转<italic>2-Cys Prx</italic> 基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应

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张会慧, 田褀, 刘关君, 胡彦波, 吴翔宇, 田野, 李鑫, 孙广玉. 转2-Cys Prx 基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应 . 作物学报, 2013, 39(11): 2023-2029[ZHANG Hui-Hui, TIAN Qi, LIU Guan-Jun, HU Yan-Bo, WU Xiang-Yu, TIAN Ye, LI Xin, SUN Guang-Yu. Responses of Antioxidant Enzyme and PSII Electron Transport in Leaf of Transgenic Tobacco Carrying2-Cys Prx to Salt and Light Stresses . 作物学报, 2013, 39(11): 2023-2029] 复制到剪切板

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转2-Cys Prx 基因烟草抗氧化酶和PSII电子传递对盐和光胁迫的响应

张会慧¹, 田褀¹, 刘关君², 胡彦波¹, 吴翔宇², 田野¹, 李鑫¹, 孙广玉^1,^*

¹东北林业大学生命科学学院, 黑龙江哈尔滨150040

²东北林业大学林木遗传育种国家重点实验室, 黑龙江哈尔滨150040

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 孙广玉, E-mail:sungy@vip.sina.com

收稿日期:2013-06-09

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(30771746, 31070307),哈尔滨市科技创新人才研究专项(2013RFXXJ063)和黑龙江省自然科学基金重点项目(ZD2011-05)资助。

摘要

以转2-Cys Peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx )基因的烟草(Nicotiana tabacum )为材料, 非转基因烟草为对照, 调查盐和光胁迫对转基因烟草幼苗叶片抗氧化酶和叶绿素荧光特性的影响, 揭示2-Cys Prx 基因在植物抗逆方面的功能。结果表明, 弱光(200 μmol m^-2 s^-1)下, 随着盐浓度增大, 转基因烟草和对照的SOD活性皆增加, APX活性变化不大, H₂O₂含量稍有升高; 强光(1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1)下, 随着盐浓度增大, 转基因烟草SOD活性增强, APX活性下降, H₂O₂含量增加缓慢, 而对照的H₂O₂含量迅速升高, 转基因烟草叶片的PSII电子传递速率(ETR )、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(ϕ_PSII)均高于对照, 而且PSII电子受体侧的受抑制程度明显低于对照。结果暗示在强光和盐胁迫使APX活性降低的情况下,2-Cys Prx 可有效清除细胞中过量H₂O₂, 增强光合电子传递链的稳定性, 特别是PSII电子受体侧的电子传递, 有效减轻盐和高光胁迫引起的PSII光抑制。

关键词: 转2-Cys Prx基因烟草; 盐和光胁迫; 抗氧化酶; PSII电子传递

Responses of Antioxidant Enzyme and PSII Electron Transport in Leaf of Transgenic Tobacco Carrying2-Cys Prx to Salt and Light Stresses

ZHANG Hui-Hui¹, TIAN Qi¹, LIU Guan-Jun², HU Yan-Bo¹, WU Xiang-Yu², TIAN Ye¹, LI Xin¹, SUN Guang-Yu^1,^*

¹ College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

² State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Abstract

2-Cys Peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs ) in plants were reported to localize to plant chloroplasts and perform antioxidative function during plant development and photosynthesis. This paper investigated the function of tobacco2-Cys Prx gene overexpressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum ) plants with tolerance against light intensity and salt stresses. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in leaves of two types of tobacco increased under weak light (200 μmol m^-2 s^-1) and salt stresses, ascorbateperoxidase (APX) activity changed little, and the content of H₂O₂ slightly increased. Salt stress enhanced SOD activity and decreased APX activity under strong light (1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1). The content of H₂O₂ in leaves of transgenic tobacco with2-Cys Prx increased slower than that of wild tobacco. The electron transport rate (ETR ), PSII photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) and actual photochemical efficiency (ϕ_PSII) in leaves of transgenic tobacco with2-Cys Prx were higher than those of control under high light. Electron transports in the receptor side were lower than that in control. The results suggested that2-Cys Prx could be the effective removal of excess H₂O₂ while APX activity decreasedunder high light and salt stresses, and could reduce PSII photoinhibition induced by high light and salt stresses.

Keyword: Transgenic tobacco carrying 2-Cys Prx; Salt and light stress; Antioxidant enzyme; PSII electron transport

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引言

逆境下植物光合电子传递链中会积累过多的电子, 如不及时清除会攻击单价氧分子而在叶绿体类囊体膜内生成超氧阴离子^[1]。高等植物叶绿体基质和内腔中的SOD可清除超氧阴离子形成H₂O₂和O₂^[2,3], H₂O₂能损坏细胞中的DNA、蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂类等^[4], 又能通过金属催化的Haber-Weiss反应生成高度活泼、破坏极强的羟基自由基(•OH)^[5], •OH会破坏放氧复合体(OEC)的构成亚基并且妨碍其周转而降低PSII的功能^[6]。总之, 植物叶绿体内的ROS是由光合电子传递链上的电子过剩引起的, 而ROS反过来会通过攻击电子传递体而阻碍光合电子的正常传递, 抑制植物光合作用的正常进行^[7], 因此, 清除叶绿体内的活性氧特别是H₂O₂是保护逆境下植物光合作用的基础。

高等植物叶绿体中并不存在清除H₂O₂的过氧化氢酶(CAT), 而是由抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)承担清除H₂O₂的作用^[8,9]。但是, APX对极端逆境下产生的过量ROS相当敏感^[10], 易钝化^[11], 利用APX突变体证实, 严重氧化胁迫会明显降低以抗坏血酸介导的APX活性^[12]。Peroxiredoxins ( Prxs )是广泛存在于各种生物体内的一类抗氧化酶系^[13], 在清除H₂O₂方面的研究备受关注, 而且在 Salmonella typhimurium 和 E. coli 中克隆了 Prxs 基因。Baier等^[14]在植物中发现了Prxs^[15], 它具有分子伴侣的功能。高等植物Prxs家族含有 1-Cys Prx 、 2-Cys Prx 、 Prx II 和 Prx Q 4个成员, 其中只有 2-Cys Prx 位于叶绿体的类囊体膜上^[16], 因其52位和172位上分别有一个高度保守的半胱氨酸残基(-Cys)而被命名为 2-Cys Prx^[17]。

在松嫩平原盐碱土地区, 植物经常受到盐和高光的共同威胁, 叶绿体内的ROS特别是H₂O₂不但会造成其膜质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累^[18], 还会攻击D1蛋白上的His残基而抑制光合电子传递链上的电子传递、降低PSII反应中心的活性、抑制植物的光合作用等^[19]。因此, 2-Cys Prx 具有清除叶绿体内ROS的能力, 在盐和高光逆境下就可能具有保护植物叶绿体PSII的作用。为证明该作用, 本试验以转 2-Cys Prx 基因烟草( Nicotiana tabacum ) (品种为龙江911)为材料, 研究了盐和高光强对叶片活性氧代谢和光合PSII功能的影响及 2-Cys Prx 在植物光破坏防御机制中的作用。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

转 2-Cys Prx 基因的烟草幼苗(TCPrx), 以非转基因幼苗为对照(CK)。转 2-Cys Prx 基因植株通过PCR进行阳性植株筛选(图1), 证明外源 2-Cys Prx 基因已经整合到烟草的染色体中。选择PCR结果带型清晰明亮的阳性植株放在生根培养基上培养, 培养条件为温度25/23℃(光/暗)、光照强度200 μmol m^-2 s^-1、光周期12 h /12 h(光/暗)、相对湿度75%左右, 待植株生根后, 洗净根系表面的培养基, 放入1/2 Hoagland溶液中水培, 在光照200 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 室温25~30℃的室内培养20 d。

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	图1 转基因烟草植株的RT-PCR检测M: 2000 plus DNA marker; 1~4: 野生型烟草; 5~19: 转基因烟草株系。Fig. 1 RT-PCR detection of transgenic tobacco plantsM: 2000 plus DNA marker; 1-4: wild type tobacco lines; 5-17: transgenic tobacco lines.

