膜侧施肥对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率的影响

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黄明, 王朝辉, 罗来超, 王森, 包明, 何刚, 曹寒冰, 刁超朋, 李莎莎. 膜侧施肥对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2017, 43(6): 899-911
HUANG Ming, WANG Zhao-Hui, LUO Lai-Chao, WANG Sen, BAO Ming, HE Gang, CAO Han-Bing, DIAO Chao-Peng, LI Sha-Sha. Effects of Ridge Mulching with Side-dressing on Grain Yield, Protein Content and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Wheat. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2017, 43(6): 899-911 复制到剪切板

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膜侧施肥对旱地小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率的影响

黄明^1,², 王朝辉^1,^3,^*, 罗来超¹, 王森¹, 包明¹, 何刚¹, 曹寒冰¹, 刁超朋¹, 李莎莎¹

¹西北农林科技大学资源环境学院 / 农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌712100

²河南科技大学农学院, 河南洛阳471023

³西北农林科技大学旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌712100

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 王朝辉, E-mail:w-zhaohui@263.net, Tel: 029-87082834

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:huangming_2003@126.com, Tel: 13783127229

收稿日期:2016-10-25 接受日期:2017-03-02 网络出版日期:2017-03-17

基金:本研究由国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB150404), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-1-31)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104)资助

摘要

覆膜栽培能提高旱地小麦产量, 但降低了籽粒蛋白质含量, 优化施肥是解决这一问题的有效措施之一。2013年9月至2016年9月, 在黄土高原中部典型旱地进行田间定位试验, 比较传统平作(不覆盖+均匀施肥)、垄覆沟播(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+均匀施肥)和膜侧施肥(垄上覆膜+垄间沟播+播种行侧膜下定位施肥)栽培模式下, 0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量和0~200 cm土壤水分, 以及膜侧施肥对小麦氮素吸收利用、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用的影响。与传统平作相比, 在偏旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度, 垄覆沟播的小麦产量分别提高9.5%和6.3%, 籽粒蛋白质含量降低7.1%和9.9%, 水分利用效率提高5.8%和8.7%, 而膜侧施肥的小麦产量提高18.8%和22.8%, 籽粒蛋白质含量无显著变化, 水分利用效率提高13.2%和19.6%; 在偏湿润的2014—2015年度, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥对小麦产量无影响, 但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率分别提高6.0%和17.0%。与垄覆沟播相比, 膜侧施肥在偏湿润年份使生长季内100~200 cm土壤水分消耗显著减少, 而在偏旱年份使夏休闲季土壤蓄水显著增加, 开花和收获期0~40 cm土壤硝态氮、根系全氮以及开花期茎叶全氮含量升高, 促进了小麦营养器官氮素吸收、积累及其向籽粒的转运, 提高了旱地小麦产量, 籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率。在偏干旱的2013—2014和2015—2016年度, 膜侧施肥较垄覆沟播产量分别提高8.4%和15.5%, 籽粒蛋白质含量提高9.9%和8.7%, 水分利用效率提高7.0%和10.0%; 在偏湿润的2014—2015年度, 两处理产量无显著差异, 但膜侧施肥的籽粒蛋白质含量提高6.0%。因此, 膜侧施肥可维持旱地小麦生育后期的土壤氮供应, 提高小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率, 增加下季播前深层土壤贮水, 是适宜于旱区推广的小麦栽培模式。

关键词: 雨养旱地; 膜侧施肥; 冬小麦; 产量; 蛋白质含量; 水分利用效率

Effects of Ridge Mulching with Side-dressing on Grain Yield, Protein Content and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Wheat

HUANG Ming^1,², WANG Zhao-Hui^1,^3,^*, LUO Lai-Chao¹, WANG Sen¹, BAO Ming¹, HE Gang¹, CAO Han-Bing¹, DIAO Chao-Peng¹, LI Sha-Sha¹

¹Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;

²School of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China

³State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;

Fund:This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150404), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-3-1-31), and the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303104).

Abstract

The yield of dryland wheat can be promoted in plastic-film-mulching cultivation but the grain protein content is decreased simultaneously. Fertilizer management is considered as one of the solutions to this problem. From September 2013 to September 2016, we conducted a three-year experiment in four fixed dryland plots in central Loess Plateau with winter wheat under three cropping patterns. The CP pattern was the local conventional cropping pattern without plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization. The RF pattern was carried out by ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization. The RFF pattern was similar to RF except that fertilizer was located with side-dressing under plastic film. The nitrate-N content in 0-40 cm soil layer, soil moisture (0-200 cm), the nitrogen absorption and utilization of wheat plant, final yield, grain protein content, and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured. In the dry 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 growing seasons, compared with CP, yield increased by 9.5% and 6.3% in RF and by 18.8% and 22.8% in RFF, WUE increased by 5.8% and 8.7% in RF and by 13.2% and 19.6% in RFF. The grain protein content under RF condition decreased by 7.1% in 2013-2014 and 9.9% in 2015-2016, however, that under RFF condition had no significant changes in both years. In the wet 2014-2015 growing season, grain yield had no significant changes among CP, RF, and RFF, whereas the grain protein content and WUE in RFF were increased by 6.0% and 17.0%, respectively. RFF could adjust soil water storage and consumption better than RF with decreasing water consumption in 100-200 cm soil layer in wet year and increasing water harvest during fallow period in dry year. In addition, RFF was more favorable than RF to the nitrate-N content in 0-40 cm soil layer, total N content in root at anthesis and harvest, total N content in leaf at anthesis, and N absorption, accumulation in vegetative organs and N translocation to grain. As a result, RFF had higher yield, grain protein content, and WUE than RF. In dry years of 2013-2014 and 2015-2016, compared with RF, the yield in RFF was increased by 8.4% and 15.5%, the grain protein content increased by 9.9% and 8.7%, and WUE increased by 7.0% and 10.0%, respectively. In the wet year of 2014-2015, the grain protein content in RFF was 6.0% higher than that in RF, although there was no significant increase of yield under RFF condition. These results indicate that RFF is an excellent cropping pattern for dryland wheat because it is able to maintain the soil N supply at later growing stage and water storage in deep soil before seeding of the following growing season, as well as increase yield, protein content and WUE of wheat.

Keyword: Rain-fed dryland; Ridge mulching with side-dressing; Winter wheat; Yield; Protein content; Water use efficiency

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小麦是黄土高原区的主要粮食作物, 种植面积占我国小麦总面积的19%^[1]。由于降水少且季节分布不均匀、土壤肥力低和施肥不科学等问题, 产量低而不稳。这一区域年降水200~700 mm, 但60%集中在7月至9月的夏休闲季, 与3月至5月的小麦生长需水高峰期错位^{[2, 3]}。因生育期降水少且无灌溉导致追肥困难, 小麦生育后期易发生养分供应不足, 影响产量提高和品质改善。传统旱地小麦种植中通过夏初深翻、秋季平作播种, 力求伏雨春用^[4], 但由于地表裸露, 土壤水分易蒸发散失, 导致小麦生育期供水不足^[5]。因此, 优化旱地小麦栽培措施, 在充分集蓄休闲季降水的同时实现水分的跨季高效利用, 在仅施底肥的情况下改善小麦生育后期的养分供应, 对提高旱地小麦产量、品质和水分利用效率具有重要意义。

垄覆沟播不仅能抑制土壤水分蒸发, 还可以通过田间原位微域集水, 促进小麦生长期内垄上雨水流向沟内, 渗入土壤深层^[6], 提高土壤贮水。在甘肃中部, 垄覆沟播使小麦产量提高20%~29%, 水分利用效率提高12%~14%^[7]。在山西南部, 垄覆沟播小麦增产12%~14%^[8], 但底墒不足的年份也会减产^[9]。因此, 传统的垄覆沟播虽然在小麦生长期内有效增加了降水的收集、减少了土壤水分蒸发损失, 却未考虑休闲季降水管理, 难以保证小麦持续增产。针对这一问题, 在传统垄覆沟播的基础上, 我们提出了夏休闲季继续利用残膜覆盖垄面、秸秆覆盖沟内的休闲季集雨保水模式。渭北旱源的长期定位田间试验表明, 这种方式提高了休闲效率, 有利于土壤水分恢复, 使小麦播种时0~300 cm土层贮水提高5%~7%^[6], 产量提高15%~41%, 水分利用率提高10%~30%^[10], 但籽粒蛋白质含量却降低14%~17%^[11]。这是由于目前的垄覆沟播栽培, 在播种前将肥料撒于地表, 然后通过旋耕作业将其与表层土壤混匀, 而被薄膜分开的两行小麦行距较宽, 难以充分吸收薄膜下面的养分所致, 也与表层混施肥料增加了氮素挥发损失有关^[12]。可见, 为了确保垄覆沟播的增产效果, 改善小麦品质, 在加强休闲季集雨保水、合理确定氮肥用量的基础上, 还应优化施肥位置。针对旱地小麦垄覆沟播栽培中肥料撒施导致生育后期供肥不足问题, 在黄土高原典型旱地小麦种植区, 通过连续3年的定位试验, 研究优化施肥位置对小麦产量、营养品质和水分利用的影响, 以期为旱地小麦丰产、优质、高效生产提供依据和参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地块土壤养分和降水量分布特征

2013年9月至2016年9月, 在陕西省永寿县御驾宫乡御中村(34° 43′ N, 108° 10′ E) 4个农户的田块进行连续3年的定位试验。试验区属典型的半湿润易旱区, 冬小麦-夏休闲是当地的主要种植制度。土壤为土垫旱耕人为土, 试验开始时耕层基本理化性状见表1。试验期间的降水量见图1, 与多年平均值(年降水量530 mm, 休闲季降水量310 mm)相比, 2014年3月降水增加12 mm, 但5月至6月降水减少33 mm, 休闲季降水增加28 mm (集中在9月), 属偏旱年份; 2015年3月降水增加34 mm, 5月至6月降水增加28 mm, 休闲季降水减少25 mm, 属偏湿润年份; 2016年2月至6月降水减少65 mm, 休闲季降水减少151 mm, 属偏旱年份。

表1 2013年试验开始时各地块0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的土壤基本理化特性 Table 1 Basic properties of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers at the beginning of experiment in 2013

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	图1 小麦生长季和休闲季的月降水量Fig. 1 Monthly precipitation during wheat growing and fallow period 折线为1992-2016年连续24年降水量的平均值。 The line shows the average precipitation of 24 years from 1992 to 2016.

1.2 试验设计

共设置传统平作、垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥3个处理(图2)。传统平作在播种前1周人工将肥料撒于地表, 并立即旋耕使肥料混入0~15 cm土壤, 采用机械条播、行距20 cm播种, 翌年小麦收获时留茬15 cm, 收获后2~3周翻耕40 cm, 夏闲期地表裸露无覆盖。垄覆沟播的施肥方式同传统平作, 即播种前1周将肥料撒于地表, 并旋耕使肥料与0~15 cm土壤混匀, 但播种时采用旱地小麦覆膜播种机一次完成起垄覆膜播种, 垄宽30 cm、高8 cm, 垄上覆膜, 沟宽30 cm, 沟内播种2行小麦、行距20 cm, 翌年小麦收获时留茬25 cm、秸秆还田于沟内, 夏休闲季不揭膜, 保持残膜覆盖垄面、秸秆覆于沟内, 集雨保墒。膜侧施肥是在垄覆沟播的基础上定位施肥, 即旋耕前不施肥, 播种时采用旱地小麦覆膜施肥播种一体机一次完成施肥起垄覆膜播种, 用机械将肥料定位条施于播种行侧、膜下、种侧下5 cm处, 其他管理同垄覆沟播。

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图2 田间试验不同处理示意图Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the three treatments in the field experiments
CP: 传统平作; RF: 垄覆沟播; RFF: 膜侧施肥。
CP: conventional cropping pattern with no plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization; RF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization; RFF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding, and located and side-striped fertilization under plastic film.

