁₈4.6×250, 5 μm, 流动相为5% (v/v)乙腈、50% (v/v)甲醇、0.6% (v/v)冰乙酸, 流速为0.8 mL min^-1, 采用梯度洗脱法, 检测波长254 nm; 柱温30℃, 进样量20 μL。样品回收率为85.5%±2.6%, 每一个样品至少重复4次。以外标法定量。

1.4.3 籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性测定分别于抽穗后8、17和26 d, 取30~40粒去壳籽粒, 加3~5 mL 100 mmol L^-1 Tricine-NAOH提取液[pH 8.0, 含10 mmol L^-1 MgCl₂, 2 mmol L^-1 EDTA, 50 mmol L^-1 2-mercap-toethanol, 12% (v/v) glycerol, 5% (w/v) PVP 40]于研钵中研磨(温度保持在0℃), 15 000 × g离心 5 min (4℃), 参照Yang等^{[ 21, 22]}方法, 略作改进, 取上清液(粗酶液)测定各酶活性。各酶活性单位用μmol g^-1 FW min^-1表示。

1.4.4 考种与计产成熟期从各小区取50穴考察每穴穗数, 取10穴观察结实率(水漂法, 沉入水底者为饱粒)和千粒重。

1.5 计算与统计

氮吸收利用率(%)=(施氮区作物吸氮量-氮空白区作物吸氮量)/施氮量;

氮农学利用率(kg 稻谷 kg^-1 N) = (施氮区产量-氮空白区产量)/施氮量;

氮生理利用率(kg 稻谷 kg^-1 N) = (施氮区籽粒产量-氮空白区籽粒产量)/(施氮区植株吸氮量-氮空白区植株吸氮量);

偏生产力(kg 稻谷 kg^-1 N) = 水稻产量/施肥量;

氮收获指数=成熟期单位面积植株穗部氮积累量/植株氮素积累总量;

水分利用效率(kg 稻谷 m^-3用水量) = 水稻产量/灌溉用水量;

采用Microsoft Excel 2003、SPSS16.0和SAS统计软件分析试验数据, 用SigmaPlot 10.0绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同栽培模式下水稻的产量及其构成因素

0N处理、当地高产栽培(对照)、超高产栽培以及氮肥高效利用栽培两年(2012年和2013年)的平均产量分别为5.82、8.69、12.29、9.62 t hm^-2。超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培分别较对照增产41.43%与10.70%。总颖花量的显著增加是其产量增加的主要原因。超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培的总颖花数分别较对照增加43.07%与12.42%。0N处理下的结实率显著高于当地高产栽培(对照)、超高产栽培以及氮肥高效利用栽培, 但超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下的结实率与对照无显著差异(表2)。

表2 不同栽培模式下的水稻产量及其构成因素 Table 2 Grain yield and its yield components under different cultivation patterns

2.2 不同栽培模式下水稻的氮肥与水分利用率

超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下的氮肥的偏生产力、吸收利用率以及农学利用率均显著高于当地高产栽培(对照)。氮肥高效利用栽培的氮肥生理利用率也显著高于对照; 但超高产栽培的氮肥生理利用率显著低于氮肥高效利用栽培而且与对照差异不显著, 表明超高产栽培促进了稻株对氮素的吸收, 但吸收的氮素更多地集中在稻草中, 而转化为经济产量的效率仍然较低, 造成水稻对氮素的奢侈吸收。超高产栽培的氮收获指数低于其余3个处理, 也进一步证明这一点(表3)。

表3 不同栽培模式下水稻的吸氮量、氮收获指数与氮肥利用效率 Table 3 N uptake, N harvest index, and N use efficiency under different cultivation patterns in rice

超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培两年的平均灌溉用水量分别是4860 m³ hm^-2与4661 m³ hm^-2, 是当地高产栽培(对照)的87%和84%。超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培的灌溉水分利用效率分别为2.53 kg m^-3与2.06 kg m^-3, 分别较对照增加62%与32% (表4)。

表4 不同栽培模式下的水稻灌溉水利用效率 Table 4 Water use efficiency (WUE) for irrigation under different cultivation patterns in rice

2.3 叶面积指数、粒叶比与叶片光合速率

超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培在抽穗期的总叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数、高效叶面积指数均显著高于当地高产栽培(对照), 超高产栽培分别较对照高22.65%、39.75%和53.30%; 氮肥高效利用栽培分别较对照高4.44%、14.84%和18.85% (表5)。从表5可以看出, 超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培两年抽穗期颖花数/叶面积(粒叶比)显著高于对照; 实粒数/叶面积与对照互有高低; 粒重/叶面积则与对照无显著差异。

表5 不同栽培模式下的水稻抽穗期叶面积指数和粒叶比 Table 5 Leaf area index and grain-leaf ratio at heading stage under different cultivation patterns in rice

不同栽培模式下水稻的剑叶净光合速率在抽穗后均呈现下降的趋势。在抽穗期, 超高产栽培的剑叶净光合速率显著高于当地高产栽培(对照), 而氮肥高效利用栽培与对照无显著差异。自灌浆早期至灌浆后期, 超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培模式的剑叶净光合速率均显著高于对照(图1)。

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	图1 不同栽培模式下水稻在不同生育时期的剑叶净光合速率Fig. 1 Flag leaf photosynthetic rate under different cultivation patterns in rice at different growth stages

2.4 根干重与根系形态特征

在所测定的生育期内, 0N处理的地上部干物重(图2-A, B)和根干重(图2-C, D)均显著低于当地高产栽培、超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培3个处理, 而其根冠比(图2-E, F)则在分蘖中期显著高于其他3个处理。在分蘖中期和穗分化始期, 当地高产栽培(对照)的地上部干物重与根干重均显著或极显著高于超高产栽培或氮肥高效利用栽培; 在抽穗期和成熟期则极显著低于超高产栽培或氮肥高效利用栽培。不同栽培模式下水稻的根冠比均随生育进程逐渐减小, 在整个生育期超高产栽培、氮肥高效利用栽培的根冠比与对照无显著差异。

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	图2 不同栽培模式下的水稻在不同生育时期地上部干物重(A, B)、根干重(C, D)和根-冠比(E, F)Fig. 2 Shoot dry weight (A, B), root dry weight (C, D), and root-shoot ratio (E, F) under different cultivation patterns in rice at different growth stages

0N处理的根长密度(图3-A, B)与根直径(图3-C, D)均显著低于其他3个处理。在分蘖中期与穗分化始期, 当地高产栽培(对照)的根长密度、根直径以及比根长(图3-E, F)均显著高于超高产栽培或氮肥高效利用栽培。而在抽穗期与成熟期, 超高产栽培或氮肥高效利用栽培的根长密度及比根长显著高于对照; 在上述两个时期, 超高产栽培的根直径显著高于对照, 而氮肥高效利用栽培下的水稻根直径与对照无显著差异。

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	图3 不同栽培模式下的水稻在不同生育时期根长(A, B)、根直径(C, D)和比根长(E, F)Fig. 3 Root length (A, B), diameter per root (C, D), and special root length (E, F) under different cultivation patterns in rice at different growth stages

2.5 根系代谢活性

在整个灌浆期, 超高产栽培、氮肥高效利用栽培的根系氧化力(图4-A, B)均显著高于0N处理及当地高产栽培(对照)。超高产栽培、氮肥高效利用栽培的根系伤流液强度(图4-C, D)所表现的趋势与根系氧化力相一致。

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	图4 不同栽培模式下的水稻在不同生育时期根系氧化力(A, B)和根系伤流液强度(C, D)Fig. 4 Root oxidation activity (A, B) and root bleeding amount (C, D) under different cultivation patterns in rice at different growth stages

在整个灌浆期, 不同栽培处理下的水稻根系总吸收表面积(图5-A, B)和根系活跃吸收表面积(图5-C, D)均呈下降趋势, 超高产栽培、氮肥高效利用栽培均显著高于0N处理及当地高产栽培(对照); 抽穗期至灌浆后期, 超高产栽培或氮肥高效利用栽培的根系活跃吸收表面积下降幅度分别为37.39%、49.19%, 而对照为62.60%。

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	图5 不同栽培模式下的水稻在不同生育时期根系总吸收表面积(A, B)和活跃吸收表面积(C, D)Fig. 5 Total absorbing surface area (A, B) and active absorbing surface area (C, D) under different cultivation patterns in rice at different growth stages

在整个灌浆期, 不同栽培模式下的水稻根系(图6-A, B)、叶片(图6-C, D)以及根系伤流液(图6-E, F)中的玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)含量均呈下降趋势, 超高产栽培以及氮肥高效利用栽培的根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中的玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著高于0N处理或当地高产栽培(对照)。

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	图6 不同栽培模式下水稻根系(A, B)、叶片(C, D)和根系伤流液(E, F)中玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)含量Fig. 6 Zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) content in roots (A, B), leaves (C, D), and root bleeding (E, F) under different cultivation patterns in rice at different growth stages

2.6 籽粒酶活性

当地高产栽培籽粒中的蔗糖合酶(SuSase)以及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性在灌浆前期较0N处理低, 在灌浆中期与0N处理差异不显著, 而在灌浆后期则显著高于0N处理; 超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培在整个灌浆期内2种酶活性均显著高于0N处理和当地高产栽培(表6)。

表6 各处理的籽粒中蔗糖合酶及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性 Table 6 Activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophospgorylase (AGPase) in grains

