<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="0496-3490-39-1909/img_1.png"/>砷胁迫下水磷耦合对不同磷效率水稻农艺性状及精米砷含量的影响

引用本文

张秀, 郭再华, 杜爽爽, 王阳, 石乐毅, 张丽梅, 贺立源. 砷胁迫下水磷耦合对不同磷效率水稻农艺性状及精米砷含量的影响 . 作物学报, 2013, 39(10): 1909-1915
[ZHANG Xiu, GUO Zai-Hua, DU Shuang-Shuang, WANG Yang, SHI Le-Yi, ZHANG Li-Mei, HE Li-Yuan. Effect of Water Management and Phosphorus on Agricultural Traits and As Concentration in Polished Rice of Two Rice Cultivars Differing in P-Efficiency under As-stress Conditions. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(10): 1909-1915] 复制到剪切板

Permissions

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

砷胁迫下水磷耦合对不同磷效率水稻农艺性状及精米砷含量的影响

张秀, 郭再华^*, 杜爽爽, 王阳, 石乐毅, 张丽梅, 贺立源

华中农业大学资源与环境学院, 湖北武汉430070

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 郭再华, E-mail:gzh2005@mail.hzau.edu.cn, Tel: 15827131815

收稿日期:2013-06-04

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(40701076)和中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2011PY110)资助。

摘要

为探索缓解水稻砷毒害的农艺措施, 选用耐低磷水稻99011和低磷敏感水稻99012, 研究水分管理、磷用量及其交互作用对不同砷浓度酸性土壤上水稻生长发育、产量及稻米砷含量的影响。结果表明, 节水灌溉(干湿交替)和增施磷肥都明显促进水稻生长(包括分蘖数、总穗数、有效穗、根系干重、生物量)和产量形成, 缓解砷胁迫对水稻生长和产量的不利影响, 且水、磷交互作用也表现出明显的正效应。50 mg kg^-1砷处理时, 节水灌溉显著降低精米砷含量, 而增施磷肥提高了精米砷含量, 水、磷交互效应明显比水分管理效应差, 但比磷肥效应好得多; 100 mg kg^-1砷处理时, 节水灌溉和增施磷肥都明显降低精米中的砷含量, 且二者交互表现出正效应。土壤加砷后, 相同处理的生物学性状均为耐低磷水稻明显大于磷敏感水稻, 而精米砷含量则为耐低磷水稻显著低于磷敏感水稻。研究表明, 可以根据砷污染程度采取干湿交替水分管理、调节磷用量以及选择吸收磷能力强的耐低磷水稻品种等措施缓解砷污染对水稻生长、产量和品质的不利影响。

关键词: 砷水平; 生物学性状; 食品安全性; 磷效率; 磷用量; 水稻; 水分管理

Effect of Water Management and Phosphorus on Agricultural Traits and As Concentration in Polished Rice of Two Rice Cultivars Differing in P-Efficiency under As-stress Conditions

ZHANG Xiu, GUO Zai-Hua^*, DU Shuang-Shuang, WANG Yang, SHI Le-Yi, ZHANG Li-Mei, HE Li-Yuan

College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Abstract

To explore the agronomic measures for mitigating As toxicity to rice, we conducted soil culture experiments to investigate the effect of three potential practical methods, water management regime, phosphorus (P) fertilization and their interaction on plant growth, grain yield and As concentration in polished rice in P-efficient rice cultivar 99011 and P-inefficient rice cultivar 99012 in various As-stress acid soils. Results indicated that compared with flooded conditions and/or insufficient P application, water-saving irrigation (maintaining the soil moisture from 65% of the maximum field water capacity to flooded conditions) and / or sufficient P application significantly increased the number of tillers, total spike, productive spike, root dry weight, biomass and grain yield of two rice cultivars regardless of As levels. Both rice cultivars had the best agricultural traits under water-saving irrigation condition with sufficient P fertilization. So water management, P fertilization and their interaction all showed positive effect. At 50 mg kg^-1 of As level, water-saving management decreased the As concentration in polished rice markedly compared with flooded treatment, but sufficient P application increased the As concentration in polished rice significantly compared with insufficient P supply. Thus the effect of interaction of water management and P fertilization was worse than the independent effect of water management, but better than the independent effect of P fertilization. At 100 mg kg^-1 of As level, water-saving management and/or sufficient P supply reduced the As concentration in polished rice clearly compared with flooded conditions and/or insufficient P application, and their interaction effect was better than the independent effect of two factors. At the same treatment with As supply, all the investigated agricultural characteristics of low-P tolerant rice cultivar 99011 were better than those of low-P sensitive rice cultivar 99012, but the As concentration in polished rice was on the contrary. The study demonstrated that water management regime, P fertilization, and selection of P-efficient rice cultivars are effective measures that can be used to relieve the As stress to rice growth and the As accumulation in polished rice.

Keyword: As level; Biological characters; Food safety; P-efficiency; P addition; Rice; Water management

Show Figures

砷是一种毒性很强的污染物, 水稻比其他植物更容易吸收砷^[1]。世界上90%的水稻产自亚洲, 而在亚洲一些国家如孟加拉国、泰国以及中国(包括台湾)等稻米主产区, 土壤和地下水己遭受较为严重的砷污染。因此, 水稻成为砷进入以大米为主食的人群体内的重要途径^[2]。近年来, 由于砷污染造成大量稻田低产、绝产以及砷中毒事件频发^[3,4]。因此, 减轻水稻砷污染对食品安全和人类健康意义重大。在目前耕地日益减少的情况下, 要保证粮食数量和质量安全, 在没有将砷污染土壤修复至安全标准之前, 有必要采取低成本、易实施的农艺措施降低水稻砷危害。磷和砷属同族元素, 化学性质类似, 在土壤-植物系统中的行为也有颇多相似之处。施磷肥增加土壤砷的生物有效性是因为磷能够通过离子交换作用置换出土壤中的砷^[5,6]。因此, 少施磷肥是降低土壤砷活性的有效措施之一。但是, 磷是植物生长所必需的大量营养元素, 磷营养不足直接影响作物的生长、产量及其抗逆性^[7]。研究表明, 地上部磷累积较多的水稻品种抵抗砷胁迫的能力更强^[8]。因此, 选择磷高效品种(在较低磷用量条件下生长良好, 能获得较高的产量)并适当减少磷肥用量, 有可能兼顾植物磷营养和降低砷毒害, 但这种推测尚缺乏试验证实。此外, 水分管理方式对缓解水稻砷危害也非常重要。长期淹水促进砷向毒性和生物有效性高的形态和价态转化^[9]。为此, 本试验研究不同水分管理模式和不同磷用量对砷污染土壤上水稻生长发育及其产量的影响, 以期为探索中、轻度砷污染土壤上水稻安全生产的农艺消减技术提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料

1.1.1 供试土壤采用缺磷的红壤, 其pH 4.93 (水∶土=2.5∶1.0), 碱解氮 116.2 mg kg^-1, 有效磷 3.35 mg kg^-1, 速效钾 132.0 mg kg^-1, 有效砷 0.14 mg kg^-1, 全磷 0.35 g kg^-1, 全砷 8.73 mg kg^-1。

1.1.2 供试水稻磷高效水稻99011和磷低效水稻99012^[10]。都属于中稻、籼稻, 正常(非逆境)情况下生育期基本一致, 前者130 d, 后者135 d。

