耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响

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赵亚丽, 郭海斌, 薛志伟, 穆心愿, 李潮海. 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(10): 1797-1807[ZHAO Ya-Li, GUO Hai-Bin, XUE Zhi-Wei, MU Xin-Yuan, LI Chao-Hai. Effects of Tillage and Straw Returning on Biomass and Water Use Efficiency in a Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(10): 1797-1807] 复制到剪切板

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耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响

赵亚丽, 郭海斌, 薛志伟, 穆心愿, 李潮海^*

河南农业大学农学院 / 河南粮食作物协同创新中心 / 小麦玉米作物学国家重点实验室, 河南郑州450002

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 李潮海, E-mail:lichaohai2005@163.com, Tel: 0371-63555629

收稿日期:2014-07-06

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31301261), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-19), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100)和中国博士后科学基金项目(20100480853)资助;

摘要

为探讨黄淮海地区一年两熟制下土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的适宜模式, 2010—2012年进行了两年度的田间试验, 研究不同处理对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响。通过比较常规耕作+秸秆还田、常规耕作+无秸秆还田、深耕+秸秆还田、深耕+无秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田、深松+无秸秆还田6个处理, 发现深松(耕)与秸秆还田可以增加冬小麦和夏玉米的农田耗水量, 降低休闲期农田耗水量, 提高作物叶片相对含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和茎秆伤流量, 促进植株干物质积累, 进而提高作物籽粒产量和水分利用效率。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦和夏玉米的干物质生产和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比, 深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田处理的作物干物质积累量分别提高19.3%和22.9%, 周年作物产量分别提高18.0%和19.3%, 水分利用效率分别提高15.9%和15.1%, 且两处理无显著差异。因此认为, 与本试验相似环境条件下, 宜在秸秆还田的基础上配合深松或深耕。

关键词: 耕作方式; 秸秆还田; 土壤耗水量; 籽粒产量; 水分利用效率

Effects of Tillage and Straw Returning on Biomass and Water Use Efficiency in a Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System

ZHAO Ya-Li, GUO Hai-Bin, XUE Zhi-Wei, MU Xin-Yuan, LI Chao-Hai^*

College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops / National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Fund:

Abstract

Straw returning to the field has been carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Plain for ten years. In a consecutive two-year field experiment from 2010 to 2012, the effects of conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT) and subsoiling (SS) on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were tested in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system for setting up a tillage practice suitable for straw returning. The results were obtained from the comparison among six treatments, including CT+AS (all straw returning), CT+NS (no straw returning), DT+AS, DT+NS, SS+AS, and SS+NS. Under straw returning condition, either DT or SS practice increased water consumption amount during winter wheat or summer maize growth period but decreased it during fallow period. In addition, relative water content, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) of leaf, and bleeding sap in stalk were also increased in both crops, leading to more biomass and higher water use efficiency together with increased grain yields in winter wheat and summer maize seasons. The effects of interactions between soil tillage (DT or SS) and straw returning on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were significant in both crops. Compared with conventional tillage under no straw returning, DT and SS under straw retuning resulted in increased dry matter accumulation (by 19.3% and 22.9%, respectively), annual crop yield (by 18.0% and 19.3%, respectively), and water use efficiency (by 15.9% and 15.1%, respectively). The difference of the effect between DT and SS under straw returning was not significant. Therefore, we recommend DT or SS practice in straw returning field under the environment similar to that of this experiment.

Keyword: Tillage; Straw returning; Soil water consumption; Grain yield; Water use efficiency

Show Figures

黄淮海平原的粮食产量占中国粮食总产量的三分之一, 对保障国家粮食安全举足轻重^{[ 1]}。黄淮海地区属于大陆性季风气候, 年均降水量为500~700 mm, 其中60%~70%集中在6月至8月, 降水分布不均导致夏玉米易涝、冬小麦易旱^{[ 2, 3]}。该区长期进行土壤浅耕和焚烧作物秸秆, 不仅污染环境, 还造成土壤紧实、耕层变浅、地表裸露, 土壤蓄水保墒能力降低, 严重影响粮食稳产和高产^{[ 4, 5, 6]}。在夏玉米收获后、冬小麦整地播种前有半个月左右的休闲期, 其间土壤水分散失严重, 直接影响冬小麦播种时的墒情。因此, 通过农事操作提高土壤蓄水能力和水分利用效率, 对黄淮海地区粮食生产具有重要意义。研究表明, 深耕和深松均能降低土壤紧容重, 疏松土壤^{[ 7, 8]}, 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^{[ 9, 10, 11]}; 提高小麦旗叶光合速率, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加光合产物的积累, 进而有利于产量的增加^{[ 12, 13, 14]}。此外, 秸秆还田可以提高土壤水分含量, 减少地表径流和棵间蒸发^{[ 15, 16]}, 提高水分利用效率, 增加作物干物质积累和籽粒产量^{[ 17, 18]}。深松+秸秆覆盖可有效延缓植株衰老, 增加光合面积, 提高叶片光合速率^{[ 19]}, 增加光合产物的积累及向籽粒的分配, 显著提高作物的产量^{[ 20, 21]}, 使深松和秸秆覆盖的优势得到最充分的发挥^{[ 22]}。不同耕作模式下, 作物耗水特性、生长发育以及产量的变化和比较已有很多报道, 但主