表2 4个田块3年的施肥量 Table 2 Fertilizer application rates for four plots in the three years

为了优化氮磷钾肥用量并减小不同地块肥力差异对试验的影响, 按照目标产量需氮量推荐不同地块的氮肥用量^[13], 采用衡量监控施肥技术推荐磷钾肥用量^[14], 相同年度、同一地块3个处理的氮磷钾肥用量相同(表2)。氮磷钾肥分别为尿素(含N 46%)、过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 12%)和硫酸钾(含K₂O 50%), 均为颗粒肥料, 基施。

采用完全随机区组设计, 以田块为区组, 4次重复。小区面积96 m²(8 m× 12 m), 2013— 2014和2014— 2015年度种植品种为晋麦47, 播量为150 kg hm^-2; 2015— 2016年度品种为洛旱6号, 播量为120 kg hm^-2。分别于2013年9月30日、2014年10月4日和2015年9月27日播种, 2014年6月15日、2015年6月18日和2016年6月13日收获。其他管理同当地农户。

1.3 土壤水分和小麦耗水量测定方法

播种前和收获期每20 cm为一层, 采样测定0~200 cm的土壤水分。从每个小区0~40 cm土层随机采5个样点, 40~200 cm土层采2个样点, 同层土壤样品混合均匀后, 取约300 g作为分析样品, 剩余的土壤分别按原土层回填各采样点的土洞。将分析样品迅速装入预先标记好的塑料袋, 系紧袋口密封带回实验室, 取约30 g样品105° C烘48 h测定土壤重量含水量。对于传统平作在小麦行间取样, 垄覆

沟播和膜侧施肥分别在垄上和行间取样, 以垄上和行间的平均值作为该地块的观测值, 以4个地块的平均值作为该栽培模式的测定结果。

WC = WS_s - WS_h^{[6, 9]},

WH = WS_ns200 - WS_h200^{[6, 9]};

ET = WC₂₀₀ + P + I + U - R - F ^[15]

式中, WS为土壤贮水量(mm), 下标字母i表示土层, 分别为0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100、100~120、120~140、140~160、160~180和180~200 cm土层, 下标字母s、h和ns分别表示播前、收获和下季播前, 下标数字200表示0~200 cm土层; D为土壤容重(g cm^-3), 取4个地块的平均值, 各土层的D值为1.18 (0~20 cm)、1.38 (20~40 cm)、1.34 (40~60 cm)、1.39 (60~80 cm)、1.36 (80~100 cm)、1.49 (100~ 120 cm)、1.44 (120~140 cm)、1.45 (140~160 cm)、1.45 (160~180 cm)和1.35 g cm^-3 (180~200 cm); H为土层厚度(cm); W为土壤水分含量(%); WC为生育期土壤耗水量(mm); WH为休闲季土壤贮水量(mm); ET为生育期作物耗水量(mm); P为生育期降水量(mm); I为灌溉量(mm); U为地下水补给量(mm); R为径流量(mm); F为深层渗漏量(mm)。本试验地块位于陕西省雨养黄土台塬梯田, 地势平坦, 土层深厚, 地下水埋深在100 m以下, 因此I、U、R、F值均为0。

1.4 土壤硝态氮测定方法

分别于拔节、开花和收获期采集0~40 cm土层土壤样品, 每20 cm为一层, 每个小区随机5个样点, 对于传统平作在小麦行间取样, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥分别在垄上和行间取样, 取平均值作为该处理的观测值。称取5 g鲜土, 置于50 mL KCl溶液(1 mol L^-1)中振荡浸提1 h, 用AA3连续流动分析仪(SEAL, 德国)测定浸提液中的硝态氮含量^[16]。0~40 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量为该土层硝态氮累积量与其土壤质量的比值。

1.5 小麦植株氮积累量和转运量测定方法

于三叶期在每个小区标记1 m长且有代表性的样段4个, 调查基本苗数。分别于越冬、拔节、开花和收获期调查群体茎蘖数, 同时在每小区随机选20个样点, 先用取样铲松动每个样点0~20 cm土壤后取1~2株小麦, 统计茎蘖数后分成不同器官, 分别称鲜重。越冬和拔节期沿根茎结合部分成根系和地上部样品, 开花期将地上部样品进一步分成茎叶和穗, 收获期分成茎叶、穗轴+颖壳(简称颖壳)和籽粒。取不同器官鲜样各50 g左右, 90° C杀青30 min, 65° C烘至恒重, 测定干重。

按霍中洋等^[17]描述的方法计算氮素积累和转运指标。花前氮素积累量=开花期茎叶氮素积累量+开花期颖壳氮素积累量; 花后氮素转运量=花前氮素积累量– 收获期茎叶氮素积累量– 收获期颖壳氮素积累量; 转运率(%)=花后氮素转运量/花前氮素积累量× 100; 贡献率(%)=花后氮素转运量/收获期籽粒氮素积累量× 100。

1.6 籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及水分利用效率测定方法

于不同生育时期按上述方法取样, 样品粉碎后先用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂法消解, 再用AA3连续流动分析仪(SEAL, 德国)测定消解液中的全氮含量^[11]。籽粒全氮含量乘以5.7即为籽粒蛋白质含量^[18]。

收获期从每个小区随机收割4个1.0 m× 1.8 m样方, 风干后脱粒。将同一小区4个样方的籽粒混合后称重。然后取风干籽粒约50 g, 65° C烘至恒重, 测定风干籽粒含水量。籽粒产量以12.5%的含水量表示。根据籽粒产量(Y, kg hm^-2)和全生育期小麦耗水量(ET, mm)计算水分利用效率(WUE, kg hm^-2 mm^-1), WUE=Y/ET^[4]。

1.7 统计分析

采用SAS 8.0软件进行方差分析和显著性测验, 用LSD法进行多重比较。用SigmaPlot 12.5绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 膜侧施肥对小麦产量和生物量的影响

栽培模式对小麦地上部生物量和籽粒产量影响极显著(P< 0.01), 对产量的影响主要来自穗数的变化, 而穗粒数和千粒重不同处理间差异不显著(表3)。在偏湿润的2014— 2015年度, 垄覆沟播的生物量和产量较传统平作增加, 但差异不显著, 而在另外两年(偏干旱)则表现为显著增加, 3年平均生物量和产量分别提高6.7%和8.3%。膜侧施肥较传统平作, 3年地上部生物量、穗数和籽粒产量均显著增加, 其中生物量和籽粒产量平均提高17.2%和20.1%。从3年平均值看, 膜侧施肥的地上部生物量、穗数和籽粒产量显著高于垄覆沟播, 分别提高9.8%、10.5%和10.9%, 尤以偏旱的2013— 2014和2015— 2016年度增产效果达显著水平(P< 0.05)。说明膜侧施肥通过提高小麦生物量和穗数, 最终实现增产, 在偏旱年份, 特别是灌浆期降水偏少的年份, 增产效果更突出。

表3 膜侧施肥对小麦籽粒产量和生物量的影响 Table 3 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on grain yield and biomass of wheat

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	地上部生物量 Shoot biomass (kg hm^-2)	穗数 Spike number (10⁴hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)
2013-2014	传统平作 CP	9365± 991 c	333± 19 c	25.8± 1.3 a	45.2± 1.4 a	4373± 281 c
	垄覆沟播 RF	10197± 697 b	361± 40 b	26.2± 2.3 a	44.9± 0.6 a	4789± 265 b
	膜侧施肥 RFF	11710± 929 a	429± 24 a	23.6± 1.2 a	46.1± 1.4 a	5193± 350 a
2014-2015	传统平作 CP	12438± 1358 b	471± 37 b	30.6± 4.2 a	32.2± 2.9 a	5249± 1171 a
	垄覆沟播 RF	13175± 914 ab	483± 22 ab	31.0± 2.3 a	33.9± 4.5 a	5545± 916 a
	膜侧施肥 RFF	13700± 554 a	521± 30 a	30.1± 4.6 a	32.3± 6.0 a	5564± 1232 a
2015-2016	传统平作 CP	9723± 651 b	326± 31 b	33.5± 3.6 a	46.1± 2.8 a	5620± 241 b
	垄覆沟播 RF	10264± 959 b	412± 23 a	28.1± 1.7 b	45.8± 1.7 a	5973± 505 b
	膜侧施肥 RFF	11526± 1021 a	440± 20 a	30.5± 2.2 ab	45.7± 1.7 a	6901± 467 a
年度平均	传统平作 CP	10508± 665 c	377± 20 c	30.0± 0.9 a	41.2± 1.5 a	4955± 454 c
Average across	垄覆沟播 RF	11212± 463 b	419± 19 b	28.4± 0.3 a	41.5± 1.4 a	5368± 360 b
years	膜侧施肥 RFF	12312± 650 a	463± 13 a	28.1± 2.0 a	41.4± 2.3 a	5953± 386 a
变异来源(F值)	处理 Treatment (T)	18.2^{* *}	42.8^{* *}	2.1	0.1	19.8^{* *}
Source of variance	年度 Year (Y)	33.7^{* *}	32.8^{* *}	7.7^*	43.5^{* *}	3.9
(F-value)	处理× 年度 T× Y	0.9	4.1^*	2.2	0.4	2.7

Data are mean± SD of the four plots, and different small letters after the data of each year or average indicate significant difference among treatments at P < 0.05. ^* and ^{* *} indicate statistical significance of variance at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively. CP: conventional cropping pattern with no plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization; RF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization; RFF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding, and side-dressing fertilization under plastic film.

数据为4个地块的平均值± 标准差, 同一年度或年度间平均数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。^*和^{* *}分别表示方差在P< 0.05和P< 0.01水平显著。

表3 膜侧施肥对小麦籽粒产量和生物量的影响 Table 3 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on grain yield and biomass of wheat

2.2 膜侧施肥对小麦不同生育时期群体茎蘖数和干物质积累量的影响

垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥的基本苗3年均无差异, 但较传统平作分别提高26.2%和28.6% (图3-A)。3年总体来看, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥的群体茎蘖数和干物质积累量的差异, 开花之前不显著, 开花期达到显著水平, 并且在所有测定生育时期都显著高于传统平作, 其中开花期比传统平作分别高17.1%和22.9%, 比垄覆沟播高9.0%和10.5% (图3-A, B)。可见, 膜侧施肥的群体水平优于其他两处理, 其优势体现在开花期后, 是获得高产的原因之一。

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图3 膜侧施肥对小麦群体茎蘖数(A)和地上部干物质积累量(B)的影响Fig. 3 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on population stem and tillers (A) and shoot dry matter accumulation (B) of wheat
CP: 传统平作; RF: 垄覆沟播; RFF: 膜侧施肥。SD: 苗期; WT: 越冬期; JT: 拔节期; AT: 开花期。误差线表示标准差, 其上标注的不同字母表示同一生育期内处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。
CP: conventional cropping pattern with no plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization; RF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization; RFF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding, and side-dressing fertilization under plastic film. SD: seedling stage; WT: wintering stage; JT: jointing stage; AT: anthesis stage. The error bar indicates standard deviation, above which different letters indicate significant difference among treatments at a growing stage (P < 0.05).