回归分析表明, 在不同栽培模式下水稻灌浆期根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中Z+ZR的含量、根系氧化力以及根系总吸收表面积和根系活跃吸收表面积与灌浆期剑叶净光合速率、籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)以及腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性均呈极显著正相关关系( r = 7289^**~0.9419^**)(图7)。

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图7 水稻剑叶净光合速率(A1~A6)、蔗糖合酶活性(B1~B6)和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性(C1~C6)与根系(A1~C1)、叶片(A2~C2)和根系伤流液(A3~C3)中Z+ZR含量、根系氧化力(A4~C4)、根系总吸收表面积(A5~C5)以及根系活跃吸收表面积(A6~C6)之间的关系Fig. 7 Correlation of flag leaf photosynthetic rate (A1-A6), the activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase) (B1-B6) and adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase)(C1-C6) with zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) content in roots (A1-C1), leaves (A2-C2) and root bleeding (A3-C3), root oxidation activity (A4-C4), total absorbing surface area (A5-C5), and active absorbing surface area (A6-C6)

3 讨论

持续提高作物产量是否必须依赖于养分资源的大量投入？作物高产与资源高效利用能否协同？这一直是国内外关注的热点, 也是学术界仍在争论的重大科学命题^{[ 23, 24, 25]}。根系作为水稻养分吸收和运输的主要器官, 其功能的发挥与根系形态和生理特性密切相关^{[ 26]}。一般认为, 高产与氮高效水稻根系具有发根力强、根系发达; 根系生物量、根系体积、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积大; 粗分支根比例、根系伤流强度、根系氧化力高; 对NH₄⁺的亲和力强等特征^{[ 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]}。但也有研究认为, 杂交水稻的根系氧化力、根系ATP酶活性、单株根重和吸氮量、单位根重吸氮量均显著高于亲本, 但氮素吸收利用率与亲本无显著性差异^{[ 32]}。本试验结果表明, 在超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培下, 根系生物量、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积、根系伤流液强度均显著高于当地高产栽培(对照); 根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中Z+ZR含量以及灌浆期籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)活性也均显著高于对照。说明通过栽培措施培育健壮根系是水稻高产与水分养分高效利用的重要途径。

以往研究表明, 作物根-冠之间存在着显著的互作效应^{[ 33, 34, 35]}。本研究观察到, 超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培显著增加了叶片的光合速率和叶片中细胞分裂素(Z+ZR)含量。地下部的生长(根系氧化力、根系伤流液强度、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积、根系和根系伤流液中Z+ZR含量)与地上部的生长(叶片光合速率、籽粒中蔗糖淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性)极显著正相关。一方面, 超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培显著增加了整个灌浆期的根系活性, 健壮的根系促进了地上部生物产量和库容的形成, 为地上部提供了充足的养分、水分和植物激素, 改善了地上部的生长; 另一方面, 地上部良好的生长可以保证充足的碳水化合物向根部输送, 为培育健壮根系提供营养保证。说明超高产栽培与氮肥高效利用栽培促进了根系生长, 也有利于其他生理过程, 这是在这两种栽培模式下获得高产高效的重要原因。

通过何种栽培技术可以培育健壮根系, 实现高产高效？这是作物生产上研究的一个热点。有关水稻高产高效栽培技术的研究, 前人已作了较多的报道, 包括群体质量栽培技术、精确施肥技术、精确灌溉技术等^{[ 36, 37, 38]}。本研究在前人研究基础上, 对有效改善根-冠互作效应的栽培技术进行了集成和创新。本试验除采用培育壮秧、增加栽插密度、在氮肥高效利用栽培模式中减少氮肥施用量、前氮后移以及施用硅肥和锌肥等措施外, 关键栽培技术有以下几点。(1)施用含有硝化抑制剂的氮肥。硝化抑制剂可以使土壤中的氮肥较长时间以铵态氮的形式存在, 以减轻氮素的流失, 提高水稻吸氮效率, 实现对氮肥的高效管理与利用^{[ 39]}。在本研究中, 含有硝化抑制剂氮肥的施用显著提高了氮肥利用效率, 提高了灌浆期根系的生理活性, 延缓了根系的衰老, 确保了灌浆期特别是灌浆中后期根系吸收到充足的养分和水分, 以满足地上部生长和籽粒灌浆的需要, 从而为水稻高产稳产奠定基础。(2)有机肥与化肥配施。这是维持和提高地力, 培肥土壤, 提高肥料利用率的重要途径, 长期施用有机肥或化肥有机肥配施, 不仅有利于协调土壤碳、氮库的平衡, 而且可显著提高土壤有机质含量, 进而提高土壤系统的生产力^{[ 40, 41, 42]}。有机肥与化肥的配施可以为水稻根系营造一个良好的土壤环境, 从而促进根系的生长和根系活性的提高。(3)轻干湿交替灌溉。该技术以水稻生育过程中土壤保持水层和自然落干相互交替为特征, 大大减少灌溉用水量, 提高水分利用率。但是干湿交替灌溉对产量的影响因品种、土壤水分条件和灌溉方式而有较大差异。本研究采用了轻干湿交替灌溉技术, 控制土壤的落干程度, 使植物体内水分状况不受严重的影响。该技术不仅提高水分利用效率, 而且有效地提高水稻的根系活性和叶片的光合功能, 提高籽粒中蔗糖淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性, 增加抽穗后的物质生产量, 并促进光合同化物向籽粒的运转^{[ 43, 44, 45]}。从而在扩大库容(增加总颖花量)的基础上, 保持较高的结实率和粒重。

4 结论

与当地高产栽培相比, 超高产栽培及氮肥高效利用栽培可以有效提高水稻产量、水分以及氮肥利用效率。较好的根系性能(灌浆期较大的根系生物量, 灌浆期较高的根系氧化力、根系吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积、根系伤流液强度、根系中以及根系伤流液中Z+ZR含量)和地上部植株较强的生理活性(抽穗期较大的叶面积指数、抽穗后较高的叶片光合速率和Z+ZR含量、籽粒中较高的SuSase和AGPase活性)是杂交粳稻常优5号在超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下高产和水分及氮肥高效利用的重要生理基础。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[29]	程建峰, 戴廷波, 荆奇, 姜东, 潘晓云, 曹卫星. 不同水稻基因型的根系形态生理特性与高效氮素吸收. 土壤学报, 2007, 44: 266-272 Cheng J F, Dai T B, Jing Q, Jiang D, Pan X Y, Cao W X. Root morphological and physiological characteristics in relation to nitrogen absorption efficiency in different rice genotypes. Acta Pedol Sin, 2007, 44: 266-272 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	魏海燕, 张洪程, 张胜飞, 杭杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 张庆, 刘艳阳. 不同水稻氮利用效率基因型的根系形态与生理指标研究. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 429-436 Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Zhang S F, Hang J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Ma Q, Zhang Q, Liu Y Y. Root morphological and physiological characteristics in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 429-436 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[31]	戢林, 李廷轩, 张锡洲, 余海英. 氮高效利用基因型水稻根系形态和活力特征. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 4770-4781 Ji L, Li T X, Zhang X Z, Yu H Y. Root morphological and activity characteristics of rice genotype with high nitrogen utilization efficiency. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 4770-4781 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[32]	石庆华, 李木英, 涂起红. 杂交水稻根系N素营养效率及其生理因素研究. 杂交水稻, 2002, 17: 45-48 Shi Q H, Li M Y, Tu Q H. Studies on efficiency of N nutrition and physiological factors in roots of hybrid rice. Hybrid Rice, 2002, 17: 45-48 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.605]
[33]	李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 马群, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 曹利强, 吴浩. 水稻高产氮高效型品种的根系形态生理特征. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 648-656 Li M, Zhang H C, Yang X, Ge M J, Ma Q, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Cao L Q, Wu H. Root morphological and physiological characteristics of rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 648-656 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[34]	薛亚光, 葛立立, 王康君, 颜晓元, 尹斌, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 不同栽培模式对杂交粳稻群体质量的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 280-291 Xue Y G, Ge L L, Wang K J, Yan X Y, Yin B, Liu L J, Yang J C. Effects of different cultivation patterns on population quality of japonica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 280-291 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[35]	Xue Y G, Duan H, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Yang J C, Zhang J H. An improved crop management increases grain yield and nitrogen and water use efficiency in rice. Crop Sci, 2013, 53: 271-284 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.513]
[36]	凌启鸿. 作物群体质量. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2000. pp42-209 Ling Q H. Quality of Crop Population. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2000. pp42-209(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[37]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 戴其根, 丁艳锋, 凌励, 苏祖芳, 徐茂, 阙金华, 王绍华. 水稻精确定量施氮研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 2457-2467 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Ding Y F, Ling L, Su Z F, Xu M, Que J H, Wang S H. Study on precise and quantitative N application in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 2457-2467 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[38]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
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[40]	王旭东, 张一平, 吕家珑, 樊小林. 不同施肥条件对土壤有机质及胡敏酸特性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2000, 33: 75-81 Wang X D, Zhang Y P, Lü J L, Fan X L. Effect of long term different fertilization on properties of soil organic matter and humic acids. Sci Agric Sin, 2000, 33: 75-81 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[41]	隋跃宇, 张兴义, 焦晓光, 王其存, 赵军. 长期不同施肥制度对农田黑土有机质和氮素的影响. 水土保持学报, 2005, 19: 190-194 Sui Y Y, Zhang X Y, Jiao X G, Wang Q C, Zhao J. Effect of long-term different fertilizer applications on organic matter and nitrogen of black farmland . J Soil Water Conserv, 2005, 19: 190-194 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.265]
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[44]	Zhang H, Li H W, Wang Z Q, Yang J C, Zhang J H. Post-anthesis alternate wetting and moderate soil drying enhances activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in inferior spikelets of rice. J Exp Bot, 2012, 63: 215-227 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 5.242]
[45]	Chen T T, Xu Y J, Wang J C, Wang Z Q, Yang J C, Zhang J H. Polyamines and ethylene interact in rice grains in response to soil drying during grain filling. J Exp Bot, 2013, 64: 2523-2538 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 5.242]

2009

2.474

0.0

... 部分高产记录重演性较差, 在地区间或年度间产量表现出严重的不稳定性^[1,2,3] ...