要在单一耕作方式或单一秸秆处理方式下对单季作物开展试验, 很少涉及秸秆还田基础上耕作方式对作物干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响, 以及对复种条件下周年作物生产的影响。本试验采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的模式, 研究冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田的周年耗水量、叶片耗水特性、干物质积累和产量形成, 分析不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响, 为优化黄淮海地区的耕作方式提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验在河南省温县赵堡试验站(34°57′N, 113°09′E)进行, 该区地处豫北平原西部, 属暖温带大陆性季风气候, 无霜期210 d, 近10年平均气温14.3℃, 日照时数2300 h, 降水量552.4 mm。试验期间的月平均气温和降水量见图1。试验地土壤为粉质黏壤土(沙粒∶粉粒∶黏粒= 17∶64∶19), 0~20 cm土层, 土壤容重为1.31 g cm^-3, 含有机质9.17 g kg^-1、全氮1.042 g kg^-1、速效氮86.50 mg kg^-1、速效磷27.59 mg kg^-1、速效钾115.24 mg kg^-1。试验前该地块已连续多年种植冬小麦和夏玉米, 并长期进行土壤常规浅耕; 作物收获后, 秸秆焚烧或移除试验地, 未实施秸秆还田。

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	图1 试验期间的月平均气温和月降水量数据来自河南省温县气象局。Fig. 1 Average temperature and precipitation during experimental periodData were provided by the Meteorological Bureau of Wenxian county, Henan province, China

1.2 田间设计

采用裂区设计, 主因素为耕作方式, 设常规耕作(CT)、深耕(DT)和深松(SS) 3个水平; 副因素为秸秆处理方式, 设秸秆全量还田(AS)和秸秆不还田(NS)2个水平。共设6个处理, 分别是常规耕作+秸秆还田(CT+AS)、常规耕作+无秸秆还田(CT+NS)、深耕+秸秆还田(DT+AS)、深耕+无秸秆还田(DT+NS)、深松+秸秆还田(SS+AS)、深松+无秸秆还田(SS+NS)。小区位置和面积固定, 3次重复, 共18个小区。小区面积为4.8 m × 10.0 m, 四周用土工膜隔开, 土工膜埋深3 m。

休闲期结束后(冬小麦播种前)进行土壤耕作, CT和DT均采用铧式犁(东方红1LF-435翻转犁, 中国一拖集团有限公司, 河南洛阳)翻耕1遍, 作业深度为分别为15 cm和30 cm; SS处理采用振动式深松机(ISZ-460型振动深松施肥机, 中国农业大学与河北固安京泉联合研制, 河北固安)深松1遍, 作业深度为30 cm; 之后, 3种耕作方式均耙地2遍, 无其他整地作业。AS处理为两季作物秸秆全量还田, 夏玉米成熟后, 机械化收获的同时将秸秆粉碎至5 cm左右还田, 然后按照当地惯例实行休闲, 冬小麦播种前结合土壤耕作将秸秆混入土壤; 冬小麦成熟后, 机械化收获的同时将冬小麦秸秆粉碎并覆盖地表, 贴茬播种夏玉米。各小区的秸秆还田量相同, 分别为小麦秸秆6800 kg hm^-2, 玉米秸秆9300 kg hm^-2。NS处理为作物成熟收获后, 将秸秆全部移出田外。

玉米品种为郑单958, 种植密度67 500 株 hm^-2, 行距60 cm; 小麦品种为花培6号, 基本苗225×10⁴株 hm^-2。2010—2011年度, 冬小麦2010年10月16日播种, 2011年6月10日收获; 夏玉米6月12日播种, 10月1日收获; 10月2日至16日休闲15 d。2011—2012年度, 冬小麦2011年10月18日播种, 2012年6月12日收获; 夏玉米6月14日播种, 10月2日收获; 10月3日至17日休闲15 d。

夏玉米生长季施纯氮 270 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 135 kg hm^-2、K₂O 135 kg hm^-2, 冬小麦生长季施纯氮 240 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2、K₂O 120 kg hm^-2, 其中, 磷肥和钾肥在两季作物播前作基肥一次性施入, 氮肥在玉米季则按4︰6分别在拔节期和大喇叭口期施入, 在小麦季一半作基肥, 另一半在拔节期追施。