1.2 试验设计

3室根箱的中间1室为内室, 两边各室为外室, 内室和外室间用50 μm的尼龙网隔开, 水分和养分可以通过, 根系不能穿过, 将水稻种在内室(本实验还研究磷和砷在非根际、根际以及植物体不同部位的相互关系, 因此采用根箱试验)。每个根箱装土3 kg, 设置3个砷水平, 分别为0、50、100 mg kg^-1 As (分别用As0、As50、As100表示); 2个水分处理, 分别为淹水灌溉(水淹土面2~3 cm, 文中用A表示)和干湿交替(水分在水淹土面2~3 cm到约为田间持水量65%之间变化, 文中用A/D表示); 2个磷水平, 分别为180、30 mg kg^-1 P₂O₅ (文中用P180、P30表示)。每个处理重复3次。氮肥用量为200 mg kg^-1土(以N计, 分3次施入, 分别为基肥100 mg kg^-1、分蘖肥50 mg kg^-1、穗肥50 mg kg^-1), 钾肥200 mg kg^-1土(以K₂O计, 全部做基肥)。所用试剂分别为磷酸二氢钠、砷酸钠、尿素和氯化钾。将砷和肥料配成溶液浇入土壤, 充分拌匀, 平衡15 d后播种。

水稻种子经过消毒、浸泡、催芽后播种。选取发芽一致的种子, 每个根箱播种6粒, 三叶期间苗, 留2株。试验在活动晴雨棚内进行, 培养期间按试验要求管理水分和防治病虫害。2012年5月5日播种, 9月24日到10月16日收获(受处理因子的影响, 不同处理成熟期不一样)。

在分蘖盛期调查分蘖数。成熟期收获, 调查总穗数和有效穗数, 将稻穗脱粒, 除去瘪粒, 风干称重, 计产量。用精米机(ZN17-BLH3100型号)将稻谷脱壳成糙米, 再将糙米碾成精米, 于70℃烘干磨碎后用于As含量的测定。收集全部根系, 洗净, 将根系和地上部于70℃烘干至恒重后分别称重。

用玛瑙研钵研磨精米, 过0.25 mm筛, 用HNO₃- HClO₄消解, 原子荧光法(AFS8220)测定砷。

1.3 数据处理

用Microsoft Excel 2007和DPS处理数据。文中用 ≥ 表示前者大于后者, 但差异不显著( P>0.05), 用“>”表示前者和后者差异显著( P<0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同砷浓度下水磷耦合对不同磷效率水稻农艺性状的影响

总体上讲, 干湿交替和增加磷用量都可以促进水稻分蘖和干物质累积、增加有效穗和总穗数、提高产量, 水分管理、施磷肥以及二者交互作用都表现出明显的正效应。不加砷的情况下, 2个水稻品种的分蘖数、有效穗和总穗数、根系和地上部干重以及产量均为P180(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A/D) > P30(A); 加入外源砷以后, 水分管理、磷用量及其交互作用对水稻生物学性状的影响受砷浓度的影响, 不同磷效率品种之间也存在一定的差异。

2.1.1 对水稻分蘖数的影响从表1可以看出, 砷浓度为50 mg kg^-1时, 2个水稻品种的分蘖数均为P180(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A/D) > P30(A); 砷浓度为100 mg kg^-1时, 耐低磷水稻99011的分蘖数为P180(A/D) > P30(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A), 而磷敏感水稻99012为P180(A/D) > P180(A) ≥ P30(A/D) > P30(A)。此外, 从不同砷浓度下水分管理以及磷处理之间水稻分蘖数的差异可以看出, 水分效应在高砷环境以及耐低磷水稻上更明显, 磷效应在低砷且淹水环境以及磷敏感水稻上更明显, 水、磷交互效应在高砷环境下更明显。相同处理的分蘖数为耐低磷水稻99011明显多于磷敏感水稻99012。

2.1.2 对水稻抽穗的影响砷浓度为50 mg kg^-1时, 2个品种的总穗数和有效穗数均为P180(A/D) ≥ P180(A)> P30(A/D) > P30(A); 砷浓度为100 mg kg^-1时, 耐低磷水稻99011的总穗数为P180(A/D) > P180(A) ≥ P30(A/D) > P30(A)、有效穗数为P180(A/D) > P30(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A), 而磷敏感水稻99012的总穗数为P180(A/D)> P180(A) > P30(A/D) > P30(A)、有效穗数为P180(A/D) > P30(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A)(表1)。此外, 从不同砷浓度下水分管理以及磷处理之间水稻有效穗和总穗数的差异可以看出, 水分效应在低砷且磷用量较少以及高砷且磷用量较多的情况下更明显, 磷效应在低砷且淹水环境、高砷且干湿交替环境以及磷敏感水稻上更明显, 水、磷交互效应高在砷环境下更明显。相同处理的总穗数和有效穗均为耐低磷水稻99011明显多于磷敏感水稻99012。

2.1.3 对水稻干物质累积量的影响砷浓度为50 mg kg^-1时, 耐低磷水稻99011和磷敏感水稻99012的根系干重和生物量的变化趋势与有效穗基本一致(表1和表2); 砷浓度为100 mg kg^-1时, 耐低磷水稻99011的生物量为P180(A/D) > P30(A/D) ≥ P180(A) > P30(A), 而磷敏感水稻99012的生物量为P180(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A/D)> P30(A), 2个品种的根系干重均为P180(A/D) > P180(A)> P30(A/D) ≥ P30(A)。此外, 从不同砷浓度下水分管理以及磷处理之间水稻根系干重和生物量的差异可以看出, 水分效应在土壤砷浓度较高以及磷用量较少的条件下更明显; 生物量的磷效应在淹水环境以及磷敏感水稻上更明显, 根系干重的磷效应在磷敏感水稻上更明显; 水、磷交互效应在土壤砷浓度较高以及磷敏感品种上更明显。除了砷浓度≤50 mg kg^-1且磷用量为180 mg kg^-1处理之外, 其他处理均为耐低磷水稻99011明显大于磷敏感水稻99012。

2.1.4 对水稻产量及经济系数的影响从表2可以看出, 50 mg kg^-1砷处理时, 水稻经济产量为P180(A/D)≥ P180(A) > P30(A/D) > P30(A), 经济系数为P180(A) ≥ P180(A/D) > P30 (A/D) ≈ P30(A); 100 mg kg^-1砷处理时, 水稻经济产量为P180(A/D) > P30(A/D) > P180(A) > P30(A), 经济系数为P180(A/D) > P30(A/D) > P180(A) ≈ P30(A)。2个水稻品种均如此。此外, 从不同砷浓度下水分管理以及磷处理之间水稻产量的差异可以看出, 水分效应在砷浓度较高以及磷用量较少时更明显, 磷效应在低砷且淹水环境、高砷且干湿交替以及磷敏感水稻上更明显, 水、磷交互效应在高砷环境以及磷敏感品种上更明显。对于经济系数而言, 干湿交替处理只在高砷环境(100 mg kg^-1)下表现出明显的正效应, 增加磷用量在砷浓度较低(≤50 mg kg^-1)时以及高砷且干湿交替环境下表现出明显的正效应; 二者交互表现出明显的正效应, 且在土壤砷浓度较高以及磷敏感品种上更明显。相同处理的经济产量为耐低磷水稻99011明显多于磷敏感水稻99012。除了砷浓度为100 mg kg^-1且淹水处理之外, 其他处理的经济系数也是耐低磷水稻99011明显大于磷敏感水稻99012。

表1 砷胁迫下水分管理和磷用量对水稻分蘖和抽穗的影响 Table 1 Effect of water management and P application on tiller and spike of rice under As stress (No. box^-1)

表2 砷胁迫下水分管理和磷用量对水稻干物质累积及经济产量的影响 Table 2 Effect of water management and P application on accumulation of dry matter and grain yield of rice under As stress