2008

0.0

1.889

. 2008, 41:1927-1936

Study on yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice

湖南农业大学农学院

[Objective] The yield performance, the growth characteristics and the ecological adaptability of super hybrid rice were ascertained under different fertilizer application conditions in different tested sites. [Method] Field experiments with three fertilizer rate treatments (135, 180, 225 kg N/hm2) and two combinations (Zhunliangyou-527 and Liangyou-293) were conducted in ChangSha, GuiDong, HengYang, NanXian and YongZhou of Hunan province in 2004 and 2005. [Results] The significant differences of the dry matter accumulation, the harvest yield and its components were founded among the five tested sites and between two years, but no significant differences were founded among three fertilizer rate treatments. The yield components of super hybrid rice performed multifarious properties, of which the harvest yield showed the significantly positive correlations with the productive panicles, the grain filling percentage and 1000 grains weight, and the significantly negative correlation with grain number per panicle and no correlation with spikelet number per unit area. [Conclusion] The harvest yield of super hybrid rice was mainly influenced by the temperature and sunshine conditions of the tested sites and years. The fertilizer rate in the range from 135 kg N/hm2 to 225 kg N/hm2 was not the factor of harvest yield limited. And to increase panicle number was the possible path to increase harvest yield.

【目的】探明超级杂交稻在不同种植地点和不同施肥量条件下的产量表现及干物质生产特点。【方法】于2004～2005年在湖南省桂东、长沙、衡阳、南县和永州5个地点进行大田试验，按照N﹕P2O5﹕K2O为1﹕0.5﹕1的比例，设置3种施肥量处理（135、180、225 kg N•ha-1），田间采用随机区组排列，4次重复，以超级杂交稻组合准两优527和两优293为试验材料。【结果】超级杂交稻收获产量以桂东点产量最高，地点间差异显著，其中准两优527平均为7 492.3～12 209.2 kg•ha-1，两优293为6 984.0～11 679.5 kg•ha-1。产量构成因子和干物质生产量的地点间变化与收获产量一致，但在同一地点的不同施肥量处理间收获产量和干物质生产量差异均不显著。收获产量与单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重表现为正相关，而与每穗粒数表现为负相关。【结论】超级杂交稻存在适宜的种植区域，且在施肥量为135～225 kg N•ha-1的范围内，施肥量不是超高产栽培的限制因子。超级杂交稻的库容量大，提高结实率和粒重是获得超高产的可能途径。

... 部分高产记录重演性较差, 在地区间或年度间产量表现出严重的不稳定性^[1,2,3] ...

2002

1.513

0.0

... 部分高产记录重演性较差, 在地区间或年度间产量表现出严重的不稳定性^[1,2,3] ...

2013

0.0

1.883

. 2013, 19:259-273 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2013.0201

Fertilizer use and food security in China

1 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Fertilizer use plays an important role in crop production to ensure food security in China. At the same time, the relatively low nutrient use efficiency resulted in negative impact on environment quality. Therefore, scientific use of nutrient resources and improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is an important scientific issue rated to national food security and environment quality. This review paper discussed China’s basic situation with large population, limited arable land, relatively low land productivity and fragile ecosystem, analyzed fertilizer demand to meet the rapid increase in crop production, overviewed current use of organic and inorganic nutrient resources, and revealed N loss from chemical fertilizer application and its impact on environment. Based on deep understanding of the existing problems and great challenge China is facing, the authors proposed a new fertilizer recommendation strategy-“regional fertilizer rate control with adjustment at field level”, developed regionalized nutrient management for small size farm operation system and precision fertilization for large scale farm operation. The current situation and existing problems in slow/controlled release fertilizers and in organic nutrient resources were also discussed. For sustained increase in crop production to support food security and to protect the environment, the technic strategy was proposed, including increase of land productivity, improvement of all nutrient resources using advanced science and technology, realization of regionalized fertilizer recommendation based on land productivity. Favorable policies and continuous financial support to fertilizer related science and technology development was also suggested.

肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用，同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了“区域用量控制与田块微调相结合”的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。

... 2010年, 我国化肥消费量达到5562万吨, 约占世界化肥总消费量的34%, 其中氮肥约为3200万吨, 为世界第一消费大国^[4] ...

1998

2.474

0.0

... 有研究表明, 我国稻田氮肥利用率仅为30%~50%, 在部分高产和高投入区域, 氮肥利用效率则更低^[5,6,7,8] ...

1998

2.474

0.0

... 有研究表明, 我国稻田氮肥利用率仅为30%~50%, 在部分高产和高投入区域, 氮肥利用效率则更低^[5,6,7,8] ...

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:1672-1680 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01672

Fertilizer- nitrogen use efficiency and its physiological mechanism under site-specific nitrogen management in rice

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province ，Yangzhou University，Yangzhou 225009，China

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important factors affecting grain yield in rice. High N inputs and low use efficiency is a main problem in rice production in China. Site-specific N management (SSNM) has been considered as a new technique which could increase N use efficiency in rice. However, its underlying mechanism is not understood. In this study, one indica hybrid Shanyou 63 and two japonica cultivars Wuyujing 3 and Yangjing 9538 were field-grown, and two treatments, SSNM and farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP), were conducted. The results showed that SSNM reduced N rate by 48.1–63.0% and increased grain yield by 0.1–9.3% when compared with FFP. Recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer-N under SSNM were increased by 31.4–56.8% and 143.6–166.0%, respectively, as compared with those under FFP. The peak of N uptake appeared during the peirod from panicle initiation to heading. The N uptake during this period and its ratio to total N uptake during the whole growth stage were significantly higher under SSNM than under FFP. The amount of N uptake after heading under SSNM was also much higher than that under FFP. From panicle initiation, root weight and activity (especially root activity per stem) under SSNM were higher than those under FFP. SSNM also significantly increased the activities of glutamine synthetase, nitrate reductase and Fd-glutamate synthase in leaves at the panicle initiation and heading stages. Photosynthetic rate of the flag leaves was also obviously greater under SSNM than under FFP. These results indicated that SSNM could promote root growth, increase matter production and nutrient uptake during the mid and late growth periods, leading to higher fertilizer-N use efficiency in rice.

以代表性品种为材料，研究了水稻实地氮肥管理(SSNM)的氮肥利用效率及其生理机制。结果表明，SSNM的施氮量较常规施肥方法(FFP)降低了48.1%~63.0%，产量提高了0.1%~9.3%。SSNM的氮肥吸收利用率和农学利用率分别较FFP提高了31.4%~56.8%和143.6%~166.0%。水稻氮吸收高峰出现在穗分化期至抽穗期，此阶段SSNM处理氮的吸收量和其占最终总吸收量的比例均明显高于FFP。抽穗后SSNM水稻的吸氮量也明显高于FFP。自幼穗分化期开始，SSNM水稻根系重量和根系活力(尤其是单茎占有的根系活性)逐步超过FFP。SSNM 明显提高了幼穗分化期和抽穗期水稻叶片中谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶和Fd-谷氨酸合酶的活性。抽穗后SSNM处理水稻剑叶的光合速率高于FFP，上述结果表明SSNM有利于促进水稻中后期根系生长，提高物质生产和养分吸收，从而提高氮肥的利用效率。

... 有研究表明, 我国稻田氮肥利用率仅为30%~50%, 在部分高产和高投入区域, 氮肥利用效率则更低^[5,6,7,8] ...