试验期内用水表记录灌水量。2010—2011年度共灌溉3次, 其中小麦季2次(2010年10月21日和2011年4月20日), 灌水量分别为83.66 mm和85.10 mm, 玉米季1次(2011年7月23日), 灌水量为68.90 mm。2011—2012年度自然降水偏少, 共灌溉4次, 其中小麦季2次(2012年2月11日和5月2日), 灌水量为66.85 mm和88.82 mm, 玉米季2次(2012年6月20日和8月1日), 灌水量为61.29 mm和66.24 mm。其他田间管理同大田生产规范。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 土壤容重小麦成熟期, 选取每个小区3点, 采用环刀法测定0~10、10~20、20~30和30~40 cm土层的土壤容重。

1.3.2 植株干物质重冬小麦拔节、开花和成熟期, 每小区选取长势均匀一致的20 cm×50 cm面积内的植株样品; 夏玉米拔节、开花和成熟期, 从每小区选取长势均匀一致的3个植株样品。105℃杀青30 min后, 80℃烘至恒重, 测定植株干物质重。

1.3.3 叶片水分饱和亏冬小麦拔节、开花和成熟期、夏玉米拔节、开花和成熟期, 选每小区生长均匀一致的5片叶, 从叶基部剪下, 称量初始鲜重, 之后迅速将剪口处插入清水中浸泡5 h, 擦拭掉叶片表面多余水分后称取饱和鲜重。于105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘干至恒重, 称干重。水分饱和亏(%)=1-叶片相对含水量^{[ 23]}; 叶片相对含水量(%) = (初始鲜重-干重) / (饱和鲜重-干重) × 100。

1.3.4 叶片净光合速率( P_n)和蒸腾速率( T_r) 于冬小麦开花期和夏玉米开花期, 选择晴天的9:00至11:30时段, 采用CIRAS-1型便携式光合测定系统(英国, PP Systems, 英国)分别测定净光合速率( P_n)和蒸腾速率( T_r)。冬小麦测定部位为生长一致且受光方向相同的旗叶, 夏玉米测定部位为穗位叶。每小区测定5片叶。

1.3.5 茎秆伤流量分别于冬小麦和夏玉米的拔节、开花和成熟期, 在距离地面10 cm处剪去植株地上部, 采用脱脂棉法测定茎秆伤流量。伤流收集时间为当日20:00至次日8:00, 以脱脂棉袋重差值作为伤流量。每小区测3次, 取平均值。

1.3.6 产量成熟后, 每小区冬小麦收获1 m², 脱粒, 风干, 称重, 3次重复; 每小区夏玉米收获2 m双行, 果穗脱粒, 风干, 称重, 3次重复。

1.4 农田耗水量和水分利用效率计算方法

采用水分平衡法计算农田耗水量, 本试验地势平坦, 地下水埋深4 m以下, 降水入渗深度不超过2 m, 因此, 可视为无地表径流、渗漏和地下水补给, 则通用公式 ET_α = I + P+ U + R + F ± Δ W^{[ 24]}中 R(地表径流量)、 U (地下水通过毛细管作用上移补给作物水量)、 F (补给地下水量)值忽略不计, 公式简化为 ET_α = I + P ± Δ W^{[ 25]}, 而WUE = GY / ET_α^{[ 26]}。式中, ET_α为农田耗水量(mm), I为时段内灌水量(mm), P为时段内有效降水量(mm), Δ W为时段内土壤贮水消耗量(mm):

Δ W=10 γ_iH_i ( θ_i₁- θ_i₂),

式中, i为土层编号, n为总土层数, γ_i为第 i层土壤干容重(g cm^-3), H_i为第 i层土壤厚度(cm), θ_i₁和 θ_i₂分别为第 i层土壤时段初和时段末的含水量, 以占干土重的百分数表示, 本试验中测定深度是100 cm; WUE为籽粒产量水分利用效率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1), GY为籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)。

1.5 数据统计分析

用Microsoft Excel 2003整理数据, 用SPSS 16.0软件进行方差分析(ANOVA)和处理间显著性检验(Duncan’s); 用SigmaPlot 12.5软件绘制图表。

2 结果与分析

2.1 方差分析

由于本研究涉及2个周年的4个作物生长季, 故将年份作为一个区组进行联合方差分析。方差分析结果显示, 耕作方式与秸秆还田对农田耗水量、叶片耗水特性、茎秆伤流、籽粒产量和水分利用效率均存在显著影响, 但秸秆还田对两季作物的农田总耗水量影响不显著; 耕作方式与秸秆还田对多数测定指标存在显著互作效应(表1)。因而, 选择适当的种植模式可以达到调控作物产量和全年产出, 以及提高水分利用效率的目的。

表1 耕作方式、秸秆还田及其交互对农田耗水量、叶片耗水特性、茎秆伤流、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的方差分析 Table 1 MS value and probability of significance of tillage, straw management and their interaction in the global analyses of variance of soil water consumption amount, water consumption characters of leaves, bleeding sap in stalk, grain yield, and water use efficiency

