测墒补灌下小麦分蘖发生和成穗对施氮量的响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51093

作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 1847-1858.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51093

测墒补灌下小麦分蘖发生和成穗对施氮量的响应

高沛阳¹(), 李瑾璇¹, 董宇奎², 石玉¹, 张振¹, 张永丽^1,*()

¹ 小麦育种全国重点实验室 / 农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安 271018
² 兰陵县农业技术推广中心, 山东临沂 277700

收稿日期:2025-11-20 接受日期:2026-02-27 出版日期:2026-06-12 网络出版日期:2026-03-11
通讯作者: * 张永丽, E-mail: zhangyl@sdau.edu.cn
作者简介:高沛阳, E-mail: 2502599289@qq.com
基金资助:
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023MC131)

Response of wheat tillering and spike formation to nitrogen rate under supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture content

Gao Pei-Yang¹(), Li Jin-Xuan¹, Dong Yu-Kui², Shi Yu¹, Zhang Zhen¹, Zhang Yong-Li^1,*()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Tillage, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
² Lanling County Agricultural Technology Extension Centre, Linyi 277700, Shandong, China

Received:2025-11-20 Accepted:2026-02-27 Published:2026-06-12 Published online:2026-03-11
Contact: * Zhang Yong-Li, E-mail: zhangyl@sdau.edu.cn
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023MC131)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确测墒补灌节水条件下施氮量对小麦分蘖发生和成穗调控的生理机制, 于2020—2022年, 在测墒补灌条件下研究0、130、180和230 kg hm^-2四个氮肥施用量对济麦22分蘖发生期间分蘖节横截面积、主茎光合生产能力、分蘖成穗期间¹³C同化物在各茎蘖分配的调控效应, 分析氮肥施用量与分蘖发生和成穗的关系。结果表明, 相比于不施氮和施氮量为130 kg hm^-2, 施氮量为180 kg hm^-2显著提高了小麦分蘖节横截面积和反式玉米素(tZ)含量、降低了生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量, 提高了越冬期和返青期主茎顶部展开叶光合能力, 越冬期群体总茎蘖数两试验年度平均值比不施氮和施氮量为130 kg hm^-2分别提高了35.1%和14.3%; 拔节期群体总茎蘖数两试验年度平均值比不施氮和施氮量为130 kg hm^-2分别提高了80.6%和22.2%。当施氮量为180 kg hm^-2时, ¹³C同化物在I、II和III蘖的分配量显著高于不施氮处理, 籽粒产量两试验年度平均值与不施氮和施氮量为130 kg hm^-2相比分别提高47.9%和19.2%。当施氮量提高到230 kg hm^-2时, 上述各指标与施氮量为180 kg hm^-2无显著差异, 但氮肥偏生产力显著降低。相关性分析表明, 小麦分蘖节横截面积、反式玉米素含量和顶部展开叶净光合速率与群体总茎蘖数和群体穗数均呈极显著正相关, ¹³C同化物在各茎蘖的分配量与群体穗数呈极显著正相关。因此, 增加分蘖节横截面积和反式玉米素含量、提高叶片光合能力和¹³C同化物在各茎蘖的分配量是提高穗数和籽粒产量的重要生理基础。综上, 在本试验测墒补灌节水条件下, 施氮量为180 kg hm^-2提高了小麦分蘖节横截面积、反式玉米素含量和主茎顶部展开叶光合能力, 促进了光合同化物在I、II和III蘖的分配, 从而获得了较高的穗数和籽粒产量, 因此, 180 kg hm^-2是本试验条件下高产高效的适宜施氮量。

关键词: 小麦, 测墒补灌, 施氮量, 分蘖发生, 分蘖成穗

Abstract:

