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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 1536-1547.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53082

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

生物炭配施化肥提高玉米‖大豆下玉米产量和土壤生态系统多功能性

郭星宇(), 胡丹, 林苏期, 王梦凯, 谭文峰, 黄传琴*()   

  1. 农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室 / 华中农业大学资源与环境学院, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27 接受日期:2026-01-22 出版日期:2026-05-12 网络出版日期:2026-02-05
  • 通讯作者: *黄传琴, E-mail: hcq@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: guoxy@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1901205);湖北省重大科技专项(2023BBA003);湖北省重大科技专项(2025BBA003)

Biochar combined with chemical fertilizer increases maize yield and soil ecosystem multifunctionality in an intercropped maize-soybean

Guo Xing-Yu(), Hu Dan, Lin Su-Qi, Wang Meng-Kai, Tan Wen-Feng, Huang Chuan-Qin*()   

  1. Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-10-27 Accepted:2026-01-22 Published:2026-05-12 Published online:2026-02-05
  • Contact: *Huang Chuan-Qin, E-mail: hcq@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901205);Major Science and Technology Project of Hubei Province(2023BBA003);Major Science and Technology Project of Hubei Province(2025BBA003)

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摘要：

为明确玉米‖大豆中施用生物炭对玉米生长和土壤生态系统多功能性的影响, 本研究于2023—2024年连续2年在湖北省咸宁市开展田间试验, 探究不同种植模式(玉米单作(MM)、玉米‖大豆(SM))和不同施肥模式(常规化肥(CF)、生物炭+化肥(BF))对玉米生长、土壤理化性质、微生物多样性和土壤生态系统多功能性的影响。结果表明, 就种植模式而言, 与玉米单作相比, 玉米‖大豆0~30 cm土层玉米根长密度显著增加21.58%~32.24%, 10~20 cm土壤容重显著降低6.31%, 同时0~10 cm和20~30 cm土壤有机碳含量分别显著增加3.51%和13.01%, 10~20 cm和20~30 cm土壤全氮分别显著增加8.96%和12.13%; 就施肥处理而言, 与常规化肥相比, 施用生物炭0~30 cm根长密度显著增加5.84%~11.42%, 10~20 cm容重显著降低4.77%, 同时0~10 cm和20~30 cm土壤有机碳含量分别显著增加4.54%和14.11%; 二者互作可进一步强化间作效益, 与玉米单作+常规化肥(MM-CF)相比, 玉米‖大豆+化肥(SM-CF)下玉米当量产量显著增加33.56%, 0~30 cm土层土壤生态系统多功能性指数显著提高101.63%~119.91%, 玉米‖大豆+生物炭+化肥(SM-BF)下玉米当量产量则显著增加49.24%, 0~30 cm土层土壤生态系统多功能性指数显著提高134.59%~238.63%。随机森林模型表明, 根系生物量是影响土壤生态系统多功能性指数的最关键因素, 表明生物炭配施化肥可以通过促进玉米‖大豆下玉米根系生长来改善土壤结构, 促进养分积累, 并增强微生物多样性, 从而协同提高玉米产量与土壤生态系统功能, 推动农业可持续发展。

关键词: 间作, 生物炭, 产量, 根系形态, 土壤生态系统多功能性

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of biochar addition on maize growth and soil ecosystem multifunctionality in a maize-soybean intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Xianning City, Hubei Province, from 2023 to 2024. The study examined two planting patterns—monoculture maize (MM) and intercropped maize and soybean (SM)—and two fertilization regimes—conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) and biochar combined with chemical fertilizer (BF). Parameters assessed included maize growth, soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, and ecosystem multifunctionality. In terms of cropping system, compared with monoculture maize, intercropping significantly increased maize root length density in the 0-30 cm soil layer by 21.58%-32.24%, reduced soil bulk density by 6.31% in the 10-20 cm layer, increased soil organic carbon content by 3.51% and 13.01% in the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm layers, respectively, and raised total nitrogen content by 8.96% and 12.13% in the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers, respectively. In terms of fertilizer treatment, compared with conventional chemical fertilizer, the combination of biochar and chemical fertilizer increased maize root length density by 5.84%-11.42% in the 0-30 cm layer, reduced soil bulk density by 4.77% in the 10-20 cm layer, and increased soil organic carbon content by 4.54% and 14.11% in the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm layers, respectively. Relative to MM-CF, intercropping with chemical fertilizer (SM-CF) increased maize equivalent yield by 33.56%, and enhanced the soil ecosystem multifunctionality index by 101.63%-119.91% in the 0-30 cm layer. Intercropping with biochar and chemical fertilizer (SM-BF) further increased equivalent yield by 49.24% and boosted the multifunctionality index by 134.59%-238.63%. A random forest model identified root biomass as the most influential factor affecting soil ecosystem multifunctionality. These findings suggest that biochar combined with chemical fertilizer improves soil structure, enhances nutrient accumulation, and increases microbial diversity by promoting maize root growth under intercropped conditions, thereby synergistically enhancing both maize yield and soil ecosystem functions, and contributing to sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: intercropping, biochar, yield, root morphology, soil ecosystem multifunctionality