2.2 不同砷浓度下水分管理和磷用量对不同磷效率水稻精米砷含量的影响

水分管理、磷用量及其交互作用对不同磷效率水稻精米砷含量的影响与土壤砷浓度有关(表3)。不加砷的情况下, 2个水稻品种的精米砷含量都很低, 不同处理之间的差异基本上由测定误差导致。耐低磷水稻99011的精米砷含量在50 mg kg^-1砷处理时为P180(A)>P30(A)> P180(A/D) > P30(A/D), 在100 mg kg^-1砷处理时为P30(A) > P180(A) > P30(A/D) > P180(A/D); 磷敏感水稻99012的精米砷含量在50 mg kg^-1砷处理时为P180(A) ≥ P30(A) > P180(A/D) > P30(A/D), 在100 mg kg^-1砷处理时为P30(A) > P180(A) > P30(A/D) > P180(A/D)。此外, 从不同砷浓度下水分管理以及磷处理之间精米砷含量的差异可以看出, 在降低精米砷含量方面, 干湿交替表现出明显的正效应, 且在土壤砷浓度较高以及磷用量较多的条件下更明显; 增加磷用量在砷浓度较低时增加精米中的砷含量, 表现出明显的负效应, 而在砷浓度较高时则降低精米中的砷含量, 表现出正效应, 且在干湿交替环境以及耐低磷水稻上效果更明显; 水、磷交互表现出正效应, 且在磷敏感水稻上更加明显。土壤加砷以后, 相同处理的精米砷含量均为耐低磷水稻99011明显低于磷敏感水稻99012。

3 讨论

本研究表明, 与不加砷处理相比, 淹水环境下, 50 mg kg^-1的砷处理不影响水稻生长和产量, 100 mg kg^-1的砷处理严重抑制水稻的生长和产量形成(包括分蘖数、总穗数、有效穗、干物质累积量和产量), 耐低磷水稻99011和磷敏感水稻99012在磷用量较多(180 mg kg^-1)和磷用量较少(30 mg kg^-1)时都表现如此。干湿交替环境下, 磷用量较多(180 mg kg^-1)时, 耐低磷水稻99011的生长和产量基本不受砷浓度的影响, 而100 mg kg^-1的砷略微降低磷敏感水稻99012的有效穗、根系干重和产量; 磷用量较少(30 mg kg^-1)时, 100 mg kg^-1的砷略微降低耐低磷水稻99011的有效穗、根系干重和产量, 但明显降低磷敏感水稻99012的有效穗、根系和地上部干重以及产量。此外, 与淹水环境相比, 干湿交替显著降低精米砷含量; 增加磷用量在土壤砷浓度较低(50 mg kg^-1)时增加精米中砷的含量, 而在砷浓度较高(100 mg kg^-1)时则降低精米中的砷含量。说明砷对水稻生长、产量以及食品安全性的影响与砷浓度、水分管理模式、磷用量以及植物磷营养特性(磷效率)等因素密切相关。

磷属于植物必需营养元素, 砷是有毒元素, 但二者同族, 化学性质类似, 在土壤-植物体系中的行为有颇多相似之处。一方面, 磷和砷竞争土壤胶体上的吸附位点, 因此, 增施磷肥促进土壤吸附固定的砷释放, 增加砷的活性和生物有效性^[11,12,13]。另一方面, 增施磷肥能促进植物生长发育, 从而增强植物抵抗逆境(包括砷胁迫)的能力^[13]。因此, 施磷肥对植物生长、产量以及食品安全性(砷含量)的影响取决于上述两个方面中哪一个占主导。本研究结果显示, 相同砷浓度下, 高磷处理的水稻分蘖数、总穗数、有效穗、根系干重、生物量和产量均显著大于低磷处理(表1

表3 砷胁迫下水分管理和磷用量对水稻精米砷含量的影响 Table 3 Effect of water management and P application on As concentration in polished rice under As stress (mg kg^-1)

和表2)。说明适当增加磷肥用量能缓解砷对水稻生长和产量的不利影响。这与许多学者的研究结果一致^[8,9,13]。增加磷用量促进植株对砷的吸收和富集, 这在蜈蚣草上已经有很多报道^[14,15]。但是对粮食作物, 还必须考虑其食品安全性。研究表明, 在土壤砷浓度较低(50 mg kg^-1)时, 高磷处理的精米砷含量高于低磷处理, 且耐低磷水稻比磷敏感水稻表现更明显, 而在砷浓度较高(100 mg kg^-1)时则相反(表3)。因此, 生产上可以根据砷污染程度以及植物磷营养特性适当调节磷肥用量, 从而达到既保证较高的产量又尽量降低食品中污染物含量的目的。

磷和砷在植物体内也存在竞争, 高等植物主要通过磷酸转运子途径吸收As(V), 且磷酸转运子对磷的亲和力比砷高^[16,17]。研究表明, 水稻茎秆和籽粒中的磷砷比(P/As)呈显著的正相关, 水稻茎秆磷含量越高, 抵抗砷胁迫的能力越强, 籽粒砷含量越低^[8,18]。本研究选用的耐低磷水稻99011吸收磷的能力强(尤其对环境低浓度磷的吸收能力强), 植株磷含量较高, 而磷敏感水稻99012对环境中低浓度磷的吸收能力差, 植株磷含量较低^[10]。因此, 在相同磷水平下, 土壤加砷对磷敏感水稻99012的分蘖数、总穗数、有效穗、干物质累积和产量的影响均显著大于耐低磷水稻99011。此外, 加入外源砷以后, 相同处理的精米砷含量为磷敏感水稻99012显著高于耐低磷水稻99011。这些都说明水稻抵抗砷胁迫的能力与其磷效率(吸收磷的能力)有关。

土壤中的砷主要以As(III)和As(V)存在, As(III)的毒性比As(V)大得多, 且(III)比As(V)更容易被水稻吸收^[16,19]。长期淹水导致氧化还原电位(Eh)降低, 土壤中的As(V)易向As(III)转化^[20]。淹水还导致酸性土壤pH升高, 土壤对砷的吸附减少, 且被土壤中铁氧化物固定的砷由于铁的还原被释放出来, 从而增加土壤溶液中砷的浓度^[20,21]。此外, 土壤矿物对As(III)的吸附能力较As(V) 弱^[20]。因此, 淹水促进土壤砷的溶解和移动, 增加砷的生物有效性和毒性。适当减少水分明显缓解砷对水稻生长发育的不利影响, 大大降低砷在水稻秸秆和籽粒中的累积^[22,23,24]。在分蘖期和成熟期分别测定水稻根际土壤溶液中As(III)和As(V)的含量, 结果显示淹水环境下水稻根际土壤溶液的As(III)含量远高于相应的干湿交替处理(未发表数据), 且砷处理浓度越高, 根际As(III)和As(V)的差异越大。因此, 与淹水处理相比, 干湿交替明显缓解砷胁迫对水稻分蘖数、有效穗、生物量和产量的影响, 显著降低精米砷含量, 尤其在100 mg·kg^-1砷处理时效果更明显(表1、表2和表3)。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

