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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (3): 866-880.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.52013

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻产量形成与氮素利用的影响

刘宁1(), 樊平1,2, 王成1, 陈琪琪1, 成庆悦1, 铁夏娜1, 汤菁莎1, 刘彬彬1, 谢鸿堃1, 王嘉悦1, 施园青1, 马均1,*()   

  1. 1四川农业大学水稻研究所 / 作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室, 四川成都 611130
    2乐山市农业科学研究院, 四川乐山 614001
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-03-12 网络出版日期:2025-12-11
  • 通讯作者: *马均, E-mail: majunp2002@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15520567967@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301701);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0301706);四川省育种攻关专项(2016NYZ0051);四川省教育厅重点项目(18ZA0390)

Effects of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer on yield formation and nitrogen utilization in mechanically transplanted rice

Liu Ning1(), Fan Ping1,2, Wang Cheng1, Chen Qi-Qi1, Cheng Qing-Yue1, Tie Xia-Na1, Tang Jing-Sha1, Liu Bin-Bin1, Xie Hong-Kun1, Wang Jia-Yue1, Shi Yuan-Qing1, Ma Jun1,*()   

  1. 1Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University / Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614001, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2025-04-25 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-03-12 Published online:2025-12-11
  • Contact: *马均, E-mail: majunp2002@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFD0301701);National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFD0301706);Sichuan Provincial Breeding Research Project(2016NYZ0051);Sichuan Provincial Department of Education Key Project(18ZA0390)

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摘要：

为探究减氮配施有机肥对机插杂交稻产量形成及其相关特性的影响, 本研究以籼型杂交稻F优498为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 主区设不施有机肥(Mo)和施有机肥(Mc, 有机肥1500 kg hm-2) 2种施肥方式; 副区为减氮处理, 在常规施化学氮肥180 kg hm-2 (N3, CK)的基础上, 设置减氮25% (N2)、减氮50% (N1)和不施氮肥(N0) 4个施氮水平, 通过测定产量、光合特性、干物质积累、氮素转运及利用效率等指标, 明确减氮配施有机肥的协同增效机制。结果显示, 与Mo相比, Mc处理提高了光合叶面积指数和光合势, 叶绿素含量下降速率减缓, 有效延缓叶片衰老, 提高光合能力。适量减氮配施有机肥能够优化群体构成, 有效穗数、穗粒数及千粒重显著提升, 配施有机肥下减氮25% (McN2)处理产量最高, 2年平均较单施化肥(MoN3)增产6.04%。减氮配施有机肥处理下, 成熟期干物质积累量与氮素积累量均表现为N2 > N3 > N1 > N0。同时, 与MoN3相比, McN2的氮素干物质生产效率、氮肥表观利用率、生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力均有所提高。表明, 减氮25%配施有机肥通过协同优化物质积累分配与氮素高效转运, 来提升光合产物向籽粒的定向供应能力, 构建“足源大库”群体, 实现机插稻高产与氮肥高效利用的平衡, 为绿色丰产栽培提供了理论支撑。

关键词: 机插稻, 减氮施肥, 有机无机配施, 产量构成, 干物质分配, 氮素转运

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer on yield formation and related traits of machine-transplanted hybrid rice, this study used the indica hybrid rice F You 498 as the experimental material and employed a two-factor split-plot design. The main plots included two fertilization methods: no organic fertilizer (Mo) and organic fertilizer application (Mc, 1500 kg hm-2). The subplots consisted of nitrogen reduction treatments. Based on a conventional chemical nitrogen application rate of 180 kg hm-2 (N3, used as the control), four nitrogen levels were established: 25% reduction (N2), 50% reduction (N1), and no nitrogen application (N0). Yield, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen transport, and nitrogen use efficiency were measured to clarify the synergistic mechanisms of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer. The results showed that compared with Mo, the Mc treatment increased the photosynthetic leaf area index and photosynthetic potential, slowed chlorophyll degradation, effectively delayed leaf senescence, and enhanced photosynthetic performance. A moderate reduction in nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer optimized population structure, significantly increasing the number of effective panicles, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. The treatment with 25% nitrogen reduction under organic fertilizer application (McN2) achieved the highest yield, with a two-year average increase of 6.04% compared with the treatment using chemical fertilizer alone (MoN3). Under the combined treatment, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at maturity followed the order: N2 > N3 > N1 > N0. Additionally, compared with MoN3, McN2 significantly improved nitrogen dry matter production efficiency, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen. These results suggest that applying organic fertilizer in combination with a 25% nitrogen reduction can enhance the targeted allocation of photosynthates to grains by synergistically optimizing the accumulation and distribution of assimilates and improving nitrogen transport efficiency, thereby establishing a population characterized by a “large source and sufficient sink”. This strategy achieves a balance between high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency in machine-transplanted rice and provides theoretical support for green, high-yield cultivation practices.

