不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响

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张仁和, 胡富亮, 杨晓钦, 高杰, 郝引川, 张兴华, 薛吉全. 不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39(9): 1619-1627[ZHANG Ren-He, HU Fu-Liang, YANG Xiao-Qin, GAO Jie, HAO Yin-Chuan, ZHANG Xing-Hua, XUE Ji-Quan. Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Spring Maize. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(9): 1619-1627] 复制到剪切板

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不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响

张仁和, 胡富亮, 杨晓钦, 高杰, 郝引川, 张兴华^*, 薛吉全^*

西北农林科技大学农学院 / 农业部西北旱区玉米生物学与遗传育种国家重点实验室, 陕西杨凌712100

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 薛吉全, E-mail:xjq2934@163.com; 张兴华, E-mail:zhangxh4569@163.com

基金:本研究由国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2009CB118604), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-08)和西北农林科技大学创新专项(QN2011086)资助。

摘要

明确旱地春玉米高产与水分高效协调的栽培技术及其生理原因, 对提高水分限制条件下玉米水分利用效率及玉米可持续生产具有重要意义。本文以郑单958为材料, 于2010年和2011年在陕西长武进行大田试验, 设置当地农户栽培(对照)、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培等4种栽培模式, 比较了其对春玉米光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 当地农户栽培、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培产量平均达7.7、9.2、11.7和10.6 t hm^-2, 高产模式较对照产量分别提高20.1%、52.9%和37.7%, 水分利用效率分别提高27.8%、60.9%和45.1%。与当地农户栽培相比, 高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培提高了花后叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和单叶水分利用效率(WUE_L)、相对电子传递速率(ETR)、PSII实际量子产额(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭(q_P); 延缓了叶片衰老; 花后干物质积累量分别增加29.0%、82.3%和56.1%。结果说明通过地膜覆盖、增加密度和氮肥运筹等关键栽培技术的集成与优化, 可实现旱地春玉米高产与水分高效30%以上的目标; 其增产增效的主要原因在于显著增强玉米花后叶片光捕获能力与光化学效率, 延缓叶片早衰, 促进花后干物质积累及其对籽粒的贡献率。

关键词: 玉米; 栽培模式; 光合特性; 干物质积累与转运; 产量与水分利用效率

Effects of Different Cultivation Patterns on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency in Dryland Spring Maize

ZHANG Ren-He, HU Fu-Liang, YANG Xiao-Qin, GAO Jie, HAO Yin-Chuan, ZHANG Xing-Hua^*, XUE Ji-Quan^*

College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China

Abstract

Under water-limited conditions, increasing water use efficiency (WUE) is essential for successful maize production. This study aimed at increasing grain yield and WUE through improving crop management. A maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was planted at Changwu of Shaanxi Province in 2010 and 2011 with four treatments including local farmers’ practice (CK), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation (HHC), super high yielding cultivation (SHC), and super high yielding and high efficiency cultivation (SHEC). The photosynthetic characteristics and WUE under the different cultivation patterns were analyzed. The results showed that the average yield for CK, HHC, SHC, and SHEC was 7.7, 9.2, 11.7, and 10.6 t ha^-1, respectively, and 20.1%, 52.9%, and 37.7% higher than that of control. WUE was increased by 27.8%, 60.9%, and 45.1% under HHC, SHC, and SHEC, when compared with local farmers’ practice. Compared with the control, HHC, SHC and SHEC also significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), leaf water use efficiency (WUE_L), electron transport rate (ETR), quantum yield (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching (q_P) of photo-system II in leaf, delayed the mean decreasing rate of leaf senescence and leaf senescence duration. In addition, the post-anthesis dry matter accumulations were 29.0%, 82.3%, and 56.1% higher in HHC, SHC, and SHEC than in the control. The results indicated that grain yield and WUE could be increased through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in maize production, which attributed to the higher photosynthetic rate, delayed leaf senescence at latter growth stages and higher post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and transportation to grains.

Keyword: Maize; Cultivation pattern; Photosynthetic characteristics; Dry matter accumulation and transportation; Yield and WUE

西北旱区是我国重要粮食生产基地之一, 旱地春玉米是该地区主要粮食作物之一, 在玉米生长季节光热充足时获得较高的籽粒产量, 其单产高出全国平均单产150 kg hm^-2以上^[1,2]。因降水时空分布不均且变率较大, 干旱成为该区春玉米产量提高的主要限制因子^[3,4,5]。因此, 提高水分利用效率为目标的多种栽培技术成为旱地农业研究的焦点^[6,7]。水分利用效率是全面反映玉米植株水分利用状况的综合指标, 土壤和作物管理技术能够增加籽粒产量和水分利用效率。其中覆盖是在西北旱区大面积推广的田间管理技术, 能够显著改善耕层土壤水热状况, 促进玉米生长发育, 提高水分利用效率^[8,9,10]。增加密度和合理施肥也是旱地玉米产量提高的重要途径^[11], 采用82 500株 hm^-2高密度结合氮肥调控创造了旱地春玉米18.7 t hm^-2的高产纪录, 而农民大田玉米种植密度维持在52 500株 hm^-2左右^[12,13,14]; 且农民习惯采用“一炮轰”过量施氮360 kg hm^-2, 远高于推荐施肥量225 kg hm^-2, 这样增施氮肥不但没有增加玉米产量, 还降低氮肥利用率, 污染环境^[15,16,17]。前人在这方面的研究也多集中在单或双因素对旱地春玉米干物质积累和水氮利用特征的影响^{[18,19,20,21]}, 但通过作物—土壤综合管理实现产量和水氮利用效率同步提高的研究报道尚少。为此, 本文在广泛调研黄土高原春玉米高产区当前农民习惯种植方式的基础上, 通过对覆盖方式、种植密度、氮肥运筹等多项栽培技术集成与优化, 比较分析了不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响, 以期为旱地春玉米持续高产高效栽培提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

西北农林科技大学旱作农业长武站位于黄土高原中南部陕西省长武县洪家镇王东沟村(35°12′N、107°40′ E, 海拔1200 m), 属典型旱作农区, 试验田土壤为黑垆土。2010年和2011年试验0~20 cm土壤含有机质12.6 g kg^-1、11.9 g kg^-1, 全氮0.93 g kg^-1、0.88 g kg^-1, 矿质氮3.14 mg kg^-1、3.18 mg kg^-1, 有效磷14.56 mg kg^-1、14.21 mg kg^-1, 有效钾144.5 mg kg^-1、144.9 mg kg^-1。两年玉米生育期平均温度分别为17.6℃和18.1℃; 降雨量分别为533.5 mm和494.8 mm (图1)。

