作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 1073-1087.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.54116
徐建霞1,3(
), 丁延庆1,3(
), 曹宁1,3, 程斌1,3, 高旭1,3, 李文贞1,3, 王若若2,3, 王磊1,3, 张立异1,3,*(
)
Xu Jian-Xia1,3(
), Ding Yan-Qing1,3(
), Cao Ning1,3, Cheng Bin1,3, Gao Xu1,3, Li Wen-Zhen1,3, Wang Ruo-Ruo2,3, Wang Lei1,3, Zhang Li-Yi1,3,*(
)
摘要:
针对贵州高粱产业品种单一、种质退化等问题, 本研究系统评价了397份高粱种质在贵州生态条件下的表型多样性, 筛选出适应性优良的种质资源, 旨在为本地高粱遗传改良与育种提供理论依据。于2023—2024年在贵州贵阳对供试材料的15个表型性状进行鉴定, 采用遗传多样性指数、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和广义遗传力等方法进行综合评价, 并结合综合评价F值和目标性状筛选优异种质。结果表明, 供试种质表型多样性丰富, 多样性指数范围为0.919~2.052, 其中, 穗形多样性最低, 株高多样性最高; 株高和生育期广义遗传力最高, 受遗传因素的影响较强。国内种质在茎粗、穗长和粒长方面显著优于国外种质, 而国外种质在矮秆和高千粒重方面表现突出。相关性分析显示, 穗型与穗形呈极显著正相关, 且均与穗长、株高呈极显著正相关, 但与穗节点数、千粒重和粒宽均呈极显著负相关; 株高与生育期、茎粗、节间数和穗长呈极显著正相关; 千粒重与粒宽呈极显著正相关; 颖壳颜色与籽粒颜色呈极显著正相关。基于主成分分析, 共提取出4个特征值大于1的主成分, 累计贡献率为66.43%, 分别代表穗部形态与植株高度、籽粒产量、生育特性和籽粒外观品质。聚类分析将397份种质划分为5个类群, 其中, 类群IV具矮秆、高千粒重和紧凑株型, 适宜密植高产; 类群V株高突出、穗呈帚形, 适宜工艺利用。通过综合评价, 依据综合得分F值及目标性状, 从不同类群中共筛选出20份具有突出特点的优异种质, 包括二路黄壳、红茅糯2号、甜高粱(宣威)、B martin和GL002等。综上, 397份高粱种质在贵州表现出丰富的表型多样性, 株高与生育期遗传稳定性较高, 是改良的重要目标性状。所筛选的优良种质在性状上具有互补性, 可为不同育种方向提供宝贵亲本资源。
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