2.3 膜侧施肥对小麦营养器官全氮含量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

栽培模式显著影响小麦营养器官全氮含量和籽粒蛋白质含量, 但两种覆膜栽培的调节效应不同(表4)。垄覆沟播的籽粒蛋白质含量在偏旱的2013— 2014和2015— 2016年度较传统平作显著降低, 而在偏湿润的年度无显著差异。3年总体来看, 开花期小麦根系全氮含量显著提高, 茎叶全氮含量无显著变化, 收获期茎叶全氮含量显著降低, 3年籽粒蛋白质含量平均降低5.8%。膜侧施肥较传统平作, 拔节后小麦根系全氮和开花期茎叶全氮含量显著增加, 但小麦籽粒蛋白质含量仅在偏湿润的2014— 2015年度显著提高6.0%, 而在偏旱的年度无显著影响。膜侧施肥较垄覆沟播, 3年拔节后根系、开花期茎叶全氮含量和籽粒蛋白质含量均显著增加, 其中籽粒蛋白质含量平均提高8.2%。说明膜侧施肥可提高小麦拔节后根系和开花期茎叶含氮量, 改善籽粒蛋白质形成的氮源, 有利于提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。

表4 膜侧施肥对小麦营养器官全氮含量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响 Table 4 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on total N content in vegetative organs and grain protein content of wheat

处理 Treatment	营养器官全氮含量 Total N content in vegetative organs (g kg^-1)								籽粒蛋白质含量 Grain protein content (%)
	拔节期 Jointing		开花期 Anthesis			收获期 Harvest
	根系 Root	茎叶 Stem + leaf	根系 Root	茎叶 Stem + leaf	穗 Spike	根系 Root	茎叶 Stem + leaf	颖壳 Glume
2013-2014
传统平作 CP	14.3± 1.4 b	25.8± 0.8 a	11.4± 0.7 b	13.9± 0.5 b	16.9± 0.6 a	8.3± 0.3 b	7.6± 0.9 a	6.6± 0.4 a	14.1± 0.6 a
垄覆沟播 RF	15.4± 1.3 b	24.1± 1.1 b	11.6± 0.7 b	14.2± 0.4 b	18.0± 0.6 a	8.2± 0.4 b	7.0± 0.7 a	7.3± 0.3 a	13.1± 0.6 b
膜侧施肥 RFF	18.4± 1.2 a	25.9± 1.1 a	13.0± 0.4 a	14.9± 0.3 a	17.7± 0.7 a	9.5± 0.4 a	7.1± 0.4 a	7.5± 0.1 a	14.4± 0.7 a
2014-2015
传统平作 CP	16.3± 1.0 b	37.6± 0.8 a	9.0± 0.4 c	15.8± 0.7 b	19.7± 1.4 a	7.7± 0.7 b	12.1± 1.1 a	11.3± 4.0 a	11.7± 0.2 b
垄覆沟播 RF	16.5± 0.9 b	34.2± 1.5 b	10.3± 0.6 b	16.2± 0.4 b	20.1± 0.6 a	8.2± 0.7 b	10.0± 0.7 b	8.3± 2.7 b	11.7± 0.3 b
膜侧施肥 RFF	17.3± 1.0 a	34.3± 0.6 b	11.5± 0.4 a	17.6± 0.6 a	19.5± 0.9 a	9.0± 0.5 a	12.3± 1.2 a	11.1± 3.0 a	12.4± 0.5 a
2015-2016
传统平作 CP	7.9± 0.6 ab	20.1± 1.5 a	5.7± 0.5 b	10.9± 1.2 ab	15.6± 0.5 a	5.7± 0.8 b	3.7± 0.6 ab	6.2± 0.5 a	12.7± 0.2 a
垄覆沟播 RF	7.5± 0.7 b	19.7± 0.6 a	6.2± 0.4 b	9.7± 0.9 b	15.1± 0.3 ab	5.6± 0.6 b	3.5± 0.2 b	5.1± 0.7 b	11.5± 0.5 b
膜侧施肥 RFF	8.8± 0.7 a	20.0± 0.9 a	7.1± 0.6 a	11.5± 0.7 a	14.5± 0.4 b	7.0± 0.3 a	4.4± 0.7 a	6.5± 0.6 a	12.5± 0.3 a
年度平均 Average across years
传统平作 CP	12.8± 0.6 b	27.8± 0.6 a	8.7± 0.1 c	13.5± 0.6 b	17.4± 0.4 a	7.2± 0.3 b	7.8± 0.4 a	8.1± 1.5 a	12.8± 0.3 a
垄覆沟播 RF	13.2± 0.6 b	26.0± 0.4 b	9.4± 0.2 b	13.4± 0.4 b	17.7± 0.4 a	7.4± 0.4 b	6.8± 0.5 b	6.9± 1.2 b	12.1± 0.4 b
膜侧施肥 RFF	14.8± 0.9 a	26.7± 0.5 ab	10.5± 0.2 a	14.7± 0.2 a	17.3± 0.3 a	8.5± 0.1 a	7.9± 0.6 a	8.3± 1.3 a	13.1± 0.5 a
变异来源(F值) Source of variance (F-value)
处理 Treatment (T)	22.7^{* *}	6.7^*	42.8^{* *}	22.4^{* *}	1.4	21.8^{* *}	8.2^*	25.0^{* *}	32.8^{* *}
年度 Year (Y)	191.6^{* *}	266.7^{* *}	99.9^{* *}	74.5^{* *}	12.8^{* *}	31.7^{* *}	100.6^{* *}	7.9^*	74.8^{* *}
处理× 年度 T× Y	4.9^{* *}	2.5	1.6	3.9^*	1.9	0.7	2.4	11.3^{* *}	4.4^*

Data are mean± SD of the four plots, and different small letters after the means of each year or that of yearly average indicate significant difference among treatments at P< 0.05. ^* and ^{* *} indicate statistical significance of variance at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively. CP: conventional cropping pattern with no plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization; RF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization; RFF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding, and side-dressing fertilization under plastic film.

数据为4个地块的平均值± 标准差, 同一年度或年度平均数据后的不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。^*和^{* *}分别表示方差在P< 0.05和P< 0.01水平显著。

2.4 膜侧施肥对小麦氮素积累和转运的影响

垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥调节小麦营养器官花前氮素积累、转运及其对籽粒的贡献率的效果显著, 但在不同年度表现不同(表5)。3年总体来看, 垄覆沟播较传统平作, 不影响花前氮素积累量, 但偏湿润的2014— 2015年度的花前氮素转运量、转运率及其对籽粒的贡献率均显著提高, 而其他2个年度上述指标无显著变化。膜侧施肥较传统平作和垄覆沟播, 不影响花前氮素的转运率, 但3年花前氮素积累量及其向籽粒的转运量均显著提高, 比传统平作分别高23.6%、28.0%, 比垄覆沟播高18.9%、14.3%, 而且较传统平作显著提高了转运氮素对籽粒的贡献率。可见, 膜侧施肥提高了小麦花前氮素积累量及其向籽粒的转运量, 可为提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量奠定氮素营养基础。

表5 膜侧施肥对小麦氮素积累、转运及其对籽粒的贡献率的影响 Table 5 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on accumulation and translocation of nitrogen and its contribution proportion to wheat grain

2.5 膜侧施肥对小麦不同生育时期0~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量的影响

垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥比传统平作显著提高了0~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量(表6), 尤其是在开花期, 且增长幅度随定位试验的持续而加大。膜侧施肥开花期和收获期0~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量较垄覆沟播显著提高, 其中开花期在3年中分别提高99.3%、62.3%和113.3%, 收获期分别提高61.9%、71.7%和152.3%。说明膜侧施肥可提高小麦生育后期0~40 cm土壤的硝态氮含量, 从而提高耕层土壤的氮素供应能力。

表6 膜侧施肥对不同生育时期0~40 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量的影响 Table 6 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on nitrate-N content in 0-40 cm soil layer at different growing stages (mg kg^-1)

2.6 膜侧施肥对小麦生育期土壤水分消耗和水分利用效率的影响

从3年的平均值来看, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥对土壤水分消耗的影响不显著, 但年度间有变化。在偏湿润的2014— 2015年度, 两覆膜处理生育期内0~200 cm土层的水分消耗量较传统平作分别减少8.1%和12.2%, 垄覆沟播主要使0~100 cm土层的耗水量降低, 而膜侧施肥还使更深层土壤(100~ 200 cm)的水分消耗量减少; 在偏旱的2015— 2016年度, 膜侧施肥100~200 cm土层的土壤水分消耗量较传统平作高7.1%, 与垄覆沟播无显著差异(表7)。与传统平作相比, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥显著提高了旱地小麦水分利用效率, 平均提高8.1%和16.1%; 膜侧施肥比垄覆沟播的水分利用效率高, 尤其在偏旱的2013— 2014和2015— 2016年度显著增加(表7)。

表7 膜侧施肥对小麦生育期土壤水分消耗和水分利用效率的影响 Table 7 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on soil water consumption during growing period and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	播前底墒 Soil water storage before seeding stage (mm)	土壤水分消耗 Soil water consumption (mm)			水分利用效率 WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
年度 Year	处理 Treatment	播前底墒 Soil water storage before seeding stage (mm)	0-100 cm	100-200 cm	0-200 cm	水分利用效率 WUE (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)
2013-2014	传统平作 CP	396± 33 a	81± 15 a	26± 9 a	106± 23 a	12.1± 1.4 c
	垄覆沟播 RF	396± 33 a	83± 20 a	27± 15 a	110± 23 a	12.8± 0.4 b
	膜侧施肥 RFF	396± 33 a	86± 12 a	26± 8 a	112± 15 a	13.7± 1.3 a
2014-2015	传统平作 CP	529± 35 a	156± 8 a	67± 48 a	222± 55 a	11.2± 2.2 b
	垄覆沟播 RF	522± 31 a	136± 14 b	69± 43 a	204± 37 ab	12.2± 2.0 a
	膜侧施肥 RFF	539± 24 a	137± 10 b	58± 42 b	195± 37 b	13.1± 2.9 a
2015-2016	传统平作 CP	451± 19 ab	153± 10 a	59± 12 b	212± 20 b	13.8± 1.1 b
	垄覆沟播 RF	446± 16 b	143± 15 a	72± 7 ab	220± 20 ab	15.0± 1.8 b
	膜侧施肥 RFF	468± 8 a	150± 10 a	86± 4 a	227± 14 a	16.5± 1.1 a
年度平均	传统平作 CP	456± 13 b	130± 6 a	51± 15 a	170± 15 a	12.4± 1.0 c
Average across	垄覆沟播 RF	454± 20 b	122± 8 b	56± 17 a	166± 12 a	13.4± 1.0 b
years	膜侧施肥 RFF	468± 12 a	124± 4 ab	57± 15 a	170± 12 a	14.4± 1.0 a
变异来源(F值)	处理 Treatment (T)	4.9^*	2.7	0.6	0.2	17.6^{* *}
Source of variance	年度 Year (Y)	22.3^{* *}	35.3^{* *}	6.2^*	16.1^{* *}	4.0
(F-value)	处理× 年度 T× Y	0.6	3.6^*	1.6	4.5^*	0.4

Data are mean ± SD of the four plots, and different small letters after the means of each year or that of yearly average indicate significant difference among treatments at P< 0.05. ^* and ^{* *} indicate statistical significance of variance at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively. CP: conventional cropping pattern with no plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization; RF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization; RFF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding, and side-dressing fertilization under plastic film.