1.2 试验设计

设置4种栽培模式, 其中当地农户栽培(T1)的种植密度为49 500株 hm^-2, 等行距(60 cm+60 cm); 施氮270 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅ 135 kg hm^-2为底肥, 采用秸秆覆盖。高产高效栽培(T2)的目标产量和WUE较T1处理增加15%~20%, 其种植密度为60 000株 hm^-2, 宽窄行(80 cm+40 cm); 施有机肥30 000 kg hm^-2、N 225 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅135 kg hm^-2, 其中60%氮肥拔节期追施, 采用地膜覆盖。超高产栽培(T3)的目标产量较T1处理增加50%以上, 采用宽窄行(80 cm+40 cm), 密度为90 000株 hm^-2, 施有机肥75 000 kg hm^-2、N 450 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 225 kg hm^-2和K₂O 225 kg hm^-2, 其中氮肥在底肥、拔节期、大口期和灌浆期分4次施入, 比例为30%、30%、30%和10%, 地膜覆盖。再高产高效栽培(T4)的目标产量和WUE较T1处理增加30%, 采用宽窄行(80 cm+40 cm), 密度为82 500株 hm^-2, 施有机肥75 000 kg hm^-2、N 300 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2和K₂O 150 kg hm^-2, 其中氮肥在播种期、拔节期和大口期分3次施入, 比例为30%、30%和40%, 地膜覆盖。供试品种为郑单958。随机排列, 4次重复, 小区面积为60 m²。2010年4月22日播种, 9月24日收获; 2011年4月20日播种, 9月26日收获。

图1 陕西省长武县旱地春玉米生长季节降雨量和温度的变化Fig. 1 Changes of precipitation and temperature of dryland spring maize at Changwu of Shaanxi Province

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 叶片光合速率于大口期(V12)、吐丝期(VT)、灌浆期(R3)和成熟期(R6) 10:00至12:00, 利用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统(Li-Cor, USA), 设定人工光源光强为1500 µmol m^-2 s^-1, 选取各处理生育进程一致、照光均匀的健康植株, 测定光合速率( P_n, µmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)、蒸腾速率( T_r, mmol m^-2 s^-1), 叶片水分利用效率(WUE, µmol mmol^-1) = P_n/ T_r。每次每个处理重复3次。

1.3.2 叶绿素荧光参数于大口期(V12)、吐丝期(VT)、灌浆期(R3)和成熟期(R6)上午9:00~12:00, 利用PAM-2100荧光仪(WALZ, Germany), 以叶脉为轴的对称点测量叶绿素荧光参数。先暗适应30 min, 测定暗适应下的初始荧光( F_o)、最大荧光( F_m)。设置600 μmol m^-2 s^-1的光强, 测定光适应下的最大荧光( F_m')、最小荧光( F_o')、稳态荧光( F_s)等荧光参数; 参照Demming-Adams等^[22]方法, 实际量子产量 Φ_PSII＝( F_m' - F_s)/ F_m', 电子传递速率ETR = PAR× Φ_PSII× 0.5×0.84; 光化学猝灭系数 q_P = ( F_m' - F_s)/( F_m' - F_o'), 每次每个处理重复3次。

1.3.3 叶片衰老变化特征吐丝后每隔10 d测一次叶面积(叶长×叶宽×0.75), 用曲线方程 y= ae ^b^- ^cx/(1+e ^b^- ^cx)描述叶片衰老变化过程, 其中 y为某一时刻的相对绿叶面积(RGLA, %), x为抽丝后的天数, 参数 a为RGLA的理论初始值(本试验设置1), b与叶片衰老的启动有关, c与叶片衰老的速度有关^[22]。成熟期相对绿叶面积RGLAM(%)=成熟期绿叶面积/吐丝期绿叶面积; 相对绿叶面积最大衰减速率 V_max= c/4; 出现最大绿叶衰减速率的时间 T_max= b/ c^[23]。

1.3.4 干物质积累及籽粒产量于拔节期(V6)、大口期(V12)、吐丝期(VT)、灌浆期(R3)和成熟期(R6)取5样株, 将其分为叶片、茎鞘、苞叶、穗轴和籽粒等5个部分。于105℃杀青30 min后, 80℃烘48 h, 至恒重时称干物质重。成熟期收获考种、计产。参照Cox等^[24]方法计算群体干物质转运量(率)和花后同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒贡献率。

花前营养器官干物质转运量(kg hm^-2) = 开花期营养器官干重 - 成熟期营养器官干重

花前营养体干物质转运率(%) = 花前营养器官干物质转运量/开花期营养器官干重×100%

花后同化物输入籽粒量(kg hm^-2) = 成熟期籽粒干重 - 开花前营养器官干物质转运量

花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率(%) =干物质转运量/成熟期籽粒干重×100%

1.3.5 土壤含水量及水分利用效率在播种期和收获期采用土钻烘干法测定0~200 cm土壤含水量, 每20 cm一层, 重复3次。 W= W_i× D_i× H_i×10^[25], 式中, W: 土壤贮水量, mm; W_i: 第 i层土壤质量含水率, %; D_i: 第 i层土壤体积质量, g m^-3; H_i: 第 i层土壤厚度, cm。

水分利用效率WUE (kg km^-2 mm^-1)=GY/ET, ET=P-ΔS, 式中, GY为籽粒产量, 单位为kg hm^-2; ET为耗水量, 单位为mm; P为降雨量, 单位为mm; ΔS为收获期和播种期0~200 cm土壤贮水量之差, 单位为mm。试验地为旱地, 无灌溉。

1.4 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003计算试验数据平均值, SPSS12.0检测显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米叶片光合特性变化

2010—2011年平均数据显示, 不同栽培模式下叶片光合速率( P_n)随生育进程呈现先增加后降低趋势(图2-A), 超高产栽培、再高产高效栽培、高产高效栽培均显著高于当地农户栽培(对照)。不同栽培模式下叶片蒸腾速率( T_r)也均随生育进程呈现先增加后降低趋势(图2-B)。成熟期高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率显著高于当地农户栽培(对照)。而不同栽培模式下叶片水分利用效率(WUE_L)随生育进程下降(图2-C), 成熟期超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培单叶水分利用效率仍高于当地农户栽培。说明超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培改善叶片光合性能。

2.2 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米叶片荧光参数的变化

2010—2011年平均数据显示, 不同栽培模式下叶片荧光参数电子传递速率(ETR)、实际量子产额( Φ_PSII) 和光化学猝灭系数( q_P)均随生育进程呈现先增加后降低趋势(图3), 而在吐丝后期超高产栽培、再高产高效栽培、高产高效栽培叶片ETR、 Φ_PSII和 q_P均显著高于当地农户栽培(对照)。说明上述栽培处理提高叶片光能利用与转化效率。

2.3 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米叶片衰老的变化

不同栽培模式下吐丝后期叶片衰老速率呈下降趋势(图4), 当地农户栽培、超高产栽培、再高产高效栽培、高产高效栽培平均衰老速率分别为1.35%、1.23%、0.99%和1.09%, 当地农户栽培最高。成熟期超高产栽培、再高产高效栽培、高产高效栽培绿叶面积显著高于当地农户栽培(对照); 曲线方程拟合得出其最大衰老速率和天数, 超高产栽培、再高产高效栽培、高产高效栽培较对照的叶片最大衰老速率平均分别降低14.6%、44.7%和27.5%, 且天数延长13、7和2 d。说明上述栽培处理延缓叶片衰老的速率与时间。

2.4 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米干物质积累与分配

不同栽培模式下不同年份干物质积累动态均符合S型曲线, 玉米总干物质量均表现为超高产栽培>再高产高效栽培>高产高效栽培>当地农户栽培(对照)(图5)。不同栽培模式下干物质随着生育进程而逐步增加, 高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培花后干物质积累量占总生物量的比例两年平均值为39.0%、45.1%和42.9%, 均显著高于对照的35.7%。

图2 不同栽培模式下玉米叶片光合速率( P_n)、蒸腾速率( T_r)和叶片水分利用率(WUE_L)变化T1: 当地农户栽培; T2: 高产高效栽培; T3: 超高产栽培; T4: 再高产高效栽培; V12: 大口期; VT: 吐丝期; R3: 灌浆期; R6: 成熟期。Fig. 2 Changes of net photosynthetic rate ( P_n), transpiration rate ( T_r), and water use efficiency (WUE_L) in leaves of maize under different cultivation patternsT1: local farmers’ practice(CK); T2: high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation; T3: super high yielding cultivation; T4: super high yielding and high efficiency cultivation. V12: stage with 12 leaves expanded; VT: silking stage; R3: grain filling; R6: maturity stage.