View Option

[1]	Su Y H, Steve P M, Zhao F J. . Rice is more efficient in arsenite uptake and translocation than wheat and barley. Plant Soil, 2010, 328: 27-34 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.733]
[2]	Zhu Y G, Williams P N, Meharg A A. . Exposure to inorganic arsenic from rice: a global health issue?Environ Pollut, 2008, 154: 169-171 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.746]
[3]	Xiao X-Y(肖细元), Chen T-B(陈同斌), Liao X-Y(廖晓勇), Wu B(武斌), Yan X-L(阎秀兰), Zhai L-M(翟丽梅), Xie H(谢华), Wang L-X(王莉霞). . Regional distribution of arsenic contained minerals and arsenic pollution in China. Geogr Res(地理研究), 2008, 27(1): 201-212 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 2.112]
[4]	Khan M A, Islam M R, Panaullah G M, Duxbury J M, Jahiruddin M, Loeppert R H. . Accumulation of arsenic in soil and rice under wetland condition in Bangladesh. Plant Soil, 2010, 333: 263-274 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.733]
[5]	Smith E, Naidu R, Alston A M. . Chemistry of inorganic arsenic in soils: II. Effect of phosphorus, sodium, and calcium on arsenic sorption. J Environ Qual, 2002, 31: 557-563 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.324]
[6]	Zou Q(邹强), Liu F(刘芳), Yang J-H(杨剑虹). . Adsorption-desorption and competitive adsorption of arsenic and phosphorus in purple soil. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 2009, 20(6): 1383-1389 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.7261]
[7]	Xu H X, Weng X Y, Yang Y. . Effect of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthetic characteristics of rice plants. Russian J Plant Physiol, 2007, 54: 741-748 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.709]
[8]	Lu Y, Dong F, Deacon C, Chen H J, Raab A, Meharg A A. . Arsenic accumulation and phosphorus status in two rice (Oryza sativa L. ) cultivars surveyed from fields in South China. Environ Pollut, 2010, 158: 1536-1541 [本文引用:3] [JCR: 3.746]
[9]	Talukder A S M H M, Meisner C A, Sarkar M A R, Islam M S, Sayre K D, Duxbury J M, Lauren J G. . Effect of water management, arsenic and phosphorus levels on rice in a high-arsenic soil-water system: II. Arsenic uptake. Ecotox Environ Safe, 2012, 80: 145-151 [本文引用:2] [JCR: 2.294]
[10]	Guo Z-H(郭再华). . Screening and Classification of Rice with Different Phosphorus Efficiency and Physiology Mechanism. Ph. D Dissertation of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2005 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[11]	Lei M(雷梅), Chen T-B(陈同斌), Fan Z-L(范稚莲), Mo L-Y (莫良玉), Huang Z-C(黄泽春). . Effect of phosphorus on arsenic adsorption by three different soils. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 2003, 14(11): 1989-1992 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.7261]
[12]	Geng Z-X(耿志席), Liu X-H(刘小虎), Li L-F(李莲芳), Zeng X-B(曾希柏). . Effects of phosphorus fertilization on the bioavailability of arsenic in soils. J Agro-Environ Sci(农业环境科学学报), 2009, 28(11): 2338-2342 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4409]
[13]	Zhang G-L(张广莉), Song G-Y(宋光煜), Zhao H-X(赵红霞). . Effect of phosphorus on distribution of inorganic arsenic fractions in rhizosphere and growth of rice. Acta Pedol Sin(土壤学报), 2002, 39(1): 23-28 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.3294]
[14]	Liao X-Y(廖晓勇), Chen T-B(陈同斌), Yan X-L(阎秀兰), Xie H(谢华), Xiao X-Y(肖细元), Zhai L-M(翟丽梅). . Effects of different forms of P fertilizers on phytoremediation for As-contaminated soils using As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. Environ Sci(环境科学), 2008, 29(10): 2906-2911 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.1491]
[15]	Tu S X, Ma L Q. . Interactive effects of pH, arsenic and phosphorus on uptake of As and P and growth of the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. under hydroponic conditions. Environ Exp Bot, 2003, 50: 243-251 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.985]
[16]	Abedin M J, Feldmann J, Meharg A A. . Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants. Plant Physiol, 2002, 128: 1120-1128 [本文引用:2] [JCR: 6.535]
[17]	Zhao F J, Ma J F, Meharg A A, McGrath S P. . Arsenic uptake and metabolism in plants. New Phytologist, 2009, 181: 777-794 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 6.645]
[18]	Lou-Hing D, Zhang B, Price A H, Meharg A A. . Effects of phosphate on arsenate and arsenite sensitivity in two rice (Oryza sativa L. ) cultivars of different sensitivity. Environ Exp Bot, 2011, 72: 47-52 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.985]
[19]	Meharg A A, Jardine L. . Arsenite transport into paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. ) roots. New Phytologist, 2003, 157: 39-44 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 6.645]
[20]	Yamaguchi N, Nakamura T, Dong D, Takahashi Y, Amachi S, Makino T. . Arsenic release from flooded paddy soils is influenced by speciation, Eh, pH, and iron dissolution. Chemosphere, 2011, 83: 925-932 [本文引用:3] [JCR: 3.206]
[21]	Zeng X-B(曾希柏), He Q-H(和秋红), Li L-F(李莲芳), Bai L-Y(白玲玉). . Influence of flooding on form transformation of soil arsenic. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 2010, 21(11): 2997-3000 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.7261]
[22]	Li R Y, Stroud J L, Ma J F, McGrath S P, Zhao F J. . Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice with water management and silicon fertilization. Environ Sci Technol, 2009, 43: 3778-3783 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 5.228]
[23]	Xu X Y, McGrath S P, Meharg A A, Zhao F J. . Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases arsenic accumulation. Environ Sci Technol, 2008, 42: 5574-5579 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 5.228]
[24]	Sarkar S, Basu B, Kundu C K, Patra P K. . Deficit irrigation: An option to mitigate arsenic load of rice grain in West Bengal, India. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2012, 146: 147-152 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.004]

2010

2.733

0.0

Plant Soil. 2010, 328(1-2):27 - 34 DOI:10.1007/s11104-009-0074-2

Rice is more efficient in arsenite uptake and translocation than wheat and barley

Yu-Hong Su(12) Steve P. McGrath(1) Fang-Jie Zhao(1)

1.Soil Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
2.Department of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Tianshan, Urumqi, 830046 China

Rice is efficient at arsenic (As) accumulation, thus posing a potential health risk to humans and animals. Arsenic bioavailability in submerged paddy soil is enhanced due to mobilisation of arsenite, but rice may also have an inherently greater ability to take up and translocate arsenite than other cereal crops. To test this hypothesis, rice, wheat and barley were exposed to 5 μM arsenate or arsenite for 24 h. Arsenic uptake and distribution, and As speciation in the xylem sap and nutrient solution were determined. Regardless of the As form supplied to plants, rice accumulated more As in the shoots than wheat or barley. Arsenite uptake by rice was double of that by wheat or barley, whereas arsenate uptake was similar between rice and wheat and approximately a third smaller in barley. The efficiency of As translocation from roots to shoots was greater when plants were supplied with arsenite than with arsenate, and in both treatments rice showed the highest translocation efficiency. Arsenite was the main species of As (86–97%) in the xylem sap from arsenite-treated plants of all three species. In the arsenate-treated plants, 84%, 45% and 63% of As in the xylem sap of rice, wheat and barley, respectively, was arsenite. Arsenite efflux to the external medium was also observed in all three plant species exposed to arsenate. The results show that rice is more efficient than wheat or barley in arsenite uptake and translocation, probably through the highly efficient pathway for silicon.

... 砷是一种毒性很强的污染物, 水稻比其他植物更容易吸收砷^[1] ...

2008

3.746

0.0

Environ. Pollut.. 2008, 154(2):169-71 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.015

Exposure to inorganic arsenic from rice: a global health issue?

Zhu YG, Williams PN, Meharg AA

Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China. ygzhu@rcees.ac.cn

PMID: 18448219

... 因此, 水稻成为砷进入以大米为主食的人群体内的重要途径^[2] ...

2008

0.0

2.112

Geogr Res. 2008, 27(1):201 - 212

Regional distribution of arsenic contained minerals and arsenic pollution in China

中国主要含砷矿产资源的区域分布与砷污染问题

XIAO Xi-yuan, CHEN Tong-bin, LIAO Xiao-yong, WU Bin, YAN Xiu-lan, ZHAI Li-mei, XIE Hua, WANG Li-xia

肖细元, 陈同斌, 廖晓勇, 武斌, 阎秀兰, 翟丽梅, 谢华, 王莉霞

Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,China

Arsenic reserves, mineral resources distribution and arsenic mining induced environmental pollution in China were analyzed. The known arsenic reserves were 3977 kt, and preserved reserves were 2796 kt,of which 87.1% existed in paragenetic or associated ores up to the end of 2003. The total arsenic preserved reserves owned by the provinces including Guangxi, Yunnan and Hunan accounted for 58.0% of the country's total reserves. Moreover, the arsenic preserved reserves in Nandan County, Guangxi Province and Gejiu County, Yunnan province accounted for 17.0% and 10.2% of the total reserves in China, respectively. Large amount of arsenic had been released to the environment in the process of mining and utilizing ore deposits. Up to 2003, the mined amount of arsenic reached 1392 kt in China. The exploited quantity of arsenic in Guangxi, Yunnan and Hunan provinces was 733,342 and 153 kt, respectively, so the environmental arsenic pollution in those areas was at high risk. The amount of arsenic discharged in the form of mining tailings accounted for about 70% of the total mined. A lot of arsenic pollution events had shown that the arsenic sources released from mining, smelting, and processing threatened people's health through contaminated soils, foods and atmosphere. Furthermore, the arsenic calamities often took place in Southwest China where there were rich arsenic resources and intense mining activities.