2008

0.0

1.889

. 2008, 41:3123-3132

Characteristics of nutrient uptake and utilization of super hybrid rice under different fertilizer application rates

湖南农业大学农学院

【目的】探索超级杂交稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用规律。【方法】于2004年和2005年，选用超级杂交稻品种准两优527和两优293为供试材料，在湖南省5个不同水稻种植生态区进行田间小区试验，研究在农民实际平均施肥量及分别减少和增加25%施肥量条件下，超级杂交稻抽穗期和成熟期植株体内的氮、磷、钾养分含量和吸收积累规律。【结果】无论在抽穗期，还是成熟期，不同施肥水平条件下水稻植株体内氮、磷、钾养分的含量均无显著差异，其在不同地点间的变化幅度低于相应的水稻产量和养分吸收量；养分吸收量差异主要由单位面积干物质生产量不同所引起。在不同施肥水平下，随着产量升高，氮、磷、钾收获指数呈上升趋势，但生产单位稻谷所需养分量呈下降趋势。在产量最高的桂东点，其植株体内氮、磷、钾养分含量和积累量均处于中等水平。【结论】采用多次施肥，不同施肥水平（135～225 kg N•ha-1、29.7～49.5kg P•ha-1、112.1～186.8 kg K•ha-1）对超级杂交稻株体内的氮、磷、钾养分吸收积累影响不明显；随着产量的提高，超级杂交稻对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用率也可提高，从而实现高产与养分高效利用的协调统一。

... 有研究表明, 我国稻田氮肥利用率仅为30%~50%, 在部分高产和高投入区域, 氮肥利用效率则更低^[5,6,7,8] ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:1264-1276 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01264

Relationship of leaf photosynthetic characteristics and root physiological traits with grain yield in super rice

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

The success in super rice breeding has been considered as a great progress in rice production in China. This study aimed to understand the mechanism underlying the yield formation of super rice. Four super rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu and IIyou 084 (indica hybrids), Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15 (japonica), and two elite check cultivars, Shanyou 63 (indica hybrids) and Yangfujing 8 (japonica), were grown in field. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics and root physiological traits were investigated at different growth stages. The results showed that average total spikelet number and grain yield of the four super rice cultivars were 43.5% and 16.1%, respectively, more than those of two elite check cultivars, but the seed-setting rate of the four super rice cultivars was low 15.3% than that of the two elite check cultivars. The contents of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoid, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of leaves, and specific root oxidation activity, root oxidation activity per plant, total root absorption area per plant, root active absorption area, specific surface area were higher in super rice than in elite check cultivars at earlier growth stages, while those traits decreased more quickly in super rice cultivars than in check cultivars at latter growth stages, and lower in super rice than in check cultivars up to 20 days after full heading. The results suggest that stronger leaf photosynthetic capacity and root activity during the early and mid-growth periods contribute to greater yield sink capacity of super rice, while the rapid decline of leaf photosynthetic capacity and root physiological activity at the late growth stage results in poor grain filling, and consequently, limits yield potential of super rice. Enhancing root physiological activity at late growth stage, especially during the grain filling period would be an important approach for super rice to further increase grain yield.

为阐明超级稻产量形成机理, 以4个超级稻品种[两优培九和II优084 (杂交籼稻)、淮稻9号和武粳15 (粳稻)]为材料, 2个高产品种[汕优63 (杂交籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻)]为对照, 观测了不同生育时期叶片光合性状和根系生理性状的变化特点。结果表明, 4个超级稻品种的平均总颖花量和产量较两个对照品种分别高出43.5%和16.1%, 但超级稻的结实率较对照品种低15.3个百分点。超级稻品种在生育前期叶片中叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、总叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和根系中单位干重根系活力、每株根系活力、总根系吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和比表面积均高于对照品种, 而在生育后期以上性状下降速率大于各自对照品种, 直至齐穗后20 d前以上性状指标均小于各自对照品种。说明超级稻强大的产量库容与其生育前中期较强的叶片光合能力和较好的根系生理性状密切相关, 生育后期叶片光合能力和根系生理活性下降快导致其结实率下降, 从而限制了其产量潜力的发挥。提高生育后期特别是结实后期根系生理活性是进一步提高超级稻产量的重要途径。

... 根系作为水稻植株的重要组成部分, 不仅能够吸收养分和水分, 同时也可合成许多重要的生理活性物质, 因而在水稻生长发育的过程中起着十分重要的作用^[9,10,11] ...

2000

0.0

0.916

. 2000, 23:5-8

Characteristics of root distribution of super high-yielding rice varieties

利用不同类型水稻品种和组合,采用根箱钉板法研究了全量根系在土壤中纵向和横向的分布特征.结果表明,根系生物量的52%～63%分布在0～12 cm土层中,70%～79%分布在0～24 cm土层中.后期耐早衰的协优9308表现根系生物量大,深根系比例高.根系横向分布随土壤深度增加,趋向离开植株中心分布.根系重量密度以表层最高,并随深度增加逐渐下降.协优9308在表土层以下的根系重量密度比其他品种明显提高.

2013

0.0

2012

0.0

1.494

. 2012, 26:723-730 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.06.012

Influence of nitrogen levels on morphological and physiological characteristics of root system in japonica rice in northeast China

Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mudanjiang 157041， China；

The morphological and physiological characteristics of root system were studied with the Northeast japonica rice Mudanjiang 27 and Mudanjiang 31 as experimental materials under different nitrogen levels. The results showed that with rising nitrogen level, the number, length, thickness, volume, dry weight and total absorption area of root increased at growth stage. Shoot dry weight increased dramatically with growth stages under three nitrogen application levels, root dry weight of Mudanjiang 27 and Mudanjiang 31 maximized at booting stage and heading stage, respectively. After heading stage, rootshoot ratio reduced, while shoot dry weight increased. Root bleeding intensity per plant increased firstly and then decreased after heading stage under three levels of nitrogen application. The αNA oxidizing ability of two varieties maximized at heading stage and milkripe stage, respectively. The root oxidizing ability for both varieties in the whole growth duration fluctuated within a narrowing band with increasing nitrogen application level. The correlation between rice root number, root length, root diameter, root weight, rootshoot ratio and yield became significant at the booting stage. The total absorption area, ratio of surface area of root system and yield were positively correlated in the whole growth duration with the correlation coefficient reaching a maximum at milkripe stage.

以东北粳稻牡丹江27和牡丹江31为试验材料，研究了不同氮肥水平对东北粳稻根系形态和生理特性的影响。结果表明，在同一生育时期，随着氮肥用量的增加，水稻根数、根长、根粗、根体积和根干质量等指标也有所提高，根系的总吸收面积均也有所增加。三种氮肥水平下地上部干质量均随生育进程急剧增加，两品种的根干质量在孕穗期和抽穗期达最大值，抽穗期后根冠比降低，而地上部干物质量增大，单株根系伤流强度都随着抽穗后时间的推移先升高后降低，两品种根系α萘胺氧化力分别在抽穗期和乳熟期达最大值，且根系氧化力在各时期的变幅随施氮量的提高逐渐变小。水稻在孕穗期的根数、根长、根粗、根干质量和根冠比与产量之间的相关性达到显著水平，各生育期根系的总吸收面积和比表面积均与产量呈正相关，且在乳熟期时相关系数最大。

... 近年研究表明, 水稻根系的生长发育与各种环境条件密切相关, 其中尤以水分、肥料、耕作栽培措施等影响较大^[12,13,14] ...

2013

0.0

1.494

. 2013, 27:209-212 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2013.02.015

Effect of moisture management on rice root growth and rice grain yield at different growth stages under no tillage

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System of Guangxi University, Nanning 530005，China; 2 Guangxi University Library, Nanning 530005， China;3 Guangxi Agricultural Technology Extension General Station, Nanning 530022, China;

The effect of different moisture management modes on root growth and rice grain yield under no tillage was studied. The results showed that drywet alternate irrigation had an obvious influence on rice grain yield, rice root growth, root length and physiology. The rice shoot dry weight and biomass per plant, root radius, root area, root number，root activity and supperoxide dismutase(SOD) activity under drywet alternate irrigation were significantly higher than those under flooded irrigation. Drywet alternate irrigation significantly increased rice grain yield, which resulted from increased effective panicle number, spikelet number per panicle and seed setting rate,compared with flooded irrigation. The biomass per plant, root radins, root area, root number and SOD activity under drywet alternate irrigation were significantly higher than those under wetting irrigation. There were no significant difference in rice grain yield between the two treatments.

研究了水分管理对免耕水稻根系生长和产量的影响。结果表明，干湿交替灌溉对根系的伸长、生长、生理及分布具有较大影响，水稻各生育期干湿交替灌溉处理水稻单株根干质量、单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于淹水淹灌。干湿交替灌溉处理实收产量显著高于淹水淹灌，增产主要因子是有效穗数、每穗粒数和结实率。灌浆盛期干湿交替灌溉处理单株生物量、根半径、根表面积、总根数、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于湿润淹灌,水稻产量差异则不显著。

... 近年研究表明, 水稻根系的生长发育与各种环境条件密切相关, 其中尤以水分、肥料、耕作栽培措施等影响较大^[12,13,14] ...