图3 不同栽培模式下玉米叶片电子传递速率(ETR)、量子产额( Φ_PSII)和光化学效率( q_P)变化T1: 当地农户栽培; T2: 高产高效栽培; T3: 超高产栽培; T4: 再高产高效栽培; V12: 大口期; VT: 吐丝期; R3: 灌浆期; R6: 成熟期。Fig. 3 Changes of electron transport rate (ETR), quantum yield ( Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching ( q_P) of photo-system II of maize leaves under different cultivation patternsT1: local farmers’ practice (CK); T2: high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation; T3: super high yielding cultivation; T4: super high yielding and high efficiency cultivation. V12: stage with 12 leaves expanded; VT: silking stage; R3: grain filling; R6: maturity stage.

图4 不同栽培模式下玉米相对绿叶面积(RGLA)动态变化T1: 当地农户栽培; T2: 高产高效栽培; T3: 超高产栽培; T4: 再高产高效栽培。Fig. 4 Dynamic changes of relative green leaf area of maize under different cultivation patternsT1: local farmers’ practice (CK); T2: high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation; T3: super high yielding cultivation; T4: super high yielding and high efficiency cultivation.

表1 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米叶片衰老特征Table 1 Leaf senescence traits of dryland spring maize under different cultivation patterns

图5 不同栽培模式下群体干物质积累动态变化T1: 当地农户栽培; T2: 高产高效栽培; T3: 超高产栽培; T4: 再高产高效栽培; V6: 拔节期; V12: 大口期; VT: 吐丝期;R3: 灌浆期; R6: 成熟期。Fig. 5 Changes of dry matter accumulation of maize under different cultivation patterns at different growth stagesT1: local farmers’ practice (CK); T2: high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation; T3: super high yielding cultivation; T4: super high yielding and high efficiency cultivation. V6: stage with 6 leaves expanded; V12: stage with 12 leaves expanded; VT: silking stage; R3: grain filling; R6: maturity stage.

表2 不同栽培模式下春玉米干物质转运量、转运率及花前贮藏同化物对籽粒贡献率变化Table 2 Changes of dry matter translocation, dry matter translocation efficiency, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and contribution of post-anthesis assimilates to grain of dryland spring maize under different cultivation patterns

与当地农户栽培(对照)相比, 高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培干物质转运量和转运率均显著低于对照(表2); 其花后同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒贡献率分别提高29. 0%、80.3%、56.1%和7.5%、17.9%、13.5%。说明高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培提高花后同化物是其增产的物质来源。

2.5 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米产量构成及水分利用效率

由表3可知, 当地农户栽培、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培平均产量分别达7.7、9.2、11.7和10.6 t hm^-2, 较对照分别提高20.1%、52.9%和37.7%; 各年度的差异均达极显著水平。高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培春玉米穗粒数和千粒重较当地农户栽培有所降低, 差异不显著。由于种植密度不同, 导致有效穗数差异达显著或极显著水平。从产量构成看, 增加种植密度是实现玉米高产的重要的途径。

从不同栽培模式下土壤贮水量增加趋势(图6)看, 高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培较当地农户栽培(对照)两年平均土壤贮水量增加24.2、31.7和29.4 mm, 特别是100 cm以下土壤水量差异显著; 而耗水量较对照减少24.8、26.7和24.7 mm。这3个处理的水分利用效率较对照分别提高了27.8%、60.9%和45.1%。说明这些栽培体系能有效地蓄集降雨、抑制无效蒸发, 大幅提高玉米水分利用效率。

表3 不同栽培模式下旱地春玉米产量构成及水分利用率的变化Table 3 Yield component and water use efficiency (WUE) of dryland spring maize under different cultivation patterns

图6 不同栽培模式下土壤贮水量动态变化缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as given in Figure 2.Fig. 6 Changes of soil water storage of maize under different cultivation patterns

3 讨论

对于西北旱地玉米重要挑战就是通过作物管理提高水分利用效率^[1,3]。水分利用效率受籽粒产量、土壤耗水量和降雨量的影响^[25], 旱地季节性多变降雨不能预测, 但栽培技术能高效集雨并合理利用^[8]。其中秸秆覆盖技术能够蓄积土壤水和减少土壤水分蒸发, 是提高水分利用效率的一项重要栽培技术^[2,10]。本研究发现, 与当地农户栽培(对照)相比, 高产高效栽培、超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培土壤耗水量减少24.8、26.7和24.7 mm。尽管超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培群体增加, 但其收获土壤需水量仍较多, 特别在深层土壤(图6), 说明地膜覆盖比秸秆覆盖蓄积降雨效果好, 能有效提高水分利用效率。结果暗示旱区春玉米生产中宜采用地膜覆盖技术。同时玉米产量的提高归功于高密度种植, 可最大利用光能^[14,15]。本研究显示, 超高产栽培和再高产高效栽培群体干物质较显著高于对照(图5); 另外, 高产栽培和再高产高效栽培在增加有效穗数的同时, 穗粒数也不同程度提高(表3)。可见, 通过增密技术增穗增粒扩大库容是实现高产的重要栽培途径。实现玉米产量和水分效率30%以上的生理原因可能有以下2个方面。

玉米干物质积累量是籽粒产量的物质基础, 获得高产就是要尽量增加干物质产量, 并使之更多分配到籽粒中^[3]。而玉米籽粒产量的物质来源于花前贮藏营养器官同化物的再分配和花后的光合生产同化物^[18,26], 且受品种特性、栽培措施和气候条件等影响^[16,19,26]。环境胁迫下(干旱、低温)显著提高了玉米籽粒来自花前营养器官物质的比例^[26]; 在高产栽培条件下玉米高产品种的籽粒产量主要依赖于生育后期的干物质积累^[14]。王永军等^[12]研究认为, 控释尿素处理比对照使得干物质向开花后分配比例增加。因此, 提高花后干物质生产量对玉米高产超高产尤为重要^[16,19]。本研究发现, 与当地农户栽培(对照)相比, 高产高效栽培, 超高产栽培及再高产高效栽培下玉米群体吐丝至成熟期的干物质积累更多并转运至籽粒(花后同化物对籽粒的贡献率)。这是旱地春玉米高产与水分高效协同提高的物质基础。