2.7 膜侧施肥对小麦收获后土壤水分恢复的影响

垄覆沟播0~200 cm土壤贮水量可以在下季小麦播前恢复到甚至高于传统平作的水平, 而膜侧施肥土壤贮水量较垄覆沟播还能提高4.3%, 但两者恢复或提高的机制因降水和收获期土壤贮水情况而异(表8)。在返青后偏旱、休闲期偏湿润的2013— 2014年度, 两者的土壤水分之所以能够恢复是因为收获期土壤贮水无差异, 且膜侧施肥在降水偏多的夏休闲季分别比传统平作和垄覆沟播多集蓄了5.4%和7.1%的降水; 在返青后降水偏多的2014— 2015年度, 主要是因为小麦收获期土壤残留的水分比传统平作多, 尤其是膜侧施肥收获期土壤贮水量比传统平作高12.1%; 在返青后干旱且休闲季仍然偏旱的2015— 2016年度, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥0~200 cm土壤在夏休闲季分别比传统平作蓄水多1.0倍和0.9倍。可见, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥能减少土壤水分的无效损耗或增加收获后夏休闲季的降水集蓄, 从而使土壤水分在下季小麦播前得到恢复甚至提高, 以膜侧施肥效果更好。

表8 膜侧施肥对休闲季土壤蓄水量(SWH)和下季播前土壤贮水量(SWS)的影响 Table 8 Effects of RFF cropping pattern on soil water harvest (SWH) during fallow period and soil water storage (SWS) before seeding of next wheat season (mm)

处理 Treatment	降水量 Precipitation			收获期SWS SWS at harvest	休闲季SWH SWH during fallow period	下季播前SWS SWS before seeding of next season
处理 Treatment	全生育期 Growth duration	返青-收获 Reviving-harvest	休闲季 Fallow period	收获期SWS SWS at harvest	休闲季SWH SWH during fallow period	下季播前SWS SWS before seeding of next season
2013-2014
传统平作 CP	256	183	340	290± 7 a	232± 39 b	529± 38 a
垄覆沟播 RF	256	183	340	287± 18 a	234± 33 b	522± 22 a
膜侧施肥 RFF	256	183	340	287± 26 a	251± 33 a	539± 23 a
2014-2015
传统平作 CP	246	212	287	307± 28 b	144± 26 a	451± 19 ab
垄覆沟播 RF	246	212	287	318± 27 b	128± 24 ab	446± 16 b
膜侧施肥 RFF	246	212	287	344± 29 a	124± 32 b	468± 8 a
2015-2016
传统平作 CP	185	80	158	239± 9 a	35± 15 b	273± 18 b
垄覆沟播 RF	185	80	158	226± 21 a	70± 4 a	295± 24 a
膜侧施肥 RFF	185	80	158	231± 17 a	66± 4 a	297± 21 a
年度平均 Average across years
传统平作 CP	229	158	262	278± 10 a	137± 16 b	416± 12 b
垄覆沟播 RF	229	158	262	277± 22 a	144± 15 ab	421± 16 b
膜侧施肥 RFF	229	158	262	287± 23 a	147± 21 a	434± 16 a
变异来源(F值) Source of variance (F-value)
处理 Treatment (T)	—	—	—	2.0	4.7^*	5.1^*
年度 Year (Y)	—	—	—	117.3^{* *}	68.2^{* *}	157.1^{* *}
处理× 年度 T× Y	—	—	—	3.3	9.2^{* *}	1.1

Data are mean ± SD of the four plots, and different small letters after the means of each year or that of yearly average indicate significant difference among treatments at P< 0.05. ^* and ^{* *} indicate statistical significance of variance at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively. CP: conventional cropping pattern with no plastic film mulching and uniform fertilization; RF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding and uniform fertilization; RFF: ridge mulching, furrow seeding, and side-dressing fertilization under plastic film. “ — ” data are not available.

3 讨论

3.1 小麦籽粒产量对膜侧施肥的响应

本研究表明, 采用膜侧施肥可较传统平作提高或显著提高小麦籽粒产量, 在偏旱年份还能较垄覆沟播增产8.4%~15.6%, 增产的原因主要在于穗数和生物量的增加。在渭北旱塬通过施肥深度优化提高小麦产量的研究表明, 休闲季提前深耕一次结合深施肥的小麦产量比播种时深耕一次浅施肥提高12.0%~14.2%^[12], 播前20 cm深度施肥比地表撒施增产13.2%~14.4%, 主要原因也是穗数增加7.5%~ 9.5% ^[19]。在山东丘陵旱地, 播前20 cm深度施肥与地表撒施和10 cm深度施肥相比虽不影响穗数, 但小麦生物量提高8.1%~15.0%, 也使小麦增产6.7%~ 12.1%^[20]。在江苏泰州, 种子正下方5 cm条施磷肥较地表撒施磷肥增产10.5%, 主要也是因为其生物量提高了37.7%^[21]。

此外, 田间观测发现, 小麦垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥种植, 拔节前的物候期均比传统平作提前、株高增加, 但抽穗开花却推迟, 且膜侧施肥小麦的开花期比垄覆沟播还晚2~3 d。说明膜侧施肥延缓了开花, 从而促进开花前植株的干物质积累, 这可能是膜侧施肥小麦开花期地上部干重比垄覆沟播和传统平作均显著提高的主要原因, 也为灌浆期小麦籽粒的形成以及产量提高奠定了物质基础。

3.2 小麦籽粒蛋白质含量对膜侧施肥的响应

与传统平作相比, 垄覆沟播的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量平均降低5.8%, 且主要发生在显著增产的2013— 2014和2015— 2016年度, 但两者的籽粒氮素积累量却无显著差异, 说明降低的主要原因是籽粒产量提高引起的养分稀释效应^[22]。另外, 垄覆沟播虽然不降低0~40 cm土壤的硝态氮, 但其0~100 cm土壤硝态氮降低29%~47%^[11], 表明花后深层土壤硝态氮减少、有效氮素供应不足, 也是垄覆沟播小麦籽粒蛋白质含量降低的一个重要因素。垄覆沟播条件下, 0~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量提高的原因可能是其氮肥均匀施于表层土壤, 被薄膜分开的两行小麦行距(40 cm)宽于传统平作中小麦的行距(20 cm)不利于小麦根系吸收而导致土壤氮素在薄膜下方累积^[23]。

优化施肥可以改善土壤氮素供应和小麦氮素吸收及其向籽粒的分配^{[24, 25]}。以往的研究表明, 氮肥条施可以降低土壤氮素挥发损失^{[26, 27]}, 靠近小麦播种行或根系将氮肥施于垄内, 可以减缓硝态氮向下层土壤淋失^{[19, 27]}, 提高上层土壤硝态氮含量^{[23, 28]}和作物利用效率^{[27, 30]}, 但目前没有关于这些措施对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量影响的报道。本研究中, 在小麦开花和收获期, 膜侧施肥使0~40 cm土壤的硝态氮含量显著增加, 说明采用膜侧施肥技术将肥料条施于薄膜内靠近小麦播种行的一侧、种子侧下方的5 cm处, 可以使肥料氮免遭降水淋失, 并在膜下方土壤水分上升的作用下, 滞留在耕层土壤中, 即使播前一次施肥, 也能保证土壤较长时间的供氮能力, 从而显著提高小麦根系和开花期茎叶全氮含量、花前氮素积累量及其向籽粒的转运量, 进而确保小麦籽粒蛋白质形成的氮源, 在稳产或增产的同时提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。

3.3 水分利用和恢复对膜侧施肥的响应

本试验发现, 垄覆沟播和膜侧施肥均能提高旱地小麦籽粒产量, 后者在偏湿润的年份可以进一步减少小麦生育期耗水, 在偏旱或干旱的年份可充分利用深层(100~200 cm)土壤水分, 促进作物对土壤水的吸收利用和增加产量, 从而提高小麦水分利用效率。垄覆沟播不仅可促进垄上雨水流向沟内, 增加沟内微域水量, 利于水分渗入土壤深层, 提高土壤贮水^[6], 而且能减少棵间土壤水分蒸发, 提高蒸腾/蒸发比, 使农田土壤水分消耗主要用于蒸腾^{[31, 32]}, 实现旱地水分高效利用^{[33, 34]}, 从而提高旱地小麦产量^{[7, 35]}。膜侧施肥在减蒸增蓄的基础上, 还能改善小麦生长后期的土壤氮素供应, 这也有利于进一步提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率^[20]。

本试验还表明, 垄覆沟播的土壤贮水可在下季小麦播种时恢复到与传统平作一致的水平, 而膜侧施肥的土壤贮水还能显著提高, 但两者恢复或提高的机制因降水情况而异。在偏旱年份主要是因为保水栽培在夏休闲季降水蓄集增加, 在偏湿润年份主要是因为其在小麦收获期土壤贮存的水分比传统平作多, 尤其以膜侧施肥效果更好。在西北旱地小麦的研究中也发现, 休闲季覆膜^[9]和秸秆覆盖^[36]均有利于提高土壤蓄水效率和播种期土壤贮水量, 在垄覆膜的基础上结合沟内秸秆覆盖甚至可以使0~200 cm土层多蓄水108 mm ^[37]。膜侧施肥与垄覆沟播相比提高了下季播前土壤贮水量, 主要是因为其收获期的生物量大、休闲季还田覆盖的秸秆量高, 有利于减少蒸发、蓄水保墒^[36]。因此, 从土壤水分平衡的角度看, 膜侧施肥能减少土壤水分无效消耗, 并使土壤水分在收获后的夏休闲季得到恢复甚至提高, 可实现旱地小麦可持续生产。