Key words: machine-transplanted rice, reduced nitrogen fertilization, organic-inorganic combination, yield composition, dry matter distribution, nitrogen transport

图1

试验区水稻生育期平均气温和降雨量"

表1

土壤基本理化性状"

年份
Year		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K (mg kg-1)		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 pH 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)
2021 2.18 125.30 20.20 141.40 29.80 7.58 1.31
2022 2.24 130.22 25.32 202.25 33.74 7.20 1.23

表2

各处理施肥量"

处理
Treatment		 养分投入量
Nutrient input		 有机肥
Organic
fertilizer		 尿素
Urea		 过磷酸钙
Calcium
superphosphate		 氯化钾
Potassium
chloride
N P2O5 K2O
MoN0 0 75 150 0 0 625.0 250.0
MoN1 90 75 150 0 196 625.0 250.0
MoN2 135 75 150 0 294 625.0 250.0
MoN3 180 75 150 0 392 625.0 250.0
McN0 0 75 150 1500 0 312.5 147.5
McN1 90 75 150 1500 196 312.5 147.5
McN2 135 75 150 1500 294 312.5 147.5
McN3 180 75 150 1500 392 312.5 147.5

表3

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 有效穗数
Effective
panicles (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Spikeletes
per panicle		 结实率
Seed-setting
rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021 MoN0 145.18 h 148.89 f 87.29 a 30.27 e 7082.58 e
MoN1 185.79 f 168.44 e 85.79 ab 30.98 cd 8371.31 d
MoN2 214.99 d 174.98 d 82.77 c 31.15 c 9246.28 c
MoN3 234.12 b 182.67 ab 81.56 c 31.51 b 9504.38 b
平均值 Mean 195.02 168.75 84.35 30.98 8551.14
McN0 153.93 g 166.75 e 85.95 ab 30.79 d 7446.84 e
McN1 201.70 e 176.50 cd 85.41 b 31.18 c 9528.19 b
McN2 224.20 c 180.53 bc 82.11 c 31.79 a 10,063.74 a
McN3 242.06 a 185.61 a 79.39 d 30.41 e 9810.29 ab
平均值Mean 205.48 177.35 83.22 31.04 9212.27
F值
F value		 M 112.42** 276.83** 6.64 1.41 43.75*
N 355.41** 122.95** 51.81** 43.09** 180.76**
M×N 3.11 10.38** 1.02 46.24** 5.12*
2022 MoN0 201.83 f 163.00 f 87.83 a 30.24 e 7960.86 e
MoN1 221.00 d 192.99 e 82.94 b 30.96 cd 9848.46 c
MoN2 242.83 b 216.76 b 81.14 b 31.14 bc 10,567.64 b
MoN3 250.83 a 221.08 a 78.94 c 31.45 ab 11,071.98 a
平均值 Mean 229.13 198.46 82.71 30.95 9862.24
McN0 215.17 e 163.18 f 87.42 a 30.63 d 8373.02 d
McN1 235.67 c 191.54 e 82.20 b 31.59 a 10,528.92 b
McN2 251.72 a 204.36 d 80.98 b 31.61 a 11,195.53 a
McN3 252.67 a 208.67 c 78.65 c 30.72 d 11,161.42 a
平均值Mean 238.80 191.94 82.31 31.14 10,314.72
F值
F value		 M 33.76* 47.30* 1.70 1.58 9.97
N 289.70** 82.17** 63.99** 24.14** 237.96**
M×N 6.20* 20.65** 0.07 13.03** 2.46