普遍认为玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自抽穗以后的光合同化物^[26,27], 光合物质生产量基本取决于花后叶片光合效率和绿叶持续期^[16,20]。水分亏缺降低玉米叶片实际光化学效率( Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数( q_P)^[26]。张玉芹等^[19]研究指出, 产量15 000 kg hm^-2以上超高产栽培玉米灌浆前期净光合速率高, 后期净光合速率下降缓慢。本研究结果显示, 与当地农户栽培(对照)相比, 再高产高效栽培和超高产栽培下玉米叶片 P_n、ETR、 Φ_PSII和 q_P高, 叶片衰老速率( V_max)低, 绿叶持续时间( T_max)长, 说明以上栽培处理使得玉米生育后期叶片具有较强的光捕获能力和光化学效率, 改善了叶片光合性能, 灌浆中后期蒸腾速率和WUE_L较高, 为籽粒灌浆提供较充足的光合同化物。这是旱地春玉米高产与水分高效协同提高的生理基础。而叶片衰老快慢与其氮素积累密切相关^[27], 超高产栽培下具有较高光合速率的玉米是否叶片奢侈吸氮, 导致植株氮素向籽粒转运少, 影响氮肥利用效率, 仍需进一步深入研究。

气象条件(温度、降雨)等对旱地玉米产量的影响甚大。苏新宏等^[28]研究豫南雨养区夏玉米产量与气象因子的关系表明, 降水量是该区玉米生产中最关键的气候因子。本试验观察到年际间产量差异主要是2011年降雨量较2010年减少38.7 mm所致。

4 结论

再高产高效栽培和超高产栽培的产量与水分利用效率均较当地农户栽培(对照)高。通过地膜覆盖、增加密度和氮肥运筹等关键栽培技术的集成与优化, 可以实现了旱地春玉米产量和水分效率增加30%以上的目标, 在于优化栽培管理显著增强玉米花后叶片光捕获能力与光化学效率, 延缓叶片早衰, 促进花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率。

参考文献

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1999

0.0

... 西北旱区是我国重要粮食生产基地之一, 旱地春玉米是该地区主要粮食作物之一, 在玉米生长季节光热充足时获得较高的籽粒产量, 其单产高出全国平均单产150 kg hm^-2以上^[1,2] ...

... 3 讨论对于西北旱地玉米重要挑战就是通过作物管理提高水分利用效率^[1,3] ...

2011

0.0

... 其中秸秆覆盖技术能够蓄积土壤水和减少土壤水分蒸发, 是提高水分利用效率的一项重要栽培技术^[2,10] ...

2010

0.0

1.4522

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2010, 43(13):2697 - 2705

Effects of N and Water Supply on Dry Matter and N Accumulation and Distribution in Maize (Zea mays L.) Leaf and Straw-Sheath

水、氮供应对玉米冠层营养器官干物质和氮素累积、分配的影响

WANG Li-mei, LI Shi-qing, SHAO Ming-an

王丽梅,李世清,邵明安

（西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室）

【Objective】 The objective of this paper was to study the effects of different levels of N and water supply on the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and N in maize leaf and straw-sheath. 【Method】 A pot experiment was therefore conducted during 2008-2009 to study the dry matter and N accumulation and distribution dynamics as affected by different levels of N supply and soil water availability. 【Result】 The results showed that N concentration of leaf and straw-sheath was significantly increased with application of N fertilizer except 11-leaf stage. Adequate water supply significantly enhanced the N concentration of leaf and straw-sheath in N application treatments, however, adequate water supply did not enhance but decreased the N concentration of leaf and straw-sheath in no N application treatments. Whether N were applied or not, the dry matter accumulation of leaf and straw -sheath showed a single-peak curve with maize growing under the condition of adequate water supply, but it showed a continuous increasing trend with growing under the condition of drought stress. The N accumulation of leaf and straw-sheath showed a single-peak curve with growing in all treatments except the one which were treated with not only drought stress but also no N application (in this treatment, no significant differences were observed in N content of leaf and straw -sheath among 3 stages). Whether N and water were supplied sufficiently or not, leaf was the main part of N distribution, but the distribution of dry matter varied with N application and growing stage. When no N fertilizer was applied, the cumulative amount of dry matter in straw-sheath was higher than in leaf from spinning to grain filling stage, however, it was lower than leaf at 11-leaf stage. When N fertilizer was sufficiently supplied, the cumulative amount of dry matter in straw-sheath was always higher than in leaf during the whole growing season.【Conclusion】 The accumulation of dry matter and N in leaf and straw-sheath were asynchronous, and the accumulation curves varied with different levels of water and N supply. Leaf was the main part of N accumulation, but the main part of dry matter accumulation varied with N application and growing stage. N application and irrigation both could significantly increase the dry matter and N content in maize canopy, and the interactive effects between irrigation and N application were significant, in addition, the effect of N application was higher than irrigation in present experiment.

【目的】阐明水、氮供应对玉米冠层营养器官干物质和氮素累积、分配及随生育时期变化的影响,对关键生育时期采取有效水肥措施以提高产量。【方法】以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,玉米为研究材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同氮素和水分供应对玉米冠层营养器官干物质及氮素累积、分配及随生育时期变化的影响。【结果】除11叶期外,施氮可显著提高叶片和茎鞘单位干重氮素含量;施氮条件下,充分供水有利于叶片和茎鞘单位干重氮素累积;而氮素胁迫时,充分供水反而不利于单位干重氮素累积。无论施氮与否,充分供水处理叶片＋茎鞘干物质累积随生育时期呈单峰曲线变化,而干旱胁迫处理呈线性增长趋势;除水、氮皆胁迫处理叶片＋茎鞘氮素累积从11叶期到灌浆期变化不明显外,其余处理均呈单峰曲线变化。无论水、氮供应情况如何,各生育时期氮素累积主要部位均为叶片;不施氮时,生育前期干物质累积主要部位是叶片,生育后期为茎鞘;施氮后,各生育时期干物质累积主要部位均为茎鞘,施氮对茎鞘干物质累积的影响比对叶片更为显著。【结论】叶片和茎鞘干物质与氮素累积具有不同步性,且随生育时期累积趋势因水、氮供应不同而异。各处理氮素累积主要部位均为叶片,而干物质在叶片和茎鞘中的分配因氮素供应不同存在显著差异。施氮和充分供水均可显著提高冠层营养器官干物质及氮素累积,二者存在显著正交互效应,本试验条件下氮肥比水分效应更为突出。

... 因降水时空分布不均且变率较大, 干旱成为该区春玉米产量提高的主要限制因子^[3,4,5] ...

... 3 讨论对于西北旱地玉米重要挑战就是通过作物管理提高水分利用效率^[1,3] ...

... 玉米干物质积累量是籽粒产量的物质基础, 获得高产就是要尽量增加干物质产量, 并使之更多分配到籽粒中^[3] ...