2.2 耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤容重的影响

深松(耕)、秸秆还田以及二者互作均可以显著降低20~40 cm土层的土壤容重(表2)。深耕和深松20~ 40 cm土层的土壤容重分别比常规耕作降低6.8%和5.2%, 秸秆还田的土壤容重比秸秆不还田降低2.0%, 深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田的土壤容重分别比常规耕作+无秸秆还田降低8.9%和6.9%。

表2 不同土层深度下耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤容重的影响 Table 2 Effects of tillage and straw returning on soil bulk density in different soil depth (g cm^-3)

2.3 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米农田耗水量和叶片耗水特性的影响

2.3.1 耕作方式与秸秆还田对农田耗水量的影响

深耕和深松增加了作物生长季和周年总农田耗水量, 却降低了休闲期农田耗水量(图2)。深松(耕)处理作物生长季的农田耗水量比常规耕作提高4.0%, 休闲期农田耗水量降低2.3%。冬小麦季实施秸秆粉碎还田, 农田耗水量增加1.6%; 夏玉米季实施秸秆覆盖还田, 农田耗水量降低1.9%。几种耕作模式中, 深耕+秸秆还田农田耗水量的增幅最大。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田处理相比, 深耕+秸秆还田的周年、作物生长季、冬小麦和夏玉米农田耗水量分别提高3.3%、4.2%、4.4%和4.1%, 休闲期农田耗水量降低7.0%。表明土壤耕作与秸秆还田可以降低休闲期无效的农田耗水量。

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图2 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米系统耗水量的影响CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。WW: 冬小麦季; SM: 夏玉米季量; FP: 休闲期。柱形上不同字母表示处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。Fig. 2 Effect of tillage and straw returning on soil water consumption amount in winter wheat-summer maize systemCT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. WW: winter wheat season; SM: summer maize season; FP: fallow period. Different letters above columns indicate significant difference among treatments ( P< 0.05).

2.3.2 耕作方式与秸秆还田对叶片水分饱和亏的影响深松(耕)和秸秆还田均显著降低了植株叶片水分饱和亏, 且二者对夏玉米叶片水分饱和亏的影响大于冬小麦(图 3)。夏玉米开花期, 深松(耕)的叶片水分饱和亏比常规耕作降低20.0%, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田降低17.0%。深松(耕)与秸秆还田互作显著降低了两种作物的叶片水分饱和亏。深松+秸秆还田冬小麦开花期和夏玉米开花期的叶片水分饱和亏分别比常规耕作+无秸秆还田降低19.2%和32.8%。

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图3 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米系统叶片水分饱和亏的影响CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。S1: 冬小麦拔节期; S2: 冬小麦开花期; S3: 夏玉米拔节期:
S4: 夏玉米开花期。柱形上不同字母表示相同生育期的叶片水分饱和亏在处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。Fig. 3 Effects of tillage and straw returning on water saturation deficiency in leaf in winter wheat-summer maize systemCT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. S1: jointing stage of winter wheat; S2: anthesis stage of winter wheat; S3: jointing stage of summer maize; S4: tassel stage of summer maize. Different letters above columns indicate significant difference of water saturation deficient in leaf among treatments ( P<0.05).

2.3.3 耕作方式与秸秆还田对叶片 P_n的影响

深松(耕)和秸秆还田均显著增加叶片 P_n, 且对夏玉米的影响大于对冬小麦(图4)。深松(耕)处理夏玉米开花期叶片 P_n比常规耕作提高24.0%, 秸秆还田处理比秸秆不还田处理提高20.2%。深松(耕)与秸秆还田互作显著增加两种作物的 P_n。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比, 深松+秸秆还田开花期叶片 P_n升高 33.3% (冬小麦)和46.1% (夏玉米)。

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图4 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米叶片 P_n和 T_r的影响(2012)CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。S1: 冬小麦拔节期; S2: 冬小麦开花期; S3: 夏玉米拔节期; S4: 夏玉米开花期。柱形上不同字母表示处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。Fig. 4 Effects of tillage and straw returning on P_n and T_r in winter wheat-summer maize system in 2012CT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. S1: jointing stage of winter wheat; S2: anthesis stage of winter wheat; S3: jointing stage of summer maize; S4: tassel stage of summer maize. Different letters above columns indicate significant difference among treatments ( P<0.05).