表4

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻叶面积和光合势的影响(2022年)"

处理
Treatment		 叶面积指数
LAI		 齐穗期高效
叶面积指数
High effective
LAI at
full heading stage		 齐穗期高效
叶面积率
High effective LAI
rate at
full heading stage (%)		 拔节期-齐穗期光合势
Photosynthetic
potential of jointing-
full heading
(×104 m2 d hm-2)
拔节期
Jointing stage		 齐穗期
Full heading stage
MoN0 1.75 f 3.27 f 2.28 e 67.33 d 95.36 f
MoN1 2.15 e 4.37 d 3.08 d 70.49 c 123.84 d
MoN2 2.29 d 5.25 ab 3.94 ab 69.59 c 143.41 bc
MoN3 2.77 c 5.07 bc 4.13 a 75.58 a 149.12 b
平均值 Mean 2.24 4.49 3.36 68.70 127.93
McN0 1.82 f 3.72 e 2.49 e 66.95 d 105.19 e
McN1 2.36 d 4.82 c 3.22 d 66.97 d 136.32 c
McN2 3.07 b 5.66 a 3.53 c 67.25 d 165.88 a
McN3 3.27 a 5.47 ab 3.74 bc 73.65 b 166.03 a
平均值 Mean 2.63 4.92 3.25 70.75 143.36
F值
F value		 M 124.52** 27.19* 2.52 28.29* 49.15*
N 337.89** 92.81** 123.15** 93.41** 189.86**
M×N 29.41** 0.02 7.11** 3.56 2.05

图2

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻生育后期剑叶SPAD值的影响(2022年) 处理同表2。"

表5

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻光合特性的影响(2022年)"

处理
Treatment		 净光合速率
Pn (μmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs (mol m-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2浓度
Ci (μmol mol-1)		 表观叶肉导度
AMC (mmol m-2 s-1)
齐穗期
FHS		 齐穗后15 d
15 d after FHS		 齐穗期
FHS		 齐穗后15 d
15 d after FHS		 齐穗期
FHS		 齐穗后15 d
15 d after FHS		 齐穗期
FHS		 齐穗后15 d
15 d after FHS
MoN0 19.12 e 15.20 e 0.68 e 0.43 e 314.03 a 313.97 a 60.91 e 48.43 d
MoN1 22.03 cd 16.28 de 0.80 d 0.56 cd 311.24 bc 311.53 b 70.79 cd 52.27 cd
MoN2 22.88 bcd 17.31 bcd 0.85 c 0.67 ab 308.83 d 309.51 cd 75.18 bcd 55.94 bc
MoN3 24.10 ab 18.52 b 0.89 b 0.70 a 309.58 cd 306.86 e 76.79 abc 60.33 b
平均值 Mean 22.04 16.83 0.81 0.59 310.92 310.01 70.92 54.24
McN0 21.35 d 16.22 de 0.77 d 0.50 de 311.90 b 312.96 a 68.44 d 51.84 cd
McN1 23.38 bc 16.57 cde 0.87 bc 0.60 bc 309.95 bcd 310.73 bc 75.45 bcd 53.33 c
McN2 24.30 ab 17.89 bc 0.91 b 0.66 ab 307.83 d 308.22 de 78.95 ab 58.05 b
McN3 25.60 a 19.99 a 0.98 a 0.73 a 307.74 d 304.10 f 83.19 a 65.73 a
平均 Mean 23.66 17.67 0.88 0.62 309.35 309.00 76.51 57.24
F值
F value		 M 124.67** 84.22* 29.98* 0.65 9.63 6.44 157.28** 176.28**
N 20.08** 21.49** 88.29** 34.80** 20.75** 114.52** 19.35** 32.43**
M×N 1.72 5.32* 1.51 0.81 0.30 1.93 0.31 0.89

图3

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻干物质积累的影响 处理同表2。柱上不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