To elucidate the physiological mechanisms by which nitrogen rate regulates wheat tillering and spike formation under water-saving irrigation with supplemental irrigation guided by soil moisture measurements, we evaluated four nitrogen rates (0, 130, 180, and 230 kg hm^-2) in wheat cultivar Jimai 22 from 2020 to 2022. We assessed the cross-sectional area of the tillering node, the photosynthetic capacity of the uppermost fully expanded leaves on the main stem, and ¹³C-assimilate partitioning among stems and tillers during tillering and spike formation. Compared with 0 and 130 kg hm^-2, 180 kg hm^-2 significantly increased tillering-node cross-sectional area and trans-zeatin (tZ) content, decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents, and enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of the uppermost fully expanded leaves at the overwintering and regreening stages. Total tillers per population at overwintering increased by 35.1% and 14.3% under 180 kg hm^-2 relative to 0 and 130 kg hm^-2, respectively; at jointing, the corresponding increases were 80.6% and 22%. The allocation of ¹³Cassimilates to tillers I, II, and III under 180 kg hm^-2 was significantly higher than under 0 kg hm^-2, and the mean grain yield across the two years was 47.9% and 19.2% higher than that under 0 and 130 kg hm^-2, respectively. Increasing the nitrogen rate to 230 kg hm^-2 did not further improve these traits compared with 180 kg hm^-2, but significantly reduced nitrogen partial factor productivity. Correlation analysis showed that tillering-node cross-sectional area, trans-zeatin content, and net photosynthetic rate of the uppermost fully expanded leaves were significantly and positively correlated with total tillers per population and spike number, and that ¹³C-assimilate allocation to tillers was significantly and positively correlated with spike number. These results indicate that increasing tillering-node cross-sectional area and trans-zeatin content, enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity, and promoting assimilate allocation to tillers provide key physiological bases for improving spike number and grain yield. Overall, under the soil-moisture-guided water-saving irrigation regime used here, 180 kg hm^-2 was the optimal nitrogen rate for achieving high yield and high nitrogen-use efficiency.

Key words: wheat, supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture measurement, nitrogen fertilizer rate, tillering occurrence, tiller into spikes

高沛阳, 李瑾璇, 董宇奎, 石玉, 张振, 张永丽. 测墒补灌下小麦分蘖发生和成穗对施氮量的响应[J]. 作物学报, 2026, 52(6): 1847-1858.

Gao Pei-Yang, Li Jin-Xuan, Dong Yu-Kui, Shi Yu, Zhang Zhen, Zhang Yong-Li. Response of wheat tillering and spike formation to nitrogen rate under supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture content[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2026, 52(6): 1847-1858.

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链接本文: https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51093

https://zwxb.chinacrops.org/CN/Y2026/V52/I6/1847

图/表 10

图1

表1

不同处理下各蘖位分蘖发生数和群体总茎蘖数"

