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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 1830-1846.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51088

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

一次灌溉下耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量和品质的影响

胡川1(), 赵凯男2, 黄修利1, 吴金芝1, 任开明1, 王贺正1, 付国占1, 黄明1,*(), 李友军1,*()   

  1. 1 河南科技大学农学院, 河南洛阳 471023
    2 山东省农业科学院作物研究所, 山东济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16 接受日期:2026-02-27 出版日期:2026-06-12 网络出版日期:2026-03-09
  • 通讯作者: * 黄明, E-mail: huangming_2003@126.com;李友军, E-mail: lyj@haust.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:胡川, huchuan23@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900700);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300800);河南省科技攻关项目(252102111080);河南省科技攻关项目(232102111009)

Effects of tillage methods and nitrogen rates on yield and quality of dryland wheat under one-off irrigation

Hu Chuan1(), Zhao Kai-Nan2, Huang Xiu-Li1, Wu Jin-Zhi1, Ren Kai-Ming1, Wang He-Zheng1, Fu Guo-Zhan1, Huang Ming1,*(), Li You-Jun1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
    2 Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2025-10-16 Accepted:2026-02-27 Published:2026-06-12 Published online:2026-03-09
  • Contact: * Huang Ming, E-mail: huangming_2003@126.com;Li You-Jun, E-mail: lyj@haust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1900700);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300800);Science and Technology Research Project of Henan(252102111080);Science and Technology Research Project of Henan(232102111009)

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摘要：

随着高标准农田建设项目的推进, 许多旱地麦田可以实现在生育期进行一次灌溉。为了研究一次灌溉下耕作方式和氮肥用量对旱地小麦产量和品质的影响, 于2020—2022年在河南省洛阳市孟津区小浪底镇、伊川县鸦岭镇和洛宁县小界乡设置了一次灌溉生产条件下的二因素裂区试验。试验以耕作方式为主处理, 分别为旋耕(RT)、深松+旋耕(SS)和翻耕+旋耕(PT); 氮肥用量为副处理, 分别为0 (N0)、120 (N120)、180 (N180)和240 kg hm-2 (N240), 测定了小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质及其组分含量、锌含量和主要加工品质指标。结果表明, 耕作方式和氮肥用量可显著影响小麦产量和品质, 且二者互作可显著影响产量、蛋白质产量以及除清蛋白外的蛋白质组分含量。与PT和RT相比, SS使小麦产量显著增加6.9%和12.6%, 蛋白质产量显著增加7.7%和14.5%。除2020—2021年度鸦岭点清蛋白、小界点球蛋白以及2021—2022年度鸦岭点粗蛋白、球蛋白和小界点醇溶蛋白外, 小麦蛋白质含量及其组分含量、加工品质以及籽粒锌含量均表现为显著上升, 其中, 清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量平均分别增加21.9%、19.0%、12.5%、8.0%和22.0%、19.6%、19.7%、15.0%, 面团形成时间、稳定时间、湿面筋含量、沉降值、延伸性和最大阻力平均分别增加18.6%、28.4%、8.2%、26.4%、10.1%、14.0%和19.5%、32.8%、9.1%、27.8%、10.3%、22.6%, 锌含量平均分别增加12.6%和23.2%。随着氮肥用量的增加, 3种耕作方式下的小麦产量和蛋白质产量、蛋白质组分含量、加工品质和籽粒锌含量均表现为先增加后稳定的趋势, N180和N240无显著差异, 二者多显著高于N120。除小浪底点的产量和2021—2022年度醇溶蛋白外, SSN180的小麦产量、品质、经济效益和产投比与SSN240相比均无显著差异, 但多显著高于其他处理。因此, 一次灌溉下深松+旋耕配施180 kg hm-2氮肥的组合能在提高产量的同时兼顾品质和效益, 适宜在旱作区满足一次灌溉条件的旱地小麦生产中推广应用。

