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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 821-832.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21016

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of nitrogen application rate on starch synthesis in winter wheat under high temperature stress after anthesis

GAO Chun-Hua1,2(), FENG Bo1,*(), LI Guo-Fang3, LI Zong-Xin2, LI Sheng-Dong1, CAO Fang1, CI Wen-Liang4, ZHAO Hai-Jun2   

  1. 1Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize / Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetics and Breeding in Northern Huang-Huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
    3Zibo Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Center, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
    4Shandong Academy of Agricultural Machinery Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-02-22 Accepted:2022-07-21 Online:2023-03-12 Published:2022-08-17
  • Contact: FENG Bo E-mail:chunhuaaa009@163.com;fengbo109@126.com.
  • Supported by:
    Shandong Agricultural Science and Technology Fund (Industrial Upgrading Project in the Park) Program(2019YQ001);Shandong Provincial Major Science and Technology Innovation Program(2020CXGC108052);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300600-1);Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2021LZGC009-4);Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019PEE047);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-22)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to investigate the response mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer to starch synthesis in wheat grains under high temperature stress after anthesis and to clarify the physiological mechanism and reasonable operation measures of nitrogen fertilizer to alleviate the damage of high temperature stress. The experiment was carried out in Jinan and Jiyang experimental station of Shandong Province on different nitrogen application rates (N1: 180 kg hm-2, N2: 240 kg hm-2, and N3: 300 kg hm-2), with heat resistant wheat variety JM44 and heat sensitive variety XM26 from 2018 to 2020, using an artificial greenhouse to warm up the air temperature for 7 days after anthesis as high temperature stress (H) and the field as control (CK). Grain filling rates, grain weight, sucrose, starch synthesis and related enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that the grain filling period was shortened, the maximum grain filling rate, amylopectin content, total starch contents, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylase were significantly reduced compared with the control caused by high temperature stress after anthesis. Compared with 180 kg hm-2 and 300 kg hm-2 treatments, the sucrose accumulation in flag leaves were found highest in 240 kg hm-2 treatment under high temperature stress. The contents of amylase, amylopectin, total starch, grain weight, the highest activity of sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) in grains were also the highest in 240 kg hm-2 treatment under high temperature stress. The results also showed that under high temperature stress with nitrogen application rate of 240 kg hm-2 the activity of sucrose synthase synthetic direction (SS-II), and the activity of sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), the soluble starch synthase (SSS), and the starch branching enzyme (SBE) of grains in JM44 were higher than those in XM26, resulting in more sucrose content in flag leaves, higher grain weight, and more starch content of grains in JM44. The study showed that to reduce the inhibition on starch synthesis, the nitrogen application rate of 240 kg hm-2 could maintain higher level of sucrose synthesis in flag leaves and sucrose decomposition capacity in grains after high temperature stress. These results indicate that the suitable nitrogen application and selection resistance cultivars were a coping measure to increase the starch content and alleviating the harmful effects of high temperature stress after anthesis in winter wheat.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen application rate, high temperature after anthesis, sucrose, starch, enzyme activity

Table 1

Test treatment design level"

温度
Temperature treatment		 品种
Cultivar name		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate (kg hm-2)
对照CK 济麦44 Jimai 44 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)
新麦26 Xinmai 26 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)
高温胁迫High temperature stress 济麦44 Jimai 44 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)
新麦26 Xinmai 26 180 (N1) 240 (N2) 300 (N3)

Fig. 1

Average wheat canopy temperature of the control and treatments during seven days of high temperature treatments JN: Jinan; JY: Jiyang; CK: control; H: high temperature stress."

Fig. 2

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on grain weight under high temperature stresses CK: the control; H: high temperature stress; N1: nitrogen application rates of 180 kg hm-2; N2: nitrogen application rates of 240 kg hm-2; N3: nitrogen application rates of 300 kg hm-2."