2011

0.0

1.9626

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 2011, 35(8):825 - 833 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00825

Effects of mulching methods on soil water dynamics and corn yield of rain-fed cropland in the semiarid area of China

半干旱区旱地不同覆盖种植方式玉米田的土壤水分和产量效应

WANG Hong-Li^1,2*, ZHANG Xu-Cheng^2,3,4, and SONG Shang-You^2**

王红丽^1,2*, 张绪成^2,3,4, 宋尚有^2**

¹Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
²Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou730070, China;
³State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Yangling, Shaanxi 712100;
⁴College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Aims A new drought-resistance farming technology of double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film and furrow planting (PMF) is widely applied on rain-fed agriculture in the middle and eastern part of Gansu Province, China, to increase crop yield and water use efficiency. However, its impacts on seasonal and annual soil water dynamics are not well understood. Our objectives were to (a) investigate seasonal and annual changes in soil water content, corn yield and water use efficiency of different mulching methods and (b) evaluate the ecological impact of PMF on rain-fed cropland in semi-arid areas.
Methods We studied three treatments: PMF, whole field surface sand mulching and flat planting (SM) and uncovered and flat planting (CK). Using oven-drying and neutron-probe methods, we observed soil water in the 0–200 cm layer from 2009 to 2010.
Important findings PMF could improve soil water storage in the 0–200 cm layer significantly before corn jointing and improve corn development in the early growth period. With corn growth, there was a significant difference in water consumption among the three treatments in the sequence PMF > SM > CK. Conversely, the sequence of change of soil water storage was CK > SM > PMF. Under the same precipitation, soil water restoration depth of PMF was deepest and CK was shallowest (in the 0–200 cm soil layer). The quantity and depth of soil water consumption increased with increases of corn planting years in PMF treatment, e.g., depth of water consumption deepened from 20–120 cm to 120–200 cm from 2009 to 2010. After two years of continuous cropping of corn, soil water content in the 40–120 cm layer was<9.0% in all three treatments, the soil water content of PMF treatment decreased to 7.9% (which is close to the wilting coefficient of 7.2%) and corn development depended on rainfall in the growing season. This indicates that continuous corn cropping with PMF would result in a dry soil layer in semiarid areas. Water consumption, corn yield and water use efficiency were highest in PMF treatment,
but lowest in CK in both years. Therefore, PMF could improve corn yield significantly, but continuous cropping may result in significant reduction of soil water storage and was disadvantageous to sustainable development capacity of cropland.

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同种植方式玉米(Zea mays)田的土壤水分动态特征, 测定了全膜双垄沟播(PMF)、全沙覆盖(SM)和裸地(CK) 3种不同处理0–200 cm土壤水分季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化。结果表明: PMF明显改善玉米拔节前0–200 cm土壤的水分条件, 有利于玉米前期生长; 随着玉米生育进程的推进, 3种处理的耗水量依次为: PMF﹥SM﹥CK, 而土壤贮水量表现为CK﹥SM﹥PMF; 在相同降雨条件下, PMF处理0–200 cm土壤水分降雨入渗补给深度最大, SM次之, CK最小。随着
种植年限增加, PMF的耗水量和耗水深度增加, 两年种植期间耗水深度从20–120 cm向120–200 cm推移; 连续种植两年后, 3种处理40–120 cm土壤含水量下降至9.0%以下, 其中PMF下降最快(7.9%), 土壤含水量接近萎蔫系数7.2%, 玉米只能靠当年降水生长, 如种植年限继续增加, 土壤极有可能形成干层。3种处理之间耗水量、产量、水分利用效率都存在显著差异, PMF最高, SM次之, CK最低。因此, 在半干旱区采用全膜双垄沟播种植玉米可显著提高产量, 但连续种植可导致土壤贮水量显著降低, 对农田可持续生产能力造成不利影响。

... 因降水时空分布不均且变率较大, 干旱成为该区春玉米产量提高的主要限制因子^[3,4,5] ...

2009

2.477

0.0

EUR J AGRON. 2009, 31(4):241 - 249 DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2009.08.004

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

Abstract

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.

... 因降水时空分布不均且变率较大, 干旱成为该区春玉米产量提高的主要限制因子^[3,4,5] ...

2004

0.0

... 因此, 提高水分利用效率为目标的多种栽培技术成为旱地农业研究的焦点^[6,7] ...

2011

0.0

... 因此, 提高水分利用效率为目标的多种栽培技术成为旱地农业研究的焦点^[6,7] ...

2011

0.0

... 其中覆盖是在西北旱区大面积推广的田间管理技术, 能够显著改善耕层土壤水热状况, 促进玉米生长发育, 提高水分利用效率^[8,9,10] ...

... 水分利用效率受籽粒产量、土壤耗水量和降雨量的影响^[25], 旱地季节性多变降雨不能预测, 但栽培技术能高效集雨并合理利用^[8] ...

2006

1.0

0.0

PHOTOSYNTHETICA. 2006, 44(1):26 - 31 DOI:10.1007/s11099-005-0154-3

Diurnal variation of gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and xanthophyll cycle components of maize hybrids released in different years

L. Ding(1) K. J. Wang(2) G. M. Jiang(1) Y. G. Li(1) C. D. Jiang(1) M. Z. Liu(1) S. L. Niu(1) Y. Peng(1)

1.Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, 100093 Beijing, P.R. China
2.Agronomy Department, Shandong Agriculture University, 271018 Tai'an, P.R. China

Diurnal variation of gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, and xanthophyll cycle components of three maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids released in different years,i.e. Baimaya (1950s), Zhongdan2 (1970s), and Nongda108 (1990s), were compared. On cloudless days, the newer hybrids always had higher net photosynthetic rate (P_N), especially at noon, than the older ones. At noon, all the hybrids decreased their maximal yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry (F_v/F_m) and actual quantum yield of PS2 (Φ_PS2), the newer ones always showing higher values. Generally, the newer hybrids displayed higher photochemical quenching of Chl (q_P) and lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The interhybrid differences inP_N may be owing to their differential photochemical efficiency. A midday depression inP_N occurred in all hybrids, which might be caused by serious photoinhibition or by decreased stomatal conductance. However, midday depression inP_N was more obvious in the older hybrids, especially when leaves were senescent. The higher de-epoxidation state of the xanthophylls was noted in older hybrids, which was confirmed by their larger NPQ. The newer maize hybrids did not need a strong de-epoxidation state since they had a better photosynthetic quantum conversion rate and a lower NPQ.

... 其中覆盖是在西北旱区大面积推广的田间管理技术, 能够显著改善耕层土壤水热状况, 促进玉米生长发育, 提高水分利用效率^[8,9,10] ...

2007

0.0

... 其中覆盖是在西北旱区大面积推广的田间管理技术, 能够显著改善耕层土壤水热状况, 促进玉米生长发育, 提高水分利用效率^[8,9,10] ...

... 其中秸秆覆盖技术能够蓄积土壤水和减少土壤水分蒸发, 是提高水分利用效率的一项重要栽培技术^[2,10] ...

2012

0.0

... 增加密度和合理施肥也是旱地玉米产量提高的重要途径^[11], 采用82 500株 hm^-2高密度结合氮肥调控创造了旱地春玉米18 ...

2012

0.0

... 7 t hm^-2的高产纪录, 而农民大田玉米种植密度维持在52 500株 hm^-2左右^[12,13,14] ...

... 王永军等^[12]研究认为, 控释尿素处理比对照使得干物质向开花后分配比例增加 ...