关键词: 耕作方式, 氮肥用量, 旱地, 小麦, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

As China’s High-Standard Farmland Construction Program advances, many dryland wheat fields can now receive a one-off irrigation during the growing season (hereafter, one-off irrigation). To evaluate the effects of tillage practices and nitrogen (N) rates on wheat yield and quality under one-off irrigation, we conducted a two-factor split-plot experiment from 2020 to 2022 at three sites in Luoyang, Henan province (Xiaolangdi town, Mengjin county; Yaling town, Yichuan county; and Xiaojie town, Luoning county). Tillage practice was the main-plot factor—rotary tillage (RT), subsoiling (SS), and plough tillage (PT)—and N rate was the subplot factor at 0 (N0), 120 (N120), 180 (N180), and 240 (N240) kg hm-2. We measured grain yield, protein content and protein fractions, grain Zn content, and key processing-quality traits. Tillage practice and N rate significantly affected wheat yield and quality; their interaction significantly influenced grain yield, protein yield, and the contents of all protein components except albumin. Compared with PT and RT, SS increased grain yield by 6.9% and 12.6%, respectively, and increased protein yield by 7.7% and 14.5%, while generally improving protein content, most protein fractions, processing quality, and grain Zn content (with a few site-year exceptions). Relative to PT, SS increased albumin, globulin, gliadin, and glutenin contents as well as dough development time, stability time, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, extensibility, maximum resistance, and grain Zn content by 21.9%, 19.0%, 12.5%, 8.0%, 18.6%, 28.4%, 8.2%, 26.4%, 10.1%, 14.0%, and 12.6%, respectively; compared with RT, the corresponding increases were 22.0%, 19.6%, 19.7%, 15.0%, 19.5%, 32.8%, 9.1%, 27.8%, 10.3%, 22.6%, and 23.2%, respectively. Across all tillage practices, increasing N rate led to an initial increase followed by a plateau in yield, protein yield, protein fractions, processing-quality traits, and grain Zn content. In most cases, N180 and N240 did not differ significantly, and both outperformed N120. Except for grain yield at the Xiaolangdi site and gliadin content in 2021-2022, SSN180 achieved similar yield, quality, economic returns, and input-output ratio to SSN240, while outperforming the other treatments in most comparisons. Overall, subsoiling combined with 180 kg hm-2 N is recommended for dryland regions where one-off irrigation is available, as it can simultaneously improve wheat yield, quality, and economic benefits.

Key words: tillage methods, nitrogen rates, dryland, wheat, yield, quality

表1

试验起始时0-20 cm土层土壤基本理化特性"

试验地点
Experimental site		 有机质含量
Organic matter content
(g kg-1)		 全氮含量
Total N
content
(mg kg-1)		 硝态氮含量
Nitrate N content
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷含量
Available P content
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾含量
Available K
content
(mg kg-1)		 pH 土壤容重
Soil bulk density
(g cm-3)		 田间持水量
Field
capacity
(%)
小浪底Xiaolangdi 14.7 1.11 19.36 9.0 139.6 7.57 1.35 27.4
鸦岭Yaling 12.4 1.08 8.46 12.7 177.1 7.97 1.40 26.0
小界Xiaojie 13.2 0.83 6.63 5.9 91.5 7.98 1.26 25.3

图1

试验地2020年6月至2022年5月的逐月降水量和平均温度"

表2

不同试验点小麦产量和蛋白质产量的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of
variance		 产量Yield 蛋白质产量Protein yield
小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie		 3点均值
3-sites average		 小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie		 3点均值
3-sites average
Y 232.8** 276.4** 3747.9** 0 130.1** 120.1** 5591.0** 1.9
T 40.8** 512.0** 172.9** 55.0** 174.0** 515.8** 25.0** 160.8**
N 750.0** 292.7** 1380.8** 277.3** 640.7** 240.6** 813.8** 3821.8**
Y×T 1.4 16.7** 20.2** 1.6 0.5 8.8** 2.3 4.1
Y×N 33.9** 3.4* 21.1** 2.3 15.1** 0.2 13.5** 36.3**
T×N 2.5* 2.9* 7.9** 1.0 17.7** 1.8 4.2** 17.4**
Y×T×N 1.7* 1.8 11.7** 0.4 0.6 0.5 2.2 0.9

图2

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦产量和蛋白质产量的影响 RT、SS和PT分别指旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕+旋耕。N0、N120、N180和N240分别指氮肥用量为0、120、180和240 kg hm-2。误差线表示标准差。不同小写字母表示同一年份同一地点不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