Table 2

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on grain filling characteristic parameters under high temperature stress"

温度处理
Temperature treatments		 施氮量
Nitrogen
application rate		 2018-2019 2019-2020
Tmax
(d)		 Vmax
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T1
(d)		 R2 Tmax
(d)		 Vmax
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 T1
(d)		 R2
新麦26 XM26
CK N1 17.88 1.61 39.17 0.995 16.98 1.54 40.47 0.997
N2 18.18 1.63 40.94 0.996 17.20 1.63 41.67 0.997
N3 17.55 1.63 42.46 0.997 18.00 1.76 43.21 0.995
H N1 13.90 0.95 34.53 0.999 13.29 0.86 35.68 0.998
N2 16.25 1.21 36.90 0.999 15.88 1.23 38.66 0.989
N3 13.87 0.99 36.31 0.997 14.92 1.01 37.68 0.998
济麦44 JM44
CK N1 16.45 1.77 41.79 0.994 16.67 1.79 41.18 0.991
N2 17.38 1.90 43.14 0.993 16.86 1.88 41.83 0.990
N3 16.04 1.89 44.64 0.992 17.00 1.82 44.30 0.994
H N1 14.33 1.00 38.97 0.992 12.61 0.94 38.37 0.993
N2 16.41 1.47 40.51 0.998 16.53 1.40 39.74 0.997
N3 14.67 1.01 39.72 0.995 15.71 1.04 39.35 0.991

Fig. 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on sucrose content in flag leaves under high temperature stress Different lowercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the control and high temperature stress treatments under the condition of the same nitrogen application rate and cultivar at P < 0.05. Different uppercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the cultivars and nitrogen application rate under the same temperature conditions at P < 0.05. The error bar is standard deviation. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 4

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on sucrose synthase activity (SS) in flag leaves under high temperature stress SS-I: sucrose synthetase-I activity points to synthetic; SS-II: sucrose synthetase-II activity points to decomposition. Different lowercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the control and high temperature stress treatments under the condition of the same nitrogen application rate and cultivar at P < 0.05. Different uppercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the cultivars and nitrogen application rate under the same temperature conditions at P < 0.05. The error bar is standard deviation. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 5

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on sucrose synthase (SS) activity in grains under high temperature stress SS-I: sucrose synthetase-I activity points to synthetic; SS-II: sucrose synthetase-II activity points to decomposition. Different lowercase letters above columns indicate significant difference among the control and high temperature stress treatments under the condition of the same nitrogen application rate and cultivar at P < 0.05. Different uppercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the cultivars and nitrogen application rate under the same temperature conditions at P < 0.05. The error bar is standard deviation. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on starch content in grains under high temperature stress"

温度处理
Temperature treatments		 施氮量
Nitrogen application rate		 直链淀粉含量
Amylose content
(%)		 支链淀粉含量
Amylopectin content
(%)		 总淀粉含量
Starch content
(%)		 支/直比
Ratio of amylose to amylopectin
新麦26 XM26
CK N1 9.09±0.13 c 42.53±0.23 b 51.62±0.10 b 4.69±0.05 b
N2 13.78±0.11 b 47.54±1.82 a 61.32±1.70 a 3.52±0.04 d
N3 7.43±0.18 d 40.83±0.59 b 48.27±0.77 c 5.54±0.17 a
H N1 7.23±0.02 de 30.34±0.33 d 37.57±0.35 d 4.18±0.03 c
N2 16.76±0.016 a 34.50±0.25 c 51.25±0.24 b 2.07±0.01 e
N3 6.96±0.017 e 32.78±0.13 cd 39.74±0.15 d 4.72±0.02 b
济麦44 JM44
CK N1 9.41±0.04 c 47.49±0.02 b 56.90±0.06 b 5.05±0.24 b
N2 12.46±0.31 d 56.74±0.07 a 69.20±0.24 a 4.56±0.11 c
N3 7.71±0.26 d 47.00±0.31 b 54.71±0.05 b 6.12±0.18 a
H N1 7.31±0.16 d 37.71±1.12 d 45.02±0.96 c 5.08±0.04 b
N2 14.66±0.09 a 42.26±2.55 c 56.92±2.45 b 2.80±0.07 d
N3 5.96±0.25 e 30.01±0.39 e 35.96±0.63 d 5.08±0.24 b

Fig. 6

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on SSS and GBSS activity in grains under high temperature stress SSS: soluble starch synthase; GBSS: granule-bound starch synthase. Different lowercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the control and high temperature stress treatments under the condition of the same nitrogen application rate and cultivar at P < 0.05. Different uppercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the cultivars and nitrogen application rate under the same temperature conditions at P < 0.05. The error bar is standard deviation. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 7

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on starch branching enzymes in grains under high temperature stress SBE: starch branching enzymes. Different lowercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the control and high temperature stress treatments under the condition of the same nitrogen application rate and cultivar at P < 0.05. Different uppercase letters above the columns indicate significant difference among the cultivars and nitrogen application rate under the same temperature conditions at P < 0.05. The error bar is standard deviation. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

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