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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 1487-1500.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53071

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

减量20%灌水与25%有机肥替代化肥提高青贮玉米产量的光合特性

张鸿蓉(), 王菲儿, 李盼, 仇海龙, 朱静, 赵连豪, 南运有, 何蔚, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 柴强, 殷文*()   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-18 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-05-12 网络出版日期:2025-12-08
  • 通讯作者: *殷文, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15769354121@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1900405);甘肃省高校产业支撑计划项目(2025CYZC-037);甘肃省科技计划项目(25JRRA347);甘肃省科技计划项目(24ZDNA008);国家自然科学基金项目(32372238);国家自然科学基金项目(32460547);大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202510733001)

Photosynthetic characteristics of 20% reduced irrigation combined with 25% organic substitution for chemical fertilizer in increasing silage maize yield

Zhang Hong-Rong(), Wang Fei-Er, Li Pan, Qiu Hai-Long, Zhu Jing, Zhao Lian-Hao, Nan Yun-You, He Wei, Fan Zhi-Long, Hu Fa-Long, Chai Qiang, Yin Wen*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-09-18 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-05-12 Published online:2025-12-08
  • Contact: *Yin Wen, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1900405);Industrial Support Project of Educational Committee of Gansu Province(2025CYZC-037);Science and Technology Program in Gansu Province(25JRRA347);Science and Technology Program in Gansu Province(24ZDNA008);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372238);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460547);College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(202510733001)

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摘要：

针对西北绿洲灌区青贮玉米生产中存在水肥施用过量、资源浪费及产量低下等现象, 本研究旨在探究减量灌溉及适宜比例有机肥替代化肥协同调控青贮玉米产量的光合特性, 以期为西北干旱灌区青贮玉米高效生产配置适宜的水肥管理技术。本研究开始于2020年, 在甘肃省武威市开展二因素田间裂区试验, 主因素为2个灌水水平, 分别为常规灌水减量20%灌水(I1, 324 mm)、常规灌水(I2, 405 mm); 副因素为5个不同施肥配比, 分别为全施化学氮肥(F1)、25%有机肥替代化学氮肥(F2)、50%有机肥替代化学氮肥(F3)、75%有机肥替代化学氮肥(F4)、全施有机肥(F5)。通过测定2022—2024年青贮玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、光合势(LAD)、光合特征参数、叶绿素荧光参数及鲜草与干草产量等指标, 探究减量灌水与适宜比例有机肥替代化肥对青贮玉米产量的影响。研究表明, 25%有机肥替代化学氮肥较全施化肥显著提高青贮玉米鲜草和干草产量, 且效果优于其他等氮替代处理; 减量20%灌水结合25%有机肥替代化学氮肥(I1F2)较常规灌水结合全施化学氮肥(I2F1)分别提高青贮玉米鲜草和干草产量5.0%和13.8%。减量灌水与有机无机肥配合施用有利于增强青贮玉米产量及光合特性, 其中以减量20%灌水结合25%有机肥替代化学氮肥调控优势突出。与对照I2F1相比, I1F2青贮玉米平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、总光合势(TLAD)和PSII电子传递速率(ETR)分别提高11.5%、40.8%和17.2%; 净光合速率(Pn)提升15.9%, 胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低12.6%, 气孔导度(Gs)提高7.8%, 非调节性能量耗散(Y(NO))降低14.7%。减量20%灌水与25%有机肥替代化学氮肥提高青贮玉米产量主要归因于LAI、LAD、SPAD、ETR、Pn和Gs的协同提升而增强叶片光合特性。因此, 减量20%灌水结合25%有机肥替代化肥可通过优化青贮玉米光合特性进而提高产量, 是西北灌区实现节水增产的高效水肥策略。

关键词: 青贮玉米, 产量, 光合特性, 减量灌水, 有机肥替代化肥

Abstract:

In response to the issues of excessive irrigation and fertilizer use, resource waste, and low yield in silage maize production in the oasis irrigation regions of Northwest China, this study investigates the photosynthetic mechanisms underlying yield improvement through reduced irrigation combined with optimized organic substitution for mineral fertilizer. The objective is to provide a scientifically based irrigation and nutrient management strategy for efficient silage maize cultivation in arid irrigated areas. A two-factor split-plot field experiment was conducted in Wuwei city, Gansu province, beginning in 2020. The irrigation treatments included I1 (20% reduction in conventional irrigation, 324 mm) and I2 (conventional irrigation, 405 mm), while the fertilization treatments comprised five levels: F1 (100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer), F2 (25% organic substitution), F3 (50% organic substitution), F4 (75% organic substitution), and F5 (100% organic fertilizer). From 2022 to 2024, data were collected on leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and yields of fresh forage (FY) and hay (HY) to evaluate treatment effects. Results showed that substituting 25% of chemical nitrogen with organic fertilizer (I1F2) significantly improved both fresh and hay yields, outperforming other substitution ratios. Compared with I2F1, I1F2 increased fresh and hay yields by 5.0% and 13.8%, respectively. This treatment also enhanced mean LAI, total LAD, and PSII electron transport rate (ETR) by 11.5%, 40.8%, and 17.2%, respectively. Furthermore, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased by 15.9%, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased by 12.6%, stomatal conductance (Gs) improved by 7.8%, and non-regulated energy dissipation (Y(NO)) declined by 14.7%. The yield increase was primarily attributed to synergistic improvements in LAI, LAD, SPAD, ETR, Pn, and Gs, leading to enhanced leaf photosynthetic performance. Therefore, a 20% reduction in irrigation combined with 25% organic substitution for mineral nitrogen represents an effective strategy for improving silage maize yield and water use efficiency in northwest irrigated regions.

Key words: silage maize, yield, photosynthetic characteristics, reduced irrigation, organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer

图1

青贮玉米生长季节的气温与降雨量"

表1

青贮玉米不同生育时期的灌水量"

时期
Date		 减量20%灌水
Reduced
irrigation by 20%		 常规灌水
Conventional
irrigation
拔节期Jointing stage 72 90
大喇叭口期Big flare stage 60 75
吐丝期Silking stage 72 90
灌浆期Filling stage 60 75
乳熟期Doughing stage 60 75

表2

青贮玉米试验处理代码及施肥量"

处理
Treatment		 施氮量N application rate
全生育期
Whole growth period		 化学氮肥Application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer 有机肥
Application ratio of organic fertilizer
基肥Base fertilizer 大喇叭口期追肥Trumpet period
F1 360 144 216 0
F2 360 108 162 90
F3 360 72 108 180
F4 360 36 54 270
F5 360 0 0 360

图2

不同水肥处理下青贮玉米鲜、干草产量 I1和I2分别表示减量20%灌水和常规灌水。F1-F5分别表示全施化学氮肥、25%有机肥替代化学氮肥、50%有机肥替代化学氮肥、75%有机肥替代化学氮肥和全施有机肥。不同字母表示同一年度中不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: 无显著差异。"

图3

不同水氮处理下青贮玉米叶面积指数 处理同图2。不同字母表示同一年度中不同处理差异显著(P < 0.05)。*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: 无显著差异。"

表3

不同水氮处理下青贮玉米光合势"