本文分析了我国主要含砷矿资源的区域分布及其开采所带来的环境污染问题。截至2003年底,我国累计探明砷矿资源储量为397.7万t,保有储量279.6万t,其中87.1%的保有储量以共生、伴生砷矿形式存在。砷矿资源分布相对集中于广西、云南、湖南,三省的保有储量占全国保有储量的58.0%;其中广西南丹县和云南个旧市的保有储量最大,分别占全国总保有储量的17.0%和10.2%。我国已经有大量的砷随矿产资源的开采而带至环境中。截至2003年底,全国砷采出量至少高达139.2万t,其中广西、云南、湖南采出量最大,分别达73.3、34.2和15.3万t。在矿产采冶过程中,采出的砷有70%弃留于尾矿中。矿业活动释放的砷已通过土壤及食物链途径威胁到人体健康,尤其是在矿冶活动密集的西南地区问题更加突出。

... 近年来, 由于砷污染造成大量稻田低产、绝产以及砷中毒事件频发^[3,4] ...

2010

2.733

0.0

Plant Soil. 2010, 333(1-2):263 - 274 DOI:10.1007/s11104-010-0340-3

Accumulation of arsenic in soil and rice under wetland condition in Bangladesh

M. Asaduzzaman Khan(1) M. Rafiqul Islam(2) G. M. Panaullah(3) John M. Duxbury(4) M. Jahiruddin(2) Richard H. Loeppert(5)

1.Department of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2.Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
3.CIMMYT Bangladesh, P.O. Box?6057, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
4.Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
5.Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

Shallow tube well (STW) water, often contaminated with arsenic (As), is used extensively in Bangladesh for irrigating rice fields in the dry season, leading to potential As accumulation in soils. In the current study the consequences of arsenic from irrigation water and direct surface (0–15 cm) soil application were studied under field conditions with wetland rice culture over 2 years. Twenty PVC cylinders (30-cm length and 30-cm diameter) were installed in field plots to evaluate the mobility and vertical distribution of soil As, As mass balance, and the resulting influences on rice yield and plant-As concentration inBoro (dry season) and transplanted (T.)Aman (wet season) rice over the 2-year growth cycle. Treatments included irrigation-water As concentrations of 0, 1 and 2 mg L⁻¹ (Boro season only) and soil-As concentrations of 10 and 20 mg kg⁻¹. Following the 2-year cropping sequence the major portion (39.3–47.6%) of the applied arsenic was retained within the rooting zone at 0–15 cm depth, with 14.7–19.5% of the total applied As at the 5–10 cm and 10–15 cm soil depths compared to 1.3–3.6% at the 35–40 cm soil depth. These results indicate the relatively low mobility of applied As and the likely continued detrimental accumulation of As within the rooting zone. Arsenic addition in either irrigation water or as soil-applied As resulted in yield reductions from 21 to 74 % inBoro rice and 8 to 80 % in T.Aman rice, the latter indicating the strong residual effect of As on subsequent crops. The As concentrations in rice grain (0.22 to 0.81 μg g⁻¹), straw (2.64 to 12.52 μg g⁻¹) and husk (1.20 to 2.48 μg g⁻¹) increased with increasing addition of As. These results indicate the detrimental impacts of continued long-term irrigation with As-contaminated water on agricultural sustainability, food security and food quality in Bangladesh. A critical need exists for the development of crop and water management strategies to minimize potential As hazard in wetland rice production.

... 近年来, 由于砷污染造成大量稻田低产、绝产以及砷中毒事件频发^[3,4] ...

2002

2.324

0.0

J. Environ. Qual.. , 31(2):557-63

Chemistry of inorganic arsenic in soils: II. Effect of phosphorus, sodium, and calcium on arsenic sorption.

Smith E, Naidu R, Alston AM

CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

There are more than 10000 arsenic (As) contaminated sites in Australia. The ability of soils at these contaminated sites to sorb As is highly variable and appreciable amounts of As have been recorded in the subsurface soils. The potential risk of surface and ground water contamination by As at these sites is a major environmental concern. Factors that influence adsorption capacity of soils influence the bioavailability and subsequent mobility of As in soils. In the present study we investigated the effect of PO4(3-) and Na+ and Ca2+ on the sorption of AsV and AsIII by an Oxisol, a Vertisol, and two Alfisols. The presence of P (0.16 mmol L(-1)) greatly decreased AsV sorption by soils containing low amounts of Fe oxides (<100 mmol kg(-1)), indicating competitive adsorption between P and AsV for sorption sites. In contrast, the presence of a similar amount of P had little effect on the amount of AsV adsorbed by soils with high Fe content (>800 mmol kg(-1)). However, AsV sorption substantially decreased from 0.63 to 0.37 mmol kg(-1) as P concentration was increased from 0.16 to 3.2 mmol L(-1) in selected soils. This suggests increased competition between P and AsV for soil sorption sites, through either the higher affinity or the effect of mass action of the increasing concentration of P in solution. A similar effect of P on AsIII sorption was observed in the low sorbing Alfisol and high affinity Oxisol. However, the amount of AsIII sorbed by the Oxisol was much greater than the Alfisol for all treatments. The presence of Ca2+ increased the amount of AsV sorbed compared with that of Na+ and was manifested through changes in the surface charge characteristics of the soils. A similar trend in AsIII sorption was recorded with changes in index cation, although the effect was not as marked as recorded for AsV.

PMID: 11931447

... 施磷肥增加土壤砷的生物有效性是因为磷能够通过离子交换作用置换出土壤中的砷^[5,6] ...

2009

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2009, 20(6):1383 - 1389

Adsorption-desorption and competitive adsorption of arsenic and phosphorus in purple soil.

紫色土中砷、磷的吸附-解吸和竞争吸附

ZOU Qiang;LIU Fang;YANG Jian-hong

邹强;刘芳;杨剑虹

College of Resources and Environment, Southwestern University, Chongqing 400715, China

A batch incubation test was conducted to study the characteristics of arsenic (A
s) and phosphorous (P) adsorption-desorption as well as the effects of the comp
etitive adsorption of the two elements on their translocation and activation in
three kinds of purple soil, the typical soil in Three Gorges Area. In the test a
cid, neutral, and calcareous purple soils, As and P adsorption-desorption had t
he similar characteristics, with their isothermal adsorption conformed to Langmu
ir and Freundlich equations. The maximum adsorption of As in the acid, neutral,
and calcareous purple soils was 14286, 12500, and 11111 mg·kg-1, an
d that of P was 3226, 3571, and 4348 mg·kg-1, respectively. The ads
orption of As and P was fast at the beginning and slowed down then. The kinetics
corresponding to the fast process was of first order, and that to the slow proc
ess was of Elovich type. The mechanism for the fast process might be exchange ad
sorption, and that for the slow process might be specific adsorption. When the A
s and P coexisted, the adsorption rate and quantity of P increased while those o
f As decreased, implying that the existence of As could promote the adsorption o
f P in purple soil, while the existence of P would restrain the adsorption of As.

采用批培养法研究了As、P在三峡库区典型土壤紫色土中的吸附-解吸特点及竞争吸附对As、P迁移活化的影响.结果表明：3种紫色土中As、P的吸附-解吸特点相似，等温吸附均符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程，As在酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土中的最大吸附量分别为1428.6、1250.0和1111.1 mg·kg^-1；P在酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土中的最大吸附量分别为322.6、357.1和434.8 mg·kg^-1；As、P吸附动力学过程为先快后慢，均符合一级动力学方程与Elovich方程，快速吸附段符合一级动力学方程，为交换吸附；慢速吸附阶段满足Elovich方程，可能属于深层吸附或专性吸附.As、P竞争吸附试验表明，As、P共存时P的吸附速度和吸附量均增强，而As的吸附速度和吸附量均降低，表明As的存在能明显增强紫色土对P的吸附作用，P的存在则明显抑制紫色土对As的吸附.