1.2 试验处理

2012年8月10日将长势相对一致的转基因和CK幼苗分别放入NaCl浓度为50、100、150和200 mmol L^-1的溶液中盐激处理, 每处理6次重复, 分为2组, 每组3次重复。其中一组幼苗放在光照强度为200 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 光源为微波硫灯(白光, 沈阳市永峰灯具厂)室内培养, 另外一组放在光照强度为1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 光源为LED照明灯(红蓝混合光, 深圳联邦重科电子科技有限公司)室内培养, 由于微波硫灯为热光源, 而LED照明灯为冷光源, 因此为消除光源引起的温度不同, 试验材料放置在距离光源1 m处, 2种光源的光周期均设定为12 h / 12 h (光/暗), 培养48 h后, 对照组在高盐强光下出现盐害症状后, 测定叶绿素荧光参数和H₂O₂以及MDA含量。

1.3 测定项目和方法

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性采用氮蓝四唑(NBT)法测定, 以单位时间内(1 h) 1 mL反应液中抑NBT光化还原50%酶量为一个酶活力单位(U), 则鲜样的酶活性为U g^{-1 [20]}; 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性采用沈文飚等^[21]的方法测定, 酶活力单位(U)定义为1 min催化1 μmol抗坏血酸氧化的酶量, 则鲜样的酶活性为U g^-1; H₂O₂含量采用林植芳等^[22]的方法测定; MDA含量采用王晶英等^[23]方法测定。

于9:00至11:00采用便携式脉冲调制荧光仪FMS-2 (Hansatch公司, 英国)参照Hu等^[24]方法选择经不同光照强度光照后的幼苗, 测定倒数第2片完全展开叶片的实际光化学效率( ϕ_PSII)和电子传递速率( ETR ); 然后将各处理烟草幼苗叶片暗适应0.5 h后测定其初始荧光( F_o)、最大荧光( F_m)和PSII最大光化学效率( F_v/ F_m), 利用Mini调制式掌上叶绿素荧光仪(FluorPen FP 100max, 捷克)测定各处理叶片的OJIP曲线, 得到OJIP曲线上J点的相对可变荧光强度( V_J)、Q_A被还原的最大速率( M_o)等。测定部位为从叶基部数第3与第4叶脉之间, 距离主叶脉2 cm左右处, 每次测定重复5次。

1.4 数据处理和统计方法

图中数据为5次重复的平均值±标准差(SE), 运用Microsoft Excel和DPS软件统计分析数据, 并采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和最小显著差异法(LSD)比较不同数据组间的差异。

2 结果与分析

2.1 盐和光胁迫下转基因烟草叶片SOD和APX活性

由图2可以看出, 随着盐浓度的增加, 转基因烟草和CK叶片的SOD活性均明显增加, 1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1的光强下比200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下叶片的SOD活性明显高, 但转基因烟草叶片的SOD活性与CK之间均无明显差异。随着盐浓度的增加, 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下幼苗叶片的APX活性呈先增加后降低的趋势, 但其变化幅度较小, 并且2种烟草间差异也不明显, 而在1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 幼苗叶片的APX活性却随着盐浓度的增加而呈明显的降低趋势, 当盐浓度增加到100 mmol L^-1时, 2种烟草幼苗叶片的APX活性均较无盐胁迫时降低了50%左右。

2.2 盐和光胁迫下转基因烟草叶片H₂O₂和MDA含量

图3显示, 不同光强下2种烟草幼苗叶片中的H₂O₂和MDA含量随着盐浓度的增加而增加。在1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, CK叶片中的H₂O₂和MDA含量明显高于转基因烟草, 但在200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 2种烟草间却无明显差异, 甚至1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下转基因烟草叶片中的H₂O₂和MDA含量与光强200 μmol m^-2 s^-1下相差不大。

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	图2 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片SOD和APX活性对盐胁迫的响应Fig. 2 Responses of SOD and APX activities in transgenic tobacco leaves to salt stress under different light intensities

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	图3 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片H₂O₂和MDA含量对盐胁迫的响应Fig. 3 Responses of contents of H₂O₂ and MDA in transgenic tobacco leaf to salt stress under different light intensities

2.3 不同光强下转基因烟草幼苗叶片 ϕ_PSII和 ETR 对盐胁迫的响应

由图4可以看出, 随着盐浓度的升高, 不同光强下转基因烟草和CK叶片的 ϕ_PSII均明显下降。1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 2种烟草幼苗叶片的 ETR 明显降低, 但200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 2种烟草幼苗叶片的 ETR 均维持在60左右, 不同盐浓度下无明显变化。TCPrx和CK比较, 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 幼苗叶片的 ϕ_PSII和 ETR 之间均无明显差异; 1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, NaCl浓度低于50 mmol L^-1时, 转基因烟草叶片的 ϕ_PSII和 ETR 虽均高于CK, 但差异不明显, 当NaCl浓度增加到100和200 mmol L^-1时, 转基因烟草叶片的 ϕ_PSII和 ETR 均明显高于CK。

2.4 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片 F_o、 F_m和 F_v /F_m对盐胁迫的响应

图5显示, 随着盐浓度的增加, 不同光强下的2种烟草幼苗叶片的 F_o增加, 而 F_m和 F_v /F_m则明显降低。200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下烟草幼苗叶片的 F_o、 F_m和 F_v /F_m的变化幅度明显小于光强1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1时。另外, 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 转基因烟草叶片的 F_o、 F_m和 F_v /F_m在盐胁迫下与CK无明显差异, 但1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 当盐浓度增加到200 mmol L^-1时, 转基因烟草叶片的 F_o低于CK 24.39%, 而 F_m和 F_v /F_m分别高于CK 29.93%和124.35%。

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	图4 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片 ϕ_PSII和 ETR 对盐胁迫的响应Fig. 4 Responses of ϕ_PSII and ETR in transgenic tobacco leaves to salt stress under different light intensities

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	图5 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片 F_o、 F_m和 F_v /F_m对盐胁迫的响应Fig. 5 Responses of F_o, F_m, and F_v /F_m in transgenic tobacco leaves to salt stress under different light intensities

2.5 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片PSII电子受体侧电子传递对盐胁迫的响应

图6显示, 不同光照强度下烟草叶片的 V_J和 M_o表现相同的变化趋势, 并随着盐浓度的增加明显增加, 但是, 在1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下的变化幅度明显大于光强200 μmol m^-2 s^-1时。在200 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 不同盐浓度处理对2种烟草幼苗叶片的 V_J和 M_o影响不大。1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1光强下, 不同盐浓度下转基因烟草叶片的 V_J和 M_o均低于CK, 并且随着盐浓度的增加, 二者之间的差异加大。