表1

2023-2024年玉米当量产量与偏土地当量比"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Cropping system		 施肥模式
Fertilizer
treatment		 当量产量
Equivalent yield (kg hm-2)		 每株穗数
Ear number per plant
(pod number per plant)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear
(pod -1)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 玉米产量偏土地当量比
PLERM
2023 MM CF 8443±983 b 1.0±0.01 a 352±14 b 211±12.1 a -
BF 8563±901 b 1.0±0.01 a 381±17 b 228±10.7 a -
SM CF 9551±1105 a 1.0±0.01 a 426±13 a 232±11.4 a 0.57±0.01 a
BF 9723±1046 a 1.0±0.01 a 429±11 a 229±10.2 a 0.57±0.01 a
种植模式C ** ns ** ns
施肥模式F ns ns * ns
C×F ns ns ns ns
2024 MM CF 8504±1283 c 2.0±0.01 c 525±17 b 174±17.2 b -
BF 11,283±1294 b 2.5±0.01 b 547±16 b 193±15.4 a -
SM CF 11,357±555 b 2.5±0.01 b 606±23 a 200±12.8 a 0.68±0.04 a
BF 12,691±1370 a 3.0±0.08 a 564±28 b 192±10.5 a 0.57±0.03 b
种植模式C ** ** * ns -
施肥模式F * ** * ns -
C×F ** * ns * -

图1

2023-2024年玉米地上部和根系生物量(A)与地上部和根系碳含量(B) MM: 玉米单作; SM: 玉米‖大豆; CF: 常规化肥; BF: 生物炭+化肥; C: 种植模式; F: 施肥模式。*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ns: 无显著差异。"

图2

2023-2024年玉米干物质量偏土地当量比(A)与碳吸收量偏土地当量比(B) LERB-CF: 常规化肥玉米干物质量偏土地当量比; LERB-BF: 生物炭+化肥玉米干物质量偏土地当量比; LERC-CF: 常规化肥玉米碳吸收量偏土地当量比; LERC-BF: 生物炭+化肥玉米碳吸收量偏土地当量比。不同小写字母代表不同处理间达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

图3

2023-2024年玉米收获期0-30 cm土层根长密度(A)、根表面积密度(B)和根体积密度(C) MM: 玉米单作; SM: 玉米‖大豆; CF: 常规化肥; BF: 生物炭+化肥; C: 种植模式; F: 施肥模式。不同小写字母代表不同处理间达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。**: P < 0.01; ns: 无显著差异。"

表2

2023-2024年玉米收获期0-30 cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度、有机碳和全氮"

指标
Indicator		 土层
Soil depth (cm)		 MM SM 种植模式
C		 施肥模式
F		 C×F
CF BF CF BF
土壤容重
Soil bulk density
(g cm-3)		 0-10 1.36±0.01 a 1.32±0.02 b 1.35±0.02 a 1.33±0.03 b ns ns ns
10-20 1.55±0.02 a 1.55±0.03 a 1.52±0.01 a 1.38±0.01 b ** ** **
20-30 1.66±0.01 a 1.61±0.01 b 1.59±0.01 b 1.66±0.02 a ns ns *
平均Mean 1.52±0.01 a 1.49±0.02 b 1.49±0.02 b 1.45±0.02 c * ns ns
土壤孔隙度
Soil porosity
(%)		 0-10 46.96±0.47 a 48.57±0.49 a 47.24±0.37 a 48.11±0.48 a ns ns ns
10-20 39.53±0.40 b 39.53±0.30 b 40.49±0.31 b 46.21±0.45 a ** ** **
20-30 35.25±0.35 a 37.04±0.37 a 37.89±0.38 a 35.18±0.34 a ns ns **
平均Mean 40.58±0.34 a 41.71±0.41 a 41.88±0.42 a 43.16±0.43 a * * ns
土壤有机碳
Soil organic carbon
(g kg-1)		 0-10 13.43±0.13 b 13.69±0.14 b 13.55±0.14 b 14.51±0.15 a ** ** *
10-20 13.57±0.14 b 13.41±0.13 b 13.28±0.13 b 13.92±0.12 a ns ns *
20-30 10.06±0.10 c 10.66±0.11 b 10.56±0.12 b 12.86±0.13 a ** ** **
平均Mean 12.35±0.12 b 12.59±0.13 b 12.46±0.11 b 13.77±0.13 a ** * **
土壤全氮
Soil total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 0-10 2.18±0.03 a 2.14±0.02 b 2.10±0.01 b 2.23±0.04 a ** ns ns
10-20 1.89±0.04 c 1.86±0.02 c 1.94±0.05 b 2.14±0.04 a ** ** **
20-30 1.69±0.01 b 1.66±0.01 b 1.84±0.03 a 1.92±0.03 a ** ns **
平均Mean 1.92±0.02 b 1.89±0.01 b 1.96±0.02 b 2.10±0.01 a ** * **

图4

2024年玉米收获期0-30 cm土层土壤细菌群落Pielous (A)、Shannon (B)和Simpson (C)指数 MM: 玉米单作; SM: 玉米‖大豆; CF: 常规化肥; BF: 生物炭+化肥; C: 种植模式; F: 施肥模式。不同小写字母代表不同处理间达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。n = 9; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ns: 无显著差异。"

图5

玉米收获期0-30 cm土层土壤生态系统多功能性指数 MM: 玉米单作; SM: 玉米‖大豆; CF: 常规化肥; BF: 生物炭+化肥。不同小写字母代表不同处理间达到显著差异(P < 0.05)。"

图6

玉米收获期0-30 cm土层土壤生态系统多功能性指数的随机森林预测分析 RB: 根系生物量; AB: 地上部生物量; ABC: 地上部碳吸收量; RBC: 根系碳吸收量; RLD: 根长密度; RSD: 根表面积密度; RVD: 根体积密度; BD: 土壤容重; SP: 土壤孔隙度; SOC: 土壤有机碳; TN: 土壤全氮。均方误差(MSE)表示预测变量的重要性, 其值越大, 表明该变量越重要; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01。"

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