年份
Year		 灌水水平Irrigation level 有机无机肥配施比例
Application ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer		 拔节期-
大喇叭口期
Jointing-
big flare		 大喇叭口期-
抽雄期
Big flare-
tasseling		 抽雄期-
吐丝期
Tasseling-
silking		 吐丝期-
灌浆期
Silking-
filling		 灌浆期-
乳熟末期
Filling-
doughing		 总和
Total
2022 I1 F1 39.28 c 68.29 d 95.19 d 120.24 d 86.38 d 375.23 e
F2 44.59 a 74.80 a 102.77 a 133.69 a 98.99 a 523.06 a
F3 42.90 a 73.04 b 101.05 b 131.39 b 96.41 b 497.68 b
F4 41.39 b 71.08 c 99.09 c 127.35 c 91.69 c 433.45 c
F5 39.40 c 70.05 e 98.64 d 125.64 d 89.64 d 402.21 d
I2 F1 41.47 e 71.41 e 97.25 c 121.89 d 86.60 d 377.81 d
F2 45.75 a 76.06 a 102.25 a 131.62 a 94.63 a 406.41 a
F3 44.64 b 74.47 b 100.40 b 129.66 b 92.56 b 398.67 b
F4 43.01 c 72.60 c 98.35 c 126.15 c 90.04 c 388.21 c
F5 39.32 d 70.14 d 95.53 d 121.88 d 87.23 d 370.39 e
2023 I1 F1 35.70 d 64.72 d 94.06 d 116.87 d 92.35 d 401.54 d
F2 40.42 a 71.05 a 102.73 a 132.88 a 106.55 a 516.96 a
F3 38.89 b 69.07 b 99.77 b 128.87 b 103.15 b 492.52 b
F4 36.93 c 66.89 c 97.74 c 125.81 c 99.61 c 426.99 c
F5 34.58 e 63.93 e 94.31 e 120.93 e 96.02 d 392.48 e
I2 F1 37.46 d 64.15 b 89.59 c 113.78 e 91.59 e 362.17 d
F2 42.26 a 71.33 a 99.90 a 127.76 a 101.40 a 399.49 a
F3 40.94 b 69.30 a 97.25 b 124.96 b 99.26 b 389.61 b
F4 39.16 c 66.56 b 94.21 c 120.75 c 96.17 c 376.21 c
F5 35.38 e 62.59 b 90.77 c 117.68 d 93.63 d 363.92 d
2024 I1 F1 28.79 c 43.29 d 73.36 d 116.74d 93.46c 354.42 c
F2 34.33 a 50.47 a 82.51 a 127.28 a 100.33 a 454.16 a
F3 32.06 b 48.73 b 81.14 b 125.26 b 98.39 b 431.84 b
F4 28.87 c 45.67 c 77.42 c 119.34 c 95.18 c 366.48 c
F5 27.20 d 41.95 e 72.67 e 116.73 e 92.91 d 333.89 d
I2 F1 28.60 c 43.47 c 73.72 c 116.73 b 93.75 b 321.54 c
F2 35.38 a 51.04 a 83.45 a 128.25 a 100.48 a 364.51 a
F3 32.45 b 48.72 ab 79.24 ab 123.56 ab 98.74 ab 347.26 ab
F4 28.09 c 45.15 bc 77.29 c 119.93 ab 95.53 b 331.22 bc
F5 26.72 c 41.92 c 72.36 c 115.46 ab 92.43 b 330.68 bc
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) ** NS ** ** ** **
有机无机肥配施比例Application ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer (F) ** ** ** ** ** **
灌水水平×有机无机肥配施比例I×F ** * ** ** ** **

图4

不同水氮处理下青贮玉米相对叶绿素含量 处理同图2。*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; NS: 无显著差异。"

表4

不同灌溉与施肥处理下青贮玉米光合参数"

年份
Year		 灌水水平Irrigation level 有机无机肥配施比例
Application ratio of organic-inorganic
fertilizer		 净光合速率
Pn
(μmol m-2 s-1)		 蒸腾速率
Tr
(mmol m-2 s-1)		 气孔导度
Gs
(mmol mol-2 s-1)		 胞间CO2浓度
Ci
(mmol m-2 s-1)
2022 I1 F1 40.29 de 6.67 d 0.411 cd 259.71 a
F2 50.68 a 7.09 ab 0.457 a 236.22 c
F3 46.10 b 6.85 bcd 0.426 bc 250.38 b
F4 41.92 cd 6.77 cd 0.426 bcd 254.31 ab
F5 40.51 de 6.68 d 0.411 cd 256.33 ab
I2 F1 39.86 de 6.67 d 0.407 d 259.91 a
F2 50.63 a 7.18 a 0.460 a 223.21 d
F3 45.83 b 6.94 abc 0.433 b 241.00 c
F4 43.37 c 6.81 cd 0.429 b 257.21 ab
F5 38.60 e 6.64 c 0.415 bcd 258.94 a
2023 I1 F1 42.19 e 8.35 d 0.495 cd 284.81 b
F2 46.96 a 9.68 a 0.563 a 239.49 f
F3 45.76 b 9.22 b 0.546 a 253.66 def
F4 44.65 c 8.65 c 0.519 b 266.58 cd
F5 41.54 d 8.17 d 0.489 cd 277.12 bc
I2 F1 41.43 d 8.08 d 0.471 d 306.16 a
F2 45.99 b 9.29 b 0.541 a 248.79 ef
F3 44.71 c 8.79 c 0.520 b 260.93 de
F4 42.86 d 8.34 d 0.506 bc 277.19 bc
F5 39.49 e 7.70 e 0.474 d 290.47 b
2024 I1 F1 40.31 d 7.15 e 0.361 ab 249.03 b
F2 44.27 a 7.60 a 0.328 d 234.54 cd
F3 42.07 bc 7.43 bc 0.330 d 233.61 d
F4 39.30 e 7.22 de 0.350 bc 250.18 b
F5 38.27 f 7.13 e 0.315 de 246.59 b
I2 F1 41.21 cd 7.24 d 0.373 a 246.63 b
F2 43.80 a 7.62 a 0.323 d 236.77 cd
2024 I2 F3 42.26 b 7.50 b 0.335 cd 239.13 c
F4 40.40 d 7.37 c 0.365 ab 247.53 b
F5 37.68 f 7.14 e 0.302 e 258.47 a
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) NS NS NS NS
有机无机肥配施比例Application ratio of
organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)		 ** ** * **
灌水水平×有机无机肥配施比例I×F * * * *