2011

0.0

1.667

. 2011, 37:2208-2220 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.02208

Influence of planting methods on root system morphological and physiological characteristics of super rice under high-yielding cultivation condition

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Jiangsu Crop Cultivation Technology Guidance Station, Nanjing 210036, China

A field experiment was conducted to compare the root system morphological and physiological characteristics of two super rice cultivars (Huaidao9 and Xudao3) using three planting methods, i.e., precisionartificial transplanting with dry nursery middle and strong seedlings (AT), mechanical transplanting with small seedlings (MT) and direct seeding (DS). Results were as follows. (1) Yields of super rice under different planting methods were very significantly different. Compared with AT, yields of MT and DS reduced by 5.05% and 13.68%, respectively. (2) The population root number was DS>MT>AT, while the difference was decreasing with the growing process. Total population root length was shown to be DS>MT>AT at jointing and MT>AT>DS at heading and maturity. Root number per stem showed no significant difference among different planting methods, and total root length per stem was AT>MT>DS with generally significant difference. Length of single root was of no significant difference between AT and MT, though both were significantly higher than DS. As for root diameter, the result was AT>MT>DS and the difference among different planting methods was significant. (3) Population root dry weight showed no significant difference between MT and DS at jointing, that both had the extremely significantly higher value than AT. There was no significant difference among different planting methods at heading, but when at maturity it was AT>MT>DS and the difference was very significant. As for decreasing rate of population root dry weight after heading, it was DS>MT>AT with significant difference. Root dry weight per stem was AT>MT>DS through jointing, heading and maturity, and the difference among different planting methods was mostly very significant. Decreasing rate of root dry weight per stem after heading displayed no significant difference between DS and MT, but both of them had the significantly higher value than AT. Shoot dry weight reduced in order for AT, MT and DS, but root-shoot ratio increased in the same order. (4) Compared with AT, roots of MT and DS were mainly distributed within the soil layer of 0–10 cm underground, especially for DS, the root proportion in 0–5 cm soil layer could sum up to 65%. Ratio of root dry weight in 0–5 cm soil layer to total root weight increased in order for AT, MT and DS, while the ratios in the soil layers of 5–10 cm, 10–15 cm and >15 cm reduced in that order. (5) Population root absorption area showed no significant difference among different planting methods at jointing, performed as AT>MT>DS at heading with very significant difference, and, at maturity, showed no significant difference between MT and AT, both of which had the very significantly higher value than DS. Root absorption area per stem was of no significant difference between AT and MT at jointing and maturity while both had the very significantly higher value than DS, and was AT>MT>DS at heading with very significant difference. (6) Population root bleeding intensity after heading increased in order for AT, MT and DS, but root bleeding intensity per stem reduced in the same order. The results suggested that planting methods have significant influence on root morphological and physiological characteristics of super rice. The different single root length and diameter and the difference in root distribution pattern in soil layer are two most significant characteristics of rice roots under different planting methods. Compared with AT and MT, the DS method develops roots of shallower distribution, smaller single root length and diameter and higher population root number, though with shorter total root length per stem, lower root dry weight, and less absorption area and bleeding intensity after heading. Compared with AT, root diameter of MT was smaller, distribution shallower, after heading root dry weight of plant population and of single stem both lower and declining faster, and total root length and bleeding intensity per stem inferior.

为探明高产栽培条件下不同种植方式对超级稻根系形态生理特征的影响，以超级稻品种淮稻9号和徐稻3号为材料，对旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的根系形态生理特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)不同种植方式超级稻产量差异极显著，与手栽相比，机插和直播分别减产5.05%和13.68%。(2)群体根数，直播>机插>手栽，但随生育进程差异越来越小，总根长拔节期直播>机插>手栽，抽穗期和成熟期，机插>手栽>直播；单茎根数不同种植方式间差异较小，总根长手栽>机插>直播，不同方式间差异大都达到显著水平；每条根长手栽和机插间差异不显著，均显著高于直播，根直径手栽>机插>直播，不同方式间差异显著。(3)群体根系干重拔节期机插和直播间差异不显著，均极显著高于手栽，抽穗期不同方式间差异均不显著，成熟期手栽>机插>直播，不同方式间差异极显著，抽穗后根系干重衰减率直播>机插>手栽，不同方式间差异显著；单茎根系干重拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期均手栽>机插>直播，不同方式间差异大都达到极显著水平，抽穗后根系干重衰减率直播与机插间差异不显著，均显著高于手栽；地上部干重手栽、机插、直播依次减小，根冠比则依次增大。(4)与手栽相比，机插和直播根系主要分布在0~10 cm的土层内，特别是直播，65%的根系分布在0~5 cm的土层内；0~5 cm土层根系干重占根系总干重的比例手栽、机插、直播依次增大，5~10 cm、10~15 cm和15 cm以下均依次减小。(5)群体根系吸收面积拔节期差异不显著，抽穗期手栽>机插>直播，不同方式间差异极显著，成熟期手栽和机插间差异不显著，均极显著高于直播；单茎根系吸收面积拔节期和成熟期手栽与机插间差异不显著，均极显著高于直播，抽穗期手栽>机插>直播，不同方式间差异极显著。(6)抽穗后群体根系伤流强度手栽、机插、直播依次增大，单茎根系伤流强度则依次减小。说明不同种植方式对超级稻的根系形态生理特征有明显影响，每条根长和根直径的不同以及根系在土层中的分布不同是不同种植方式水稻根系性状的两个显著特征。与手栽和机插相比，直播根系分布浅，每条根长和根直径小，群体根数多，但单茎根系总长短，根系干重低，吸收面积和抽穗后伤流强度小；机插与手栽相比，根直径小，根系分布浅，抽穗后群体和单茎根系干重低、下降快，单茎根系总长和伤流强度小。

... 近年研究表明, 水稻根系的生长发育与各种环境条件密切相关, 其中尤以水分、肥料、耕作栽培措施等影响较大^[12,13,14] ...

2013

0.0

1.494

. 2013, 27:168-176 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2013.02.009

Leaf photosynthesis and senescence characteristics of japonica rice cultivars with high yield and high N-efficiency

1 Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Technology in Yangtze Rice Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;

The difference in leaf photosynthesis and senescence characteristics of lowyielding and low Nefficiency, highyielding and medium Nefficiency, highyielding and high Nefficiency rice cultivars was investigated using six representative japonica varieties under their optimum N levels, respectively. The results were as follow: compared with lowyielding varieties, the highyielding ones showed higher population leaf area index (LAI), higher leaf area rates of productive tillers and top 3 leaves, higher flag leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value)and net photosynthetic rate, and slower senescence of leaves. Among highyielding varieties, as the nitrogen efficiency increased, the population leaf area index (LAI) reduced at the early and middle growth stages (Nn, jointing, and full heading), and increased at maturing. Though with no significant changes during early grain filling stage (0-10 days after full heading), the net photo synthetic rate remarkably increased in middle and late grain filling stages (20-40 days after full heading), which could mainly be attributed to the less breakingdown of chlorophyll, ensuring the higher CO2 assimilation capacity of leaves, the higher SOD activity providing strong antioxidant capacity of the plant, and the lower MDA content implying the less damage degree of membrane lipid. It could be one promising method for further improvement in nitrogen efficiency of highyielding rice varieties to reasonably control the growth of nonproductive and inefficient leaf area before heading, thus properly reducing population leaf area scale before heading and effectively delaying leaves senescence after heading to ensure sustained higher chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of leaves.

选用6个具代表性的低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型粳稻品种，在各自最适氮素水平下，研究了叶片光合、衰老特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明，高产类型群体叶面积指数(LAI)、高效叶面积率及有效叶面积率、剑叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率以及剑叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于低产类型品种，丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于低产类型。高产品种间比较，随着氮效率提升，生育前中期(够苗、拔节、齐穗期)群体叶面积指数下降，成熟期上升；灌浆前期(齐穗后0 d~10 d)剑叶净光合速率并未明显变化，灌浆中后期(齐穗后20 d~40 d)显著增高，主要原因如下：叶绿素分解少，保证了叶片对CO2的高同化能力；SOD活性高，保证了植株更强的抗氧化能力，MDA含量少，膜脂破坏程度低。说明抽穗前合理控制无效及低效叶面积生长以适当减小群体叶面积规模，抽穗后有效延缓植株衰老，以保证叶片持续较高的叶绿素含量和净光合速率，是促进水稻高产品种进一步提升氮效率的重要途径。

... 目前对超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下水稻地上部研究较多^[15,16,17], 但对其地下部生长发育以及根冠相互作用机制的研究较少 ...

2011

0.0

1.889

. 2011, 44:4781-4792 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.23.003

Effects of different cultivation patterns on grain yield and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of japonica hybrid rice Changyou 3

1.扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009 2.中国科学院南京土壤研究所，南京 210008

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. Continuous realization of high yield has a great significance in ensuring food security and society stability. Meanwhile, low nutrient use efficiency is a serious problem in rice production in China. The objective of this study was to investigate if a cultivation technique could coordinately increase both grain yield and nutrient use efficiency of rice. 【Method】 The japonica hybrid rice cultivar Changyou 3 was used and six cultivation patterns were conducted. No nitrogen application (0N)，local high-yielding cultivation (control), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation (HHC), super high-yielding cultivation (SHC), super high efficiency cultivation (SHE) and stable yield and high efficiency cultivation (SYHE) were designed. The characteristics of grain yield formation under different cultivation patterns and their nutrient absorption and utilization efficiencies were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that the average yields of HHC, SHC,SHE and SYHE were 9.5, 11.5, 10.7 and 9.0 t?hm-2, respectively, and 14.5%, 38.6%, 28.9% and 8.4% higher than the control. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was increased by 39.5%, 93.9%, 86.1%, and 31.0%, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency was increased by 66.5%, 84.4%, 98.2% and 70.1% under HHC, SHC, SHE and SYHE, respectively, when compared with the control. The accumulations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from panicle initiation to heading were very significantly and positively correlated with the yields. 【Conclusion】 The results indicated that higher grain yield and higher nutrient use efficiency can be coordinately achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

【目的】旨在探讨水稻高产与养分高效利用协调的栽培技术。【方法】以杂交粳稻常优3号为材料，设置未施氮处理（0N）、当地高产栽培（对照）、增产增效栽培、再高产栽培、再高效栽培和保产增效栽培等6种栽培模式，比较分析不同栽培模式下水稻产量的形成特点和养分吸收利用特征。【结果】增产增效栽培、再高产栽培、再高效栽培和保产增效栽培两年的平均产量分别为9.5、11.5、10.7和9.0 t•hm-2，较对照分别提高了14.5%、38.6%、28.9%和8.4%。与对照相比，上述各处理的氮肥吸收利用率分别提高了39.5%、93.9%、86.1%和31.0%（相对值），氮肥农学利用率分别提高了66.5%、84.4%、98.2%和70.1%。不同栽培模式下水稻穗分化至抽穗期的氮、磷、钾的吸收量与产量呈显著正相关。【结论】通过栽培技术的集成优化，可以大幅度同步提高水稻的产量和养分利用效率。

... 目前对超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下水稻地上部研究较多^[15,16,17], 但对其地下部生长发育以及根冠相互作用机制的研究较少 ...