附表1

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦籽粒粗蛋白及蛋白质组分含量的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variance		 粗蛋白含量Crude protein (%) 清蛋白含量Albumin (%) 球蛋白含量Globulin (%)
小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie		 小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie		 小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie
Y 326.26** 44.48* 0.28 31.97* 393.92* 2.29 0.14 24.29* 23.54*
T 22.55** 1.61 0.13 18.40** 39.92** 1.04 22.64** 9.22** 9.89*
N 214.23** 60.85** 130.42** 20.33** 6.09** 24.68** 48.97** 7.11** 23.74**
Y×T 3.51 22.35** 0.02 0.48 14.42** 0.27 4.64* 0.77 2.09**
Y×N 4.22* 2.37 15.25** 0.50 0.22 0.20 1.22 0.86 2.11
T×N 13.67** 1.31 0.62 1.66 1.27 1.08 4.61** 1.78 3.16*
Y×T×N 1.54 1.19 0.70 1.74 0.40 0.33 1.99 0.78 0.30
变异来源
Source of variance		 醇溶蛋白含量Gliadin (%) 谷蛋白含量Glutenin (%)
小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie		 小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie
Y 62.92* 31.36* 10.81 0.38 25.07* 50.26*
T 14.61** 103.06** 90.09** 27.64** 22.85** 11.71**
N 15.80** 43.66** 49.43** 50.79** 76.31** 14.24**
Y×T 0.06 0.60 5.56 4.06 0.61 0.23
Y×N 1.01 2.46 0.93 0.45 1.98 0.90
T×N 2.69* 3.65** 3.52** 5.43** 4.96** 0.34
Y×T×N 0.45 1.14 0.17 1.04 1.84 0.56

图3

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦籽粒粗蛋白含量及蛋白质组分含量的影响 处理同图2。方框的上、下分别为第三四分位数和第一四分位数, 框内的线为中位数, 框高为四分位距, 框上方不同的小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

附表2

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦籽粒加工品质的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of
variance		 形成时间Development time (min) 稳定时间Stability time (min) 湿面筋含量Wet gluten content (%)
小浪底Xiaolangdi 鸦岭Yaling 小界Xiaojie 小浪底Xiaolangdi 鸦岭Yaling 小界Xiaojie 小浪底Xiaolangdi 鸦岭Yaling 小界Xiaojie
Y 20.39* 1280.8** 94.31* 459.85** 3002.07** 26.75* 130.6** 1178.35** 34.21*
T 22.58** 118.53** 2.52 122.25** 14.76** 93.89** 22.82** 25.42** 1.03
N 27.90** 64.80** 289.86** 92.97** 22.59** 51.01** 169.95** 43.11** 98.96**
Y×T 0.20 18.06** 1.21 14.87** 0.00 3.04 1.53 4.19 0.15
Y×N 1.00 1.77 1.03 3.34* 4.21* 6.87** 3.93* 0.23 0.25
T×N 1.51 2.14 4.39** 6.24** 0.65 2.28 6.00** 1.54 1.85
Y×T×N 0.25 2.31 3.59** 1.26 0.32 0.68 0.91 1.59 1.12
Y 135.27** 646.95** 75.06* 1660.10** 1578.18** 102.94** 692.61** 15.37 168.59**
T 30.59** 24.49** 9.72** 440.44** 47.63** 6.80* 12.98** 56.51** 23.03**
N 183.39** 49.76** 76.33** 104.22** 27.09** 77.62** 19.60** 15.59** 13.70**
Y×T 0.01 6.20* 0.32 4.94* 4.26 1.23 0.11 0.81 3.00
Y×N 0.14 8.90** 2.06 5.15** 0.74 10.80** 0.18 0.34 2.05
T×N 2.08 1.32 1.42 0.63 1.33 1.99 0.15 0.31 2.48*
Y×T×N 5.04** 1.47 0.44 3.57** 3.61** 1.53 0.06 0.25 1.25

图4

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦籽粒加工品质的影响 处理同图2。方框的上、下分别为第三四分位数和第一四分位数, 框内的线为中位数, 框高为四分位距, 框上方不同的小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表3

不同试验点小麦籽粒锌含量的方差分析"

变异来源
Source of variance		 小浪底
Xiaolangdi		 鸦岭
Yaling		 小界
Xiaojie		 3点均值
3-site
average
Y 175.74** 282.75** 18.47 11.39**
T 15.17** 7.24* 10.23** 25.76**
N 50.75** 16.05** 14.21** 60.93**
Y×T 4.41 1.59 0.34 0.78
Y×N 16.81** 0.79 0.19 3.78*
T×N 2.00 0.91 0.66 1.86
Y×T×N 0.88 0.26 0.31 0.31