2007

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2007, 33(4):612 - 619

Establishment and Test of LAI Dynamic Simulation Model for High Yield Population

作物高产群体LAI动态模拟模型的建立与检验

ZHANG Bin¹,ZHAO Ming^2*,DONG Zhi-Qiang²,LI Jian-Guo¹,CHEN Chuan-Yong¹,SUN Rui¹

张宾¹;赵明^2,*;董志强²;李建国¹;陈传永¹;孙锐¹

1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, 2 Crop Science Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Leaf Area Index (LAI) simulation models is an indispensable tool for supporting crop scientific research, population and community growth analysis, and crop management. However,LAI is very difficult to be quantified properly, owing to ecological and varietal factors and temporal variability. Many methods have been developed to quantifyLAIand yielded good results, but most of them have different formats with many parameters, which hamper their application. In this paper, an extensively suitableLAI simulation model, y= (a+bx) / (1+cx+dx²), was developed with normalizedLAIand crop growth duration data. And by means of which, the specific normalized models y= (0.0134+0.3234x) / (1－2.774x+2.4178x²) for spring maize (r=0.9858**), y= (0.0777+0.0205x) / (1－2.7374x+2.0484x²) for rice (r=0.9865**), and y= (0.0131+0.0035x) / (1－2.4515x+1.5273x²) for winter wheat (r=0.9719**) were established. Compared with otherLAI simulation models, normalizedLAI dynamic model can not only generate reliable prediction for the evolution ofLAI, but also estimate leaf area duration (LAD) and LAI in any period. Once the crop life span and a total leaf area of a crop population in any moment are acquired, the crop LAI andLAD can be estimated easily. From the time of jointing stage, the model could make a good pre-estimation ofLAIdynamics with the accuracy of 1.050, 1.0357, and 1.1168 and the precision (R²) were 0.8728, 0.9270, and 0.9254 for spring maize, rice and winter wheat, respectively. Compared with the measured values, the simulatedLAI had a linear coefficient (k) over 0.98, with R²above 0.86. The results showed that normalizedLAI dynamic model provided a better description for crop population dynamics. Combined with dry matter accumulation, the averageLAI, NAR (net assimilation rate), and CGR (crop growth rate) can be calculated. By means of which, the relationships between the physiological parameters and crop yield were analyzed, and the possible ways for higher crop yield were put forward accordingly.

针对目前已有群体叶面积指数（LAI）模拟模型形式多样、参数较多以及应用性不强等问题，对春玉米、水稻和冬小麦的LAI及出苗至成熟天数进行归一化处理，分别将最大LAI和出苗至成熟天数定为1，以相对LAI (0~1)和相对时间(0~1)为参数进行LAI动态模拟，筛选、建立了一个适用于这3种作物的相对化LAI动态模拟模型y= (a+bx) / (1+cx+dx²)。其中，春玉米y= (0.0134+0.3234x) / (1－2.774x+2.4178x²)，r=0.9859**；水稻y= (0.0777+0.0205x) / (1－2.73744x+2.0484x²)，r=0.9865**；冬小麦y= (0.0131+0.0035x) / (1－2.4515x+1.5273x²)，r=0.9719**。利用该模型，自拔节期起就能够较准确地进行LAI的动态预测，其在春玉米、水稻和冬小麦上的准确度（以k表示）分别为1.050、1.0357和1.1168，精确度（以R²表示）分别为0.8728、0.9270和0.9254。3种作物整个生育期内模型的模拟值与测量值的精确度均在0.98以上，准确度达0.86以上，表明相对化LAI动态模型能够准确地反映作物群体动态变化。不仅可以计算出作物生育期间的平均LAI、总光合势，还能计算任一时刻的LAI以及任一时段的光合势。结合田间调查还可得到作物生长期间的平均净同化率和平均作物生长率等产量相关的重要生理参数。根据作物群体中各光合生理参数与产量的关系，提出了3种作物进一步增产的可能途径。

... 7 t hm^-2的高产纪录, 而农民大田玉米种植密度维持在52 500株 hm^-2左右^[12,13,14] ...

2010

0.0

... 7 t hm^-2的高产纪录, 而农民大田玉米种植密度维持在52 500株 hm^-2左右^[12,13,14] ...

... 同时玉米产量的提高归功于高密度种植, 可最大利用光能^[14,15] ...

... 在高产栽培条件下玉米高产品种的籽粒产量主要依赖于生育后期的干物质积累^[14] ...

2011

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2011, 37(12):2233 - 2240 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.02233

Effects of Controlled-Release Urea on Yield and Photosynthesis Characteristics of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Soil Fertility Conditions

不同地力水平下控释尿素对玉米物质生产及光合特性的影响

WANG Yong-Jun^1,2,SUN Qi-Zhuan²,YANG Jin-Sheng^2,3,WANG Kong-Jun²,DONG Shu-Ting²,YUAN Cui-Ping^1,*,WANG Li-Chun^1,*?

王永军^1,2,孙其专²,杨今胜³,王空军²,董树亭²,袁翠平^1,*,王立春^1,*

1 Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; 3Shandong Denghai Seed-Breeding Co. Ltd, Laizhou 261448, China

Conventional fertilizers have played an important role to increase the yield during the production of maize in China. However, a great deal of conventional fertilizers utilization with low nutrient use efficiency not only leads to enormous waste of resource, but also causes the relatedenvironmental risk. Fortunately, controlled-release fertilizers with high nutrient use efficiency and low nutrient loss ratio are essential for increasing crop yield, nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency, and reduction of potential environmental risk. Additionally, soil fertility affects grain yield and fertilization utilization efficiency remarkably in practice. Obviously, it is essential to identify the optimum controlled-release urea (CRU) rate in different fields. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of controlled-release urea on yield and photosynthesis characteristics of maize under different soil fertility conditions from 2006 to 2007. In the trial, two types of controlled-release urea, CRU₃₀and CRU₆₀ with 30 d and 60 d release durations, were used compared with the conventional urea (U) under two soil fertility conditions. All six treatments were supplied with N 5.43g pot^-1, P₂O₅2.10 g pot^-1 and K₂O 5.24 g pot^-1 as base fertilizer. Biomass above ground, harvest index (HI), leaf area (LA), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), chlorophyll content and nitrogen content were investigated. Biomass above ground was increased significantly by CRU, but the increasing effects were different to CRU₃₀ and CRU₆₀. Under low soil fertility conditions, the yield increase effect was CRU₃₀>CRU₆₀>U (P<0.05), and the dry matter weight in CRU₃₀ treatment was 18.9% higher than that in U treatment. Correspondingly, under high soil fertility conditions, that was CRU₆₀>CRU₃₀>U (P<0.05), and the dry matter weight in CRU₆₀ treatment was 18.29% higher than that in U treatment. In addition, CRU enhanced the dry matter distribution to grain and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen (PFPN) significantly under two soil fertility conditions. Among all treatments for dry matter distribution after anthesis and PFPN, the effect of CRU₃₀ was the highest under low soil fertility condition, however, the effect of CRU₆₀ was the highest under high soil fertility condition. CRU improved the dry matter accumulation and partitioning to grain after anthesis, especially enhanced the biomass above ground per plant, grain number per ear and 1000-kernel weight remarkably because the treatments of CRU₃₀ and CRU₆₀ kept the LA,P_n, chlorophyll content and nitrogen content at a higher level after anthesis. Accordingly, the controlled-release urea with short release duration is suggested to be utilized as the base fertilizer under low soil fertility conditions, however, that with long release duration under high soil fertility conditions in practice.