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:464-477 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00464

Characteristics of nutrient uptake and accumulation in wheat and rice with continuous cropping under super-high-yielding cultivation

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Understandingcharacteristics of nutrient uptake and accumulation in plants would be highly significant in the realization of high-yielding and high efficiency of resource use in rice and wheat. This study aimed at investigating uptake and accumulation characteristics of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) in rice and wheat plants under super-high-yielding cultivation in the wheat-rice planting system in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Two high-yielding wheat varieties and two rice varieties were field-grown for two years. Two cultivation patterns, the local farmers’ practice and super-high-yielding cultivation, were used. The super-high-yielding cultivation adopted two new key techniques, i.e., site-specific nitrogen management and alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation in rice and controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat. In comparison with those under the local farmers’ practice (wheat yield < 8 t ha^-1 and rice yield < 9 t ha^-1), the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants was significantly increased, and the accumulation of N, P, or K was significantly decreased before stem elongation, whereas it was significantly increased in the durations from the stem elongation to flowering and from flowering to maturity under the super-high-yielding cultivation (wheat yield > 9 t ha^-1 and rice yield > 12 t ha^-1). The total uptake of N, P, and K under the super-high-yielding cultivation was 265, 58, and 256 kg ha^-1 for wheat and 256, 79, and 321 kg ha^-1 for rice, respectively. The proportion of N, P, or K accumulated in plants during the mid and late growth period (from stem elongation to maturity) to the total uptake of nutrients was 50–60% for wheat and 60–70% for rice. The super-high-yielding cultivation significantly increased partial factor productivity of N, P, or K (grain yield/the amount of N, P, or K applied), internal nutrient efficiency (grain yield/the total uptake of N, P, or K at maturity), and harvest index of nutrients (uptake N, P, or K in grains/ the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants at maturity), and significantly decreased the absorption amount of nutrients for grain production (the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants at maturity/grain yield). The results suggest that both wheat and rice absorb relatively smaller nutrients at early growth stages and more nutrients during the mid and late growth period, and the uptake and use efficiency of nutrients could be increased under the super-high-yielding cultivation.

以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料，大田种植，稻麦连作，重复2年, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式，旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中，采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm^-2，水稻产量< 10 t hm^-2)相比，超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm^-2，水稻产量> 12 t hm^-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加，并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低，拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量，小麦分别为265、58和256 kg hm^-2，水稻分别为256、79和321 kg hm^-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例，小麦为50%~60%，水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)，降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示，超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点，且养分吸收利用效率提高。

... 目前对超高产栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培下水稻地上部研究较多^[15,16,17], 但对其地下部生长发育以及根冠相互作用机制的研究较少 ...

1996

0.0

1.889

. 1996, 29:58-66

Effect of nitrogen nutrition on rice yield and its physiological mechanism under different status of soil moisture

山东农业大学农学系，泰安 271018

采用#+（14）C示踪方法对源库调节与晚播小麦籽粒灌浆期光合物质分配的关系进行了研究。晚播小麦在籽粒灌浆期旗叶的光合物质主要用于穗部籽粒生长；倒二叶光合物质亦主要供给籽粒，但向茎秆和根系中的分配增多；倒三叶是标记的三叶中光合物质向根系分配比例最大，向籽粒分配比例最小的叶片。研究表明，源库调节能影响到晚播小麦籽粒灌浆期的光合物质分配。穗库容降低，各叶片光合物质向穗部籽粒分配比例减少，向根系、茎叶中分配增多；叶源量减少，一般则向穗部籽粒分配比例增多。不同类型品种叶片光合物质在植株各器官间的分配受源库调节的影响程度不同。晚播小麦源库调节对穗粒数、粒重及其它穗部性状的影响因不同类型品种而异。相对减少源对鲁215953、鲁麦5号、鲁麦7号和鲁麦14号的穗粒数、粒重影响较小，但使鲁麦15号和辐63的穗粒数和粒重明显降低。

... 分别于抽穗期、抽穗后8、17、26 d, 用上述取根方法, 取3穴参照杨建昌等^[18]方法测定根系氧化力 ...

2003

0.0

... 另取3穴采用甲烯蓝蘸根法^[19]测定根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积 ...

2005

0.0

0.1053

... 参照陈远平等^[20]的高效液相色谱法并作改进提取、纯化和定量分析根系、叶片以及根系伤流液中激素: 用石油醚萃取去除样品中的叶绿素和脂肪等物质, 经Sep-Pak C18柱过滤以减少样品中杂质 ...

2003

2.474

0.0

... g离心 5 min (4℃), 参照Yang等^[21,22]方法, 略作改进, 取上清液(粗酶液)测定各酶活性 ...

2004

6.555

0.0

... g离心 5 min (4℃), 参照Yang等^[21,22]方法, 略作改进, 取上清液(粗酶液)测定各酶活性 ...

1999

9.737

0.0

... 3 讨论持续提高作物产量是否必须依赖于养分资源的大量投入？作物高产与资源高效利用能否协同？这一直是国内外关注的热点, 也是学术界仍在争论的重大科学命题^[23,24,25] ...

2003

4.968

0.0

2002

38.597

0.0

2011

0.0

1.889

. 2011, 44:36-46

Relationships of rice root morphology and physiology with the formation of grain yield and quality and the nutrient absorption and utilization

(扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室)

Roots are an integral part of plant organs and involved in acquisition of nutrients and water, synthesis of plant hormones, organic acids and amino acids, and anchorage of plants. Root morphology and physiology are closely associated with the growth and development of above-ground part of plant. In this review, the relationships of root morpho-physiological traits with the formation of grain yield and the absorbtion of water and nutrients in rice were summerized. Recent advances in research on the role of the root chemical signals, such as hormones and organic acids, in the formation of grain quality of rice and the relation of ultra-structure of root tip cells with the growth and development of above-ground part of plant were intruduced. The existing problems and futher studies on rice roots were discussed.

植物根系既是水分和养分吸收的主要器官,又是多种激素、有机酸和氨基酸合成的重要场所,其形态和生理特性与地上部的生长发育有密切联系。本文综述了水稻根系形态生理与产量形成及水分养分吸收利用的关系,介绍了根系化学信号(激素、有机酸等)对稻米品质形成的作用及根尖细胞超微结构与地上部生长发育关系的最新研究进展,讨论了水稻根系研究存在的问题和今后研究的重点。

... 根系作为水稻养分吸收和运输的主要器官, 其功能的发挥与根系形态和生理特性密切相关^[26] ...

1992

0.0

1.979

... 对NH₄⁺的亲和力强等特征^{[27,28,29,30,31]} ...

2002

2.295

0.0

. 2002, 31:132-140

Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management

在生产玉米、水稻和小麦的作物系统中既要满足增长的食物需求又要保护环境质量,面对这样一个全球性的挑战,我们不知会成功还是会失败.要使发达国家大规模的作物系统和发展中国家小规模的作物系统中产量、利润和环境保护这三者之间的关系尽可能优化,关键就是要实现氮的供应与作物需求之间的同步性,既不多也不少.为了迎接挑战而制订的研究议程和有效政策,要求我们定量地理解当前这些系统中氮利用的效率及损失的水平、生物物理法控制这些要素的水平和采用改善后的管理措施所获得的经济回报水平.对于这些问题,尽管在基础生物学、生态学和生物地球化学方面的研究进展能提供一些答案,但我们不应该低估科学研究所遇到的重大挑战,因为在全世界很有限的生产耕地上作物系统必须保持产量增加,而对其中氮的控制日益困难.

... 对NH₄⁺的亲和力强等特征^{[27,28,29,30,31]} ...

2007

0.0

... 对NH₄⁺的亲和力强等特征^{[27,28,29,30,31]} ...