3 讨论

植物细胞中的H₂O₂是水裂解放氧过程的中间产物, 当水裂解复合体的功能受到抑制时, H₂O₂大量生成, 而水裂解复合体的功能正常时, 大部分H₂O₂都是来源于超氧物歧化酶(SOD)的歧化作用^[25]。叶绿体中的H₂O₂通过Haber-Weiss反应产生的羟自由基(•OH)会引起叶绿体的膜脂过氧化, 造成叶绿体膜脂过氧化产物MDA的增加^[26]。因此, 清除叶绿体内H₂O₂对减轻逆境下植物氧化胁迫具有重要的作用。本试验中, 随着盐浓度的升高, 高光强(1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1)下, 细胞中SOD活性增强(图2), 歧化超氧物阴离子形成H₂O₂含量增加, 此时, 用于清除H₂O₂的APX活性却显著降低(图2), 过量H₂O₂导致了烟草叶片膜质过氧化产物MDA增加, 细胞受到了严重的氧化胁迫。姜波等^[27]研究结果发现, 增强 2-Cys Prx 基因的表达, 可以明显提高转基因烟草种子在盐胁迫下的萌发率和幼苗抗氧化水平, Kiba等^[28]在玉米( Zea mays )中超表达过氧还蛋白基因( PrxQ )也增强了玉米的抗真菌侵染和抗氧化能力。在本试验中, 高光强(1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1)下, 细胞中SOD活性增强, 而APX活性受到抑制, 通过SOD和APX途径清除叶绿体中的超氧阴离子自由基明显受到抑制, 烟草叶片中会积累过多的H₂O₂, 类囊体膜会发生脂质过氧化, 但转 2-Cys Prx 基因烟草幼苗叶片的H₂O₂含量和MDA含量均明显低于对照, 这说明2-Cys Prx清除了在盐和高光胁迫下产生的H₂O₂, 在APX失去活性的情况下发挥了清除H₂O₂的作用, 减轻了烟草幼苗的氧化伤害, 但弱光下APX活性没有受到抑制的情况下, 2-Cys Prx 与APX是否具有协同作用有待进一步研究。

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	图6 不同光强下转基因烟草叶片 V_J和 M_o对盐胁迫的响应Fig. 6 Responses of V_Jand M_o in transgenic tobacco leaves to salt stress under different light intensities

为了进一步分析 2-Cys Prx 清除H₂O₂对光合机构的保护作用是否与APX具有相似性, 利用叶绿素荧光技术分析了高光和盐胁迫下光合机构的变化。一般情况下, 在较低浓度盐不会引起植物的PSII光抑制^[29], 但强光会引起盐胁迫下植物光合的抑制作用^[30,31]。当盐和强光胁迫共同作用时, PSII反应中心活性降低, 产生光抑制, 甚至出现光氧化和光漂白而致植株死亡^[32]。盐胁迫对植物光合作用的影响主要是较高浓度的盐诱导植物细胞中ROS不平衡引起的^[33], 盐胁迫下植物核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)活性和RuBP再生速率下降^[34], 光合作用的暗反应受到抑制, 即固定碳的能力降低, 暗反应利用同化力(ATP和NADPH)的能力降低, 从而反馈抑制光合电子传递链中的电子传递^[35], 引发过剩电子的积累, ROS的产生; 另外在强光下, P₆₈₀捕获的光量子数量增加, 电荷分离速率就会增大, 增加电子传递链的压力^[36]。本试验中, 弱光(200 μmol m^-2 s^-1)下不同浓度盐处理的烟草叶片 ETR 、 ϕ_PSII和 F_v/ F_m明显低于强光(1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1)下, 且弱光下烟草幼苗叶片的 F_v/ F_m在不同盐浓度下未发生明显的变化, 即弱光下较高浓度的盐胁迫也未能引起烟草幼苗叶片的PSII光抑制。强光下, 烟草叶片的 ETR 和 ϕ_PSII随着盐浓度的增加明显降低, 叶片的 F_m和 F_v/ F_m也明显下降, F_o显著上升, 暗示强光加剧了盐胁迫下烟草叶片PSII的光抑制。不同浓度盐处理下, 转 2-Cys Prx 基因烟草幼苗叶片 F_v/ F_m在弱光下与对照之间无明显差异, 但在强光下却明显高于对照, 且 ETR 和 ϕ_PSII也明显高于对照, 暗示转 2-Cys Prx 基因在缓解盐和高光胁迫引起的电子传递受阻中发挥了作用, 减轻了PSII反应中心的光抑制程度。盐和高光胁迫下, 烟草幼苗叶片的电子传递速率下降(图4), 这与盐胁迫下抑制了PSII电子供体侧^[37]和(或)受体侧^[38]的电子传递有关。在OJIP曲线上, V_J表示关闭反应中心的数量或Q_A的还原量, 即Q_A^-的积累量, M_o表示相对荧光的初始斜率, 可以用来表示Q_A被还原的相对速率, 通过 V_J和 M_o可以分析PSII受体侧Q_A到Q_B电子传递速率^[39]。本试验中, 盐胁迫下烟草幼苗叶片的 V_J和 M_o均呈明显的增加趋势, 说明增加了Q_A^-的积累量和Q_A的还原速率, 即PSII反应中心电子受体侧的电子传递受阻, 而对于PSII供体侧放氧复合体(OEC)的伤害较小, 通过光合水裂解产生H₂O₂的数量较少, 细胞中积累的H₂O₂大部分来自SOD歧化作用。同时发现, 强光下的 V_J和 M_o变化幅度随盐浓度的增加明显大于弱光条件下, 暗示盐胁迫抑制了烟草幼苗叶片PSII反应中心电子受体侧的电子传递速率。但是, 强光下转 2-Cys Prx 基因烟草幼苗叶片的 V_J和 M_o增加幅度低于对照, 随盐浓度的增加表现的更加明显, 暗示 2-Cys Prx 可以明显提高盐和高光胁迫下烟草幼苗叶片PSII反应中心电子受体侧的电子传递速率, 降低PSII反应中心的激发能压力。

4 结论

增强 2-Cys Prx 基因在烟草叶片中的表达, 可减轻烟草叶片在高光和盐胁迫共同作用下的氧化伤害, 在高光和盐胁迫抑制APX活性的情况下, 2-Cys Prx 可以有效清除细胞中过量H₂O₂, 提高光合电子传递链的稳定性, 降低PSII的光抑制程度。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2004

2.791

0.0

J. Plant Physiol.. 2004, 161(11):1189-202

Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants.

Ramachandra Reddy A, Chaitanya KV, Vivekanandan M

School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605 014, India. arreddy@yahoo.com

Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from altered gene expression and cellular metabolism to changes in growth rates and crop yields. A plethora of plant reactions exist to circumvent the potentially harmful effects caused by a wide range of both abiotic and biotic stresses, including light, drought, salinity, high temperatures, and pathogen infections. Among the environmental stresses, drought stress is one of the most adverse factors of plant growth and productivity. Understanding the biochemical and molecular responses to drought is essential for a holistic perception of plant resistance mechanisms to water-limited conditions. Drought stress progressively decreases CO2 assimilation rates due to reduced stomatal conductance. Drought stress also induces reduction in the contents and activities of photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle enzymes, including the key enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The critical roles of proline and glycine-betaine, as well as the role of abscisic acid (ABA), under drought stress conditions have been actively researched to understand the tolerance of plants to dehydration. In addition, drought stress-induced generation of active oxygen species is well recognized at the cellular level and is tightly controlled at both the production and consumption levels in vivo, through increased antioxidative systems. Knowledge of sensing and signaling pathways, including ABA-mediated changes in response to drought stress, is essential to improve crop management. This review focuses on the ability and strategies of higher plants to respond and adapt to drought stress.

PMID: 15602811

... 引言逆境下植物光合电子传递链中会积累过多的电子, 如不及时清除会攻击单价氧分子而在叶绿体类囊体膜内生成超氧阴离子^[1] ...

1984

4.702

0.0

... 高等植物叶绿体基质和内腔中的SOD可清除超氧阴离子形成H₂O₂和O₂^[2,3], H₂O₂能损坏细胞中的DNA、蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂类等^[4], 又能通过金属催化的Haber-Weiss反应生成高度活泼、破坏极强的羟基自由基(•OH)^[5], •OH会破坏放氧复合体(OEC)的构成亚基并且妨碍其周转而降低PSII的功能^[6] ...