2.3.4 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米叶片蒸腾速率的影响耕作方式与秸秆还田对作物叶片 T_r的影响与 P_n相似(图4)。深松(耕)处理夏玉米开花期叶片 T_r比常规耕作提高17.3%, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田提高13.3%, 深松+秸秆还田比常规耕作+无秸秆还田提高22.6% (冬小麦)和31.3% (夏玉米)。

2.4 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米植株茎秆伤流量的影响

深松(耕)和秸秆还田均显著增加植株茎秆伤流量, 尤其是夏玉米(图5)。深松(耕)使冬小麦和夏玉米开花期的茎秆伤流量分别超过常规耕作13.0%和18.5%, 秸秆还田使两种作物茎秆伤流量分别超过秸秆不还田7.2%和11.9%。深松(耕)与秸秆还田互作显著增加植株的茎秆伤流量, 且以深松+秸秆还田处理的增幅最大, 其冬小麦和夏玉米开花期的茎秆伤流量分别超过常规耕作+无秸秆还田23.2%和35.7%。

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图5 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米系统茎秆伤流量的影响CT: 常规耕作; DT: 深耕; SS: 深松; AS: 秸秆全还田; NS: 无秸秆还田。S1: 冬小麦拔节期; S2: 冬小麦开花期; S3: 夏玉米拔节期; S4: 夏玉米开花期。柱形上不同字母表示处理间差异显著( P<0.05)。Fig. 5 Effects of tillage and straw returning on bleeding sap in stalk in winter wheat-summer maize systemCT: conventional tillage; DT: deep tillage; SS: subsoiling; AS: all straw returning; NS: no straw returning. S1: jointing stage of winter wheat; S2: anthesis stage of winter wheat; S3: jointing stage of summer maize; S4: tassel stage of summer maize. Different letters above columns indicate significant difference among treatments ( P<0.05).

2.5 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米干物质积累量的影响

深松(耕)、秸秆还田以及二者交互显著提高作物干物质积累量(表3)。深耕和深松可使冬小麦开花期干物质积累量分别比常规耕作提高18.7%和19.9%, 使夏玉米开花期干物质积累量分别提高19.6%和20.2%。秸秆还田可使作物干物质积累量提高12.3%。与常规耕作秸秆不还田相比, 深耕+秸秆还田使冬小麦和夏玉米成熟期的干物质积累量分别提高20.7%和17.8%, 深松+秸秆还田分别提高25.6%和20.2%。

2.6 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响

深耕和深松的作物产量、水分利用效率均显著高于常规耕作, 秸秆还田的作物产量和水分利用效率也显著高于秸秆不还田(表4)。深松(耕)的周年产量和周年水分利用效率分别比常规耕作提高10.3%和7.5%, 其中, 冬小麦产量和水分利用效率分别提高9.8%和6.5%, 夏玉米分别提高11.1%和6.5%。秸秆还田的周年产量、冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别比秸秆不还田提高8.3%、9.7%和6.3%, 水分利用效率分别提高7.6%、7.9%和6.0%。耕作方式与秸秆还田互作显著增加作物产量和水分利用效率。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比, 秸秆还田后深耕或深松均可提高

周年产量(18.0%和19.3%)及水分利用效率(15.9%和15.1%), 且二者效果相似。

3 讨论

本研究结果表明, 深耕和深松可以有效降低土壤容重, 提高冬小麦季和夏玉米季的农田耗水量, 降低休闲期的农田耗水量, 且二者对农田耗水量的影响存在差异。由于深耕采用的是铧式犁翻耕, 直接将土壤翻转, 可以有效打破犁底层, 降低土壤容重, 增加土壤孔隙度, 提高土壤渗水速度^{[ 10]}; 同时, 由于翻转土壤与外界的接触面积较大, 有利于最大限度地接纳雨水, 进而增加土壤蓄水容量^{[ 7]}。而深松采用的是振动型深松, 利用深松铲在土壤中划出条带性的深松沟, 并不扰乱土层, 加深耕层, 疏松土壤, 可以改善土壤的渗透性, 增加深层土壤蓄水量, 提高旱地蓄水保墒性能, 进而提高作物产量和水分利用效率^{[ 27, 28]}。此外, 由于黄淮海地区多年的种植习惯, 夏玉米收获后至冬小麦整地播种之前有半个月左右的休闲期, 如果采用传统的常规耕作措施会使土壤水分蒸发加剧, 影响冬小麦播种时的土壤墒情^{[ 29]}。而深耕和深松降低了休闲期的农田耗水量,对冬小麦的增产具有一定的作用。本研究结果还表明, 秸秆还田虽增加了冬小麦的农田耗水量, 却降低了休闲期、夏玉米和周年总农田耗水量。由于深耕、深松和常规耕作3种耕作方式在冬小麦播前实施, 夏玉米秸秆采取粉碎翻埋还田, 秸秆还田增加了冬小麦季土壤表层水分的蒸发和农田耗水量; 而冬小麦秸秆采取覆盖还田, 夏玉米灭茬免耕播种, 秸秆覆盖有效阻隔了地表水分向大气散失, 进而降低了夏玉米季农田耗水量^{[ 30]}。

表3 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦和夏玉米干物质积累量的影响 Table 3 Effects of tillage and straw returning on dry matter accumulation of winter wheat and summer maize (t hm^-2)

表4 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响 Table 4 Effects of tillage and straw returning on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and summer maize

在冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟轮作制度中, 耕作方式与秸秆还田对农田耗水量有显著的交互作用。冬小麦季, 秸秆粉碎还田增加了农田耗水量, 深耕和深松也增加了农田耗水量, 耕作方式与秸秆还田交互显著增加了农田耗水量。夏玉米季, 深耕和深松虽增加了农田耗水量, 但秸秆覆盖还田显著降低了农田耗水量, 且秸秆还田对农田耗水量的影响大于深耕或深松的影响。休闲期, 耕作方式与秸秆还田对农田耗水量的交互作用更为显著, 二者结合显著降低了该期的农田耗水量。由于农田耗水量受降水量的影响, 在降水量较大的年份和作物生长季, 深耕+秸秆还田处理的农田耗水量高于其他处理; 而在降水量较小的年份和作物生长季, 深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田处理的农田耗水量的差异不显著。

耕作方式和秸秆还田通过改善耕层土壤水分条件, 提高了作物干物质积累能力。本研究结果表明, 深松(耕)和秸秆还田均可以降低作物叶片水分饱和亏, 增加植株叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率, 提高植株茎秆伤流量, 促进植株干物质积累, 进而提高冬小麦和夏玉米的籽粒产量和水分利用效率。这与前人研究结果一致, 深松(耕)和秸秆还田可疏松土壤, 改善渗透性, 不仅可以增加夏玉米光合作用面积^{[ 31]}, 还可以促进冬小麦和夏玉米的干物质积累^{[ 32, 33]}, 进而显著提高作物的籽粒产量和水分利用效率^{[ 34, 35, 36]}。此外, 耕作方式与秸秆还田互作也显著增加了植株干物质积累量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率。吕美蓉等^{[ 37]}研究也认为, 免耕、深松与秸秆还田的交互作用能够提高冬小麦产量。

在本研究中, 深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田不仅提高了农田耗水量, 还增加了植株叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率, 提高了植株茎秆伤流量, 促进了植株干物质积累, 进而有利于作物产量和水分利用效率的提高。在几种耕作模式中, 深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田的周年作物产量和水分利用效率最高, 且二者无显著性差异。因此, 本试验条件下, 在秸秆还田的基础上深松或深耕是黄淮海地区适宜的耕作方式。