表6

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻干物质转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎鞘干物质转运
Stem sheath dry matter transport		 叶片干物质转运
Leaf dry matter transport
转运量
Transfer amount
(kg hm-2)		 输出率
Output rate
(%)		 贡献率
Contribution rate (%)		 转运量
Transfer amount
(kg hm-2)		 输出率
Output rate (%)		 贡献率Contribution rate
(%)
2021 MoN0 1116.15 cd 30.42 a 25.30 a 302.16 ef 26.45 b 6.84 bc
MoN1 959.49 d 21.94 d 15.13 c 194.00 f 13.05 d 3.06 d
MoN2 1105.54 cd 22.12 cd 15.32 c 700.48 a 33.81 a 9.71 a
MoN3 1231.70 bc 23.67 bcd 15.37 c 418.46 de 19.44 c 5.21 c
平均值 Mean 1103.22 24.54 17.78 403.77 23.19 6.21
McN0 1020.00 cd 26.93 b 22.76 a 470.61 bcd 33.81 a 10.49 a
McN1 1217.99 bc 25.10 bcd 16.10 bc 465.09 cd 23.92 bc 6.14 bc
McN2 1399.40 ab 24.92 bcd 17.50 bc 575.90 bc 26.61 b 7.21 bc
McN3 1474.38 a 25.63 bc 18.69 b 597.67 ab 26.77 b 7.58 b
平均值 Mean 1277.94 25.65 18.76 527.32 27.78 7.86
F值
F value		 M 4.53 21.23 2.43 19.62** 13.4 14.38**
N 18.77** 10.31** 37.85** 24.16** 20.84** 19.37**
M×N 8.37* 4.14* 4.03 9.47** 10.25** 10.48*
2022 MoN0 1452.88 a 31.89 a 28.13 a 325.95 b 21.08 b 6.34 b
MoN1 1166.43 ab 20.97 b 16.97 b 246.84 b 11.83 c 3.65 c
MoN2 1258.11 ab 22.67 b 16.89 b 256.03 b 10.73 c 3.59 c
MoN3 1255.46 ab 23.30 b 17.28 b 131.90 c 5.38 d 1.75 cd
平均值 Mean 1283.22 24.71 19.82 240.18 12.25 3.83
McN0 978.77 bc 20.00 bc 13.90 c 676.48 a 35.44 a 9.60 a
McN1 792.34 c 15.55 c 10.23 d 286.32 b 12.59 c 3.79 c
McN2 500.24 d 9.68 d 5.70 e 354.47 b 14.01 c 3.85 c
McN3 294.26 d 5.72 d 3.56 e 56.04 c 2.27 d 0.65 d
平均值 Mean 641.40 12.74 8.35 343.33 16.08 4.48
F值
F value		 M 37.46* 34.50* 99.12** 3.47 7.03 0.34
N 8.08** 23.66** 78.49** 47.49** 90.75** 33.59**
M×N 4.08* 5.83* 9.93** 13.79** 12.24** 3.65*

图4

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻氮素积累量的影响 处理同表2。柱上不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。"

