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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 1522-1535.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51076

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Yield formation of wheat with different ear types under water-saving supplementary irrigation conditions

Zhang Zhen(), Feng Lian-Jie, Shi Yu, Yu Zhen-Wen, Zhang Yong-Li*()   

  1. National Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Tillage, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2025-08-19 Accepted:2026-01-22 Online:2026-05-12 Published:2026-02-11
  • Contact: *Zhang Yong-Li, E-mail: zhangylsdau@edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong(ZR2023MC131);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32502037);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-03-18)

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Abstract:

To investigate the effects of water-saving supplemental irrigation on photosynthesis, senescence, and grain filling characteristics of flag leaves in tillers of wheat varieties with different spike types, and to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying yield formation under supplemental irrigation, an experiment was conducted using two wheat varieties: the medium-spike Jimai 22 (J22) and the large-spike Shannong 23 (S23). Three irrigation regimes were applied: no irrigation throughout the growing season (W0); water-saving supplemental irrigation (W70), which maintained 70% relative soil moisture in the 0-40 cm layer at both the jointing and flowering stages; and full supplemental irrigation (W90), which maintained 90% relative soil moisture at the same stages and depth. A total of six treatment combinations were evaluated to compare photosynthetic performance senescence characteristics of flag leaves on tillers, and grain filling parameters between the two spike-type varieties. Results showed that under water-saving supplemental irrigation, S23 exhibited higher relative chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, superoxide dismutase activity, and soluble protein content in the flag leaves of tillers after flowering, along with lower malondialdehyde content, compared with other treatments. Additionally, the average grain filling rate, maximum grain filling rate, and duration of the active grain filling period were significantly higher, contributing to a significantly greater grain weight. Under water-saving supplemental irrigation, the single-plant grain yield of S23 increased by 8.39% to 45.16%, and the grain yield per hectare increased by 5.76% to 44.32%, compared with other treatments. Although no significant yield difference was observed between the water-saving and fully irrigated S23 treatments, the total irrigation volume under water-saving irrigation was 14.82% to 52.61% lower, while irrigation water use efficiency was 22.33% to 122.74% higher, In conclusion, the water-saving supplemental irrigation treatment for S23 achieved higher grain yield and the highest irrigation efficiency by enhancing the accumulation of photosynthetic products in tillers and their branches, making it the most effective treatment under the experimental conditions.

Key words: wheat with different spike types, supplementary irrigation, photosynthetic characteristics, grain filling, grain yield

Table 1

Soil nutrient contents in 0-20 cm soil layer before sowing"

年份
Year		 地点
Site		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 速效磷
Available
phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available
potassium
(mg kg-1)		 碱解氮
Available
nitrogen
(mg kg-1)
2019-2020 山东农业大学实验农场
Experimental farm of Shandong Agricultural University		 12.10 1.17 46.14 112.86 104.74
2020-2021 山东农业大学汶阳田现代农业产业园
Wenyangtian modern agricultural industrial park of Shandong Agricultural University		 14.70 1.55 49.53 123.82 115.14

Fig. 1

Monthly precipitation and air temperature in the growth seasons of wheat in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021"

Fig. 2

Effects of supplemental irrigation on SPAD value in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) J22: Jimai 22; S23: Shannong 23; W0: no irrigation throughout the growing season; W70: water-saving supplemental irrigation; W90: full supplemental irrigation; O, I, and II represent the main stem, the first tiller stem, and the second tiller stem, respectively. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 3

Effects of supplemental irrigation on net photosynthetic rate in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 4

Effects of supplemental irrigation on sucrose content in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 5

Effects of supplemental irrigation on sucrose phosphate synthase activity in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 6

Effects of supplemental irrigation on superoxide dismutase activity in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 7

Effects of supplemental irrigation on soluble protein content in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 8

Effects of supplemental irrigation on malondialdehyde content in flag leaf of main stem and tillers in different positions after anthesis (2019-2021) Abbreviations and treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments as determined by the LSD test (P < 0.05)."