氮肥是玉米生产中最重要的增产要素之一。为探明不同地力水平下控释尿素对玉米物质生产及光合特性的影响, 采用盆栽试验研究了释放期不同的2种控释尿素(CRU₃₀, 释放期为30 d; CRU₆₀, 释放期为60 d)的作用效果, 以普通尿素为对照(U)。结果表明, 控释尿素处理显著增加玉米干物质积累量, 但释放期不同的控释尿素在不同地力水平下增产效果不同, 低地力水平下增产效果为CRU₃₀>CRU₆₀>U (P<0.05), CRU₃₀处理比施用普通尿素增产18.9%; 高地力水平下增产效果为CRU₆₀>CRU₃₀>U(P<0.05), CRU₆₀处理比U增产18.2%。与对照相比, 控释尿素使干物质向开花后分配比例增加, 氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)显著提高, 低地力时CRU₃₀最高, 而高地力时CRU₆₀最高。控释尿素处理的单株干物质积累量、穗粒数及千粒重显著增加, 主要因为生育中后期叶面积、光合速率、叶绿素及叶片氮含量维持较高水平。所以, 在等氮量做基肥一次性施入时, 低地力水平下施用释放期较短的控释尿素为宜, 而高地力水平下应施用释放期较长的控释尿素。

... 且农民习惯采用“一炮轰”过量施氮360 kg hm^-2, 远高于推荐施肥量225 kg hm^-2, 这样增施氮肥不但没有增加玉米产量, 还降低氮肥利用率, 污染环境^[15,16,17] ...

... 同时玉米产量的提高归功于高密度种植, 可最大利用光能^[14,15] ...

2008

0.0

2.0855

Hua Bei Nong Xue Bao. 2008, (1):154 - 157

Effects of Different Nitrogen Managements on Dry Matter Accumulation,Partition and Transportation of Spring Maize(Zea mays L.)

不同氮肥管理对春玉米干物质生产、分配及转运的影响

DAIMing-hong;TAOHong-bin;WANGLi-na;WANGPu

戴明宏;陶洪斌;王利纳;王璞

为探索华北地区春玉米高产可持续栽培技术,研究了不同氮素管理(不施氮、推荐施氮、经验施氮)对春玉米的干物质积累、分配及转运的影响.结果表明,在高肥力土壤条件下,第一年推荐和经验施氮同不施氮相比在干物质积累、叶面积指数、籽粒产量、穗位叶光合速率等方面都没有起到明显的促进作用,但在第二年不施氮处理产量比推荐施氮和经验施氮分别下降了12.0%和11.6%.推荐施氮的优势不仅体现在减少氮肥投入的前提下保持产量的稳定,同时也明显促进了生育后期植株营养体干物质向籽粒的转运,各器官干物质转运总量占籽粒总干质量的22.1%,比经验施氮高6.1%.

... 而玉米籽粒产量的物质来源于花前贮藏营养器官同化物的再分配和花后的光合生产同化物^[18,26], 且受品种特性、栽培措施和气候条件等影响^[16,19,26] ...

... 因此, 提高花后干物质生产量对玉米高产超高产尤为重要^[16,19] ...

... 普遍认为玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自抽穗以后的光合同化物^[26,27], 光合物质生产量基本取决于花后叶片光合效率和绿叶持续期^[16,20] ...

2011

0.0

2007

0.0

1.0045

Yu Mi Ke Xue. 2007, (3):95 - 98

Studies on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distributive Characteristic in Super High-yield Maize

超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究

黄智鸿^[1];王思远^[2];包岩^[2];梁煊赫^[2];孙刚^[2];申林^[2];曹洋^[2];吴春胜^[2]

以4个玉米品种为试验材料,比较研究了超高产玉米干物质积累和分配的特点.结果表明:高的生物产量是获得高产的物质基础;高产和超高产品种的物质生产优势表现在生育中期和后期,玉米植株个体干物质积累呈S形曲线变化;玉米干物质在各器官的分配随生长中心的转移而发生变化,小喇叭口以前干物质主要分配在叶片,之后转为茎、叶;散粉后,各器官干物质开始向子粒转移,高产品种子粒产量主要来源于生育后期叶片制造的光合产物即成为光合产物的分配中心,并与抽雄后具有较高的叶面积指数且持续时间较长密切相关.

... 前人在这方面的研究也多集中在单或双因素对旱地春玉米干物质积累和水氮利用特征的影响^{[18,19,20,21]}, 但通过作物—土壤综合管理实现产量和水氮利用效率同步提高的研究报道尚少 ...

2011

0.0

1.4522

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2011, 44(21):4367 - 4376 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.21.005

Study on Canopy Structure and Physiological Characteristics of Super-High Yield Spring Maize

超高产春玉米冠层结构及其生理特性

ZHANG Yu-Qin, YANG Heng-Shan, GAO Ju-Lin, ZHANG Rui-Fu, WANG Zhi-Gang, XU Shou-Jun, FAN Xiu-Yan, YANG Sheng-Hui

张玉芹, 杨恒山, 高聚林, 张瑞富, 王志刚, 徐寿军, 范秀艳, 杨升辉

1.内蒙古农业大学农学院，呼和浩特010019
2.内蒙古民族大学农学院，内蒙古通辽028042

【Objective】 Canopy structure and canopy functional characteristics of super-high yield spring maize populations were studied to reveal the physiological mechanism of formation of super-high yield, which provided a theoretical basis for cultivation of super-high yield spring maize.【Method】The Jinshan 27 was grown under super-high-yield cultivation (SHY) and normal high-yield cultivation (CK) condition in 2009 and 2010 to assess the indexes of canopy structure and physiological characteristics of super-high yield maize.【Result】Compared with normal high-yield cultivation, the super-high yield spring maize had higher leaf area index (LAI), and three-ear leaves was more obvious after silking stage. Leaf angle of different leaf locations was lower and the leaf direction value was higher than normal high-yield cultivation, and particularly in the three-ear. With the process of the growing period, the difference of photosynthetic potential between the super-high-yield cultivation and the normal high-yield cultivation increased. In the silking stage and milking stage, the difference of the net photosynthetic rate of two cultivation modes was not significant, but canopy photosynthetic ability of super-high cultivation was significantly higher than normal high-yield cultivation. From the silking stage to 40 days, SOD and POD activities were higher than the normal cultivation and MDA content lower than the normal cultivation.【Conclusion】The super-high yield spring maize has higher LAI and population photosynthetic potential, smaller leaf angle and higher leaf direction value, and canopy structure is reasonable. The super-high yield spring maize has stronger SOD and POD activities, lower the MDA content, higher net photosynthetic rate and stronger photosynthetic potential. So under the reasonable cultivation technique condition, collaborative gain can be obtained from super-high-yield spring maize community structure and individual function.

【目的】研究超高产春玉米群体冠层结构和功能特性，揭示超高产形成的生理机制，为春玉米超高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以金山27为供试品种，设超高产栽培（SHY）和普通高产栽培（CK）2个处理，于2009年和2010年连续2年的田间试验，测定超高产春玉米冠层结构及生理指标的变化规律。【结果】与普通高产栽培相比，超高产栽培春玉米叶面积指数大，在生育期上表现为吐丝之后更为明显，在叶位上表现为棒三叶最为突出；不同叶位的叶倾角超高产栽培均小于普通高产栽培，而叶向值均大于普通高产栽培，在棒三叶表现最为明显；随着生育时期的推移，超高产栽培与普通高产栽培光合势的差幅增大；吐丝期和乳熟期，两种栽培模式间净光合速率的差异不显著，但冠层光合能力的差异均达到极显著水平；吐丝后40 d内，超高产春玉米叶片SOD和POD酶活性总体上高于普通高产栽培，而MDA含量低于普通高产栽培。【结论】超高产栽培春玉米叶面积指数高，群体光合势大；叶倾角小、叶向值大，冠层结构合理；叶片SOD 和POD活性强，MDA含量低，衰老缓慢，净光合速率相对较高，冠层光合能力强。在合理的栽培技术调控下，超高产春玉米群体结构与个体功能实现了协同增益。

... 因此, 提高花后干物质生产量对玉米高产超高产尤为重要^[16,19] ...