4 结论

与传统平作相比, 垄覆沟播可以提高小麦产量和水分利用效率, 但降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。在垄覆沟播的基础上膜侧施肥显著提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和水分利用效率, 且在偏旱年份显著提高籽粒产量。膜侧施肥与垄覆沟播相比还能提高开花和收获期的土壤硝态氮含量和小麦根系全氮含量, 提高开花期茎叶全氮含量, 促进营养器官花前氮素的积累及其向籽粒的转运, 这是其提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的主要原因。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[25]	Duan W X, Shi Y, Zhao J Y, Zhang Y L, Yu Z W. Depth of nitrogen fertilizer placement affects nitrogen accumulation, translocation and nitrate-nitrogen content in soil of rainfed wheat. Int J Plant Prod, 2015, 9: 237-256 [本文引用:1]
[26]	李鑫, 巨晓棠, 张丽娟, 万云静, 刘树庆. 不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 99-104 Li X, Ju X T, Zhang L J, Wan Y J, Liu S Q. Effects of different fertilization modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 99-104 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	Liu T Q, Fan D J, Zhang X X, Chen J, Li C F. Cao C G. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy fields in central China. Field Crops Res, 2015, 184: 80-90 [本文引用:3]
[28]	冯波, 孔令安, 张宾, 司纪升, 李升东, 王法宏. 施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1107-1114 Feng B, Kong L A, Zhang B, Si J S, Li S D, Wang F H. Effect of nitrogen application level on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and soil nitrate-N content under bed planting condition. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1107-1114 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	赵允格, 邵明安, 张兴昌. 成垄压实施肥对氮素运移及氮肥利用率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15: 68-72 Zhao Y G, Shao M A, Zhang X C. Impact of localized compaction and ridge fertilization on field nitrate transport and nitrate use efficiency. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2004, 15: 68-72 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	杨云马, 孙彦铭, 贾良良, 孟春香, 贾树龙. 氮肥基施深度对夏玉米产量、氮素利用及氮残留的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22: 830-837 Yang Y M, Sun Y M, Jia L L, Meng C X, Jia S L. Effect of base nitrogen application depth on summer maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen residue. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2016, 22: 830-837 [本文引用:1]
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[32]	王彩绒, 田霄鸿, 李生秀. 沟垄覆膜集雨栽培对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 208-214 Wang C R, Tian X H, Li S X. Effects of plastic sheet-mulching on ridge for rainwater-harvesting cultivation on WUE and yield of winter wheat. Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 208-214 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[33]	范颖丹, 柴守玺, 程宏波, 陈玉章, 杨长刚, 黄彩霞, 常磊, 逄蕾. 覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 3137-3144 Fan Y D, Chai S X, Cheng H B, Chen Y Z, Yang C G, Huang C X, Chang L, Pang L. Effects of mulching on soil moisture in a dryland winter wheat field, northwest China. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 3137-3144 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[34]	Wang X B, Cai D X, Hoogmoed W B, Oenema O, Perdok U D. Developments in conservation tillage in rained regions of North China. Soil & Till Res, 2007, 93: 239-250 [本文引用:1]
[35]	Gan Y T, Siddique K H M, Turner N C, Li X G, Niu J Y, Yang C, Liu L P， Chai Q. Chapter seven: Ridge-furrow mulching systems: An innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments. Adv Agron,* 2013*, 118: 429-476 [本文引用:1]
[36]	Zhang P, Wei T, Wang H X, Wang M, Meng X P, Mou S W, Zhang R, Jia Z K, Han Q F. Effects of straw mulch on soil water and winter wheat production in dryland farming. Sci Rep, 2015, 5: 10725 [本文引用:2]
[37]	廖允成, 温晓霞, 韩思明, 贾志宽. 黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 548-552 Liao Y C, Wen X X, Han S M, Jia Z K. Effect of mulching of water conservation for dryland winter wheat in the loess tableland . Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 548-552 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2014

0.0

... 小麦是黄土高原区的主要粮食作物, 种植面积占我国小麦总面积的19%^[1] ...

2009

0.0

... 这一区域年降水200~700 mm, 但60%集中在7月至9月的夏休闲季, 与3月至5月的小麦生长需水高峰期错位^[2,3] ...

2013

0.0

... 这一区域年降水200~700 mm, 但60%集中在7月至9月的夏休闲季, 与3月至5月的小麦生长需水高峰期错位^[2,3] ...

2014

0.0

孙敏, 温斐斐, 高志强, 任爱霞, 邓妍, 赵维峰, 赵红梅, 杨珍平, 郝兴宇, 苗果园. 不同降水年型旱地小麦夏闲期耕作的蓄水增产效应. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1459-1469

Sun

, Wen F

, Gao Z

, Ren A

, Deng

, Zhao W

, Zhao H

, Yang Z

, Hao X

, Miao G

Effects of farming practice during fallow period on soil water storage and yield of dryland wheat in different rainfall years.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1459-1469 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Soil water storage (SWS) is the critical factor influencing wheat yield in dryland area. A field experiment was carried out in Wenxi County , Shanxi Province from July 2009 to June 2012 (three cropping seasons) to study the effect of tillage during fallow period on annual SWS and wheat yield. Compared to no tillage (NT), deep plowing (DP), subsoiling (SS) increased SWS in 0–300 cm soil layer at sowing stage by 63–91 mm in dry year, 41–70 mm in normal rainfall year and 54–74 mm in humid year. The annual SWS efficiency was much improved by tillage during fallow period, especially the late growth stage of wheat in dry and humid years, resulting in increases of grain yield and yield components. In dry year, wheat yield was enhanced as high as 34% (SS) and 45% (DP). In normal rainfall year, spike number, grain number per spike, and grain yield significantly increased in DP and SS compared to NT. In yield components, spike number received the largest effect of tillage, either DP or SS, under normal and rich rainfall conditions. In DP and SS treatments, spike number had close correlation with 120–180 cm soil water reduction from sowing to jointing and 60–120 cm soil water reduction from jointing to anthesis, grain number per spike was correlated with 60–120 cm soil water reduction from sowing to jointing, and grain yield was correlated with 60–120 cm soil water reduction from jointing to anthesis and 120–180 cm soil water reduction from anthesis to maturity. Clear, tillage during fallow period could significantly increase rainfall productive efficiency and water use efficiency in rainfed field. DP and SS have positive effects on SWS during fallow period and utilization of water in deep soil layers. The improved water utilization is the basis for improved yield components and high yield ultimately. Tillage during fallow period is recommended with DP practice in dry and normal rainfall years and SS practice in humid year.

College of Crop Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China

为明确旱地小麦通过休闲期耕作实现蓄水增产的技术途径, 2009—2012年连续3个小麦生长季, 在山西闻喜县进行了休闲期深翻、深松或无耕作的田间试验, 以明确不同耕作措施对土壤水分变化、小麦产量形成的影响。结果表明 , 深翻和深松处理播种期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量增加, 枯水年增加63~91 mm, 平水年增加41~70 mm, 丰水年增加54~74 mm, 尤其在枯水年和丰水年生育后期蓄水效果仍显著, 休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高, 枯水年提高147%~205%。深翻和深松处理在枯水年和丰水年可促进小麦生育后期吸收300 cm土层土壤水分, 使产量和产量构成因素显著提高, 尤其在枯水年产量提高34%~45%。在平水年, 穗数、穗粒数和产量显著提高, 且在平水年和丰水年深翻和深松处理对产量构成因素中的穗数影响最大。深翻和深松处理后降水生产效率和水分利用效率显著提高。不同降水年型休闲期耕作条件下, 穗数与播种至拔节期120~180 cm、拔节至开花期60~120 cm土层土壤贮水减少量关系密切, 穗粒数与播种至拔节期60~120 cm土层关系密切, 产量与拔节至开花期60~120 cm、开花至成熟期 120~180 cm土层关系密切。总之, 在本研究条件下, 旱地小麦休闲期深翻或深松耕作有利于蓄积休闲期降水, 改善底墒, 尤其枯水年的效果更为明显; 有利于增加土壤水分, 促进小麦向深层吸收土壤水分, 优化产量构成, 实现增产。在枯水年和平水年, 以休闲期深翻效果较好, 在丰水年以休闲期深松效果较好。

... 传统旱地小麦种植中通过夏初深翻、秋季平作播种, 力求伏雨春用^[4], 但由于地表裸露, 土壤水分易蒸发散失, 导致小麦生育期供水不足^[5] ...

... 根据籽粒产量(Y, kg hm^-2)和全生育期小麦耗水量(ET, mm)计算水分利用效率(WUE, kg hm^-2 mm^-1), WUE=Y/ET^[4] ...

2010

0.0

陈辉林, 田霄鸿, 王晓峰, 曹玉贤, 吴玉红, 王朝辉. 不同栽培模式对渭北旱塬区冬小麦生长期间土壤水分、温度及产量的影响. 生态学报, 2010, 30: 2424-2433

Chen H

, Tian X

, Wang X

, Cao Y

, Wu Y

, Wang Z

Effects of different cultivation models on soil water, soil temperature and yield during the winter wheat growth in the Weibei dry highland .

Acta Ecol Sin, 2010, 30: 2424-2433 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 传统旱地小麦种植中通过夏初深翻、秋季平作播种, 力求伏雨春用^[4], 但由于地表裸露, 土壤水分易蒸发散失, 导致小麦生育期供水不足^[5] ...

2016

0.0

... 垄覆沟播不仅能抑制土壤水分蒸发, 还可以通过田间原位微域集水, 促进小麦生长期内垄上雨水流向沟内, 渗入土壤深层^[6], 提高土壤贮水 ...

... 渭北旱源的长期定位田间试验表明, 这种方式提高了休闲效率, 有利于土壤水分恢复, 使小麦播种时0~300 cm土层贮水提高5%~7%^[6], 产量提高15%~41%, 水分利用率提高10%~30%^[10], 但籽粒蛋白质含量却降低14%~17%^[11] ...

... WC = WS_s - WS_h^[6,9], ...

... WH = WS_ns200 - WS_h200^[6,9] ...

... 垄覆沟播不仅可促进垄上雨水流向沟内, 增加沟内微域水量, 利于水分渗入土壤深层, 提高土壤贮水^[6], 而且能减少棵间土壤水分蒸发, 提高蒸腾/蒸发比, 使农田土壤水分消耗主要用于蒸腾^[31,32], 实现旱地水分高效利用^[33,34], 从而提高旱地小麦产量^{[7, 35]} ...

2015

0.0

柴守玺, 杨长刚, 张淑芳, 陈恒洪, 常磊. 不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 787-796

Chai S

, Yang C

, Zhang S

, Chen H

, Chang

Effects of plastic mulching modes on soil moisture and grain yield in dryland winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 787-796 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 在甘肃中部, 垄覆沟播使小麦产量提高20%~29%, 水分利用效率提高12%~14%^[7] ...

2011

0.0

李廷亮, 谢英荷, 任苗苗, 邓树元, 单杰, 雷震宇, 洪坚平, 王朝辉. 施肥和覆膜垄沟种植对旱地小麦产量及水氮利用的影响. 生态学报, 2011, 31: 212-220

Li T

, Xie Y

, Ren M

, Deng S

, Shan

, Lei Z

, Hong J

, Wang Z

Effects of fertilization and plastic film mulched ridge-furrow cultivation on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat on dryland .

Acta Ecol Sin, 2011, 31: 212-220 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过大田试验研究了施肥和覆膜垄沟种植对旱地冬小麦群体动态、产量构成及水氮利用的影响.结果表明,覆膜垄沟种植和追肥处理可显著提高旱地冬小麦穗数,追肥处理可减少后期无效分蘖;覆膜垄沟种植和追肥处理产量分别比农户模式提高了11.73%和13.91%,穗数和穗粒数是其产量提高的关键因素;覆膜垄沟种植方式可减少土壤水分损耗,水分利用率为11.60kg·hm-2 mm-1,显著高于其他处理;追肥处理能有效促进小麦生育中后期对氮素的吸收利用,在基施氮量165kg/hm2上再追肥30 kg/hm2,地上部分吸氮总量增加15.45 kg/hm2,追肥氮的利用率显著高于底肥氮利用率,为51.5%.

... 在山西南部, 垄覆沟播小麦增产12%~14%^[8], 但底墒不足的年份也会减产^[9] ...

2015

0.0

高艳梅, 孙敏, 高志强, 崔凯, 赵红梅, 杨珍平, 郝兴宇. 不同降水年型旱地小麦覆盖对产量及水分利用效率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 3589-3599

Gao Y

, Sun

, Gao Z

, Cui

, Zhao H

, Yang Z

, Hao X

Effects of mulching on grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland wheat in different rainfall years.

Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 3589-3599 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】明确旱地麦田休闲期覆盖的蓄水增产效果和生育期覆盖播种的节水增产效果,探索旱地小麦不同降水年型休闲期覆盖和生育期覆盖的保水技术新途径。【方法】于2011—2014年在山西闻喜县开展大田试验,以休闲期覆盖渗水地膜与不覆盖为主区,以生育期膜际条播、条播为副区,研究覆盖对旱地麦田3 m内土壤水分、小麦产量构成、水分利用效率和节水增产效率的影响。【结果】休闲期覆盖较不覆盖处理提高了播种期0—300 cm土层土壤蓄水量,丰水年达40—41 mm,平水年达55—58 mm,欠水年达70 mm,且欠水年更有利于蓄积土壤水分于深层,显著提高了不同降水年型休闲期土壤蓄水效率,达到20%以上,其覆盖的蓄水效果可延续至孕穗期,且生育期配套膜际条播效果更佳。休闲期覆盖较不覆盖处理显著提高小麦穗数、产量和水分利用效率,产量提高20%以上,水分利用效率提高15%以上,且生育期配套膜际条播小麦穗粒数、千粒重也显著提高。结果还表明,休闲期覆盖处理小麦播种期土壤水分每多蓄1 mm,丰水年小麦可增产21—27kg·hm-2,平水年可增产16—18 kg·hm-2,欠水年可增产13—24 kg·hm-2,且休闲期覆盖条件下,生育期膜际条播播种对产量的提升有较大的调控作用。生育期地膜覆盖保水后,旱地麦田节水、增产效果提高,单位粮食生产节水量提高10%以上,消耗1 mm土壤水分产量提高11%以上。【结论】旱地小麦休闲期覆盖有利于蓄积休闲期降雨,改善底墒,尤其欠水年蓄水效果更佳,有利于提高小麦花前土壤水分,促进有效穗数的形成,提高产量,且生育期膜际条播播种效果更佳。底墒充足时,生育期膜际条播播种有利于提高旱地麦田的节水增产效果,而欠水年底墒不足时,会导致水分浪费和减产。

... 在山西南部, 垄覆沟播小麦增产12%~14%^[8], 但底墒不足的年份也会减产^[9] ...

... WC = WS_s - WS_h^[6,9], ...

... WH = WS_ns200 - WS_h200^[6,9] ...

... 在西北旱地小麦的研究中也发现, 休闲季覆膜^[9]和秸秆覆盖^[36]均有利于提高土壤蓄水效率和播种期土壤贮水量, 在垄覆膜的基础上结合沟内秸秆覆盖甚至可以使0~200 cm土层多蓄水108 mm ^[37] ...

2011

0.0

薛澄, 王朝辉, 李富翠, 赵护兵, 周玲, 李小涵. 渭北旱塬不同施肥与覆盖栽培对冬小麦产量形成及土壤水分利用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 4395-4405

Xue

, Wang Z

, Li F

, Zhao H

, Zhou

, Li X

Effects of different fertilization and mulching cultivation methods on yield and soil water use of winter wheat on Weibei dryland .

Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 4395-4405 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2014

0.0

李强, 王朝辉, 李富翠, 戴健, 李孟华, 何刚, 曹群虎, 段长林, 鱼昌为. 氮肥管理与地膜覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 93-100

, Wang Z

, Li F

, Dai

, Li M

, He

, Cao Q

, Duan C

, Yu C

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat growth on dryland with plastic film mulching.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 93-100 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wheat production in Northwest China is mainly restricted by insufficient and uneven distributed precipitation across seasons. Besides, luxurious and improper application of nitrogen (N) is an obvious problem. In a two-year field experiment from October 2010 to June 2012, we compared grain yield and N use efficiency of winter wheat with cultivation patterns of conventional fertilization (P), current farmer’s habitual fertilization (C), reducing N with early-spring topdressing (NT), NT + ridging and mulching with plastic film (NR), and NR+ high plant density (NRH). Compared with P treatment, C had no effect on stable increases of grain yield and N use efficiency, while NT, NR, and NRH treatments significantly increased yield and N use efficiency of wheat. However, N content in grain was reduced in NR and NRH treatments. In an overall view, NR was the optimal treatment for high-yield and high-efficient wheat production, with the increases of grain yield, N partial factor productivity, and N physiological efficiency by 38.6%, 49.6%, and 35.1% in the first cropping year and by 7.6%, 16.3%, and 25.7% in the second year, respectively. These results indicate that N management plus ridge mulching is an important technique for high-yield production in Northwest China, and suitable N supply after flowering should be considered for high quality also.

降雨偏少且季节分布不均，施肥偏多且方式不合理，缺少有效的保水栽培措施是西北旱地小麦生产面临的主要问题。 2010 年 10 月至 2012 年 6 月连续 2 个小麦生长季，在陕西渭北旱塬进行田间试验，比较了氮肥追施和总量减少、覆膜、增加种植密度措施较传统施肥和农民习惯施肥种植模式对冬小麦籽粒产量及氮素利用效率的影响。与农户习惯施肥相比，传统施肥不能持续增加产量和氮素利用效率；而减氮追肥、减氮垄覆和减氮垄覆增密处理的增产效果明显，同时提高了氮素利用效率，但减氮垄覆或增加种植密度却使籽粒含氮量降低，主要原因是进入开花期后土壤硝态氮累积量减少，氮素供应不足所致。综合分析，减氮垄覆增产增效更明显，小麦产量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率在第 1 年分别提高 38.6% 、 49.6% 和 35.1% ，在第 2 年分别提高 7.6% 、 16.3% 和 25.7% ，说明控氮与覆膜结合是实现旱地冬小麦增产的重要措施，但需注意生长后期土壤氮素供应，在增产的同时保证小麦品质。

... 6 籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及水分利用效率测定方法于不同生育时期按上述方法取样, 样品粉碎后先用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂法消解, 再用AA3连续流动分析仪(SEAL, 德国)测定消解液中的全氮含量^[11] ...

... 另外, 垄覆沟播虽然不降低0~40 cm土壤的硝态氮, 但其0~100 cm土壤硝态氮降低29%~47%^[11], 表明花后深层土壤硝态氮减少、有效氮素供应不足, 也是垄覆沟播小麦籽粒蛋白质含量降低的一个重要因素 ...

2009

0.0

吕殿青, 高华, 方日尧, 谷洁, 李旭晖. 渭北旱塬冬小麦产区提前深耕一次深施肥料的肥水效应与理论分析. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15: 269-275

Lyu D

, Gao

, Fang R

, Gu

, Li X

Effect of water- fertilizer and theoretical analysis of deep plough-deep fertilization at one earlier time in winter wheat growing regions of Weibei rainfed cropland s.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2009, 15: 269-275 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在陕西渭北旱塬冬小麦产区麦收后对提前深耕一次深施肥料的肥水效应进行了研究.结果表明,夏收后在7月15日、8月15日、9月15日结合深耕把小麦所需肥料一次深施20 cm土层下,比播种时深耕一次浅施6 cm土层下、分二次施和分三次施明显提高了小麦产量、肥料利用率和水分利用效率;增加了麦收后土壤NO-3-N的积累量和水分贮存量.同时还发现,NO-3-N 含量分布呈y=a-b·logx 对数曲线模型,这可能是N-3-N在旱地土壤中分布的一种特征曲线;试验中没有产生N-3-N的淋失.文中还对提前深耕一次施肥的理论作了讨论和分析,并提出了"秋雨-冬储-春用"和"秋肥-冬储-春用"的理论概念,把两者结合起来,可达到肥水协调供应的状态.这为建立旱地施肥技术体系提供了理论依据.

... 这是由于目前的垄覆沟播栽培, 在播种前将肥料撒于地表, 然后通过旋耕作业将其与表层土壤混匀, 而被薄膜分开的两行小麦行距较宽, 难以充分吸收薄膜下面的养分所致, 也与表层混施肥料增加了氮素挥发损失有关^[12] ...

... 2%^[12], 播前20 cm深度施肥比地表撒施增产13 ...

2011

0.0

... 为了优化氮磷钾肥用量并减小不同地块肥力差异对试验的影响, 按照目标产量需氮量推荐不同地块的氮肥用量^[13], 采用衡量监控施肥技术推荐磷钾肥用量^[14], 相同年度、同一地块3个处理的氮磷钾肥用量相同(表2) ...

2014

0.0

曹寒冰, 王朝辉, 师渊超, 杜明叶, 雷小青, 张文忠, 张璐, 蒲岳建. 渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 3826-3838

Cao H

, Wang Z

, Shi Y

, Du M

, Lei X

, Zhang W

, Zhang

, Pu Y

Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation technology based on soil test for winter wheat on Weibei dryland .

Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 3826-3838 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient factor limiting wheat yield increase on dryland. Unreasonable application of N fertilizer not only makes it difficult to increase wheat yield, but also leads to increased nitrate N (NO 3 - -N) residual in soil, enhanced N losses, and reduced N use efficiency. Therefore, it is of great significance to optimize the method of N fertilizer recommendation and solve the problem of unreasonable N fertilizer application for the sustainable production of wheat on dryland.【Method】 Based on balancing N output from soil by crop production and aimed at stabilizing crop yield, improving soil fertility and regulating NO 3 - -N residual, the present method for Recommendation of N fertilizer Based on Monitoring NO 3 - -N in 1.0 m Soil (RNBM, N application rate = N required for the target crop yield + Fertilizer N losses + Safety threshold of NO 3 - -N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing (55.0/110.0 kg·hm -2 ) - N input from environment - N input with straw retention - N input with seed - Soil N mineralization during winter wheat growing season - NO 3 - -N in 1m soil at harvest or sowing) was optimized to be as: N application rate = N required for the target crop yield + Safety threshold of NO 3 - -N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing (55.0/110.0 kg·hm -2 ) - NO 3 - -N in 1 m soil at harvest or before sowing. Using the optimized RNBM, two-year field experiments on 30 plots were carried out in six counties on Weibei Arid Tableland in Shaanxi Province. 【Result】 As the result of chronically unreasonable application of N fertilizer due to the lack of normative N fertilizer recommendation methods, it was found that in this region, the NO 3 - -N residual in 1.0 m soil at sowing varied largely among different sites from 34.2 kg·hm -2 to 708.4 kg·hm -2 , with the average to be 165.2 kg·hm -2 and 17 of 30 sites higher than 110.0 kg·hm -2 . Nitrogen application rates determined by the optimized RNBM ranged from 30.0 kg·hm -2 to 247.3 kg·hm -2 , with the average of 128.4 kg·hm -2 , which was 25.2% lower compared to that (171.6 kg·hm -2 ）of the farmer’s practice (FP). The averaged wheat grain yield by the optimized RNBM and FP was respectively 5 658 kg·hm -2 and 5 489 kg·hm -2 , grain N concentration was 20.8 g·kg -1 and 20.3 g·kg -1 , showing no significant difference. Compared to FP, the optimized RNBM significantly increased N use efficiency (NUE) and partial fertilizer productivity of N (PFPN) by 24.0% (from 46.3% to 57.3 %) and 130.1% (from 34.9 kg·kg -1 to 80.3 kg·kg -1 ), respectively. At harvest time, NO 3 - -N residual in 1.0 m soil under FP was found averaged to be 70.6 kg·hm -2 (17.4 kg·hm -2 to 203.4 kg·hm -2 ), and that under the optimized RNBM was only 51.4 kg·hm -2 (15.6 kg·hm -2 to 113.9 kg·hm -2 ), a little bit lower than the expected target of 55.0 kg·hm -2 . During the rainfall intensive summer fallow, NO 3 - -N leached from 0 to 100 cm soil layer under the optimized RNBM was observed to be reduced by 47.9% compared to the FP. 【Conclusion】Therefore, the optimized RNBM is able to be flexibly used to determine and effectively regulate the N fertilizer rate, stabilize wheat grain yield, increase NUE and PFPN, and minimize NO 3 - -N residue and leaching in dryland soil.