1985

3.0

0.0

2003

2.733

0.0

Plant Soil. 2003, 257(2):407 - 416 DOI:10.1023/A:1027313902195

Antioxidative defenses and water deficit-induced oxidative damage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing on non-flooded paddy soils with ground mulching

Yongchao Liang(1) Feng Hu(1) Maocheng Yang(2) Jianhe Yu(3)

1.Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P.R. China
2.College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Hohai University Nanjing 210098 P.R. China
3.Tianchang Erfeng Irrigation and Drainage Station Anhui Province P.R. China

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation under non-flooded conditions using polyethylene film as ground mulching materials, namely plastic film-mulching cultivation system (PFMCS), is an alternative to the conventional rice cultivation system in regions where rainfall and fresh water resources are limited. Two-year field trials (1998–1999) were performed in this study to investigate the growth-stage-dependent changes in activities of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves of rice subjected to mulching with plastic film or kraft paper and zero mulching under non-flooded conditions compared with continuously flooded treatment. Significantly higher activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) but lower concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in mulching treatments than in zero mulching treatment at all growth stages in the drier growing season (1999). The concentration of MDA was significantly higher especially at late growth stages in zero mulching treatment than in the other treatments. In contrast, essentially no significant difference existed in the activities of the major antioxidant enzymes (except POD) or in the concentration of MDA between any two treatments in the wetter growing season (1998). This change tendency of antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA level over two contrasting growing seasons was in line with both soil and leaf moisture status, and rice yields of different treatments. These results strongly suggest that plastic film-mulching treatment or paper mulching treatment significantly alleviated oxidative damages induced by water-deficit stress in rice. The efficacy of ground-mulching-induced enhancement of antioxidative defense to drought stress is discussed with respect to water deficit status in both soils and rice plants.

2005

0.0

0.5432

J Plant Physiol. 2005, (2):143 - 147

Functional Mechanism and Enzymatic and Molecular Characteristic of Ascorbate Peroxidase in Plants

植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的作用机制、酶学及分子特性

SUNWei-Hong^[1];WANGWei-Qing^[2];MENGQing-Wei^[1]

孙卫红^[1];王伟青^[2];孟庆伟^[1]

介绍叶绿体中H2O2的产生和清除,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的酶学和分子特性,APX同工酶在植物体内的分布和功能及其相互之间的区别,APX与细胞色素C过氧化酶(CPX)和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GPX)等一些在不同生物中的H2O2清除酶的异同之处,以及有关APX基因工程的研究进展.

2004

4.702

0.0

Plant Cell Physiol.. 2004, 45(2):243-50

Release and reactive-oxygen-mediated damage of the oxygen-evolving complex subunits of PSII during photoinhibition.

Henmi T, Miyao M, Yamamoto Y

Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan.

Under photoinhibitory illumination of spinach PSII membranes, the oxygen-evolving complex subunits, OEC33, 24 and 18, were released from PSII. The liberated OEC33 and also OEC24 to a lesser extent were subsequently damaged and then exhibited smeared bands in SDS/urea-PAGE. Once deteriorated, OEC33 could not bind to PSII. The effects of scavengers and chelating reagents on the damage indicated that hydroxyl radicals generated from superoxide in the presence of metal ions were responsible for the damage. These results suggest that, like the D1 protein of the PSII reaction center complex, OEC subunits suffer oxidative damage and turnover under illumination.

PMID: 14988496

2002

0.0

... 总之, 植物叶绿体内的ROS是由光合电子传递链上的电子过剩引起的, 而ROS反过来会通过攻击电子传递体而阻碍光合电子的正常传递, 抑制植物光合作用的正常进行^[7], 因此, 清除叶绿体内的活性氧特别是H₂O₂是保护逆境下植物光合作用的基础 ...

2009

3.79

0.0

FEBS J.. 2009, 276(9):2478-93 DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06984.x

Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins--modulation by covalent transformations and noncovalent interactions.

Aran M, Ferrero DS, Pagano E, Wolosiuk RA

Instituto Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

2-Cys peroxiredoxins are peroxidases devoid of prosthetic groups that mediate in the defence against oxidative stress and the peroxide activation of signaling pathways. This dual capacity relies on the high reactivity of the conserved peroxidatic and resolving cysteines, whose modification embraces not only the usual thiol-disulfide exchange but also higher oxidation states of the sulfur atom. These changes are part of a complex system wherein the cooperation with other post-translational modifications - phosphorylation, acetylation - may function as major regulatory mechanisms of the quaternary structure. More importantly, modern proteomic approaches have identified the oxyacids at cysteine residues as novel protein targets for unsuspected post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation that yields the unusual sulfi(o)nic-phosphoryl anhydride. In this article, we review the biochemical attributes of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins that, in combination with complementary studies of forward and reverse genetics, have generated stimulating molecular models to explain how this enzyme integrates into cell signaling in vivo.

PMID: 19476489

... 高等植物叶绿体中并不存在清除H₂O₂的过氧化氢酶(CAT), 而是由抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)承担清除H₂O₂的作用^[8,9] ...

2000

0.0

... 高等植物叶绿体中并不存在清除H₂O₂的过氧化氢酶(CAT), 而是由抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)承担清除H₂O₂的作用^[8,9] ...

2002

5.364

0.0

... 但是, APX对极端逆境下产生的过量ROS相当敏感^[10], 易钝化^[11], 利用APX突变体证实, 严重氧化胁迫会明显降低以抗坏血酸介导的APX活性^[12] ...

2003

0.0

... 但是, APX对极端逆境下产生的过量ROS相当敏感^[10], 易钝化^[11], 利用APX突变体证实, 严重氧化胁迫会明显降低以抗坏血酸介导的APX活性^[12] ...

2006

11.047

0.0

Trends Plant Sci.. 2006, 11(7):329-34

Plant thioredoxins are key actors in the oxidative stress response.

Vieira Dos Santos C, Rey P

CEA/Cadarache, DSV, DEVM, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Bâtiment 161, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France.

Thioredoxins are ubiquitous disulfide reductases that regulate the redox status of target proteins. Although plant thioredoxins display a striking diversity not found in other organisms, many of their physiological roles have yet to be determined. Based on recent publications investigating thioredoxin targets and genetically modified plants, thioredoxins appear to play a fundamental role in plant tolerance of oxidative stress. They are involved in oxidative damage avoidance by supplying reducing power to reductases detoxifying lipid hydroperoxides or repairing oxidized proteins. Furthermore, other lines of evidence indicate that thioredoxins could act as regulators of scavenging mechanisms and as components of signalling pathways in the plant antioxidant network.

PMID: 16782394

... 但是, APX对极端逆境下产生的过量ROS相当敏感^[10], 易钝化^[11], 利用APX突变体证实, 严重氧化胁迫会明显降低以抗坏血酸介导的APX活性^[12] ...

2001

3.0

0.0

Planta. 2001, 214(2):304 - 313 DOI:10.1007/s004250100623

Redox-regulation of the expression of the peroxide-detoxifying chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin in the liverwortRiccia fluitans

1.Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants, Universit?t Bielefeld - W5, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
2.Present address: John Innes Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK

... Peroxiredoxins (Prxs )是广泛存在于各种生物体内的一类抗氧化酶系^[13], 在清除H₂O₂方面的研究备受关注, 而且在Salmonella typhimurium 和E ...

2006

3.538

0.0

... Baier等^[14]在植物中发现了Prxs^[15], 它具有分子伴侣的功能 ...

1996

4.15

0.0

... Baier等^[14]在植物中发现了Prxs^[15], 它具有分子伴侣的功能 ...

2011

9.646

0.0

Biotechnol Adv. 2011, 29(6):850 - 859 DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.002

Plant peroxiredoxins: Catalytic mechanisms, functional significance and future perspectives

Abstract

Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are a family of thiol dependent peroxidases found in almost all kingdoms. In plants, five major classes of Prx are known. They are known to catalyze the decomposition of peroxides and as they lack a prosthetic group, the catalytic cycle results in the generation of an inactive form of Prx. In order to regain the active form, Prx rely on external electron donors such as thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, cyclophilins, NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) etc. In addition to their well established role in antioxidative defense, Prx are also reported to play an important role in growth and development, dessication tolerance in dormant seeds, protection of photosynthesis, defense against pathogens and redox signaling. Prx are also known to establish an alternate water–water cycle for the detoxification of H₂O₂, parallel to ascorbate-dependent H₂O₂ detoxification. But the relative contribution of Prx in detoxifying H₂O₂ compared to ascorbate peroxidase is not known so far due to experimental limitations. In view of the above, the present review focuses on the recent developments on Prxs.