图5

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦籽粒锌含量的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一年份同一地点不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准差。"

图6

一次灌溉下旱地小麦产量、蛋白质含量、加工品质指标和锌含量间的相关性 Yield、AL、Glo、Gli、Glu、TO、DT、ST、WG、SV、EX、MR和Zn分别表示产量、清蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、粗蛋白含量、形成时间、稳定时间、湿面筋含量、沉降值、延展性、最大阻力和锌含量。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01概率水平相关性显著。"

表4

一次灌溉下不同处理对旱地小麦经济效益的影响"

年度
Year		 处理
Treatment		 小浪底Xiaolangdi 鸦岭Yaling 小界Xiaojie
经济效益
Economic
benefits
(Yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Input-output ratio		 经济效益
Economic
benefits
(Yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Input-output ratio		 经济效益
Economic
benefits
(Yuan hm-2)		 产投比
Input-output ratio
2020-2021 RTN0 11,971 f 3.27 g 10,567 e 3.01 g 5491 g 2.04 f
RTN120 14,315 d 3.49 cd 11,932 d 3.08 efg 10,027 f 2.75 d
RTN180 15,334 bc 3.57 bc 14,034 bc 3.35 c 12,275 d 3.06 c
RTN240 15,692 b 3.53 bc 13,562 c 3.18 de 10,882 e 2.75 d
SSN0 13,158 e 3.50 cd 12,500 d 3.37 c 6354 g 2.21 e
SSN120 15,023 c 3.62 b 15,853 a 3.76 a 12,042 d 3.10 c
SSN180 16,532 a 3.77 a 16,324 a 3.73 ab 16,225 ab 3.72 a
SSN240 16,858 a 3.72 a 16,299 a 3.63 b 16,524 a 3.66 a
PTN0 12,089 f 3.13 h 10,457 e 2.84 h 5578 g 1.98 f
PTN120 14,216 d 3.31 fg 12,599 d 3.05 fg 11,562 de 2.88 d
PTN180 15,449 bc 3.42 de 14,113 bc 3.21 d 15,357 c 3.40 b
PTN240 15,688 c 3.37 ef 14,336 b 3.17 def 15,519 bc 3.34 b
2021-2022 RTN0 8840 c 2.68 c 9476 e 2.80 de 8476 g 2.61 f
RTN120 13,465 b 3.35 a 11,332 c 2.97 bc 15,179 e 3.65 bcd
RTN180 14,141 b 3.37 a 11,722 c 2.96 bc 16,930 abc 3.83 a
RTN240 13,470 b 3.17 b 11,671 c 2.88 cd 16,184 cd 3.61 bcd
SSN0 9294 c 2.61 c 12,073 c 3.10 b 10,066 f 2.75 e
SSN120 14,019 b 3.25 ab 14,059 b 3.26 a 16,917 abc 3.72 abc
SSN180 15,082 a 3.33 a 14,858 a 3.30 a 17,641 a 3.73 ab
SSN240 15,686 a 3.34 a 14,987 a 3.24 a 17,680 a 3.64 bcd
PTN0 9110 c 2.60 c 8975 e 2.58 f 9729 f 2.71 ef
PTN120 13,387 b 3.18 b 10,437 d 2.70 ef 15,768 de 3.56 d
PTN180 13,955 b 3.19 b 12,106 c 2.90 cd 16,631 bc 3.60 bcd
PTN240 14,043 b 3.12 b 12,223 c 2.85 cd 17,104 ab 3.58 cd
方差分析
ANOVA		 年度Year (Y) 281.3** 406.5** 344.4** 437.6** 3403.5** 2193.4**
耕作方式Tillage (T) 32.5** 51.6** 485.3** 476.8** 133.7** 72.7**
氮肥用量Nitrogen (N) 432.9** 153.1** 220.9** 51.5** 1527.7** 1054.8**
Y×T 0.1 14.5** 5.9* 9.3** 25.4** 55.2**
Y×N 27.5** 32.7** 4.1* 2.5 28.2** 36.0**
T×N 2.9* 2.3 2.6* 2.8* 7.0** 4.9**
Y×T×N 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 10.4** 10.2**
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