表5

灌溉及施肥对青贮玉米叶绿素荧光参数的影响"

年份
Year		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 有机无机肥配施比例
Application ratio of organic-inorganic
fertilizer		 PSII电子传递速率
ETR
(μmol electrons
m-2 s-1)		 潜在最大
光化学效率
Fv/Fm		 调节性能量耗散
Y(NPQ)
(mol m-2 s-1)		 非调节性能量耗散
Y(NO)		 热耗散
NPQ
(s-1)
2023 I1 F1 49.197 ef 0.696 e 0.259 de 0.330 ab 0.627 f
F2 59.992 a 0.772 a 0.284 b 0.294 c 0.706 b
F3 55.873 bc 0.740 bc 0.278 bc 0.322 b 0.663 de
F4 51.757 de 0.715 de 0.249 ef 0.318 ab 0.674 cde
F5 50.626 def 0.697 e 0.244 f 0.345 a 0.615 f
I2 F1 478.708 f 0.705 de 0.256 def 0.315 c 0.666 cde
F2 57.196 ab 0.753 ab 0.318 a 0.282 d 0.750 a
F3 53.254 cd 0.727 cd 0.285 b 0.307 bc 0.704 bc
F4 50.141 def 0.728 cd 0.265 cd 0.301 bc 0.690 bcd
F5 50.564 def 0.695 e 0.228 g 0.332 c 0.636 ef
2024 I1 F1 59.676 d 0.826 e 0.257 ab 0.256 a 0.724 de
F2 69.117 a 0.881 a 0.254 ab 0.189 de 1.010 b
F3 65.555 b 0.835 bc 0.258 ab 0.223 bc 0.827 c
F4 62.014 c 0.794 de 0.238 a 0.235 abc 0.852 c
F5 60.526 cd 0.818 e 0.241 c 0.263 ab 0.668 e
I2 F1 57.105 f 0.870 de 0.248 b 0.251 cd 0.871 c
F2 64.239 b 0.954 ab 0.262 ab 0.191 e 1.163 a
F3 60.992 cd 0.879 cd 0.271 a 0.213 e 1.030 b
F4 59.450 de 0.797 cd 0.265 bc 0.236 e 0.999 b
F5 59.020 ef 0.745 e 0.227 bc 0.254 e 0.796 cd
显著性(P值) Significance (P-value)
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) NS NS NS NS NS
有机无机肥配施比例
Application ratio of organic-inorganic fertilizer (F)		 ** ** ** ** **
灌水水平×有机无机肥配施比例I×F NS * * * *

图5

不同水肥处理下青贮玉米产量和光合特性的相关分析(A)及主成分分析(B) 处理同图2。FY、HY、LAI、LAD、SPAD、ETR、FV/FM、Y(NPQ)、Y(NO)、NPQ、Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci分别代表青贮玉米鲜草产量、干草产量、叶面积指数、光合势、相对叶绿素含量、PSII电子传递速率、潜在最大光化学效率、调节性能量耗散、非调节性能量耗散、热耗散、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度。显著性检验(P < 0.05), *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01。"

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