... 施磷肥增加土壤砷的生物有效性是因为磷能够通过离子交换作用置换出土壤中的砷^[5,6] ...

2007

0.709

0.0

Russ J Plant Physl+. 2007, 54(6):741 - 748 DOI:10.1134/S1021443707060040

Effect of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthetic characteristics of rice plants

H. X. Xu(12) X. Y. Weng(1) Y. Yang(1)

1.Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
2.Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences Institute of Horticulture Hangzhou Zhejiang 310021 China

The effects of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthetic characteristics were studied in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) every 8 days after treatment. P deficiency caused a significant reduction in the net photosynthesis rate (P_N) in rice plants. During the first 16 days of P deficiency, the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), the effective PSII quantum yield (ϕ_PSII), the electron transport rate (ETR) as well as photochemical quenching (qP) in the P-limited rice plants kept close to the control, but the excitation energy capture efficiency of PSII reaction centers (F′_v/F′_m) was significantly declined in the P-deficient rice leaves. Meanwhile, in the stressed leaves, we also found a significant increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) as well as in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). It was indicated that a series of photoprotective mechanisms had been initiated in rice plants in response to short-term P deficiency. Therefore, PSII functioning was not affected significantly under such stress. As P deficiency continued, the excess excitation energy was accumulated in excess of the capacity of photoprotection systems. When the rice suffered from P deficiency more than 16 days, ϕ_PSII,ETR, andqP were decreased more rapidly than that in the control plants, althoughNPQ still kept higher in the stressed plants. These results were also consistent with the data on the distribution of excitation energy. The excess energy induced the generation of reactive oxygen species, which might lead to the further damage to PSII functioning.

... 但是, 磷是植物生长所必需的大量营养元素, 磷营养不足直接影响作物的生长、产量及其抗逆性^[7] ...

2010

3.746

0.0

Environ. Pollut.. 2010, 158(5):1536-41 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.022

Arsenic accumulation and phosphorus status in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars surveyed from fields in South China.

Lu Y, Dong F, Deacon C, Chen HJ, Raab A, Meharg AA

College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.

The consumption of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major inorganic arsenic exposure pathway in S.E. Asia. A multi-location survey was undertaken in Guangdong Province, South China to assess arsenic accumulation and speciation in 2 rice cultivars, one an Indica and the other a hybrid Indica. The results showed that arsenic concentrations in rice tissue increased in the order grain< husk< straw< root. Rice grain arsenic content of 2 rice cultivars was significant different and correlated with phosphorus concentration and molar ratio of P/As in shoot, being higher for the Indica cultivar than for the hybrid Indica, which suggests altering shoot phosphorus status as a promising route for breeding rice cultivars with reduced grain arsenic. Speciation of grain arsenic, performed using HPLC-ICP-MS, identified inorganic arsenic as the dominant arsenic species present in the rice grain.

PMID: 20045585

... 研究表明, 地上部磷累积较多的水稻品种抵抗砷胁迫的能力更强^[8] ...

... 这与许多学者的研究结果一致^[8,9,13] ...

... 研究表明, 水稻茎秆和籽粒中的磷砷比(P/As)呈显著的正相关, 水稻茎秆磷含量越高, 抵抗砷胁迫的能力越强, 籽粒砷含量越低^[8,18] ...

2012

2.294

0.0

... 长期淹水促进砷向毒性和生物有效性高的形态和价态转化^[9] ...

... 这与许多学者的研究结果一致^[8,9,13] ...

2005

0.0

... 2 供试水稻磷高效水稻99011和磷低效水稻99012^[10] ...

... 本研究选用的耐低磷水稻99011吸收磷的能力强(尤其对环境低浓度磷的吸收能力强), 植株磷含量较高, 而磷敏感水稻99012对环境中低浓度磷的吸收能力差, 植株磷含量较低^[10] ...

2003

0.0

1.7261

... 一方面, 磷和砷竞争土壤胶体上的吸附位点, 因此, 增施磷肥促进土壤吸附固定的砷释放, 增加砷的活性和生物有效性^[11,12,13] ...

2009

0.0

1.4409

J Agro-Environ Sci. 2009, (11):2338 - 2342

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilization on the Bioavailability of Arsenic in Soils

磷肥施用对土壤中砷生物有效性的影响

GENGZhi-xi^[1];LIUXiao-hu^[2];LILian-fang^[3];ZENGXi-bai^[3]

耿志席^[1];刘小虎^[2];李莲芳^[3];曾希柏^[3]

通过盆栽试验.研究了钙镁磷肥和过磷酸钙对土壤砷的生物有效性的影响.结果表明,施用钙镁磷肥和过磷酸钙能显著促进小白菜的生长,与对照相比生物量分别提高了约149%和119%;施磷可显著提高土壤有效态砷含量,其中钙镁磷肥高、低施肥量处理分别比对照增加了52.2%和20.9%,过磷酸钙高、低量施肥处理比对照分别提高了15.0%和5.5%;在同一施磷水平下,钙镁磷肥处理的土壤中有效态砷含量明显高于过磷酸钙处理,施磷可导致小白菜对砷的吸收总量显著增加(P〈0.05).施用钙镁磷肥处理的小白菜砷吸收量的增加幅度较大.磷肥施用可在一定程度上提高土壤中砷的生物有效性,其中施用钙镁磷肥比过磷酸钙的效果更为明显.

Abstract：

Effects of two kinds of phosphorus fertilizer including superphosphate (SP) and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP) application on the growth of bok choy (Brassica chinensis) and bioavailability of arsenic in soils were studied through a pot experiment. The results indicated that application of SP and CMP could significantly promote the growth of bok choy. Compared with the control (CK) treatment, -the biomass of bok choy increased by 149% and 119%, respectively. The biomass of bok choy for the treatments with high P application rates was more than that for the treatment with low P application rate for these two kinds of phosphorus fertilizers. It was more beneficial to increase the biomass of bok choy with the treatment of CMP than that of SP. Application of phosphate fertilizer could increase the amount of available arsenic in soils, the increased percentage reached 52.2% and 20.9% respectively for the treatments of high and low application rates of CMP, while those for the treatments of high and low application rates of SP were 15.0% and 5.5%. At the same level of phosphate application, the available arsenic content in soils was significantly higher for the CMP treatment compared with that of SP treatment. The arsenic amount absorbed in bok choy significantly increased with application of phosphate application (P<0.05), and the CMP treatment showed higher increased amount of arsenic absorption in bok choy compared with other treatments. Therefore phosphate application could increase the arsenic bioavailability in soils to certain degree, and it was more obvious for the CMP treatment.

... 一方面, 磷和砷竞争土壤胶体上的吸附位点, 因此, 增施磷肥促进土壤吸附固定的砷释放, 增加砷的活性和生物有效性^[11,12,13] ...

2002

0.0

1.3294

Acta Pedologica Sinica. 2002, (1):23 - 28

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON DISTRIBUTION OF INORGANIC ARSENIC FRACTIONS IN RHIZOSPHERE AND GROWTH OF RICE

磷影响下根际无机砷的形态分布及其对水稻生长的影响

张广莉^[1];宋光煜^[2];赵红霞^[2]

两种有代表性的紫色土的水稻盆栽试验结果表明,磷的加入可减轻受砷污染的红紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害;但磷的加入会加剧受砷污染的红棕紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害.根际无机砷的形态分布研究表明:试验土壤上,根际砷各形态都比非根际高,砷在根际呈富集状态;在根际环境的作用下,红紫泥中,磷的加入加剧了砷由有效态砷(Al-As、Fe-As)向相对无效态砷(O-As)转化,砷对水稻的毒性减弱;红棕紫泥中,磷的加入加剧了砷由相对无效态砷Fe-As和Al-As向有效态砷Ca-As和A-As(表示水溶态砷及松结合态砷)的转化,砷对水稻的毒性增强.

