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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 1472-1486.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55046

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

冬闲期翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤理化性质和产量的影响

张思思1(), 赵向辉1, 周洋1, 姚云凤1, 朱荣昱1, 董元杰2, 胡国庆2, 徐通3, 刘兆新1,*()   

  1. 1 山东农业大学农学院 / 小麦育种全国重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2 山东农业大学资源与环境学院, 山东泰安 271018
    3 淄博市临淄区农业技术服务中心, 山东淄博 255000
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-18 接受日期:2026-02-27 出版日期:2026-05-12 网络出版日期:2026-03-09
  • 通讯作者: *刘兆新, E-mail: liuxiaoxin0110@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 17730608469@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省重点计划(重大科技创新工程)项目(2024CXGC010902);国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(32301953);山东省自然科学基金青年基金项目(ZR2022QC040);中国博士后面上项目(2024M751870);山东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(SDAIT-04-06)

Effects of plowing and green manure returning in winter fallow period on soil physicochemical properties and yield in continuously cropped peanut

Zhang Si-Si1(), Zhao Xiang-Hui1, Zhou Yang1, Yao Yun-Feng1, Zhu Rong-Yu1, Dong Yuan-Jie2, Hu Guo-Qing2, Xu Tong3, Liu Zhao-Xin1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2 College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    3 Linzi District Agricultural Technology Service Center, Zibo City, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2025-07-18 Accepted:2026-02-27 Published:2026-05-12 Published online:2026-03-09
  • Contact: *Liu Zhao-Xin, E-mail: liuxiaoxin0110@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Shandong Provincial Key Program (Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project)(2024CXGC010902);National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scientists(32301953);Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists Fund(ZR2022QC040);China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M751870);Innovation Team Project for Modern Agricultural Industrious Technology System of Shandong Province(SDAIT-04-06)

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摘要：

为阐明冬闲期不同耕作方式与绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤理化性质和产量的影响, 确定缓解春花生连作障碍的最佳农艺措施。试验于2022—2024年在山东农业大学农学试验站进行, 在花生连作条件下, 设置3个处理, 分别为前茬花生收获后不进行耕作(免耕, MG)、前茬花生收获后翻耕并种植黑麦草至次年抽穗期翻压还田(压青, YQ)、前茬花生收获后仅进行翻耕晾晒土地(翻耕, FG)。探究后茬花生季整个生育期内土壤物理特性、养分含量、酶活性及花生产量的变化规律。结果表明: 绿肥压青和冬闲翻耕较冬闲免耕在饱果期的土壤容重分别平均降低了5.39%和2.31%, 土壤孔隙度平均提高了9.62%和5.84%; 并显著增加0~30 cm土层中> 5 mm、2~5 mm和1~2 mm粒径的土壤团聚体比重, 有利于优化土壤结构。此外, 绿肥压青处理显著提高了花生各生育时期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤全氮和有机质含量以及土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性。综合2年的试验结果, 绿肥压青和冬闲翻耕处理的花生荚果产量较免耕分别提高了18.85%和9.22%, 籽仁产量分别提高了12.21%和3.21%, 从产量构成因素来看, 主要是增加了单株结果数。相关性分析表明, 花生荚果产量与全氮含量(TN)、有机质含量(OM)、土壤脲酶(UA)和蔗糖酶(SA)活性均呈正相关关系, 与土壤容重(BD)呈负相关关系。因此, 绿肥压青和冬闲翻耕通过改善土壤理化特性, 增加土壤养分含量和水解酶活性, 改良了连作花生田的土壤生态环境, 进而提高荚果产量, 是缓解连作障碍的有效农艺措施, 其中绿肥压青处理的效果优于翻耕处理。

关键词: 耕作方式, 绿肥, 土壤理化特性, 土壤酶活性, 产量

Abstract:

This study aimed to clarify how different tillage practices and green manure incorporation during the winter fallow period affect soil physicochemical properties and peanut yield under continuous cropping, and to identify the optimal agronomic measure for alleviating obstacles associated with continuous spring peanut cropping. Field experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the agricultural experiment station of Shandong agricultural university. Under continuous peanut monocropping, three treatments were established: no tillage after peanut harvest (no-tillage, MG); plowing after harvest followed by ryegrass planting until the following year’s heading stage and then incorporation as green manure (green manure returning, YQ); and plowing plus soil drying after harvest (plowing tillage, FG). Soil physical properties, nutrient status, enzyme activities, and peanut yield were monitored throughout all growth stages of the subsequent peanut season. Compared with MG, both YQ and FG significantly improved soil physical condition at the pod-filling stage, decreasing bulk density (BD) by 5.39% and 2.31% and increasing soil porosity (SP) by 9.62% and 5.84%, respectively. Both treatments also increased the proportion of macroaggregates (> 5 mm, 2-5 mm, and 1-2 mm) in the 0-30 cm soil layer. Moreover, YQ significantly increased total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM) contents, as well as sucrase (SA) and urease (UA) activities, in both the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers across all growth stages. Over two years, pod yield under YQ and FG increased by 18.85% and 9.22%, respectively, and kernel yield increased by 12.21% and 3.21%, respectively, relative to MG; these gains were mainly driven by an increase in pods per plant. Pod yield was positively correlated with TN, OM, UA, and SA, but negatively correlated with BD. Overall, both YQ and FG are effective practices for mitigating continuous-cropping constraints in peanut by improving soil physicochemical properties, enhancing nutrient availability, and increasing hydrolytic enzyme activities, with YQ showing greater benefits than FG.