... 高等植物Prxs家族含有1-Cys Prx 、2-Cys Prx 、Prx II 和Prx Q 4个成员, 其中只有2-Cys Prx 位于叶绿体的类囊体膜上^[16], 因其52位和172位上分别有一个高度保守的半胱氨酸残基(-Cys)而被命名为2-Cys Prx^[17] ...

2004

3.794

0.0

Atherosclerosis. 2004, 177(1):61-70

Peroxiredoxin 6 deficiency and atherosclerosis susceptibility in mice: significance of genetic background for assessing atherosclerosis.

Wang X, Phelan SA, Petros C, Taylor EF, Ledinski G, Jürgens G, Forsman-Semb K, Paigen B

The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.

Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6; also called antioxidant protein 2, or Aop2) is a candidate gene for Ath1, a locus responsible for the respective susceptibility and resistance of mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) to diet-induced atherosclerosis. To evaluate if Prdx6 underlies Ath1, we compared the diet-induced atherosclerotic lesions in Prdx6 targeted mutant (Prdx6-/-) mice of different genetic backgrounds: B6, 129, and B6;129. PRDX6 protein and mRNA were expressed in normal and atherosclerotic aortas. B6;129 Prdx6-/- macrophages oxidized LDL significantly more than did controls. Plasma lipid hydroperoxide levels were higher in atherogenic diet-fed Prdx6-/- mice with B6;129 and B6 backgrounds than in controls. Prdx6-/- and controls in a 129 genetic background were equally lesion-resistant, and Prdx6-/- and controls in a B6 background were equally lesion-susceptible. In contrast, Prdx6-/- mice in a B6;129 background had significantly larger aortic root lesions than did littermate wild type controls. Therefore, although PRDX6 protein did not affect atherosclerosis susceptibility in either the resistant 129 background or the susceptible B6 background, it may inhibit atherosclerosis in backgrounds with mixed pro- and anti-atherogenic genes. Thus, genetic background plays an important role in modulating atherogenesis in targeted mutant mice. However, we think it is unlikely that Prdx6 underlies Ath1.

PMID: 15488866

2009

0.0

1.7477

... 在松嫩平原盐碱土地区, 植物经常受到盐和高光的共同威胁, 叶绿体内的ROS特别是H₂O₂不但会造成其膜质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累^[18], 还会攻击D1蛋白上的His残基而抑制光合电子传递链上的电子传递、降低PSII反应中心的活性、抑制植物的光合作用等^[19] ...

2012

5.215

0.0

Plant Cell Environ.. 2012, 35(2):259-70 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02336.x

ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress.

Suzuki N, Koussevitzky S, Mittler R, Miller G

Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.

The redox state of the chloroplast and mitochondria, the two main powerhouses of photosynthesizing eukaryotes, is maintained by a delicate balance between energy production and consumption, and affected by the need to avoid increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These demands are especially critical during exposure to extreme environmental conditions, such as high light (HL) intensity, heat, drought or a combination of different environmental stresses. Under these conditions, ROS and redox cues, generated in the chloroplast and mitochondria, are essential for maintaining normal energy and metabolic fluxes, optimizing different cell functions, activating acclimation responses through retrograde signalling, and controlling whole-plant systemic signalling pathways. Regulation of the multiple redox and ROS signals in plants requires a high degree of coordination and balance between signalling and metabolic pathways in different cellular compartments. In this review, we provide an update on ROS and redox signalling in the context of abiotic stress responses, while addressing their role in retrograde regulation, systemic acquired acclimation and cellular coordination in plants.

PMID: 21486305

1998

0.0

... 3 测定项目和方法超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性采用氮蓝四唑(NBT)法测定, 以单位时间内(1 h) 1 mL反应液中抑NBT光化还原50%酶量为一个酶活力单位(U), 则鲜样的酶活性为U g^{-1 [20]} ...

1996

0.0

0.833

... 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性采用沈文飚等^[21]的方法测定, 酶活力单位(U)定义为1 min催化1 μmol抗坏血酸氧化的酶量, 则鲜样的酶活性为U g^-1 ...

1988

0.0

... H₂O₂含量采用林植芳等^[22]的方法测定 ...

2003

0.0

... MDA含量采用王晶英等^[23]方法测定 ...

2007

2.791

0.0

J. Plant Physiol.. 2007, 164(8):959-68

Induction characteristics and response of photosynthetic quantum conversion to changes in irradiance in mulberry plants.

Hu YB, Sun GY, Wang XC

College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, No. 26, Hexing Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China.

A study was conducted, using rapid time course of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters, and light-response curves of Chl fluorescence parameters, to determine the induction requirements and response of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and non-photochemical reactions after changes in irradiance in greenhouse mulberry plants. The induction of PSII photochemistry rapidly approached to steady state after leaves were treated from darkness to low irradiance (LI). When irradiance of leaves changed from darkness to high irradiance (HI), a biphasic induction was observed. A slight photoinhibition occurred in the leaves exposed to sunlight coming to the greenhouse, whereas a chronic photoinhibition occurred in the leaves fully exposed to sunlight outside the greenhouse. The chronic photoinhibition was demonstrated by sustained reduction of maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm). Moreover, the leaves of mulberry plants in greenhouse were sensitive to abrupt changes in irradiance and the sensitivity of leaves suffered in a short-term (1h) high light treatment was reduced, based on the changes in photosynthetic quantum conversion. These results demonstrated an inducible response of photosynthetic quantum conversion to changes in irradiance in mulberry.

PMID: 17000026

... 于9:00至11:00采用便携式脉冲调制荧光仪FMS-2 (Hansatch公司, 英国)参照Hu等^[24]方法选择经不同光照强度光照后的幼苗, 测定倒数第2片完全展开叶片的实际光化学效率(ϕ_PSII)和电子传递速率(ETR ) ...

2007

0.0

1.7477

Acta Ecol Sin. 2007, (10):4113 - 4121

Genotypic differences between Populus euphratica and P. popularis in antioxidative ability and salt tolerance under NaCl stress

NaCl胁迫下胡杨(Populus euphratica)和群众杨(P.popularis)抗氧化能力及耐盐性

ZHUHui-Juan^[1];WANGRui-Gang^[1];CHENShao-Liang^[2];ZHANGYun-Xia^[1];LINi-Ya^[1];SHAOJie^[1]

朱会娟^[1];王瑞刚^[1];陈少良^[2];张云霞^[1];李妮亚^[1];邵杰^[1]

在盐浓度逐渐提高的胁迫条件下,对抗盐的胡杨(Populus euphratica)和盐敏感的群众杨(P.popularis 35～44)1年实生苗木叶片中Na+、Cl-水平、O-·2产生速率以及抗氧化酶:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的动态变化以及抗盐性进行了研究.结果表明,在盐浓度不断提高的胁迫条件下,群众杨叶片中Na+、Cl-浓度持续增加,盐胁迫18d时,群众杨叶中Na+、Cl-含量分别达到对照的17.8和14.6倍,此时O-·2产生速率也达到最高水平.而在盐胁迫期间,群众杨叶片SOD活性没有明显提高,CAT活性维持在对照水平以下,只有APX和GR活性在盐胁迫13～18d,即盐害症状出现前才有所上升,属于典型的盐害反应.胡杨与群众杨明显不同:在盐胁迫初期,胡杨叶片Na+、Cl-含量虽然没有明显的变化,但胡杨叶片中O-·2产生速率在盐胁7d时明显提高,SOD、APX、CAT活性也都先后相应上升,表明胡杨能响应盐胁迫并上调SOD、APX和CAT等保护酶类,降低盐诱导的膜脂过氧化,从而减少了电解质外渗,最终提高了树木的抗盐性.