2008

0.0

1.667

. 2008, 34:429-436 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00429

Root morphological and physiological characteristics in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies

1 Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

Nitrogen is the most important input required in rice production although over use of N causes so many environment problems. It is well known that N use efficiency is varied in different rice genotypes. Therefore, it is important to explore and exploit the potential contributing to the N use efficiency. As an integral part of plant organs, rice root plays an important role in absorption and utilization of N from soil and fertilizer. In this research, a field experiment with 225 kg ha-1 N fertilizer application was carried out in 2006 on the farm of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. A total of 12 rice genotypes ( 6 N-efficient and 6 N-inefficient ) selected from 120 rice cultivars grown in Yangzhou during 2004 and 2005 were adopted to investigate the charac-teristics of root morphology and physiology in rice types with different N use efficiencies. Relationship between N use efficiency and indexes of root morphology and physiology was also analyzed. The results showed that at different growth stages, the indexes of root morphology and physiology including the root dry weight, root volume, total absorbing surface area of root, active absorbing surface area of root, ratio of active absorbing surface area to total absorbing surface area in N efficient rice type were obviously higher than those in N inefficient rice type. At the critical stage of productive tillering and the stage of elongating, the ratio of root to shoot in N efficient rice type was significantly higher than that in N inefficient rice type while the trend was con-trary at the stages of heading and maturing. Before the stage of maturing, the root oxidation ability of α-NA in N efficient rice type was superior to that in N inefficiency rice type while at the stage of maturing the root oxidation ability of α-NA in N efficient hybrid rice was appreciably lower than that in some N efficient rice cultivars. N use efficiency positively correlated to all the above morphological and physiological indices at all growth stages, with the exception of negatively correlation to the ratio of root to shoot at the stage of heading and maturing. It could be concluded that the root morphology is good and the root is vigorous in N efficient rice type, its morphological and physiological characteristics ensures the efficient absorption and utilization of N in all its life, and proper ratio of root to shoot and the harmonious growth of root and shoot can also improve the efficiency of N absorption and utilization.

选用氮素利用高效型和低效型具有代表性的12个粳稻品种, 研究了225 kg hm-2施氮条件下根系形态和生理指标的差异及其与氮素利用效率的相互关系。结果表明, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期, 氮高效型水稻的根干重、根系体积、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积比均显著或极显著大于氮低效型水稻。有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期, 氮高效类型水稻的根冠比显著大于氮低效型, 而抽穗和成熟期则表现相反趋势。成熟期前, 氮高效型水稻的根系α-NA氧化量极显著大于氮低效型, 而成熟期, 氮高效型中杂交水稻的根系α-NA氧化量略低于个别氮低效型水稻品种。相关性分析表明, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期, 水稻的根干重、根系体积、根系的α-NA氧化量、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积比与氮素利用效率呈显著或极显著正相关。有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期, 植株的根冠比与氮素利用效率呈显著正相关, 而抽穗和成熟期则呈极显著负相关。氮高效型水稻在其一生中具有良好的根系形态和保持较强的根系活力, 为植株大量吸收和高效利用氮素奠定了良好基础。同时, 在水稻的生长过程中, 地下部与地上部的合理比例及协调生长也是促进植株高效吸收利用氮素的重要因素。

... 对NH₄⁺的亲和力强等特征^{[27,28,29,30,31]} ...

2012

0.0

1.889

. 2012, 45:4770-4781 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.23.003

Root morphological and activity characteristics of rice genotype with high nitrogen utilization efficiency

College of Resource and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130

【Objective】 The substantial reduction in fertilizer inputs and the selection of genotypes with high nutrient utilization efficiency or aggressive nutrient acquisition are beneficial to soil fertility in crop production by low-input approach. In order to provide a theoretical basis for cultivation regulation and breeding improvement of roots, roots morphological and activity characteristics of rice genotype (Oryza sativa) with different nitrogen utilization efficiencies (NUE) were investigated under different nitrogen treatments. 【Method】 Three pot culture experiments were carried out in a net room on the farm of Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan province, China in 2008 and 2009, including soil culture experiment with nitrogen treatments of 200 mg?kg-1, hydroponics of root morphological experiment with nitrogen treatments of 20 mg?L-1, 40 mg?L-1, and hydroponics of root physiological experiment with nitrogen treatments of 10 mg?L-1, 20 mg?L-1, 40 mg?L-1, 60 mg?L-1. In this research, root morphological characteristics of fine lateral root, coarse lateral root, and adventitious root were analyzed by root analysis system of WinRHIZO. The relationship between the root characteristics and nitrogen accumulation was also analyzed. 【Result】Rice grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency showed extremely significant genotype differences. Grain yield, nitrogen accumulation of grain, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of high NUE were 50.20%, 34.20%, 11.48%, 26.01% and 12.50% higher than those of low NUE. Dry matter weight, nitrogen accumulation and grain yield, nitrogen utilization of rice showed a significant or very significant positive correlation at jointing stage and heading stage. Under the low nitrogen treatment, a significant difference in root morphological characteristics of different types between high NUE and low NUE. Fine lateral root length of high NUE was 32.09%, 14.66%, 14.40% and 12.69% higher than low NUE at seeding, tillering, jointing and heading stages, respectively. Coarse lateral root surface area of high NUE was 94.70% and 64.38% higher than low NUE at jointing and heading stages, while root volume was 90.24% and 58.18% higher. Adventitious root length, surface area and volume of high NUE were 40.84%, 44.90% and 51.02% higher than those of low NUE at jointing stage. Root total absorbing surface area, active absorbing surface area and reducing capacity of high NUE decreased significantly with the increase of nitrogen at different growing stages. Under the same nitrogen treatment, root total absorbing surface area, active absorbing surface area, oxidation ability and reducing capacity of high NUE were 1.3-2.1 times, 1.1-3.2 times, 1.0-3.0 times and 1.4-2.2 times higher than those of low NUE. Under the low nitrogen treatment, length, surface area and volume of coarse lateral root had the greatest influence on nitrogen accumulation, the influence degree was 47.1-78.4%. 【Conclusion】 Good root morphology and physiological activity are the important characteristics of high NUE under the low nitrogen treatment. Rice genotype with high nitrogen utilization efficiency can be cultivated through improving the quality and quantity of coarse lateral root in order to obtain good root configuration.

【目的】研究水稻（Oryza sativa）氮高效利用基因型根系形态和活力变化，为根系的栽培调控和育种改良提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】选择前期筛选出的水稻氮利用效率高低不一的基因型为试验材料，在比较氮利用效率基因型差异的基础上，采用水培试验，利用根系分析系统提取苗期至抽穗期不定根、粗分枝根和细分枝根的长度、表面积和体积等形态指标数据，探讨各类根形态与氮吸收的关系，同时分析氮高效利用基因型中典型材料不同供氮水平下根系活力变化。【结果】（1）水稻产量和氮利用效率呈现极显著的基因型差异，氮高效利用基因型籽粒产量、籽粒氮积累量、氮素干物质生产效率、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素收获指数比低效基因型高50.20%、34.20%、11.48%、26.01%和12.50%。拔节期和抽穗期水稻干物质量、氮积累量与籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素收获指数均呈现显著或极显著正相关，抽穗前（特别是拔节期和抽穗期）的物质积累和氮的吸收显著影响水稻产量和氮利用效率的提高。（2）低氮水平下，氮高、低利用效率基因型间的根系形态指标差异显著。细分枝根根长占水稻总根长的比重最大，为73.40%，且高效基因型在苗期、分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期比低效基因型分别高32.09%、14.66%、14.40%和12.69%；粗分枝根表面积和体积分别占水稻总表面积和总体积29.81%和43.50%，其中高效基因型粗分枝根表面积在拔节期和抽穗期比低效基因型分别高94.70%和64.38%，体积分别高90.24%和58.18%；不定根根长、表面积和体积分别占水稻总根长、总表面积和总体积19.68%、36.66%和41.19%，且高效基因型不定根根长、表面积和体积在拔节期比低效基因型高40.84%、44.90%和51.02%，差异最大。（3）氮高效利用基因型根系吸收面积和还原力随着氮水平的提高显著降低，而氧化力变化不大。相同氮水平下，氮高效利用基因型拔节后总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、氧化力、还原力分别为低效基因型的1.3—2.1倍、1.1—3.2倍、1.0—3.0倍、1.4—2.2倍。（4）低氮水平下，粗分枝根的根长、表面积和体积对氮积累量影响程度最大，为47.1%—78.4%。粗分枝根的发育情况直接影响氮的吸收，从而影响水稻产量和氮利用效率。【结论】低氮条件下良好的根系形态和生理活性是水稻氮高效利用的重要特征。培育氮高效利用基因型，可对水稻营养生长期根系形态和活性加以遗传改良，尤其是提高粗分枝根的比例，以期塑造良好的根系构型。

... 对NH₄⁺的亲和力强等特征^{[27,28,29,30,31]} ...

2002

0.0

0.605

. 2002, 17:45-48

Studies on efficiency of N nutrition and physiological factors in roots of hybrid rice

选用7个杂交水稻组合及其亲本,研究其根系N素营养效率及其生理机制.结果表明,杂交水稻在不同N素水平下,N素吸收效率均高于亲本;其优势表现在根系吸收能力强,单株根量大于亲本,根系的ATPase活性和根系氧化力均较亲本高;但N素利用效率并无优势.

... 但也有研究认为, 杂交水稻的根系氧化力、根系ATP酶活性、单株根重和吸氮量、单位根重吸氮量均显著高于亲本, 但氮素吸收利用率与亲本无显著性差异^[32] ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:648-656 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00648

Root morphological and physiological characteristics of rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency

1 Innovation Center of Rice Technology in Yangtze Rice Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China

The difference of root morphological and physiological characteristics of low-yielding and low N-efficiency, high-yielding and medium N-efficiency, high-yielding and high N-efficiency rice cultivars was investigated using six representative japonica varieties under their optimum N levels, respectively. The results showed that the high-yielding genotypes showed distinct advantages over the low-yielding ones in root dry weight, root volume, total and active absorbing surface areas of root system, root oxidation ability of α-NA and root bleeding intensity at each growth stage, indicating that the increase of productivity was accompanied by the improvement of root morphological traits and the enhancement of root physiological activities. Cultivars with different N-efficiency displayed diverse root morphological and physiological characteristics, even though they were all on a high-yielding level. Comparing with medium N-efficiency genotypes, the high N-efficiency ones showed lower root dry weight, root volume, root bleeding intensity and root total absorbing surface area for populations, but for single plants, the root dry weight, root volume, root bleeding intensity, active absorbing surface area and α-NA oxidation amount were superior in a significant or extremely significant degree. The results above suggest that the coordination of high-yielding with high N-efficiency could be achieved through controlling population growth properly, facilitating the concordant development of plant population and individuals, and endeavoring to improve the single stem root quality after heading.