Key words: tillage method, green manure, soil physicochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, yield

图1

试验点2022-2024年降雨量和气温变化情况"

表1

试验设计"

处理
Treatment		 耕作方式
Tillage mode
免耕MG 前茬花生收获后不进行耕作, 冬季土地休闲, 直至后茬花生播种前旋耕整地
No tillage was performed after peanut harvest; the field was left fallow over winter until rotary tillage and seedbed preparation before sowing the subsequent peanut crop
压青YQ 前茬花生收获后翻耕并种植黑麦草, 直至抽穗期翻压还田, 旋耕整地后种植花生
The field was plowed after peanut harvest and ryegrass was sown. At the ryegrass heading stage, the biomass was incorporated into the soil, followed by rotary tillage and seedbed preparation before peanut planting
翻耕FG 前茬花生收获后仅进行翻耕, 冬季土地晾晒, 直至后茬花生播种前旋耕整地
The field was plowed after peanut harvest and left to dry over winter until rotary tillage and seedbed preparation before sowing the subsequent peanut crop

表2

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤容重和土壤孔隙度的影响"

年份
Year		 生育时期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 土层Soil layer
0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm
BD SP BD SP BD SP
2023 花针期 FP MG 1.43 a 37.54 c 1.53 a 36.66 c 1.62 a 35.94 c
YQ 1.31 b 48.43 a 1.36 c 47.32 a 1.54 b 46.58 a
FG 1.28 c 46.38 b 1.40 b 45.57 b 1.52 b 45.03 b
结荚期 PS MG 1.42 a 39.14 c 1.50 a 38.53 c 1.58 a 38.05 c
YQ 1.36 b 48.21 a 1.43 b 47.26 a 1.49 b 46.84 a
FG 1.38 ab 44.41 b 1.49 a 43.46 b 1.52 b 42.59 b
2023 饱果期 PF MG 1.45 a 44.59 c 1.56 a 43.55 c 1.61 a 42.63 c
YQ 1.38 b 48.74 a 1.44 b 48.19 a 1.58 b 47.83 a
FG 1.42 a 47.94 b 1.54 a 46.28 b 1.63 a 45.84 b
收获期 HS MG 1.44 a 42.25 c 1.51 a 40.03 c 1.57 a 38.90 c
YQ 1.27 b 48.49 a 1.40 b 47.57 a 1.46 b 47.17 a
FG 1.40 a 45.43 b 1.52 a 43.58 b 1.57 a 42.63 b
2024 花针期 FP MG 1.36 a 47.55 c 1.45 a 45.48 c 1.57 a 43.49 c
YQ 1.31 b 50.58 a 1.37 b 48.50 a 1.42 b 46.57 a
FG 1.34 a 49.58 b 1.41 a 46.38 b 1.47 b 44.56 b
结荚期 PS MG 1.44 a 45.62 c 1.48 a 44.53 c 1.58 a 40.62 c
YQ 1.33 c 50.57 a 1.38 c 47.72 a 1.51 c 43.39 a
FG 1.37 b 48.50 b 1.44 b 45.50 b 1.55 b 41.60 b
饱果期 PF MG 1.44 a 45.52 c 1.48 a 43.63 c 1.59 a 40.47 c
YQ 1.33 c 49.56 a 1.39 c 47.64 a 1.51 c 43.50 a
FG 1.36 b 48.43 b 1.44 b 45.65 b 1.55 b 41.55 b
收获期 HS MG 1.44 a 45.62 c 1.49 a 43.59 c 1.60 a 39.41 c
YQ 1.34 c 49.62 a 1.40 c 47.62 a 1.51 c 42.50 a
FG 1.38 b 47.64 b 1.45 b 45.50 b 1.55 b 41.41 b

图2

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤团聚体的影响 MG: 免耕; YQ: 压青; FG: 翻耕。不同小写字母表示同一粒级在不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05), LSD数据统计。"

图3

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤全氮含量的影响 处理和缩写同表2。不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05), LSD数据统计。"

图4

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤有机质含量的影响 处理和缩写同表2。不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05), LSD数据统计。"

图5

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤蔗糖酶活性的影响 处理和缩写同表2。不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05), LSD数据统计。"

图6

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生田土壤脲酶活性的影响 处理和缩写同表2。不同小写字母表示同一生育时期不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05), LSD数据统计。"

表3

翻耕和绿肥还田对连作花生产量的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 荚果产量
Pod yield (kg hm-2)		 籽仁产量
Kernel yield (kg hm-2)		 单株结果数
Pods per plant		 公斤果数
Pods kg-1		 出仁率
Shelling rate (%)
2023 MG 4565 c 3564.81 b 12.37 c 560 a 68.55 b
YQ 5435 a 4032.40 a 16.37 a 529 c 71.57 a
FG 4880 b 3582.17 b 14.47 b 546 b 69.92 ab
2024 MG 4720 c 3670.36 b 16.97 b 523 a 71.71 b
YQ 5600 a 4045.98 a 20.27 a 484 b 78.44 a
FG 5265 b 3685.57 b 17.93 b 521 a 73.69 b
方差分析ANOVA
耕作方式T ** ** * NS *
年份Y NS NS ** * **
T×Y NS NS NS NS *

图7

产量及产量构成因素与土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性的相关性分析 BD: 土壤容重; SP: 土壤孔隙度; > 5、2-5和1-2 mm: 土壤团聚体粒径; TN: 土壤全氮; OM: 土壤有机质; SS: 土壤蔗糖酶; SU: 土壤脲酶; PP: 单株结果数; SHP: 出仁率。**表示差异极显著(P < 0.01), *表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

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