年份和地点Year and location	生育时期Growth stage	处理Treatment	各蘖位分蘖数 Number of tillers per tiller position (×10⁴ hm⁻²)							群体总茎蘖数Population total stem number(×10⁴ hm⁻²)
			O	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅰ-p	Ⅳ	其余分蘖Other tillers
			2020-2021南仇村 2020-2021 Nanqiu village	越冬期 Wintering	N0	180 a	180 a	163.8±16.0 a	81.0±6.7 c		66.6±2.0 c	-	-	671.4±10.3 c
					N130	180 a	180 a	167.4±10.7 a	102.6±4.7 b		75.6±2.6 b	-	-	705.6±16.1 b
N180	180 a	180 a			167.4±10.3 a	136.8±3.0 a	127.8±2.4 a	-	-	792.0±13.2 a
N230	180 a	180 a			171.0±8.5 a	140.4±4.0 a	129.6±2.3 a	-	-	801.0±7.6 a
拔节期 Jointing	N0	180 a		180 a	180.0±0 a	145.8±8.3 b	122.4±4.6 c	75.6±3.2 c	183.6±5.2 c	1067.4±15.4 c
	N130	180 a		180 a	180.0±0 a	172.8±2.1 a	145.8±5.7 b	120.6±4.4 b	469.8±6.0 b	1449.0±6.9 b
	N180	180 a		180 a	180.0±0 a	180.0±0 a	171.0±4.2 a	163.8±5.8 a	552.6±7.0 a	1607.4±16.9 a
	N230	180 a		180 a	180.0±0 a	180.0±0 a	176.4±4.4 a	165.6±3.3 a	561.6±5.8 a	1623.6±4.5 a
2021-2022实验农场 2021-2022 Experimental farm	越冬期 Wintering	N0	300 a	201.0±7.2 b	153.0±3.3 c	63.0±3.3 c	-	-	-	717.0±5.7 c
		N130	300 a	213.0±13.4 b	159.0±10.7 b	120.0±6.3 b	21.0±9.0 b	-	-	903.0±17 b
		N180	300 a	246.0±8.1 a	207.0±6.0 a	159.0±2.6 a	111.0±5.4 a	-	-	1023.0±8.1 a
		N230	300 a	252.0±8.5 a	210.0±6.2 a	165.0±10.1 a	111.0±1.9 a	-	-	1038.0±8.8 a
	拔节期 Jointing	N0	300 a	222.0±3.7 c	192.0±4.5 c	153.0±5.7 c	84.0±5.0 c	6.0±1.5 c	81.0±2.6 c	1038.0±9.0 c
		N130	300 a	255.0±3.5 b	240.0±10.0 b	222.0±6.3 b	189.0±6.9 b	123.0±2.6 b	261.0±6.3 b	1590.0±9.3 b
		N180	300 a	273.0±5.0 a	255.0±1.7 a	243.0±8.7 a	213.0±3.2 a	156.0±7.8 a	576.0±7.5 a	2016.0±14.0 a
		N230	300 a	273.0±6.3 a	258.0±8.9 a	246.0±11.1 a	216.0±17.4 a	159.0±8.4 a	579.0±13.4 a	2031.0±14.0 a
2021-2022南仇村 2021-2022 Nanqiu village	越冬期 Wintering	N0	300 a	183.0±1.8 c	141.0±6.0 c	570.0±5.9 c	-	-	-	681.0±2.1 c
		N130	300 a	207.0±7.5 b	168.0±5.5 b	93.0±3.9 b	69.0±1.9 b	-	-	837.0±9.5 b
		N180	300 a	237.0±1.7 a	192.0±4.1 a	147.0±3.3 a	105.0±8.8 a	-	-	981.0±10.0 a
		N230	300 a	240.0±10.5 a	201.0±4.2 a	150.0±6.2 a	105.0±1.9 a	-	-	999.0±13.3 a
	拔节期 Jointing	N0	300 a	216.0±4.5 c	180.0±6.3 c	141.0±9.6 c	78.0±3.3 c	6.0±1.5 c	69.0±2.6 c	990.0±4.1 c
		N130	300 a	252.0±6.6 b	234.0±6.0 b	186.0±11.7 b	183.0±8.6 b	123.0±6.5 b	258.0±12.6 b	1536.0±3.4 b
		N180	300 a	273.0±7.7 a	249.0±4.9 a	234.0±9.6 a	216.0±10.4 a	153.0±14.3 a	543.0±8.7 a	1968.0±9.8 a
		N230	300 a	273.0±8.6 a	246.0±3.8 a	237.0±13.8 a	213.0±6.9 a	156.0±9.5 a	546.0±7.9 a	1971.0±10.8 a