... 一方面, 磷和砷竞争土壤胶体上的吸附位点, 因此, 增施磷肥促进土壤吸附固定的砷释放, 增加砷的活性和生物有效性^[11,12,13] ...

... 另一方面, 增施磷肥能促进植物生长发育, 从而增强植物抵抗逆境(包括砷胁迫)的能力^[13] ...

... 这与许多学者的研究结果一致^[8,9,13] ...

2008

0.0

1.1491

Environ Sci. 2008, (10):2906 - 2911

Effects of Different forms of P Fertilizers on Phytoremediation for As-Contaminated Soils Using As-Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.

不同磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

LIAOXiao-yong;CHENTong-bin;YANXiu-lan;XIEHua;XIAOXi-yuan;ZHAILi-mei

廖晓勇;陈同斌;阎秀兰;谢华;肖细元;翟丽梅

施肥是提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率的必要强化措施之一.通过研究农业生产中常用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草生长、砷累积及氮磷钾吸收的影响,确定可提高蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤能力的最佳磷肥类型.结果表明,与不施砷对照组相比.添加砷处理中施用相应磷肥的蜈蚣草总生物量中蜈蚣草均有所降低(除钙镁磷肥外);在添加砷的情况下,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵等3个施磷处理总生物量相对较高.显著高于其他磷肥处理和不施磷处理(0.83 g/pot);地上部砷累积量由大到小的顺序为:磷酸二氢钙>钙镁磷肥>磷酸二氢铵>磷酸二氢钾>磷酸二氢钠>不施磷>过磷酸钙;磷酸二氢钙处理的砷去除效率高达7.28%.由此可见,磷肥能一定程度提高砷超富集植物的修复能力,但不同磷肥对其砷去除效率的影响可达数倍之差,磷酸二氢钙是首选磷肥类型,综合考虑土壤pH、N、P和有效态砷等各种因子,磷酸二氢铵和钙镁磷肥也可作备选肥料类型.

... 增加磷用量促进植株对砷的吸收和富集, 这在蜈蚣草上已经有很多报道^[14,15] ...

2003

2.985

0.0

Environ Exp Bot. 2003, 50(3):243 - 251 DOI:10.1016/S0098-8472(03)00040-6

Interactive effects of pH, arsenic and phosphorus on uptake of As and P and growth of the arsenic hyperaccumulatorPteris vittata L. under hydroponic conditions

Abstract

Arsenic (As)-contaminated soil and water vary with pH and concentrations of As and P. This study examined the effects and interactions of three factors, pH, As and P, on As hyperaccumulatorPteris vittata L. to optimize plant growth and maximize As removal from contaminated sites, especially water. Two sets of hydroponic experiments were conducted using three-factor, five-level central composite design. Five levels of pH (4.5–8.0), As (0–668 μM), and P (0–1000 μM) were used to understand their individual as well as interactive effects. Plant biomass and uptake of P and As were impacted by all the three factors. Phosphorus inhibited As uptake at all concentrations, whereas As below 334 μM benefited plant growth and P uptake. Enhanced plant biomass was most likely a result of increased P uptake. Low pH enhanced plant uptake of As (pH≤5.21) and P (pH≤6.25). The fern had a relatively high biomass and P uptake at low pH/low As or high pH/high As. The referencing saddle points (turning points) were pH 6.33 and As 359 μM for plant biomass and pH 5.87 and As 331 μM for P uptake based on the response surface plot. The results suggested that optimum plant growth could be achieved by adjusting pH corresponding to As levels in the growth media, and maximum plant As hyperaccumulation by maintaining minimum P concentrations with medium pH≤5.21. Our results should be useful for developing strategies to remediate As-contaminated water using Chinese Brake fern.

... 增加磷用量促进植株对砷的吸收和富集, 这在蜈蚣草上已经有很多报道^[14,15] ...

2002

6.535

0.0

Plant Physiol.. 2002, 128(3):1120-8

Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants.

Abedin MJ, Feldmann J, Meharg AA

Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom.

Arsenic (As) finds its way into soils used for rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation through polluted irrigation water, and through historic contamination with As-based pesticides. As is known to be present as a number of chemical species in such soils, so we wished to investigate how these species were accumulated by rice. As species found in soil solution from a greenhouse experiment where rice was irrigated with arsenate contaminated water were arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinic acid, and monomethylarsonic acid. The short-term uptake kinetics for these four As species were determined in 7-d-old excised rice roots. High-affinity uptake (0-0.0532 mM) for arsenite and arsenate with eight rice varieties, covering two growing seasons, rice var. Boro (dry season) and rice var. Aman (wet season), showed that uptake of both arsenite and arsenate by Boro varieties was less than that of Aman varieties. Arsenite uptake was active, and was taken up at approximately the same rate as arsenate. Greater uptake of arsenite, compared with arsenate, was found at higher substrate concentration (low-affinity uptake system). Competitive inhibition of uptake with phosphate showed that arsenite and arsenate were taken up by different uptake systems because arsenate uptake was strongly suppressed in the presence of phosphate, whereas arsenite transport was not affected by phosphate. At a slow rate, there was a hyperbolic uptake of monomethylarsonic acid, and limited uptake of dimethylarsinic acid.

PMID: 11891266

... 磷和砷在植物体内也存在竞争, 高等植物主要通过磷酸转运子途径吸收As(V), 且磷酸转运子对磷的亲和力比砷高^[16,17] ...

... 土壤中的砷主要以As(III)和As(V)存在, As(III)的毒性比As(V)大得多, 且(III)比As(V)更容易被水稻吸收^[16,19] ...

2009

6.645

0.0

New Phytol.. 2009, 181(4):777-94 DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02716.x

Arsenic uptake and metabolism in plants.

Zhao FJ, Ma JF, Meharg AA, McGrath SP

Soil Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK. fangjie.zhao@bbsrc.ac.uk

Arsenic (As) is an element that is nonessential for and toxic to plants. Arsenic contamination in the environment occurs in many regions, and, depending on environmental factors, its accumulation in food crops may pose a health risk to humans.Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of As uptake and metabolism in plants is reviewed here. Arsenate is taken up by phosphate transporters. A number of the aquaporin nodulin26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) are able to transport arsenite,the predominant form of As in reducing environments. In rice (Oryza sativa), arsenite uptake shares the highly efficient silicon (Si) pathway of entry to root cells and efflux towards the xylem. In root cells arsenate is rapidly reduced to arsenite, which is effluxed to the external medium, complexed by thiol peptides or translocated to shoots. One type of arsenate reductase has been identified, but its in planta functions remain to be investigated. Some fern species in the Pteridaceae family are able to hyperaccumulate As in above-ground tissues. Hyperaccumulation appears to involve enhanced arsenate uptake, decreased arsenite-thiol complexation and arsenite efflux to the external medium, greatly enhanced xylem translocation of arsenite, and vacuolar sequestration of arsenite in fronds. Current knowledge gaps and future research directions are also identified.

PMID: 19207683

... 磷和砷在植物体内也存在竞争, 高等植物主要通过磷酸转运子途径吸收As(V), 且磷酸转运子对磷的亲和力比砷高^[16,17] ...

2011

2.985

0.0

... 研究表明, 水稻茎秆和籽粒中的磷砷比(P/As)呈显著的正相关, 水稻茎秆磷含量越高, 抵抗砷胁迫的能力越强, 籽粒砷含量越低^[8,18] ...

2003

6.645

0.0

... 土壤中的砷主要以As(III)和As(V)存在, As(III)的毒性比As(V)大得多, 且(III)比As(V)更容易被水稻吸收^[16,19] ...

2011

3.206

0.0

Chemosphere. 2011, 83(7):925-32 DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.044

Arsenic release from flooded paddy soils is influenced by speciation, Eh, pH, and iron dissolution.