4 结论

深耕和深松增加了作物生长季的农田耗水量, 冬小麦季实施秸秆粉碎还田, 农田耗水量增加; 夏玉米季实施秸秆覆盖还田, 农田耗水量降低。在秸秆还田基础上, 秋季深耕或深松提高了冬小麦、夏玉米生长季的农田耗水量, 但降低了休闲期农田耗水量, 反而增加了植株叶片含水量, 提高了叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率, 有利于植株干物质积累, 为提高作物产量和水分利用效率奠定了基础, 且在本试验条件下, 深松或深耕无显著差异。因此, 与本试验相似环境条件下, 宜在秸秆还田的基础上配合深松或深耕。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[16]	付国占, 李潮海, 王俊忠, 王振林, 曹鸿鸣, 焦念元, 陈明灿. 残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(1): 52-56 Fu G Z, Li C H, Wang J Z, Wang Z l, Cao H M, Jiao N Y, Chen M C. Effects of stubble mulch and tillage managements on soil physical properties and water use efficiency of summer maize. Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(1): 52-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[17]	黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(1): 50-54 Huang M, Wu J Z, Li Y J, Yao Y Q, Zhang C J, Cai D X, Jin K. Effects of different tillage management on production and yield of winter wheat in dryland . Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(1): 50-54 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[18]	吴金芝, 黄明, 李友军, 陈明灿, 姚宇卿, 郭大勇, 黄海霞. 不同耕作方式对冬小麦光合作用产量和水分利用效率的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008, 26(5): 17-21 Wu J Z, Huang M, Li Y J, Chen M C, Yao Y Q, Guo D Y, Huang H X. Effects of different tillage systems on the photosynthesis functions, grain yield and WUE in winter wheat. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2008, 26(5): 17-21 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	褚鹏飞, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽, 石玉. 耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1051-1061 Chu P F, Yu Z W, Wang D, Zhang Y L, Shi Y. Effect of tillage mode on diurnal variations of water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of flag leaf after anthesis and water use efficiency in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1051-1061 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[20]	Su Z Y, Zhang J S, Wu W L, Cai D X, Lv J J, Jiang G H, Huang J, Gao J, Hartmann R, Gabriels D. Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water-use efficiency and crop yield on the Loess Plateau, China. Agric Water Manag, 2007, 87: 307-314 [本文引用:1]
[21]	李向东, 季书勤, 张德奇, 郭瑞, 王汉芳, 吕凤荣. 豫南雨养区周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质动态和产量的影响. 生态学杂志, 2011, 30: 1942-1948 Li X D, Ji S Q, Zhang D Q, Guo R, Wang H F, Lü F R. Effects of different corn/wheat year round tillage modes on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and transfer and grain yield of wheat in rain-fed farming area of southern Henan province. Chin J Ecol, 2011, 30: 1942-1948 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.729]
[22]	张含彬, 任万军, 杨文钰, 伍晓燕, 王竹, 杨继芝. 不同施氮量对套作大豆根系形态与生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 107-112 Zhang H B, Ren W J, Yang W Y, Wu X Y, Wang Z, Yang J Z. Effects of different nitrogen levels on morphological and physiological characteristics of relay-planting soybean root. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 107-112 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[23]	王纪华, 赵春江, 黄文江, 郭晓维, 李鸿祥. 土壤水分对小麦叶片含水量及生理功能的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2001, 21(4): 42-47 Wang J H, Zhao C J, Huang W J, Guo X W, Li H X. Effect of soil water content on the wheat leaf water content and the physiological function. J Triticeae Crops, 2001, 21(4): 42-47 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	江晓东, 李增嘉, 侯连涛, 王芸, 王雪, 颜红. 少免耕对灌溉农田冬小麦/夏玉米作物水、肥利用的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(7): 20-24 Jiang X D, Li Z J, Hou L T, Wang Y, Wang X, Yan H. Impacts of minimum tillage and no-tillage systems on soil NO₃-N content and water use efficiency of winter wheat/summer corn cultivation. Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(7): 20-24 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[25]	张秋平, 杨晓光, 薛昌颖, 闫伟兄, 杨婕, 张天一, Bauman B A M, 王化琪. 北京地区旱稻作物需水与降水的耦合分析. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10): 51-56 Zhang Q P, Yang X G, Xue C Y, Yan W X, Yang J, Zhang T Y, Bauman B A M, Wang H Q. Analysis of coupling degree between crop water requirement of aerobic rice and rainfall in Beijing areas. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(10): 51-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[26]	侯连涛, 江晓东, 韩宾, 焦念元, 赵春, 李增嘉. 不同覆盖处理对冬小麦气体交换参数及水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(9): 58-63 Hou L T, Jiang X D, Han B, Jiao N Y, Zhao C, Li Z J. Effects of different mulching treatments on the gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2006, 22(9): 58-63 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[27]	Mohanty M, Band yopadhyay K K, Painuli D K, Ghosh P K, Misra A K, Hati K M. Water transmission characteristics of a vertisol and water use efficiency of rainfed soybean (Glycine max (L. ) Merr. ) under subsoiling and manuring. Soil Till Res, 2007, 93: 420-428 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[28]	丁昆仑, Hann M J. 耕作措施对土壤特性及作物产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2000, 16(3): 28-32 Ding K L, Hann M J. Effects of soil management on soil properties and crop yield. Trans CSAE, 2000, 6(3): 28-32 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[29]	Su Z Y, Zhang J S, Wu W L, Cai D X, Lü J J, Jiang G H, Huang J, Cao J, Hartmann R, Gabriels D. Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water-use efficiency and crop yield on the Loess Plateau. Agric Water Manag, 2007, 87: 307-314 [本文引用:1]
[30]	Schwartz R C, Baumhardt R L, Evett S R. Tillage effects on soil water redistribution and bare soil evaporation throughout a season. Soil Till Res, 2010, 110: 221-229 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[31]	尚金霞, 李军, 贾志宽, 张丽华. 渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2668-2678 Shang J X, Li J, Jia Z K, Zhang L H. Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei highland . Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2668-2678 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[32]	Heuer H, Tomanová O, Koch H J, Märländer B. Subsoil properties and cereal growth as affected by a single pass of heavy machinery and two tillage systems on a Luvisol. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci, 2008, 171: 580-590 [本文引用:1]
[33]	赵聚宝, 梅旭荣, 薛军红, 钟兆站, 张天佑. 秸秆覆盖对旱地作物水分利用效率的影响. 中国农业科学, 1996, 29(2): 59-66 Zhao J B, Mei X R, Xue J H, Zhong Z Z, Zhang T Y. The effect of straw mulch on crop water use efficiency in dryland . Sci Agric Sin, 1996, 29(2): 59-66 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[34]	付国占, 王俊忠, 李潮海, 曹鸿鸣, 王振林, 焦念元, 李春霞. 华北残茬覆盖不同土壤耕作方式夏玉米生长分析. 干旱地区农业研究, 2005, 23(4): 12-15 Fu G Z, Wang J Z, Li C H, Cao H M, Wang Z L, Jiao N Y, Li C X. Correlation between agronomic parameters and spectral vegetation index in winter wheat under different nitrogen levels. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2005, 23(4): 12-15 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[35]	王红光, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉, 王东. 耕作方式对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 675-682 Wang H G, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L, Shi Y, Wang D. Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 675-682 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[36]	郑成岩, 崔世明, 王东, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉. 土壤耕作方式对小麦干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1432-1440 Zheng C Y, Cui S M, Wang D, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L, Shi Y. Effects of soil tillage practice on dry matter production and water use efficiency in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1432-1440 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[37]	吕美蓉, 李增嘉, 张涛, 宁堂原, 赵建波, 李洪杰. 少免耕与秸秆还田对极端土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(1): 41-46 Lü M R, Li Z J, Zhang T, Ning T Y, Zhao J B, Li H J. Effects of minimum or no-tillage system and straw returning on extreme soil moisture and yield of winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(1): 41-46 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]

2013

0.0

... 黄淮海平原的粮食产量占中国粮食总产量的三分之一, 对保障国家粮食安全举足轻重^[1] ...