【目的】氮素是限制旱地小麦增产的主要养分因子，不合理施氮不仅难以增加小麦产量，还会造成土壤剖面硝态氮累积、氮素损失增大和氮素利用效率降低。优化氮肥用量推荐方法、解决旱地小麦不合理施氮问题，对旱地小麦可持续生产有重要意义。【方法】基于平衡土壤氮素携出，以稳定作物产量、培肥土壤和调控硝态氮残留为目标，对现有的土壤硝态氮监控施氮方案（施氮量=作物目标产量需氮量+肥料氮素损失量+收获/播前土壤硝态氮安全阈值（55.0/110.0 kg•hm-2）-环境氮素投入量-秸秆还田带入氮素量-种子带入氮素量-生长季土壤氮素矿化量-收获/播前1 m土壤硝态氮）进一步优化，得出公式：施氮量=作物目标产量需氮量+收获/播前土壤硝态氮安全阈值（55.0/110.0 kg•hm-2）-收获/播前1 m土壤硝态氮。应用这一方法在西北典型旱地冬小麦种植区渭北旱塬两年6县30个地块布置田间试验。【结果】在该区域由于不合理施氮或没有规范的氮肥推荐方法，不同试验地播种前1 m土壤累积硝态氮积累量变化较大，介于34.2—708.4 kg•hm-2，平均为165.2 kg•hm-2，其中有17块在小麦播种前超过110 kg•hm-2。优化后的监控施氮技术确定的小麦氮肥用量介于30.0—247.3 kg•hm-2，平均为128.4 kg•hm-2，较农户习惯氮肥用量（171.6 kg•hm-2）减少25.2%。监控施肥和农户习惯施肥的小麦籽粒产量平均分别为5 658和5 489 kg•hm-2，籽粒氮含量为20.8和20.3 g•kg-1，两者均无显著性差异。监控施肥能够显著提高氮素利用率和氮肥偏生产力，较农户习惯施肥分别提高24.0%（由46.3%提高到57.3%）和130.1%（由34.9 kg•kg-1提高到80.3 kg•kg-1）。收获时，农户习惯施肥0—100 cm土层的硝态氮残留量介于17.4—203.4 kg•hm-2，地块间变幅大，平均为70.6 kg•hm-2；而监控施肥介于15.6—113.9 kg•hm-2，平均为51.4 kg•hm-2，稍低于预期的55 kg•hm-2的目标。在降水较多的夏闲期，优化的监控施氮技术可使0—100 cm土层的硝态氮淋失减少47.9%。【结论】优化后的旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术可以方便地确定和有效调控氮肥用量，稳定小麦籽粒产量，提高氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，降低土壤硝态氮残留和淋溶。

2011

0.0

... ET = WC₂₀₀ + P + I + U - R - F ^[15] ...

2015

0.0

... 称取5 g鲜土, 置于50 mL KCl溶液(1 mol L^-1)中振荡浸提1 h, 用AA3连续流动分析仪(SEAL, 德国)测定浸提液中的硝态氮含量^[16] ...

2004

0.0

霍中洋, 葛鑫, 张洪程, 戴其根, 许轲, 龚振恺. 不同氮肥施用方式对专用型小麦氮素吸收和利用的影响. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 449-454

Huo Z

, Ge

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Xu

, Gong Z

Effect of different nitrogen application types on N-absorption and N-utilization rate of specific use cultivars of wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 449-454 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The study was carried out in 2000－2002. Two specific use varieties of wheat, Jinan 17 and Shaannong 229 were used for the effect of different nitrogen application methods on N-absorption and N-utilization rate. The results indicated that N-absorption intensity, N-translocation efficiency and contri

Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu

以两类不同专用小麦为材料，研究了不同施氮量、基追比和追氮时期对其氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：强筋小麦济南17在生育中后期吸氮强度、氮素的转运效率和转运氮的贡献率，以及相同处理的蛋白质产量、氮肥利用率和氮素吸收效率均高于中筋小麦陕农229。在本试验中，济南17以施氮量为262.5～328.1 kg/hm2、追肥分拔

... 按霍中洋等^[17]描述的方法计算氮素积累和转运指标 ...

2005

0.0

朱新开, 周君良, 封超年, 郭文善, 彭永欣. 不同类型专用小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量变化动态差异分析. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 342-347

Zhu X

, Zhou J

, Feng C

, Guo W

, Peng Y

Differences of protein and its component accumulation in wheat for different end uses.

Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 342-347 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The differences of protein and its component accumulation in wheat for different end uses (strong-gluten wheat Wanmai 38, medium-gluten wheat Yangmai 10 and weak-gluten wheat Ningmai 9) were studied in 1999－2001. The results indicated that the protein content showed a same “high-low-high” dynamic

选用强筋小麦皖麦38、中筋小麦扬麦10号、弱筋小麦宁麦9号，研究不同类型专用小麦籽粒中蛋白质含量及组分变化规律，结果表明其籽粒蛋白质含量变化动态基本一致，均呈“高—低—高”的趋势，强筋小麦整个灌浆期合成和积累蛋白质的能力较强，中筋小麦在灌浆中后期蛋白质合成与积累能力高于弱筋小麦。不同类型专用小麦在灌浆过

... 7即为籽粒蛋白质含量^[18] ...

2000

0.0

方日尧, 赵惠青, 同延安. 渭北旱原冬小麦深施肥沟播综合效应研究. 农业工程学报, 2000, 16(1): 49-52

Fang R

, Zhao H

, Tong Y

Research on integrated effect deep application of fertilizer and furrow-sowing winter wheat on Weibei rainfed highland .

Trans CSAE, 2000, 16(1): 49-52 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In the paper, the technique of deep application of fertilizer or deep application of fertilizer in leisure stage and furrow sowing were adopted on dryland winter wheat.The effect on the development of winter wheat, yield increase and yield composition, etc. were studied.The ecological effect of deep application of fertilizer or deep application of fertilizer in leisure stage and furrow sowing can improve the development conditions for winter wheat, dryland winter wheat deep application of fertilizer and furrow sowing under arid condition or unsufficient moisture of surface soil layer. It may improve the utilization of soil moisture, while in saline alkali soil the technique was used. It could increase seedling emergence rate because of avoiding the effect of alkali, in areas where cold damages often occur, it could lower the position of tillering node in soil and decrease the percentage of deed seedling and tillers caused by cold attack. Therefore, it is an economical, effective and beneficial method for stable yield increase, lower consumption on arid, infertile land and saline alkali soil in Weibei rainfed highland.

针对深施肥或休闲期深施肥沟播技术,对冬小麦生育的影响,增产效应及产量结构等进行了研究。深施肥或休闲期深施肥沟播生态效应可改善小麦生育条件,旱地冬小麦深施肥沟播在干旱或土墒不足的条件下,可借墒播种,盐碱地采用此技术可躲盐巧种,提高出苗率,易遭冻害地区的冬小麦,可降低分蘖节在土壤中的位置,减轻因分蘖节受冻害而造成的死苗,死蘖。故在渭北旱原的旱、薄和盐碱地推广此项技术,是经济有效的增产、稳产、增收、低耗措施。

... 5% ^[19] ...

... 以往的研究表明, 氮肥条施可以降低土壤氮素挥发损失^[26,27], 靠近小麦播种行或根系将氮肥施于垄内, 可以减缓硝态氮向下层土壤淋失^[19,27], 提高上层土壤硝态氮含量^[23,28]和作物利用效率^[27,30], 但目前没有关于这些措施对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量影响的报道 ...

2013

0.0

段文学, 于振文, 石玉, 张永丽, 赵俊晔. 施氮深度对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 657-664

Duan W

, Yu Z

, Shi

, Zhang Y

, Zhao J

Effects of nitrogen application depth on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in rainfed wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 657-664 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To raise a suitable nitrogen application depth for rain-fed wheat in the Yellow-Huai Rivers Zone in China, we tested the water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation amounts and distribution ratios of wheat cultivars Shannong 16 and Yannong 0428 under different nitrogen application depths in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons. The nitrogen application depths were designed in four levels, which were surface application (D1) and application depths of 10 cm (D2), 20 cm (D3), and 30 cm (D4). Compared to D1 and D2, D3 and D4 exhibited significantly greater water consumption amounts in the periods of jointing–anthesis and anthesis–maturity and soil water consumption amounts in 40–120 cm soil layers ( P P P - 1 higher than those in D1 and D2, and at maturity stage, the increments were 642.1–2006.8 kg ha - 1 . The grain yields and partial factor productivities of nitrogen in D3 and D4 were significantly higher than those in D3 and D4, and no significant difference between D3 and D4. Besides, D3 had relatively higher water use efficiency. Therefore, we suggest that 20 cm is the optimal soil depth of nitrogen fertilizer application for rain-fed wheat in Huang-Huai Rivers Zone.

为确定黄淮冬麦区旱地小麦施氮技术的最佳施肥深度， 2010 — 2012 连续两年度在大田条件下设置氮肥表面撒施 (D1) ，施氮深度 10 cm (D2) 、 20 cm (D3) 和 30 cm (D4) 4 个处理，研究了施氮深度对旱地小麦山农 16 和烟农 0428 耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响。与 D1 和 D2 处理相比， D3 和 D4 处理在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的耗水量显著提高， 40~ 120 cm 土层土壤贮水消耗量显著增加，在降水量较丰富的 2011 — 2012 年度， D3 和 D4 处理 120~ 160 cm 土层土壤贮水消耗量也显著高于 D1 和 D2 处理 ( 高 4.0 ~ 5.3 mm ), 说明 20~30 cm 施氮肥有利于提高土壤水分的利用 , 尤其是土壤深层贮水的利用，满足小麦拔节后的水分需求 ; D3 和 D4 处理拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期干物质积累量均显著高于 D1 和 D2 处理，成熟期和开花后干物质积累量分别高 642.1~2006.8 kg hm - 2 和 394.5~723.1 kg hm - 2 。 D3 的籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力与 D4 无显著差异，均显著高于 D1 和 D2 ，水分利用效率较高。因此， 20 cm 是黄淮冬麦区旱地冬小麦的适宜施氮深度。

... 1%^[20] ...

... 膜侧施肥在减蒸增蓄的基础上, 还能改善小麦生长后期的土壤氮素供应, 这也有利于进一步提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率^[20] ...

2016

0.0

江尚焘, 王火焰, 周健民, 陈照明, 刘晓伟, 贾云生. 磷肥施用方式及类型对冬小麦产量和磷素吸收的影响. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27: 1503-1510

Jiang S

, Wang H

, Zhou J

, Chen Z

, Liu X

, Jia Y

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application methods and types on the yield and phosphorus uptake of winter wheat.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2016, 27: 1503-1510 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field microplot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different placement methods and types of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on winter wheat growth and phosphorus uptake. P fertilizer types included monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). P fertilizer application methods included: 1) surface broadcasting (S); 2) banding 5 cm below seeds (B0); 3) banding 5 cm below and 3 cm away from seeds (B 3 ); 4) banding 5 cm below and 10 cm away from seeds (B 10 ); 5) mixing with the 20% of the top soil below seeds (M). The result showed that B0 had the best effect on increasing yield, reached 7.63 t·hm -2  in MCPB 0 and 7.99 t·hm -2  in DAPB 0 , which increased 10.3% and 10.7%, respectively compared with surface broadcasting. B 10  had the lowest grain yield (6.60-6.77 t·hm -2 ). The total P uptake by wheat in B 0 and M was at a relatively high level (34.42-35.60 kg·hm -2 ), B 10  performed worst at all growth stages of wheat, while P uptake of DAPB 10  was 11.9% higher than MCPB 10 . These results indicated that concentrating P fertilizer in a short distance near the seeds was an optimized application method for winter wheat in this region, and DAP performed better than MCP on P uptake and utilization of wheat under far banding.