Yamaguchi N, Nakamura T, Dong D, Takahashi Y, Amachi S, Makino T

National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan. nyamag@affrc.go.jp

Arsenic (As) is highly mobilized when paddy soil is flooded, causing increased uptake of As by rice. We investigated factors controlling soil-to-solution partitioning of As under anaerobic conditions. Changes in As and iron (Fe) speciation due to flooded incubation of two paddy soils (soils A and B) were investigated by HPLC/ICP-MS and XANES. The flooded incubation resulted in a decrease in Eh, a rise in pH, and an increase in the As(III) fraction in the soil solid phase up to 80% of the total As in the soils. The solution-to-soil ratio of As(III) and As(V) (R(L/S)) increased with pH due to the flooded incubation. The R(L/S) for As(III) was higher than that for As(V), indicating that As(III) was more readily released from soil to solution than was As(V). Despite the small differences in As concentrations between the two soils, the amount of As dissolved by anaerobic incubation was lower in soil A. With the development of anaerobic conditions, Fe(II) remained in the soil solid phase as the secondary mineral siderite, and a smaller amount of Fe was dissolved from soil A than from soil B. The dissolution of Fe minerals rather than redox reaction of As(V) to As(III) explained the different dissolution amounts of As in the two paddy soils. Anaerobic incubation for 30 d after the incomplete suppression of microbial activity caused a drop in Eh. However, this decline in Eh did not induce the transformation of As(V) to As(III) in either the soil solid or solution phases, and the dissolution of As was limited. Microbial activity was necessary for the reductive reaction of As(V) to As(III) even when Eh reached the condition necessary for the dominance of As(III). Ratios of released As to Fe from the soils were decreased with incubation time during both anaerobic incubation and abiotic dissolution by sodium ascorbate, suggesting that a larger amount of As was associated with an easily soluble fraction of Fe (hydr) oxide in amorphous phase and/or smaller particles.

PMID: 21420713

... 长期淹水导致氧化还原电位(Eh)降低, 土壤中的As(V)易向As(III)转化^[20] ...

... 淹水还导致酸性土壤pH升高, 土壤对砷的吸附减少, 且被土壤中铁氧化物固定的砷由于铁的还原被释放出来, 从而增加土壤溶液中砷的浓度^[20,21] ...

... 此外, 土壤矿物对As(III)的吸附能力较As(V) 弱^[20] ...

2010

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2010, 21(11):2997 - 3000

Influence of flooding on form transformation of soil arsenic.

淹水条件对土壤砷形态转化的影响

ZENG Xi-bai, HE Qiu-hong, LI Lian-fang, BAI Ling-yu

曾希柏,和秋红,李莲芳,白玲玉

Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment ＆Climate Change, Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

An incubation test was conducted to study the dynamics of exogenously supplied dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and As(V) in soil under flooding. With the increasing time of incubation, the exogenously supplied DMA and MMA were mainly transformed into As(V), and the As(V) concentration increased, being significantly higher after incubated for 150 days, compared with that after incubated for 1 day. The exogenously supplied DMA was demethylated into As(V) within 30 days, accompanied by a little As(III), while the transformation rate of exogenously supplied MMA was rather slow within 60 days, accompanied by a little As(Ⅲ) and DMA. The exogenously supplied As(V) decreased with increasing time of incubation, and its form had less change except that a little As(Ⅲ) occurred.

通过淹水条件下的培养试验, 探讨了外源二甲基砷酸（DMA）、一甲基砷酸（MMA）、砷酸盐［As(V)］在土壤中的动态转化规律. 结果表明: 随着培养时间的推移, 加入土壤中的DMA和MMA均主要转化为As(V), 且土壤中As(V)含量均呈增加趋势, 培养到150 d时土壤中As(V)含量均显著高于1 d时的含量(P<0.01). 外源DMA通过脱甲基化作用, 在30 d内即基本转化为As(V), 且有少量的亚砷酸盐［As(Ⅲ)］生成; 而外源MMA的转化速度相对较慢, 培养60 d后才基本完成向As(V)的转化, 同时伴随少量DMA和As(Ⅲ)的生成; 在淹水条件下外源As(V)含量随培养时间的增加而逐渐降低,该过程中除有少量As(Ⅲ)生成外,其形态基本未发生改变.

... 淹水还导致酸性土壤pH升高, 土壤对砷的吸附减少, 且被土壤中铁氧化物固定的砷由于铁的还原被释放出来, 从而增加土壤溶液中砷的浓度^[20,21] ...

2009

5.228

0.0

Environ. Sci. Technol.. 2009, 43(10):3778-83

Mitigation of arsenic accumulation in rice with water management and silicon fertilization.

Li RY, Stroud JL, Ma JF, McGrath SP, Zhao FJ

Soil Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.

Rice represents a major route of As exposure in populations that depend on a rice diet. Practical measures are needed to mitigate the problem of excessive As accumulation in paddy rice. Two potential mitigation methods, management of the water regime and Si fertilization, were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Growing rice aerobically during the entire rice growth duration resulted in the leastAs accumulation. Maintaining aerobic conditions during either vegetative or reproductive stage of rice growth also decreased As accumulation in rice straw and grain significantly compared with rice grown under flooded conditions. The effect of water management regimes was consistent with the observed effect of flooding-induced arsenite mobilization in the soil solution. Aerobic treatments increased the percentage of inorganic As in grain, but the concentrations of inorganic As remained lower than in the flooded rice. Silicon fertilization decreased the total As concentration in straw and grain by 78 and 16%, respectively, even though Si addition increased As concentration in the soil solution. Silicon also significantly influenced As speciation in rice grain and husk by enhancing methylation. Silicon decreased the inorganic As concentration in grain by 59% while increasing the concentration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) by 33%. There were also significant differences between two rice genotypes in grain As speciation. This study demonstrated that water management Si fertilization, and selection of rice cultivars are effective measures that can be used to reduce As accumulation in rice.

PMID: 19544887

... 适当减少水分明显缓解砷对水稻生长发育的不利影响, 大大降低砷在水稻秸秆和籽粒中的累积^[22,23,24] ...

2008

5.228

0.0

Environ. Sci. Technol.. 2008, 42(15):5574-9

Growing rice aerobically markedly decreases arsenic accumulation.

Xu XY, McGrath SP, Meharg AA, Zhao FJ

Soil Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.

Arsenic (As) exposure from consumption of rice can be substantial, particularly for the population on a subsistence rice diet in South Asia. Paddy rice has a much enhanced As accumulation compared with other cereal crops, and practical measures are urgently needed to decrease As transfer from soil to grain. We investigated the dynamics of As speciation in the soil solution under both flooded and aerobic conditions and compared As accumulation in rice shoot and grain in a greenhouse experiment. Flooding of soil led to a rapid mobilization of As, mainly as arsenite, in the soil solution. Arsenic concentrations in the soil solution were 7-16 and 4-13 times higher under the flooded than under the aerobic conditions in the control without As addition and in the +As treatments (10 mg As kg(-1) as arsenite or arsenate), respectively. Arsenate was the main As species in the aerobic soil. Arsenic accumulation in rice shoots and grain was markedly increased under flooded conditions; grain As concentrations were 10-15-fold higher in flooded than in aerobically grown rice. With increasing total As concentrations in grain, the proportion of inorganic As decreased, while that of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) increased. The concentration of inorganic As was 2.6-2.9 fold higher in the grain from the flooded treatment than in that from the aerobic treatment. The results demonstrate that a greatly increased bioavailability of As under the flooded conditions is the main reason for an enhanced As accumulation by flooded rice, and growing rice aerobically can dramatically decrease the As transfer from soil to grain.

PMID: 18754478

... 适当减少水分明显缓解砷对水稻生长发育的不利影响, 大大降低砷在水稻秸秆和籽粒中的累积^[22,23,24] ...

2012

3.004

0.0

... 适当减少水分明显缓解砷对水稻生长发育的不利影响, 大大降低砷在水稻秸秆和籽粒中的累积^[22,23,24] ...