... 3 讨论植物细胞中的H₂O₂是水裂解放氧过程的中间产物, 当水裂解复合体的功能受到抑制时, H₂O₂大量生成, 而水裂解复合体的功能正常时, 大部分H₂O₂都是来源于超氧物歧化酶(SOD)的歧化作用^[25] ...

1994

0.599

0.0

... 叶绿体中的H₂O₂通过Haber-Weiss反应产生的羟自由基(•OH)会引起叶绿体的膜脂过氧化, 造成叶绿体膜脂过氧化产物MDA的增加^[26] ...

2011

0.0

... 姜波等^[27]研究结果发现, 增强2-Cys Prx 基因的表达, 可以明显提高转基因烟草种子在盐胁迫下的萌发率和幼苗抗氧化水平, Kiba等^[28]在玉米(Zea mays )中超表达过氧还蛋白基因(PrxQ )也增强了玉米的抗真菌侵染和抗氧化能力 ...

2005

4.702

0.0

Plant Cell Physiol.. 2005, 46(6):1007-15

A peroxiredoxin Q homolog from gentians is involved in both resistance against fungal disease and oxidative stress.

Kiba A, Nishihara M, Tsukatani N, Nakatsuka T, Kato Y, Yamamura S

Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003 Japan. akiba@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp

An antifungal protein (GtAFP1) showing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi was purified from leaves of Gentiana triflora. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA of the corresponding gene, GtAFP1, showed 94, 75, 72 and 63% amino acid identities with peroxiredoxin Q from Populus balsamifera x P. deltoides subsp. trichocarpa, Sedum lineare, Suaeda maritima and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. The GtAFP1 gene is suggested to be present in the genome in one to two copies and was expressed in the leaves, roots and stems. Expression of GtAFP1 was induced by treatment with salicylic acid, but not methyl jasmonate. Recombinant GtAFP1 protein showed not only antifungal activity but also thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase activity. Overexpression of GtAFP1 in tobacco plants improved tolerance not only against fungal diseases but also against oxidative stress. These results indicate that GtAFP1 might act as a disease and oxidative stress defensive gene in plants and could be useful for engineering stress-resistant plants.

PMID: 15840643

2000

5.364

0.0

J. Exp. Bot.. 2000, 51(346):911-7

Role of light in the response of PSII photochemistry to salt stress in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.

Lu C, Zhang J

Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.

The role of light in the effect of salt stress on PSII photochemistry in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis grown at 50 micromol m(-2) s(-1) was investigated. The time-course of changes in PSII photochemistry in response to high salinity (0.8 M NaCl) incubated in the dark and at 30, 50 and 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1) was composed of two phases. The first phase, which was independent of light, was characterized by a rapid decrease (20-50%) in the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F:(v)/F:(m)), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centres (F(1)(v)/F(1)(m)), photochemical quenching (q(P)), and the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Phi(PSII)) in the first 15 min, followed by a recovery of up to about 86-92% of their initial levels after 4 h of incubation. The second phase took place after 4 h, in which a further decline in the above parameters occurred only in the light but not in the dark, reaching levels as low as 32-56% of their initial levels after 12 h. Moreover, the higher incubation light intensity, the greater the decrease in the above parameters. At the same time, Q(B)-non-reducing PSII reaction centres increased significantly in the first 15 min and then recovered to the initial level during the first phase, but increased again in the light in the second phase. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution activity decreased sharply by 70% in the first 5 min, and then kept largely constant until 12 h. The changes in oxygen evolution activity were independent of light intensity during both phases.

PMID: 10948217

... 一般情况下, 在较低浓度盐不会引起植物的PSII光抑制^[29], 但强光会引起盐胁迫下植物光合的抑制作用^[30,31] ...

2001

2.534

0.7555

J Integr Plant Biol. 2001, (12):1250 - 1254

Effects of Photoinhibition and Its Recovery on Photosynthetic Functions of Winter Wheat Under Salt Stress

在盐胁迫下光抑制及其恢复进程对冬小麦光合功能的影响

朱新广;王强;张其德;卢从明;匡廷云

研究了盐和强光双重胁迫以及在弱光下恢复对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)光合功能的影响.结果表明,单纯用低浓度盐(200 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫时,对反映PSⅡ光合功能的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和qP等参数没有什么影响,但已十分明显地抑制光合碳同化能力,而高盐(400 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫损伤PSⅡ功能,从而加剧对碳同化功能的抑制,说明光合作用对不同盐浓度的响应不同.研究结果还表明,盐胁迫能加剧强光对光合功能的损伤,使之受到更加严重的光抑制.在低盐浓度下,光抑制初期形成的QB-非还原性PSⅡ反应中心,在随后的光抑制进程和弱光下恢复期间,能有效的被用来合成有活性的PSⅡ和修复可逆性失活的PSⅡ反应中心.而高盐和强光双重胁迫使PSⅡ遭受严重破坏,QB-非还原性PSⅡ反应中心只有在光抑制初期可部分地用于修复可逆性失活的PSⅡ,随着光抑制的进程,它们不能用于合成有活性PSⅡ和修复受严重破坏的PSⅡ,结果导致它们的含量在弱光下恢复时继续增加.

Abstract：

Effects of photoinhibition and its recovery on photosynthetic functions of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress were studied. The results showed that several parameters associated with PSⅡ functions, e.g. Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm and qP were not influenced by lower salt concentration (200 mmol/L NaCl) while CO2 assimilation rate decreased significantly. When exposed to higher salt concentration (400 mmol/L NaCl), PSⅡ functions were significantly inhibited which led to the decrease of carbon assimilation. These results suggest that different concentrations of salt stress affected photosynthesis by different modes. Salt stress made photosynthesis more sensitive to strong light and led to more serious photoinhibition. Under lower concentration of salt stress, the QB-non-reductive PSⅡ reaction centers formed at the beginning of photoinhibition could be effectively used to compose active PSⅡ reaction center (RC) and repair the reversible inactivated PSⅡ RC. Under higher concentration of salt stress, PSⅡ reaction centers were seriously damaged during photoinhibition, the QB-non-reductive PSⅡ RC could only be partly effective at the early time of photoinhibition, thus led to the accumulation of QB-non-reductive PSⅡ RC in the course of restoration under dim light.

... 一般情况下, 在较低浓度盐不会引起植物的PSII光抑制^[29], 但强光会引起盐胁迫下植物光合的抑制作用^[30,31] ...

2008

0.0

1.1098

Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin. 2008, (9):1823 - 1829

The Photosynthetic Response of Atriplex triangularis to Salt-shock under Varied Light Intensity

不同光照强度下三角叶滨藜光合作用对盐激胁迫的响应

BAIXin-fu;ZHUJian-jun;ZHANGPing;JIANGXiao-man

柏新富;朱建军;张萍;蒋小满

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜植株为材料研究了不同光照条件下其叶片光合作用对盐(NaCl)激胁迫的即刻反应及变化规律.结果表明,三角叶滨藜光合作用对盐激胁迫的响应有8 min左右的滞后期.在光照强度为100umol·m-2·-1和100 mmol·L-1浓度NaCl共同作用下,三角叶滨藜叶片净光合速率略有上升;但随NaCl浓度和光照强度进一步增加,其净光合速率呈下降趋势,且光照越强,盐胁迫导致的净光合速率下降幅度越大.同时,弱光下或强光低浓度NaCl胁迫下,盐激胁迫导致的净光合速率下降主要是气孔限制引起的;而强光下,高浓度的NaCl胁迫导致的净光合速率下降在盐激胁迫处理的前30-40 min主要由气孔限制引起.40 min后则主要由非气孔限制引起.可见,不同光照强度和NaCl浓度胁迫下三角叶滨藜叶片光合作用响应规律不同,引起净光合速率下降机制各异.

