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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 1166-1180.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53073

所属专题： 玉米：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

干旱灌区有机肥替代部分化肥促进甜玉米产量提升的关键机制

蔡宏玮(), 于爱忠*(), 姜科强, 王鹏飞, 王玉珑, 霍建喆, 庞小能, 尹波, 尚永盼   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25 接受日期:2026-01-22 出版日期:2026-04-12 网络出版日期:2026-02-05
  • 通讯作者: *于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 17358163339@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200);甘肃省研产融合科技攻关赋能计划项目(25FNNA003-2-2);甘肃省现代寒旱特色农业玉米产业技术体系(GSARS08);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(GAUfx-04J01)

Key mechanisms underlying the enhancement of sweet maize yield through partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic manure in arid irrigation districts

Cai Hong-Wei(), Yu Ai-Zhong*(), Jiang Ke-Qiang, Wang Peng-Fei, Wang Yu-Long, Huo Jian-Zhe, Pang Xiao-Neng, Yin Bo, Shang Yong-Pan   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-09-25 Accepted:2026-01-22 Published:2026-04-12 Published online:2026-02-05
  • Contact: *E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);Gansu Province Research-Production Integration Science and Technology Breakthrough Empowerment Program Project(25FNNA003-2-2);Gansu Province Modern Cold and Arid Characteristic Agricultural Corn Industry Technology System(GSARS08);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(GAUfx-04J01)

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摘要：

解析干旱灌区有机肥替代部分化肥对甜玉米产量的影响及其关键机制, 以期为该区优化甜玉米高产技术提供理论依据。田间试验于2023—2024年在西北绿洲灌区进行, 设置5个有机肥等氮替代化肥处理梯度, 分别为: CK (有机肥替代0%化学氮肥)、M1 (有机肥替代10%化学氮肥)、M2 (有机肥替代20%化学氮肥)、M3 (有机肥替代30%化学氮肥)和M4 (有机肥替代40%化学氮肥)。分析不同比例有机肥替代化肥对土壤养分、甜玉米光合特性和产量的影响。与CK处理相比, M1和M2处理均促进了甜玉米生长及土壤养分积累, 其中M2处理效果较好, M2处理下甜玉米的干物质积累量(DMA)、鲜穗产量(EY)和鲜籽粒产量(GY)分别提高11.17%、4.51%和6.31%, 土壤全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)分别提高28.23%、7.07%、3.93%, 净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)分别提高1.36%、16.14%和34.34%。M3和M4处理虽然增强了气孔导度和蒸腾速率, 但降低了作物产量与土壤养分含量。相关性分析表明, TN、有机质(SOM)、根系生物量(RB)、SPAD、叶面积指数(LAI)、DMA、AK、Tr、AP和Pn均与甜玉米EY和GY呈正相关关系。为明确各因子的调控路径, 偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)进一步说明, 土壤养分影响RB, RB直接影响LAI和光合参数, LAI和光合参数直接影响DMA, 进而影响甜玉米EY和GY。综上所述, 有机肥替代20%化肥可通过改善土壤养分和甜玉米光合特性, 促进产量提升, 可作为绿洲灌区甜玉米生产的合理有机无机配施制度。

关键词: 甜玉米, 有机肥, 光合特性, 土壤养分, 产量

Abstract:

This study investigated the effects of partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers on sweet maize yield in the oasis irrigation area and explores the underlying mechanisms, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing high-yield cultivation practices in this region. Field trials were conducted in the Northwest Oasis Irrigation District from 2023 to 2024, with five levels of organic fertilizer substitution: 0% (CK), 10% (M1), 20% (M2), 30% (M3), and 40% (M4). The study examined the effects of different substitution ratios on soil nutrients, photosynthetic characteristics, and sweet maize yield. Compared with CK, both M1 and M2 treatments enhanced sweet maize growth and soil nutrient accumulation, with M2 showing superior results. the M2 treatment increased dry matter accumulation (DMA), fresh ear yield (EY), and fresh grain yield (GY) by 11.17%, 4.51%, and 6.31%, respectively. Soil total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) increased by 28.23%, 7.07%, and 3.93%, respectively. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) increased by 1.36%, 16.14%, and 34.34%, respectively, and all differences were statistically significant. Although M3 and M4 treatments increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, they reduced crop yield and soil nutrient content. Correlation analysis indicated that TN, soil organic matter (SOM), root biomass (RB), SPAD, leaf area index (LAI), DMA, AK, Tr, AP, and Pn are key factors influencing EY and GY. To clarify the regulatory pathways among these variables, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that soil nutrients influence RB, which directly affects LAI and photosynthetic parameters. LAI and photosynthetic parameters, in turn, directly influence DMA, ultimately affecting EY and GY. In summary, replacing 20% of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer enhances yield by improving soil fertility and photosynthetic efficiency in sweet maize. This approach offers a rational strategy for organic-inorganic fertilizer management in oasis irrigation systems.

Key words: sweet maize, organic fertilizer, photosynthetic characteristics, soil nutrients, yield

图1

2023-2024年试验站降雨量与气温"

表1

不同施肥处理肥料施用量"

处理
Treatment		 基肥Base fertilizer (kg hm-2) 追肥Top application (kg hm-2)
有机肥
Organic
manure		 尿素
Urea		 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate		 氯化钾
Potassium chloride		 拔节期
Jointing
stage		 大喇叭口期
Flare opening
stage		 灌浆期
Filling
stage
有机肥替代0化肥CK 0 263 301 16 150 150 90
有机肥替代10%化肥M1 302 236 282 12 150 150 90
有机肥替代20%化肥M2 604 210 263 8 150 150 90
有机肥替代30%化肥M3 906 185 244 4 150 150 90
有机肥替代40%化肥M4 1208 159 225 0 150 150 90

图2

不同处理下甜玉米鲜穗产量、鲜籽粒产量 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图3

不同处理下甜玉米干物质的影响 处理同表1。V3: 苗期; V6: 拔节期; V12: 大喇叭口期; R1: 开花期; R3: 采收期。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图4

不同处理下甜玉米根系生物量 处理同表1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图5

不同处理下甜玉米全生育期叶面积指数动态及平均叶面积指数 处理同表1。V3: 苗期; V6: 拔节期; V12: 大喇叭口期; R1: 开花期; R3: 采收期。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图6

不同处理下甜玉米全生育期SPAD及平均SPAD 处理同表1。V3: 苗期; V6: 拔节期; V12: 大喇叭口期; R1: 开花期; R3: 采收期。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图7

不同处理下甜玉米光合参数的影响 处理同表1。V3: 苗期; V6: 拔节期; V12: 大喇叭口期; R1: 开花期; R3: 采收期。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著。误差线表示标准误。"

图8

不同处理下甜玉米土壤养分含量 处理同表1。TN: 全氮含量; AP: 速效磷含量; AK: 速效钾含量; SOM: 有机质含量; pH: 土壤pH。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图9

甜玉米鲜籽粒产量和鲜穗产量与土壤养分、光合参数和干物质积累的相关分析 EY: 鲜穗产量; GY: 鲜籽粒产量; DMA: 干物质积累量; TN: 全氮含量; SOM: 有机质含量; AP: 速效磷含量; AK: 速效钾含量; pH: 土壤pH; SPAD: 叶绿素含量; LAI: 叶面积指数; Pn: 光合速率; Tr: 蒸腾速率; Ci: 胞间CO2浓度; Gs: 气孔导度; RB: 根系生物量。*和**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平下存在显著差异。"

图10

土壤养分、甜玉米根系生物量和叶片光合生理参数影响产量的PLS-SEM分析 缩写同图9。实线表示显著的路径, 实线的粗细表示通径系数绝对值的大小, 虚线表示该路径不显著。线旁的数值为标准化通径系数。***、**与*分别表示在0.001、0.01和0.05概率水平差异显著。"

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