表7

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻氮素转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 茎鞘氮素转运
Stem sheath N transport		 叶片氮素转运
Leaf N transport
转运量
Transfer
amount
(kg hm-2)		 输出率 Output
rate (%)		 贡献率Contribution rate (%) 转运量
Transfer
amount
(kg hm-2)		 输出率 Output rate (%) 贡献率Contribution
rate (%)
2021 MoN0 13.30 f 62.85 b 33.78 cd 17.51 e 74.31 ab 44.47 cd
MoN1 18.98 e 58.74 bc 32.50 d 24.25 d 65.99 e 41.54 d
MoN2 27.30 c 58.15 c 36.32 cd 42.81 b 74.91 ab 56.97 a
MoN3 32.46 b 59.52 bc 37.55 bc 45.23 ab 68.82 d 52.38 ab
平均值 Mean 23.01 59.81 35.04 32.45 71.01 48.84
McN0 9.35 g 49.44 d 24.45 e 21.07 de 76.46 a 55.11 a
McN1 24.11 d 60.01 bc 32.26 d 36.29 c 72.25 bc 48.55 bc
McN2 39.36 a 67.49 a 43.85 a 48.89 a 76.14 a 54.55 ab
McN3 37.76 a 57.00 c 40.96 ab 48.59 a 71.02 cd 52.66 ab
平均值 Mean 27.65 58.49 35.38 38.71 73.97 52.72
F值
F value		 M 38.388* 1.92* 0.13 45.34** 2.43 2.08
N 220.25** 8.47* 30.77* 203.43** 30.33* 11.06**
M×N 19.27* 24.30** 13.98* 4.73* 3.23* 4.84**
2022 MoN0 8.24 e 34.74 bc 16.18 bc 21.24 d 62.00 b 41.79 ab
MoN1 12.91 cd 33.38 c 16.10 bc 33.22 b 61.73 b 41.28 ab
MoN2 20.04 a 42.39 a 21.89 a 35.62 b 50.75 c 38.97 bc
MoN3 20.93 a 39.49 ab 19.11 ab 38.95 a 50.95 c 35.45 cd
平均值 Mean 15.53 37.50 18.32 32.26 56.36 39.37
McN0 4.41 f 16.74 d 6.80 e 27.18 c 68.81 a 42.23 ab
McN1 11.81 d 30.20 c 12.95 cd 41.17 a 63.27 b 44.95 a
McN2 14.14 c 30.08 c 11.55 d 39.15 a 52.85 c 32.27 d
McN3 16.98 b 31.13 c 13.80 cd 39.65 a 49.87 c 32.00 d
平均值 Mean 11.83 27.04 11.27 36.79 58.70 37.86
F值
F value		 M 2.77 29.55* 27.23* 44.90** 14.93 0.20
N 143.05** 13.26** 10.47** 151.51** 76.76** 31.15**
M×N 4.37* 5.76* 5.17* 7.70** 3.66* 7.40**

表8

减氮配施有机肥对机插稻氮素利用率的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素干物质生产效率
Dry matter production efficiency of N
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥表观利用率
Use efficiency
of N
(%)		 氮肥生理利用率
Physiological
efficiency of N
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥农学利用率
Agronomic
efficiency of N
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
Partial factor
productivity of N
(kg kg-1)
2021
 MoN0 136.23 a — — — —
MoN1 112.37 c 66.11 a 25.46 c 14.32 d 102.25 b
MoN2 103.12 e 62.96 ab 23.58 d 16.03 c 76.54 d
MoN3 91.95 f 57.07 c 21.66 e 13.45 e 61.95 e
平均值 Mean 110.92 62.05 23.56 14.60 80.24
McN0 136.90 a — — — —
McN1 122.86 b 41.22 e 56.10 a 23.13 a 110.71 a
McN2 106.24 d 51.68 d 37.51 b 19.38 b 81.51 c
McN3 101.60 f 51.28 d 25.60 c 13.13 e 61.20 e
平均值 Mean 116.90 48.06 39.74 18.55 84.47
F值
F value
 M 3.54 6.53* 31.33** 41.18** 52.77**
N 341.24** 52.32** 216.55** 76.88** 231.20**
M×N 55.43** 18.69** 12.34** 1.43 13.02**
2022 MoN0 107.06 b — — — —
MoN1 94.79 c 51.87 d 47.17 a 19.45 c 110.49 b
MoN2 82.95 e 57.24 b 27.61 c 17.27 d 77.52 d
MoN3 76.91 f 56.18 bc 21.91 e 13.72 e 58.90 f
平均值 Mean 90.43 55.09 32.23 16.81 82.30
McN0 111.27 a — — — —
McN1 90.99 d 56.14 bc 33.54 b 24.07 a 118.10 a
McN2 82.54 e 66.03 a 25.33 d 22.14 b 84.16 c
McN3 78.16 f 53.73 cd 23.69 de 16.79 d 63.64 e
平均值 Mean 90.74 58.64 27.52 21.00 88.63
F值
F value
 M 1.38 73.54* 25.99** 40.12** 50.56**
N 328.76** 44.97** 162.86** 81.68** 221.20**
M×N 7.61* 20.83** 13.38** 1.76 4.49*
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