... 一般情况下, 在较低浓度盐不会引起植物的PSII光抑制^[29], 但强光会引起盐胁迫下植物光合的抑制作用^[30,31] ...

1992

1.0

0.0

... 当盐和强光胁迫共同作用时, PSII反应中心活性降低, 产生光抑制, 甚至出现光氧化和光漂白而致植株死亡^[32] ...

2007

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(8):1255 - 1261

Physiological Response of Xiaobingmai (Triticum aestivum -Agropyron intermedium) to Salt-Stress and Alkali-Stress

小冰麦(Triticum aestivum -Agropyron intermedium)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应

YANGChun-Wu¹,LI Chang-You²,YIN Hong-Juan¹,JU Miao¹,SHI De-Cheng^1*

杨春武¹;李长有²;尹红娟¹;鞠淼¹;石德成^1,*

1 Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, Jilin; 2School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, Jilin, China

Land salinization-alkalization is a widespread environmental problem. The problem can be further classified, in terms of the salt characteristics, into salt-stress and alkali-stress. In fact, the destructive effects caused by alkali-stress is more serious than that by salt-stress. However, the information about alkali-stress is little up to the present. The resistance to salt and alkali stresses is stronger in Xiaobingmai (Triticum aestivum -Agropyron intermedium) than in other varieties of wheat. The cultivar Xiaobingmai 33 has been planted over some salt-alkalized areas, but its resistance to salt and alkali stresses is few studied yet. Therefore, Xiaobingmai 33 was chosen as the experimental materials to explore its physiological response to salt and alkali stresses and the difference between salt-stress and alkali-stress.The seedlings of Xiaobingmai 33 were treated for 12 days under five conditions of salt-stress and six conditions of alkali-stress, which were established by mixing NaCl and Na₂SO₄ or NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃ at 1:1 molar ratio respectively. The concentration range of treatments was from 60 to 300 mmol L^-1for the salt-stress, and 30 to 180 mmol L^-1 for the alkali-stress. Six strain indices including relative growth rate (RGR), water content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage rate, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content, and the contents of five solute including Na+, K+, proline, betain and organic acid, were determined. The physiological responses of Xiaobingmai 33 to salt-stress and alkali-stress were analyzed and compared in order to further identify the difference of both stresses.
The results showed that the decrease extents of RGR and water content and the increase extents of MDA and electrolyte leakage rate under-alkali stress were greater than those under salt-stress with increasing stress intensity. The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid didn’t change under salt stress, but decreased sharply under alkali-stress. Under both stresses, the contents of Na⁺ , proline, and betain increased, while K⁺ content decreased, and the changing degree under salt-stress was higher than that under alkali stress. In addition, organic acid content increased significantly under alkali-stress, but decreased slightly under salt-stress. In conclusion, all the strain responses to alkali-stress were more marked than those to salt-stress. The maximum concentration for Xiaobingmai 33 in resistance to salt-stress was 300 mmol L^-1, and that to alkali-stress was only 150 mmol L^-1 under the present experimental conditions. Alkali-stress caused great decrease of photosynthetic pigment content, which might be one of the reasons that the effect of alkali-stress was more severe than that of salt-stress. The accumulation of organic acids might be a special physiological mechanism of Xiaobingmai response to alkali-stress. The present study indicate that salt-stress and alkali-stress are two different stresses, not only in their effects on plant, but also in the response of plant to them.

将两种中性盐（NaCl和Na₂SO₄）和两种碱性盐（NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃）按摩尔质量比1∶1混合，在60~300 mmol L^-1盐浓度内模拟出5种强度的盐胁迫条件，在30~180 mmol L^-1盐浓度内模拟出6种强度的碱胁迫条件，并以此对小冰麦苗胁迫处理12 d。测定相对生长率（RGR）、含水量、丙二醛（MDA）、电解质外渗率、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素6项胁变指标和Na⁺、K⁺、脯氨酸、甜菜碱、有机酸5种溶质含量。结果表明，碱胁迫下小冰麦的各项胁变反应均明显大于盐胁迫下。在本试验条件下，小冰麦可耐受的最高盐胁迫浓度为300 mmol L^-1，而碱胁迫仅为150 mmol L^-1。碱胁迫造成小冰麦光合色素含量急剧下降，可能是其危害甚于盐胁迫的原因之一。碱胁迫下有机酸大量积累可能是小冰麦响应碱胁迫的特殊生理机制。试验结果证明盐、碱胁迫是两种性质不同的胁迫，不仅对植物的作用机制不同，而且植物的适应机制也不同。

... 盐胁迫对植物光合作用的影响主要是较高浓度的盐诱导植物细胞中ROS不平衡引起的^[33], 盐胁迫下植物核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)活性和RuBP再生速率下降^[34], 光合作用的暗反应受到抑制, 即固定碳的能力降低, 暗反应利用同化力(ATP和NADPH)的能力降低, 从而反馈抑制光合电子传递链中的电子传递^[35], 引发过剩电子的积累, ROS的产生 ...

1987

6.535

0.0

Plant Physiol.. 1987, 83(3):573-8

Drought Stress and Elevated CO(2) Effects on Soybean Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Activity and Canopy Photosynthetic Rates.

Vu JC, Allen LH, Bowes G

Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] cv Bragg) was grown at 330 or 660 microliters CO(2) per liter in outdoor, controlled-environment chambers. When the plants were 50 days old, drought stress was imposed by gradually reducing irrigation each evening so that plants wilted earlier each succeeding day. On the ninth day, as the pots ran out of water CO(2) exchange rate (CER) decreased rapidly to near zero for the remainder of the day. Both CO(2)-enrichment and drought stress reduced the total (HCO(3) (-)/Mg(2+)-activated) extractable ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activity, as expressed on a chlorophyll basis. In addition, drought stress when canopy CER values and leaf water potentials were lowest, reduced the initial (nonactivated) RuBPCase activity by 50% compared to the corresponding unstressed treatments. This suggests that moderate to severe drought stress reduces the in vivo activation state of RuBPCase, as well as lowers the total activity. It is hypothesized that stromal acidification under drought stress causes the lowered initial RuBPCase activities. The K(m)(CO(2)) values of activated RuBPCase from stressed and unstressed plants were similar; 15.0 and 12.6 micromolar, respectively. RuBP levels were 10 to 30% lower in drought stressed as compared to unstressed treatments. However, RuBP levels increased from near zero at night to around 150 to 200 nanomoles per milligram chlorophyll during the day, even as water potentials and canopy CERs decreased. This suggests that the rapid decline in canopy CER cannot be attributed to drought stress induced limitations in the RuBP regeneration capability. Thus, in soybean leaves, a nonstomatal limitation of leaf photosynthesis under drought stress conditions appears due, in part, to a reduction of the in vivo activity of RuBPCase. Because initial RuBPCase activities were not reduced as much as canopy CER values, this enzymic effect does not explain entirely the response of soybean photosynthesis to drought stress.

PMID: 16665291

2012

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2012, 23(3):625 - 631

Effects of NaCl and Na2CO3 stresses on the growth and photosynthesis characteristics of Morus alba seedlings. 〖STBZ〗

NaCl和Na₂CO₃胁迫对桑树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

ZHANG Hui-hui, ZHANG Xiu-li, LI Xin, DING Jun-nan, ZHU Wen-xu, QI Fei, ZHANG Ting, TIAN Ye, SUN Guang-yu

张会慧,张秀丽,李鑫,丁俊男,朱文旭,齐飞,张婷,田野,孙广玉〖HT5”〗**

College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin 150040, China

Taking 1-year old Morus alba variety ‘Qinglong’ seedlings as test materials, this paper studied their
growth and photosynthetic characteristics under the stresses of different concentration neutral salt NaCl and alkali salt Na2CO3. Salt stresses decreased the plant height and the leaf number, biomass, and photosynthetic capacity of the seedlings markedly. With increasing concentration Na+, the leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, actual photochemical efficiency, electron transport rate, and photochemical quenching (qP) decreased obviously, the energy dissipation rate increased, and the light use efficiency and photosynthetic capacity dropped down. At low concentrations Na+〖KG*5〗(＜150 mmol·L-1), the seedlings growth and leaf photosynthetic capacity were slightly inhibited, and the adaptability of the seedlings to the salt stresses increased via the increase of root/shoot ratio. However, this protection mechanism was impaired by increasing salt concentration. Na2CO3 stress (Na+ concentration＞50 mmol·L-1) had stronger inhibitory effects on the seedlings growth and leaf photosynthetic capacity, and the effect increased with increasing Na+ concentration. It was concluded that at Na+ concentration ＜150 mmol·L-1, the photosynthetic adaptability of M. alba to neutral salt stress was mainly dependent on the plant morphology and photosynthetic metabolism, but at Na+ concentration ＞150 mmol·L-1, the photosynthetic adaptability of M. alba to alkali salt stress was mainly dependent on the photosynthetic metabolism.