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种，在各自最适氮素水平下，研究了根系形态生理特征的差异。结果表明，较之低产类型品种，高产类型品种在根干重、根体积、根系总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积、根系α-NA氧化量及根系伤流强度等方面在各个生育时期均存在着明显的优势，说明生产力的提高伴随着根系形态特征的改善和生理活性的加强。同为高生产力类型品种，因氮利用率的差异根系形态生理特征表现不同。较之高产氮中效类型，高产氮高效型水稻的群体根干重、群体根体积、群体根系伤流强度和根系总吸收表面积均有所降低，而单茎根干重、单茎根体积、单茎根系伤流强度、活跃吸收表面积比及根系α-NA氧化量却有显著或极显著提高。表明适当控制高生产力水稻的群体生长量，促进群体和个体协调发展，着力提高抽穗后单茎根系质量，将是水稻高产和氮高效协调统一的可靠途径。

... 以往研究表明, 作物根-冠之间存在着显著的互作效应^[33,34,35] ...

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:280-291 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00280

Effects of different cultivation patterns on population quality of japonica hybrid rice

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

A high quality of population is necessary to achieve high grain yield in rice, but little information is available on understanding how cultivation patterns affect population quality. In this study, two japonica hybrid rice cultivars Changyou 3 and Changyou 5 were grown in the field, with six cultivation patterns including no nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding cultivation (control), cultivation for high yielding and high efficiency(CHYHE), super high yielding cultivation (SHY), cultivation for super high yielding and high efficiency (SHYHE) and cultivation for high use efficiency of N（HUEN）. The results showed that, the average yields of two cultivars under SHY and SHYHE were 12.0 t ha^-1 and 10.9 t ha^-1, respectively, and 41.6% and 29.1% higher than these of control. Compared with the control, the SHY and SHYHE also significantly increased percentage of productive tillers, biomass from heading to mature, efficient and high efficient leaf area, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate and SPAD values after anthesis , root-shoot ratio, and root bleeding after heading. The results indicated that the population quality of rice could be improved and higher yield could be achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

以杂交粳稻常优3号和常优5号为材料，设置未施氮处理(0N)、当地高产栽培(对照)、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培、超高产高效栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等6种不同栽培模式，并观察上述栽培模式对水稻产量和群体质量的影响。结果表明，两品种超高产栽培和超高产高效栽培的产量平均分别达12.0 t hm^-2和10.9 t hm^-2，较当地常规高产栽培分别高出41.6%和29.1%。与当地常规高产栽培相比，超高产栽培和超高产高效栽培等处理的茎蘖成穗率明显提高，抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累增加，有效叶面积和高效叶面积比率增加。上述两处理还提高了水稻粒叶比，改善了源库关系，并提高了剑叶的光合速率和叶绿素含量以及抽穗后的根冠比和根系伤流量。这些结果表明，通过栽培技术的集成与优化，可以改善水稻群体质量，获得更高产量。

... 以往研究表明, 作物根-冠之间存在着显著的互作效应^[33,34,35] ...

2013

1.513

0.0

... 以往研究表明, 作物根-冠之间存在着显著的互作效应^[33,34,35] ...

2000

0.0

... 有关水稻高产高效栽培技术的研究, 前人已作了较多的报道, 包括群体质量栽培技术、精确施肥技术、精确灌溉技术等^[36,37,38] ...

2005

0.0

1.889

. 2005, 38:2457-2467

Study on precise and quantitative N application in rice

江苏扬州大学农学院

This study is based on the Stanford equation and aims at getting high yield and high quality rice. With the aid of stage and monomial method of quantitative determination, the three parameters of the precise and quantitative N application theory and technology were measured and validated. In the process of study new, methods and route were found preliminarily, such as a new method for determination of the amount of N requirement by grading the yield of a field, a new route to study by demarcating the N supplied by organic fertilizer to the N supply ability of a field and the great effect of the ratio of N applied as basal fertilizer and that as panicle fertilizer on the NUE was proposed. The research has solved the technology of precise and quantitative N application of total amount of N and its splitting application, thus enabling the application of this technology and supporting the application of "3S" technology.

以水稻高产优质为目标，以斯坦福方程为理论基础，配合现有阶段性的、单项的定量测试方法，对水稻精确定量施氮技术理论的3个参数进行测定及验证，初步找到了一些研究思路和方法。提出了按产量等级测定需氮量的新方法，形成把秸秆还田归为土壤氮素供应量的研究新思路，并发现氮素化肥前后分配比例对氮肥的当季利用率有巨大影响。研究解决了施氮总量及施氮量分配两个方面的精确定量技术问题，使精确定量施氮技术的应用成为可能，同时为"3S"技术的应用提供知识支持。

... 有关水稻高产高效栽培技术的研究, 前人已作了较多的报道, 包括群体质量栽培技术、精确施肥技术、精确灌溉技术等^[36,37,38] ...

2006

0.0

1.889

. 2006, 39:1336-1345

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice

扬州大学农学院

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 有关水稻高产高效栽培技术的研究, 前人已作了较多的报道, 包括群体质量栽培技术、精确施肥技术、精确灌溉技术等^[36,37,38] ...

2013

0.0

1.494

. 2013, 27:213-222 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2013.02.016

Progress in research on low-carbon rice production technology

1Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; 2 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;

China is the most important rice producing country in the world and rice production process is one of the important emission sources of methane and nitrous oxide. The production, consumption, and transport of methane and nitrous oxide in rice field are influenced by many factors, such as soil type, water regime, fertilizer, fertilizer application rate, cultivation system and rice variety. There is a tradeoff relationship between methane and nitrous oxide emissions in rice field due to water regime change. Although methane emission would be decreased under midseason drainage and moist intermittent irrigation conditions, the emission of nitrous oxide would be enhanced. Therefore, simultaneous minimization of methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice field is a very important technology for low carbon rice production. In addition, soil carbon sequestration in rice field is another key technology for changing rice field from greenhouse gas emission source to sink. This review summarized the progress in research on emission of methane and nitrous oxide from rice field, change of soil organic carbon, mitigation of greenhouse gas emission. The effect of key factors on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice field, major methods of increasing soil organic matter and evaluation of mitigation options using global warming potential were emphasized and the further studies of low carbon rice production were discussed.

稻田是甲烷(methane,CH4)和氧化亚氮(nitrous oxide,N2O)的重要发生源。稻田中CH4和N2O的产生、消耗以及传输过程受稻田土壤类型、水分条件、肥料种类、施肥量及方法、耕作模式和制度、水稻品种等多种因素影响。CH4和N2O具有不同的排放特性，很多研究结果表明，水稻生长期间的中期排水烤田、后期干湿交替能显著降低CH4排放量，但同时也可能促进N2O的排放，因此，如何同时减少CH4和N2O的排放量是实现稻田低碳生产的关键要素；另一方面，稻田土壤的碳固定也是使稻田系统从源转变成汇的关键技术。从水稻生产过程中CH4排放、N2O排放、稻田土壤有机碳动态、减排措施四个方面综述了近年来水稻低碳生产相关研究状况，重点总结了国内外有关影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的关键影响因素、增加稻田土壤有机质含量的主要措施以及各种减排措施的全球增温潜势评价研究，并对水稻低碳生产研究作了展望。

... 硝化抑制剂可以使土壤中的氮肥较长时间以铵态氮的形式存在, 以减轻氮素的流失, 提高水稻吸氮效率, 实现对氮肥的高效管理与利用^[39] ...

2000

0.0

1.889

. 2000, 33:75-81

Effect of long term different fertilization on properties of soil organic matter and humic acids

中国农业科学院农业自然资源和农业区划研究所!北京100081

土壤是陆地农业生态系统的重要组成部分,因而土壤质量或土壤健康成为农业可持续发展的重要内涵。在以往的研究中,人们一直强调以土壤理化特性作为持续性指标,但近期国际上关于土壤生物学参数的研究日渐增多,一些参数作为生物指标已表现出很大的潜力,研究空间不断扩展。对农业生态系统来说,土壤生物指标有可能成为系统稳定性的早期预警和敏感指标。

... 这是维持和提高地力, 培肥土壤, 提高肥料利用率的重要途径, 长期施用有机肥或化肥有机肥配施, 不仅有利于协调土壤碳、氮库的平衡, 而且可显著提高土壤有机质含量, 进而提高土壤系统的生产力^[40,41,42] ...

2005

1.265

0.0

2007

1.416

0.0

2010

5.242

0.0

... 该技术不仅提高水分利用效率, 而且有效地提高水稻的根系活性和叶片的光合功能, 提高籽粒中蔗糖淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性, 增加抽穗后的物质生产量, 并促进光合同化物向籽粒的运转^[43,44,45] ...

2012

5.242

0.0

2013

5.242

0.0