采用田间微区试验研究不同磷肥施用方式和种类对冬小麦生长和当季磷素吸收的影响.磷肥种类为磷酸二氢钙（MCP）和磷酸氢二铵（DAP），施用方式包括表面撒施，种子正下方5 cm条施，种子下方5 cm、偏3 cm条施，种子下方5 cm、偏10 cm条施，种子正下方20%土体混施5种.结果表明：种子正下方5 cm条施对小麦的增产效果最高，其中磷酸二氢钙的产量达到7.63 t·hm -2 ，磷酸氢二铵的产量达到7.99 t·hm -2 ，分别较农民习惯撒施方式增产10.3%和10.7%.在5种施磷方式中，偏10 cm条施的小麦产量最低（6.60～6.77 t·hm -2 ）.种子正下方5 cm条施和20%土体混施处理的小麦总吸磷量均处于较高水平（34.4～35.6 kg·hm -2 ），偏10 cm条施在小麦各生长阶段的吸磷量均显著低于其他施磷方式，但磷酸氢二铵偏10 cm条施的小麦总吸磷量较磷酸二氢钙高11.9%.表明将磷肥近距离集中施用于种子附近为该地区较为合理的施磷方式，在偏远距离条施下磷酸氢二铵对小麦的磷素吸收利用效果优于磷酸二氢钙.

... 7%^[21] ...

2007

0.0

... 2016年度, 但两者的籽粒氮素积累量却无显著差异, 说明降低的主要原因是籽粒产量提高引起的养分稀释效应^[22] ...

2013

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... 垄覆沟播条件下, 0~40 cm土壤硝态氮含量提高的原因可能是其氮肥均匀施于表层土壤, 被薄膜分开的两行小麦行距(40 cm)宽于传统平作中小麦的行距(20 cm)不利于小麦根系吸收而导致土壤氮素在薄膜下方累积^[23] ...

1992

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... 优化施肥可以改善土壤氮素供应和小麦氮素吸收及其向籽粒的分配^[24,25] ...

2015

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... 优化施肥可以改善土壤氮素供应和小麦氮素吸收及其向籽粒的分配^[24,25] ...

2008

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李鑫, 巨晓棠, 张丽娟, 万云静, 刘树庆. 不同施肥方式对土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 99-104

, Ju X

, Zhang L

, Wan Y

, Liu S

Effects of different fertilization modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 99-104 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用密闭室间歇通气法和静态箱法对不同施肥方式(撒施后翻耕、条施后覆土、撒施后灌水)下的土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放进行了研究.结果表明:不同施肥方式显著影响了土壤中的氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放.撒施后灌水处理明显促进了氨挥发,其最大氨挥发速率明显高于其它处理,氨挥发累计达2.465 kg N·hm-2.不同施肥方式下氧化亚氮排放通量存在显著差异(P《0.05),且峰值出现时间也不同.施肥后第2天,撒施后灌水处理达到峰值,为193.66 μg·m-2·h-1,而条施后覆土处理在施肥后第5天才出现峰值,为51.13 μg·m-2·h-1,且其排放峰值在3种施肥方式中最低.撒施后灌水处理的氧化亚氮累积净排放量达121.55 g N·hm-2,显著大于撒施后翻耕和条施后覆土处理.撒施后翻耕和条施后覆土处理能有效抑制氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放损失,是较为合理的施肥方式.

2015

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2012

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冯波, 孔令安, 张宾, 司纪升, 李升东, 王法宏. 施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1107-1114

Feng

, Kong L

, Zhang

, Si J

, Li S

, Wang F

Effect of nitrogen application level on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and soil nitrate-N content under bed planting condition.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1107-1114 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2004

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赵允格, 邵明安, 张兴昌. 成垄压实施肥对氮素运移及氮肥利用率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15: 68-72

Zhao Y

, Shao M

, Zhang X

Impact of localized compaction and ridge fertilization on field nitrate transport and nitrate use efficiency.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2004, 15: 68-72 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The primary season of nitrate leaching in the Loess Plateau region is the monsoon,which is caused by heavy rainfall during the growth season of corn ( Zea mays L.) abstract Nitrate leaching to groundwater is an increasing concern in agriculture,and is one of the major nitrogen losing ways in dryland farming system.Localized compaction and ridge fertilization is a method for nitrogen fertilizer application,by which,less fertilizer leaching would occur.The NO 3 - -N transport in soil profile,corn yields and nitrogen use efficiency under localized compaction and ridge fertilization were investigated through two years field study.The factors that affect NO 3 - -N transport under localized compaction and ridge fertilization were studied,combined with simulated experiment. The results showed that NO 3 - -N was leached to below 90cm in plat fertilization in the year of about 370mm rainfall,a mean precipitation during the season,while the NO 3 - -N leakage of the fertilizer zone was reduced by localized compaction and ridge fertilization,as a result that the NO 3 - -N concentration below 60cm was less than 10mg·kg -1 ,and NO 3 - -N accumulated in 20～40cm with a concentration 80～90 mg·kg -1 . There was no significant difference in yield between application methods with 240.0kgN·hm -2 . However,the absorbed amount of nitrogen was improved significantly by localized compaction and ridge fertilization,and the nitrogen use efficiency was increased by 9%. The bulk density of the barriers had an evident effect on NO 3 - -N transport under localized compaction and ridge fertilization,but the effect of ridge slope was insignificant.

黄土高原地区夏玉米生长正逢雨季,是N素淋溶的主要时期,为此提出氮肥施用的成垄压实法.通过连续两年的田间小区试验,研究了夏玉米生长期成垄压实施肥方式下夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率,以及土壤NO 3 - N迁移规律,并结合室内模拟实验探讨了该施肥法的影响因素.结果表明,在供水量接近研究区同期多年平均降雨量(370mm)的年份,平地施肥条件下,NO 3 - -N可被淋溶至90cm以下的土层;而成垄压实施肥可明显减少施肥区NO 3 - -N随入渗水分向土壤深层迁移,至60cm以下土层,土壤NO 3 - -N含量小于10mg·kg -1 ,NO 3 - -N主要累积于近地表20～40cm土层,该土层土壤NO 3 - -N含量约为80～90mg·kg -1 .成垄压实施肥法局部存在的大容重障碍层对作物生长发育无影响.在240.0kgN·hm -2 施氮量条件下,成垄压实较平地施肥没有显著提高玉米生物产量和经济产量,但却能极显著地增加作物吸氮量,使氮肥利用率提高9%左右.成垄压实施肥条件下,障碍层容重对NO 3 - -N迁移影响明显,随障碍层容重的增加,NO 3 - -N迁移深度减小.大田条件下,垄坡度对NO 3 - -N迁移影响不明显.

2016

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杨云马, 孙彦铭, 贾良良, 孟春香, 贾树龙. 氮肥基施深度对夏玉米产量、氮素利用及氮残留的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016, 22: 830-837

Yang Y

, Sun Y

, Jia L

, Meng C

, Jia S

Effect of base nitrogen application depth on summer maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen residue.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2016, 22: 830-837

2013

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2004

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王彩绒, 田霄鸿, 李生秀. 沟垄覆膜集雨栽培对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 208-214

Wang C

, Tian X

, Li S

Effects of plastic sheet-mulching on ridge for rainwater-harvesting cultivation on WUE and yield of winter wheat.

Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 208-214 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2013

0.0

范颖丹, 柴守玺, 程宏波, 陈玉章, 杨长刚, 黄彩霞, 常磊, 逄蕾. 覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 3137-3144

Fan Y

, Chai S

, Cheng H

, Chen Y

, Yang C

, Huang C

, Chang

, Pang

Effects of mulching on soil moisture in a dryland winter wheat field, northwest China.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 3137-3144 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper studied the effects of different mulching modes on the soil moisture in a semiarid rainfed area of Loess Plateau, Northwest China. Seven treatments were installed,  i.e ., mulching plastic film in summer (T 1 ), mulching plastic film in autumn (T 2 ), mulching 5 cm long wheat straw in summer (T 3 ), mulching whole wheat straw in summer (T 4 ), mulching plastic film in summer plus wheat straw (T 5 ), mulching used plastic film after harvest (T 6 ), and unmulching (CK). In T 6 , the soil moisture in different layers at different crop growth stages was all higher than that in CK. In the other five mulching treatments, the soil moisture in 0-90 cm layer before flowering stage was obviously higher, but that in 0-90 cm layer after flowering stage and in 90-200 cm layer during the whole growth season was lower than that of CK. The soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer in T 6  during the whole growth period was significantly higher than that in CK, with a difference of 0.9%, but the soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer in other mulching treatments was lower. As compared with plastic film mulching, straw mulching increased the soil moisture in 0-200 cm layer. The soil moisture under mulching with used plastic film after harvest was higher than that under mulching with new plastic film. As compared to CK, the grain yield of winter wheat with plastic film mulching was increased by 20.3%-29.0%, and that with straw mulching was increased by 5.0%-16.7%. There was a significant positive correlation between the crop productivity and the soil water consumption during the growth period ( r =0.77 * ).

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,研究了不同覆盖方式(夏季覆膜,T 1 ;秋季覆膜,T 2 ;小麦碎秆覆盖,T 3 ;小麦整秆覆盖,T 4 ;夏季覆膜+麦秆还田,T 5 ;旧膜二茬利用,T 6 ;无覆盖对照，CK)对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响.结果表明: T 6 在各时期、各土层土壤含水量普遍高于CK,其他5个覆盖处理可明显改善开花前0～90 cm土壤墒情,但开花后0～90 cm土层以及全生育期90～200 cm土层含水量普遍低于CK.全生育期0～200 cm土层平均含水量T 6 显著高于CK,两者差值为0.9%,其余处理均低于CK.0～200 cm土层平均含水量秸秆覆盖处理高于覆膜处理,旧膜二茬利用高于新覆膜.覆膜处理单位面积籽粒产量较CK提高20.3%～29.0%,秸秆覆盖处理较CK提高5.0%～16.7%,冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关( r =0.77 * ).

2007

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2015

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... 膜侧施肥与垄覆沟播相比提高了下季播前土壤贮水量, 主要是因为其收获期的生物量大、休闲季还田覆盖的秸秆量高, 有利于减少蒸发、蓄水保墒^[36] ...

2003

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廖允成, 温晓霞, 韩思明, 贾志宽. 黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 548-552

Liao Y

, Wen X

, Han S

, Jia Z

Effect of mulching of water conservation for dryland winter wheat in the loess tableland .

Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 548-552 (in Chinese with English abstract)

针对黄土台原自然降水特点及农业生产实际情况 ,在已有研究基础上 ,以具有显著保水性能的地膜覆盖技术为中心 ,设计出旱地小麦自然降水高效利用新模式。研究表明 ,夏闲期采用地膜秸秆两元覆盖技术 ,可以把占小麦生产全年度 5 0 %的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中 ,较传统耕法多蓄水 10 8.4mm ,蓄水率达73.2 % ;在此基础上 ,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术 ,既可把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住 ,又可把小麦生育期的降水最大限度地蓄住 ,从而使旱地小麦的水分条件明显改善 ,增产效果显著 ,是黄土台原旱地小麦自然降水高效利用 ,实现高产、稳产的最佳模式选择。