以1年生“青龙桑”幼苗为试验材料，研究了中性盐(NaCl)和碱性盐(Na2CO3)胁迫下桑树幼苗的生长和叶片光合特性.结果表明：盐胁迫明显降低了桑树幼苗的株高、叶片数、生物量和叶片的光合能力.随着Na+浓度的增加，桑树叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率、实际光化学效率、电子传递速率和光化学猝灭系数明显降低，过剩光能以非光化学猝灭形式耗散的比例增加，桑树叶片的光能转化效率和光合能力下降.在Na+浓度＜150 mmol·L-1时，桑树幼苗的光合能力和生长受到的抑制较小，通过增加根冠比进一步适应盐胁迫，但这种保护机制随着盐浓度的增加逐渐降低.在Na2CO3胁迫下，＞50 mmol·L-1Na+浓度对桑树的生长和光合能力表现出较强的抑制作用，并随Na+浓度的增加,抑制程度加大.在NaCl＜150 mmol·L-1时，桑树的光合能力主要依赖植株形态和光合代谢双重途径适应中性盐逆境，而在NaCl浓度＞150 mmol·L-1和碱性盐胁迫下,其主要依赖光合代谢来适应逆境.

2003

0.0

... 另外在强光下, P₆₈₀捕获的光量子数量增加, 电荷分离速率就会增大, 增加电子传递链的压力^[36] ...

2011

0.0

1.9626

Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 2011, 35(6):681 - 686 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1258.2011.00681

NaCl stress aggravates photoinhibition of photosystem II and photosystem I inCapsicum annuum leaves under high irradiance stress

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统II和光系统I的光抑制

SONG Xu-Li^1,2,3,4, HU Chun-Mei^1,2, MENG Jing-Jing^3,4, HOU Xi-Lin^1,2*, HE Qi-Wei³, LI Xin-Guo^3,4*

宋旭丽^1,2,3,4, 胡春梅^1,2, 孟静静^3,4, 侯喜林^1,2*, 何启伟³, 李新国^3,4*

¹State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
²Key Laboratory of SouthernVegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China;
³High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of AgriculturalSciences and Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Crop, Animal and Poultry of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China;
⁴Key Laboratory of CropGenetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Huanghuaihai, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China

Aims Our aim was to study effects of salt stress and high irradiance on photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) and I (PSI) in leaves of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum).
Methods We used the chlorophyll a fluorescence technique and the JIP-test to study the responses of sweet pepper leaves to salt stress with different NaCl concentrations and under high irradiance (1 000 μmol·m^–2·s^–1).
Important findings The chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curves changed greatly as induced by NaCl stress under high irradiance, and photoinhibition of PSII was aggravated with apparent effects on PSII reaction centers and the acceptor side. Also, the donor side of PSII was damaged by high NaCl concentration under high irradiance. Additionally, the activity of PSI reaction centers (P700⁺) was inhibited by NaCl stress under high irradiance. Therefore, NaCl stress could aggravate photoinhibition of sweet pepper photosystem under high irradiance, and photoinhibition was greater with higher NaCl concentration. However, PSI photoinhibition was less than PSII photoinhibition. Additionally, high NaCl concentration could induce both damage to PSII donor sides and PSI.

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度, 快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数, 因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究。该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况。与单纯强光胁迫相比, NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变, 光系统II (PSII)光抑制加重, 同时PSII反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响, 而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSII供体
侧受伤害明显, 同时PSI反应中心活性(P700⁺)在盐胁迫下明显降低。这些结果表明, NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制, 并且浓度越高抑制越明显, 但对PSI的抑制作用低于PSII。高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSII供体侧造成破坏, 且PSI光抑制严重。

... 盐和高光胁迫下, 烟草幼苗叶片的电子传递速率下降(图4), 这与盐胁迫下抑制了PSII电子供体侧^[37]和(或)受体侧^[38]的电子传递有关 ...

2011

0.0

... 盐和高光胁迫下, 烟草幼苗叶片的电子传递速率下降(图4), 这与盐胁迫下抑制了PSII电子供体侧^[37]和(或)受体侧^[38]的电子传递有关 ...

2011

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2011, 22(5):1195 - 1200

Effects of exogenous CaCl₂ on the functions of flue-cured tobacco seedlings leaf photosystem Ⅱunder drought stress.

外源钙对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

ZHANG Hui-hui1, ZHANG Xiu-li1, XU Nan1, HE Guo-qiang2, JIN Wei-wei1, YUE Bing-bing1, LI Xin1, SUN Guang-yu1

张会慧1,张秀丽1,许楠1,贺国强2,金微微1,岳冰冰1,李鑫1,孙广玉1**

1College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin 150040, China|2China Tobacco Northeast Agricultural Experimental Station, Mudanjiang
157011, Heilongjiang, China

Taking chlorophyll a fluorescence transient OJIP as the probe, this paper studied the effects of foliar spraying 10 mmol·L^-1 of CaCl₂ on the functions of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) in tobacco seedling leaves under drought stress. Drought stress decreased the conversion efficiency of PSⅡ primary light energy (F_v/F_m) and electron transport rate (ETR), and inhibited the primal process of photosynthesis, resulting in an obvious photoinhibition. After the spraying of CaCl₂, the decrement of quantum yield for electron transport (φE_o) under drought stress was obviously lower, and the increment of electron transport efficiency of per reaction center (ET_o/RC) was obviously higher, compared with those after the spraying of water. Foliar spraying CaCl₂ increased the amount of PSⅡ-captured light energy used for photosynthesis electron transport, the efficiency of surplus active reaction center, as well as the energy transport in electron transport chain, making the PSⅡ remain relatively high activity under drought stress, and accordingly, the drought resistance of the tobacco seedlings was improved.

以叶绿素快相荧光动力学曲线(OJIP)为探针，研究了外源钙对干旱胁迫下烤烟幼苗光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）功能的影响.结果表明：干旱胁迫降低了烤烟幼苗PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)，抑制了光合作用的原初过程，烤烟幼苗叶片发生了明显的光抑制.叶面喷施10.0 mmol·L^-1CaCl₂溶液后烤烟叶片的光合电子传递能量比例(φE_o)在干旱胁迫下的降低幅度明显小于对照（喷施清水），电子转运效率(ET_o/RC)在干旱胁迫下明显高于对照.叶面喷施CaCl₂溶液增加了PSⅡ捕获光能用于光合电子传递的比例、剩余有活性反应中心的效率和电子传递链中的能量传递，使烤烟叶片的光系统Ⅱ在干旱胁迫下保持相对较高的活性，从而提高了烤烟幼苗的抗旱能力.

... 在OJIP曲线上, V_J表示关闭反应中心的数量或Q_A的还原量, 即Q_A^-的积累量, M_o表示相对荧光的初始斜率, 可以用来表示Q_A被还原的相对速率, 通过V_J和M_o可以分析PSII受体侧Q_A到Q_B电子传递速率^[39] ...