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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (5): 1536-1547.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53082

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Biochar combined with chemical fertilizer increases maize yield and soil ecosystem multifunctionality in an intercropped maize-soybean

Guo Xing-Yu(), Hu Dan, Lin Su-Qi, Wang Meng-Kai, Tan Wen-Feng, Huang Chuan-Qin*()   

  1. Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-10-27 Accepted:2026-01-22 Online:2026-05-12 Published:2026-02-05
  • Contact: *Huang Chuan-Qin, E-mail: hcq@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901205);Major Science and Technology Project of Hubei Province(2023BBA003);Major Science and Technology Project of Hubei Province(2025BBA003)

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Abstract:

To investigate the effects of biochar addition on maize growth and soil ecosystem multifunctionality in a maize-soybean intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted in Xianning City, Hubei Province, from 2023 to 2024. The study examined two planting patterns—monoculture maize (MM) and intercropped maize and soybean (SM)—and two fertilization regimes—conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) and biochar combined with chemical fertilizer (BF). Parameters assessed included maize growth, soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, and ecosystem multifunctionality. In terms of cropping system, compared with monoculture maize, intercropping significantly increased maize root length density in the 0-30 cm soil layer by 21.58%-32.24%, reduced soil bulk density by 6.31% in the 10-20 cm layer, increased soil organic carbon content by 3.51% and 13.01% in the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm layers, respectively, and raised total nitrogen content by 8.96% and 12.13% in the 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers, respectively. In terms of fertilizer treatment, compared with conventional chemical fertilizer, the combination of biochar and chemical fertilizer increased maize root length density by 5.84%-11.42% in the 0-30 cm layer, reduced soil bulk density by 4.77% in the 10-20 cm layer, and increased soil organic carbon content by 4.54% and 14.11% in the 0-10 cm and 20-30 cm layers, respectively. Relative to MM-CF, intercropping with chemical fertilizer (SM-CF) increased maize equivalent yield by 33.56%, and enhanced the soil ecosystem multifunctionality index by 101.63%-119.91% in the 0-30 cm layer. Intercropping with biochar and chemical fertilizer (SM-BF) further increased equivalent yield by 49.24% and boosted the multifunctionality index by 134.59%-238.63%. A random forest model identified root biomass as the most influential factor affecting soil ecosystem multifunctionality. These findings suggest that biochar combined with chemical fertilizer improves soil structure, enhances nutrient accumulation, and increases microbial diversity by promoting maize root growth under intercropped conditions, thereby synergistically enhancing both maize yield and soil ecosystem functions, and contributing to sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: intercropping, biochar, yield, root morphology, soil ecosystem multifunctionality

Table 1

Maize equivalent yield and partial land equivalent ratio (PLER) in 2023-2024"

年份
Year		 种植模式
Cropping system		 施肥模式
Fertilizer
treatment		 当量产量
Equivalent yield (kg hm-2)		 每株穗数
Ear number per plant
(pod number per plant)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear
(pod -1)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 玉米产量偏土地当量比
PLERM
2023 MM CF 8443±983 b 1.0±0.01 a 352±14 b 211±12.1 a -
BF 8563±901 b 1.0±0.01 a 381±17 b 228±10.7 a -
SM CF 9551±1105 a 1.0±0.01 a 426±13 a 232±11.4 a 0.57±0.01 a
BF 9723±1046 a 1.0±0.01 a 429±11 a 229±10.2 a 0.57±0.01 a
种植模式C ** ns ** ns
施肥模式F ns ns * ns
C×F ns ns ns ns
2024 MM CF 8504±1283 c 2.0±0.01 c 525±17 b 174±17.2 b -
BF 11,283±1294 b 2.5±0.01 b 547±16 b 193±15.4 a -
SM CF 11,357±555 b 2.5±0.01 b 606±23 a 200±12.8 a 0.68±0.04 a
BF 12,691±1370 a 3.0±0.08 a 564±28 b 192±10.5 a 0.57±0.03 b
种植模式C ** ** * ns -
施肥模式F * ** * ns -
C×F ** * ns * -

Fig. 1

Maize aboveground and root biomass (A) and aboveground and root carbon content (B) in 2023-2024 MM: monoculture maize; SM: intercropped maize and soybean; CF: chemical fertilizer; BF: biochar + chemical fertilizer; C: cropping system; F: fertilizer treatment. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ns: no significant difference."