Table 2

Effects of supplemental irrigation on parameters of main stem and tillers in different positions (2020-2021)"

蘖位
Tiller
position		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 拟合方程
Fitting equation		 决定系数
Coefficient of determination		 最大灌浆速率Vmax
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 平均灌浆速率Vmean
(mg grain-1 d-1)		 灌浆持续期D
(d)
O J22 W0 Y = 38.44/ (1+28.85e-0.24x) 0.998 2.37 b 1.18 b 24.34 c
W70 Y = 43.04/ (1+25.17e-0.23x) 0.998 2.51 a 1.27 a 25.69 b
W90 Y = 43.84/ (1+25.43e-0.23x) 0.998 2.53 a 1.28 a 25.91 b
S23 W0 Y = 42.17/ (1+30.55e-0.23x) 0.998 2.41 b 1.19 b 26.25 b
W70 Y = 46.18/ (1+27.87e-0.22x) 0.999 2.49 a 1.24 a 27.82 a
W90 Y = 46.02/ (1+29.22e-0.22x) 0.999 2.50 a 1.25 a 27.63 a
I J22 W0 Y = 37.06/ (1+25.85e-0.24x) 0.998 2.20 c 1.11 c 25.26 c
W70 Y = 43.08/ (1+23.03e-0.21x) 0.998 2.31 b 1.18 ab 27.93 a
W90 Y = 40.78/ (1+24.10e-0.23x) 0.998 2.30 b 1.17 ab 26.58 b
S23 W0 Y = 39.57/ (1+29.48e-0.23x) 0.998 2.24 c 1.11 c 26.51 b
W70 Y = 45.70/ (1+26.81e-0.21x) 0.998 2.39 a 1.20 a 28.65 a
W90 Y = 42.19/ (1+26.25e-0.22x) 0.998 2.27 b 1.14 b 27.85 a
II J22 W0 Y = 33.22/ (1+23.80e-0.23x) 0.997 1.88 d 0.96 d 26.49 c
W70 Y = 40.53/ (1+22.21e-0.21x) 0.998 2.15 b 1.11 ab 28.28 b
W90 Y = 37.02/ (1+22.84e-0.21x) 0.996 1.99 c 1.02 c 27.95 b
S23 W70 Y = 44.21/ (1+25.23e-0.20x) 0.998 2.25 a 1.14 a 29.46 a
W90 Y = 40.71/ (1+24.13e-0.21x) 0.998 2.10 b 1.07 b 29.13 a
III J22 W70 Y = 33.99/ (1+24.39e-0.22x) 0.997 1.84 b 0.94 b 27.71 a
W90 Y = 36.14/ (1+23.04e-0.21x) 0.997 1.94 a 0.99 a 28.00 a

Table 3

Effects of supplemental irrigation on per spike grain yield, irrigation amount and irrigation water use efficiency in different positions"

生长季
Growth season		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 单株籽粒产量
Grain yield per plant
(g plant-1)		 公顷籽粒产量
Grain yield per
hectare
(kg hm-2)		 总灌水量
Irrigation
amount
(mm)		 灌水利用效率
Irrigation water
use efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2019-2020 J22 W0 2.42 c 5433.63 c — —
W70 3.41 b 7622.82 b 69.02 c 110.44 b
W90 3.28 b 7543.38 b 128.76 a 58.58 d
S23 W0 2.50 c 5636.84 c — —
W70 3.63 a 8039.85 a 60.26 d 133.42 a
W90 3.59 a 7949.59 a 109.05 b 72.90 c
2020-2021 J22 W0 2.88 c 6508.21 c — —
W70 3.50 b 8241.53 b 85.72 c 98.48 b
W90 3.40 b 8216.65 b 149.86 a 56.16 d
S23 W0 2.66 c 5989.29 c — —
W70 3.86 a 8738.92 a 71.54 d 122.15 a
W90 3.85 a 8840.64 a 131.17 b 67.40 c
F值
F-value		 生长季Growth season (G) 187.93** 194.76** 253.26** 33.34**
品种Cultivar (C) 24.63** 13.26** 187.95** 175.73**
补灌水平Supplementary irrigation (I) 692.69** 748.05** 10,121.11** 5504.60**
G × C 6.76* 5.96* 0.96ns 0.15ns
G × I 0.98ns 0.80ns 72.01** 14.43**
C × I 17.63** 10.49** 55.93** 55.15**
G × C × I 5.96** 4.08* 1.80ns 0.46ns
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