... 张玉芹等^[19]研究指出, 产量15 000 kg hm^-2以上超高产栽培玉米灌浆前期净光合速率高, 后期净光合速率下降缓慢 ...

2009

0.0

... 普遍认为玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自抽穗以后的光合同化物^[26,27], 光合物质生产量基本取决于花后叶片光合效率和绿叶持续期^[16,20] ...

2001

0.0

1996

0.0

... 参照Demming-Adams等^[22]方法, 实际量子产量Φ_PSII＝(F_m' - F_s)/F_m', 电子传递速率ETR = PAR×Φ_PSII× 0 ...

... 75), 用曲线方程y=ae^b^-^cx/(1+e^b^-^cx)描述叶片衰老变化过程, 其中y为某一时刻的相对绿叶面积(RGLA, %), x为抽丝后的天数, 参数a为RGLA的理论初始值(本试验设置1), b与叶片衰老的启动有关, c与叶片衰老的速度有关^[22] ...

2012

0.0

... 出现最大绿叶衰减速率的时间T_max= b/c^[23] ...

1985

0.0

... 参照Cox等^[24]方法计算群体干物质转运量(率)和花后同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒贡献率 ...

2007

0.0

... W=W_i×D_i×H_i×10^[25], 式中, W: 土壤贮水量, mm ...

... 水分利用效率受籽粒产量、土壤耗水量和降雨量的影响^[25], 旱地季节性多变降雨不能预测, 但栽培技术能高效集雨并合理利用^[8] ...

2012

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2012, 38(10):1884 - 1890 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01884

Effects of Drought Stress on Physiological Characteristics and Dry Matter Production in Maize Silking Stage

吐丝期干旱胁迫对玉米生理特性和物质生产的影响

ZHANG Ren-He,GUO Dong-Wei^*,ZHANG Xing-Hua,LU Hai-Dong,LIU Jian-Chao,LI Feng-Yan,HAO Yin-Chuan,XUE Ji-Quan^*

张仁和，郭东伟^*，张兴华，路海东，刘建超，李凤艳，郝引川，薛吉全^*

郭东伟, E-mail: gdwei1973@126.com; 薛吉全, E-mail: xjq2934@yahoo.com.cn

Maize cultivars Zhengdan 958 (drought-tolerance) and Shaandan 902 (drought-sensitive) were used to determine the responses of photosynthetic traits, protective enzyme activity and dry matter production at silking stage to in drought pool experiment. The results showed that under drought stress, the yield of drought-tolerant maize Zhengdan 958 reduced 39.10 percent compared with control, while drought-sensitive maize Shaandan 902 reduced 44.87 percent. At 15 d after anthesis, leaf^’s net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and stomatal conductance (G_s) decreased significantly, whereas intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) first decreased and then increased under drought stress in both cultivars. The quantum yield (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching (q_P) and non-photochemical quenching (q_N) of photosystem II decreased under drought stress in leaves of both cultivars. Meanwhile, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activities first increased then decreased while malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased under drought stress in both cultivars. In addition, drought stress significantly increased dry matter translocation, dry matter translocation efficiency, and contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains, however, the effect was smaller in Zhengdan 958 than in Shaandan 902. Our results indicated that higher ability of oxidative enzyme defense system eliminates reactive oxygen, and the absorbed energy is effectively utilized, resulting in the greater photosynthesis capacity in Zhengdan 958, so extending the period of leaf’s photosynthesis and enhancing the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grains, which may be one of the important roles in getting high yield of drought-tolerant maize Zhengdan 958 under drought conditions.

以玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料，采用抗旱池栽控水试验，研究了叶片光合特性、保护酶活性以及干物质转运对吐丝期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明，在吐丝期干旱胁迫下2个品种产量分别降低39.10%和44.87%；叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)显著下降，胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)先升后降。PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际量子产额(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭(q_P)降低，非光化学猝灭(q_N)升高；抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性先升高后降低，而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高。说明吐丝期干旱胁迫增加了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量(率)及其对籽粒转运的贡献率；但郑单958受干旱影响程度小于陕单902。说明抗旱品种郑单958具高抗氧化酶活性清除活性氧，使得膜脂过氧化程度轻，维持较高的光化学效率，延长叶片光合功能期，促进花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒的贡献率。这可能是其在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一。

... 环境胁迫下(干旱、低温)显著提高了玉米籽粒来自花前营养器官物质的比例^[26] ...

... 普遍认为玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自抽穗以后的光合同化物^[26,27], 光合物质生产量基本取决于花后叶片光合效率和绿叶持续期^[16,20] ...

... 水分亏缺降低玉米叶片实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)^[26] ...

2002

1.0

0.0

PHOTOSYNTHETICA. 2002, 40(4):547 - 552 DOI:10.1023/A:1024347918199

Changes of Photosynthetic Characteristics in Relation to Leaf Senescence in Two Maize Hybrids with Different Senescent Appearance

1.Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2.National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region
3.Hokkaido University

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) contents, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) contents and PEPC activity, and the photon-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P_Nsat), and their relationships with leaf senescence in two maize hybrids with different senescent appearance. One stay-green (cv. P3845) and one earlier senescent (cv. Hokkou 55) hybrid were used in this study, and we found that Chl and N contents and theP_Nsat in individual leaves of P3845 were greater than those in corresponding leaves of Hokkou 55 at the successive growth stages. In addition, larger contents of RuBPCO and PEPC, and a greater activity of PEPC were observed in P3845. Due to the lower rates of decrease of Chl, RuBPCO, and PEPC amounts per unit of N, and the lower net C translocation rate per unit of N in the stay-green hybrid, leaf senescence was delayed in comparison to the earlier senescent hybrid.

... 普遍认为玉米籽粒产量的60%以上来自抽穗以后的光合同化物^[26,27], 光合物质生产量基本取决于花后叶片光合效率和绿叶持续期^[16,20] ...

... 而叶片衰老快慢与其氮素积累密切相关^[27], 超高产栽培下具有较高光合速率的玉米是否叶片奢侈吸氮, 导致植株氮素向籽粒转运少, 影响氮肥利用效率, 仍需进一步深入研究 ...

2009

0.0

1.0045

Yu Mi Ke Xue. 2009, (1):105 - 107

Effects of Meteorological Factors on Grain Yield of Summer Corn Under Super-high-yield Cultivation

超高产栽培条件下气象条件对夏玉米产量的影响

SUXin-hong^[1];ZHANGXue-lin^[2];WANGQun^[2];LIChao-hai^[2]

苏新宏^[1];张学林^[2];王群^[2];李潮海^[2]

根据山东莱州和河南温县多年进行的夏玉米超高产栽培试验资料,分析了夏玉米产量构成因素以及气象条件与产量构成因素的关系.结果表明:在夏玉米超高产栽培条件下,产量构成因素对产量的贡献大小顺序为穗粒数穗数粒重;影响穗粒数的关键气象因子是播种后第6、8旬(从播种期所在旬记起,下同)的降水量和第6旬的日照时数.

... 苏新宏等^[28]研究豫南雨养区夏玉米产量与气象因子的关系表明, 降水量是该区玉米生产中最关键的气候因子 ...