Fig. 2

Dry biomass partial land equivalent ratio (A) and carbon absorption partial land equivalent ratio (B) in 2023-2024 LERB-CF: biomass partial land equivalent ratio with chemical fertilizer; LERB-BF: biomass partial land equivalent ratio with biochar + chemical fertilizer; LERC-CF: carbon partial land equivalent ratio with chemical fertilizer; LERC-BF: carbon partial land equivalent ratio with biochar + chemical fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 3

Root length density (A), root surface density (B), and root volume density (C) of the 0-30 cm soil layer after maize harvest in 2023-2024 MM: monoculture maize; SM: intercropped maize and soybean; CF: chemical fertilizer; BF: biochar + chemical fertilizer; C: cropping system; F: fertilizer treatment. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05); **: P < 0.01; ns: no significant difference."

Table 2

Soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil organic carbon, and soil total nitrogen in the 0-30 cm soil layer after maize harvest in 2023-2024"

指标
Indicator		 土层
Soil depth (cm)		 MM SM 种植模式
C		 施肥模式
F		 C×F
CF BF CF BF
土壤容重
Soil bulk density
(g cm-3)		 0-10 1.36±0.01 a 1.32±0.02 b 1.35±0.02 a 1.33±0.03 b ns ns ns
10-20 1.55±0.02 a 1.55±0.03 a 1.52±0.01 a 1.38±0.01 b ** ** **
20-30 1.66±0.01 a 1.61±0.01 b 1.59±0.01 b 1.66±0.02 a ns ns *
平均Mean 1.52±0.01 a 1.49±0.02 b 1.49±0.02 b 1.45±0.02 c * ns ns
土壤孔隙度
Soil porosity
(%)		 0-10 46.96±0.47 a 48.57±0.49 a 47.24±0.37 a 48.11±0.48 a ns ns ns
10-20 39.53±0.40 b 39.53±0.30 b 40.49±0.31 b 46.21±0.45 a ** ** **
20-30 35.25±0.35 a 37.04±0.37 a 37.89±0.38 a 35.18±0.34 a ns ns **
平均Mean 40.58±0.34 a 41.71±0.41 a 41.88±0.42 a 43.16±0.43 a * * ns
土壤有机碳
Soil organic carbon
(g kg-1)		 0-10 13.43±0.13 b 13.69±0.14 b 13.55±0.14 b 14.51±0.15 a ** ** *
10-20 13.57±0.14 b 13.41±0.13 b 13.28±0.13 b 13.92±0.12 a ns ns *
20-30 10.06±0.10 c 10.66±0.11 b 10.56±0.12 b 12.86±0.13 a ** ** **
平均Mean 12.35±0.12 b 12.59±0.13 b 12.46±0.11 b 13.77±0.13 a ** * **
土壤全氮
Soil total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 0-10 2.18±0.03 a 2.14±0.02 b 2.10±0.01 b 2.23±0.04 a ** ns ns
10-20 1.89±0.04 c 1.86±0.02 c 1.94±0.05 b 2.14±0.04 a ** ** **
20-30 1.69±0.01 b 1.66±0.01 b 1.84±0.03 a 1.92±0.03 a ** ns **
平均Mean 1.92±0.02 b 1.89±0.01 b 1.96±0.02 b 2.10±0.01 a ** * **

Fig. 4

Pielous (A), Shannon (B), and Simpson (C) indices of soil bacteria communities in the 0-30 cm soil layer after maize harvest in 2024 MM: monoculture maize; SM: intercropped maize and soybean; CF: chemical fertilizer; BF: biochar + chemical fertilizer; C: cropping system; F: fertilizer treatment. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05); n = 9; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01; ns: no significant difference."

Fig. 5

Soil ecosystem multifunctionality index in the 0-30 cm soil layer after maize harvest MM: monoculture maize; SM: intercropped maize and soybean; CF: chemical fertilizer; BF: biochar + chemical fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05)."

Fig. 6

Random forest prediction analysis of soil ecosystem multifunctionality index in the 0-30 cm soil layer after maize harvest"

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