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

表3

图6

表4

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处理 Treatment	单株不同茎蘖干物质重 Dry matter accumulation of different stems and tillers (kg hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	O		I		II			III		其余分蘖Other tillers
标记后7 d 7 days after marking
N0	4338±71 b		3042±29 b		2754±53 b			1494±49 b		1638±24 a
N180	5148±41 a		3546±20 a		3384±39 a			1854±86 a		1026±42 b
成熟期籽粒 Maturity grain
N0	3132±33 b		2556±56 b		2052±25 b			—		—
N180	3744±74 a		3384±48 a		2862±62 a			1818±61 a		—
成熟期营养器官 Maturity nutritive organ
N0	3726±51 b		3096±65 b		2574±89 b			—		—
N180	4572±45 a		3942±68 a		3276±72 a			2286±22 a		—
处理 Treatment	¹³C同化物在各茎蘖分配量 Distribution of ¹³C assimilate in different stems and tiller (g hm^-2)								¹³C同化物积累量Accumulation of ¹³C assimilates (g hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	O	I		II		III	其余分蘖Other tillers		¹³C同化物积累量Accumulation of ¹³C assimilates (g hm^-2)
标记后7 d 7 days after marking
N0	1494±62 b	1386±26 b		918±53 b		414±29 b	792±38 a		5004±62 b
N180	2142±82 a	1512±31 a		1224±44 a		630±40 a	396±83 b		5904±38 a
成熟期籽粒 Maturity grain
N0	1314±26 b	990±39 b		900±44 b		—	—		3204±26 b
N180	1746±69 a	1332±53 a		1134±27 a		558±36 a	—		4770±61 a
成熟期营养器官 Maturity nutritive organ
N0	324±26 b	216±30 b		144±18 b		—	—		684±69 b
N180	360±53 a	252±49 a		162±40 a		72±21 a	—		846±55 a

年份和地点 Year and location	处理Treatment	不同茎蘖成穗数 Spike number of different stems and tillers (×10⁴ hm^-2)				群体穗数 Population spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)
年份和地点 Year and location	处理Treatment	O	I	II	III	群体穗数 Population spike number (×10⁴ hm^-2)
2020-2021南仇村 2020-2021 Nanqiu village	N0	180±0.0 a	167.4±9.0 b	131.4±7.2 c	—	478.8±16.1 c
	N130	180±0.0 a	176.4±2.7 a	154.8±6.0 b	129.6±3.4 b	631.8±12.1 b
	N180	180±0.0 a	180.0±0.0 a	180.0±0.0 a	147.6±6.5 a	687.6±6.5 a
	N230	180±0.0 a	180.0±0.0 a	180.0±0.0 a	145.8±9.2 a	685.8±9.2 a
2021-2022实验农场 2021-2022 Experimental farm	N0	300±0.0 a	126.0±8.1 c	99.0±4.6 c	—	525.0±12.6 c
	N130	300±0.0 a	153.0±5.9 b	111.0±4.7 b	12.0±2.3 b	573.0±12.8 b
	N180	300±0.0 a	231.0±7.4 a	129.0±1.9 a	21.0±2.7 a	684.0±11.9 a
	N230	300±0.0 a	228.0±10.7 a	126.0±6.2 a	21.0±3.5 a	678.0±4.4 a
2021-2022南仇村 2021-2022 Nanqiu village	N0	300±0.0 a	120.0±7.7 c	93.0±4.4 c	—	513.0±12.0 c
	N130	300±0.0 a	153.0±3.6 b	105.0±1.8 b	9.0±1.5 b	567.0±4.5 b
	N180	300±0.0 a	204.0±10.1 a	123.0±6.0 a	27.0±2.3 a	654.0±6.9 a
	N230	300±0.0 a	198.0±2.3 a	120.0±4.5 a	27.0±2.9 a	645.0±4.8 a

指标 Index	分蘖节横截面积 Tiller node area	tZ	IAA	ABA	P_n	¹³C同化物分配量 ¹³C assimilate distribution amount
群体总茎蘖数Number of tillers	0.959^**	0.955^**	-0.947^**	-0.880^**	0.838^**	—
群体穗数Spike number	0.923^**	0.916^**	-0.961^**	-0.849^**	0.867^**	0.996^**
籽粒产量Grain yield	0.977^**	0.988^**	-0.927^**	-0.937^**	0.961^**	0.998^**
水分利用效率Water use efficiency	0.951^**	0.964^**	-0.958^**	-0.953^**	0.960^**	0.998^**

测墒补灌下小麦分蘖发生和成穗对施氮量的响应

Response of wheat tillering and spike formation to nitrogen rate under supplementary irrigation based on soil moisture content

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