2013

0.0

1.889

梅旭荣, 康绍忠, 于强, 黄元仿, 钟秀丽, 龚道枝, 霍再林, 刘恩科. 协同提升黄淮海平原作物生产力与农田水分利用效率途径. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1149-1157

Mei

X R

, Kang

S Z

, Yu

, Huang

Y F

, Zhong

X L

, Gong

D Z

, Huo

Z L

, Liu

E K

. Pathways to synchronously improving crop productivity and field water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1149-1157 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The North China Plain(NCP), one of the most important agricultural regions in China, is facing a major water-resource crisis. Improving cultivar water use efficiency(WUE), to reduce water use while maintaining high production level, is of great significance for national food and water security. In this review, strategies for crop yield enhancing and water saving in the NCP, and the theoretical and technological problems need to be currently resolved were proposed, referring to the advances in the relevant studies achieved all over the world. The main points include theories and the specific methods for controlling luxurious transpiration of crop population; theories and pathways for reducing field non-productive water consumption; the mechanism and pathways for sustainable utilization of unconventional water that may mitigate regional water crisis; the mechanism and pathways for gaining a balanced improvement of regional water productivity based on the balance between water resources supply and requirement. Finally, the main challenges in basic studies on efficient field water use in the NCP were proposed, and the fields in which important breakthrough may be achieved in the future were also prospected.

1.Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Engineering Laboratory of Efficient Water Use and Disaster Mitigation for Crops/Key Laboratory for Dryland Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081 2.Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory for Soil and Water of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083 3.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101

黄淮海平原是中国重要的粮食生产基地，也是水资源严重短缺地区。提高农田水分利用效率，在维持高产的前提下大幅度减少农业用水量，对缓解地区水资源危机、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文针对黄淮海平原现状，结合相关领域的国内外研究进展，分析提出了实现地区农田节水增产增效的对策及当前需要重点突破的理论与技术难点，主要包括4个方面：控制作物群体奢侈蒸腾耗水量的理论基础与方法；降低农田非生产性耗水的理论与途径；缓解地区淡水资源危机的非常规水安全持续利用机理与途径；基于区域水资源供需平衡的水分生产力均衡提升的机理与途径。最后提出黄淮海平原农田高效用水基础研究的主要挑战并展望了未来可能取得重大突破的领域。

... 黄淮海地区属于大陆性季风气候, 年均降水量为500~700 mm, 其中60%~70%集中在6月至8月, 降水分布不均导致夏玉米易涝、冬小麦易旱^[2,3] ...

2010

0.0

... 黄淮海地区属于大陆性季风气候, 年均降水量为500~700 mm, 其中60%~70%集中在6月至8月, 降水分布不均导致夏玉米易涝、冬小麦易旱^[2,3] ...

2001

0.0

1.299

周兴祥, 高焕文, 刘晓峰. 华北平原一年两熟保护性耕作体系试验研究. 农业工程学报, 2001, 17(6): 81-84

Zhou

X Y

, Gao

H W

, Liu

X F

. Experimental study on conservation tillage system in areas of two crops a year in North China Plain. Trans CSAE, 2001, 17(6): 81-84 (in Chinese with English abstract)

冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟的种植方式在华北地区的农业生产中具有极为重要的地位.但是传统耕作方式使该地区的农业生产不可持续.保护性耕作技术是一种先进的保水保土的生产技术.该文在田间试验的基础上,研究了保护性耕作体系对作物产量、土壤容重、土壤含水率、土壤温度的影响,结果表明:保护性耕作能够提高作物的产量,增加土壤的含水率.其对土壤容重和土壤温度的影响并未对作物的生长产生不利影响.但是,从长远来看,对保护性耕作引起的土壤容重增加、温度降低的问题必须引起足够的重视.结果初步表明:以免耕加覆盖为主的保护性耕作体系可以在华北平原一年两熟地区试验推广.

... 该区长期进行土壤浅耕和焚烧作物秸秆, 不仅污染环境, 还造成土壤紧实、耕层变浅、地表裸露, 土壤蓄水保墒能力降低, 严重影响粮食稳产和高产^[4,5,6] ...

2008

0.0

张国盛, Chan

K Y

, Li

G D

, Heenan

D P

. 长期保护性耕种方式对农田表层土壤性质的影响. 生态学报, 2008, 28: 2722-2728

Zhang

G S

, Chan

K Y

, Li

G D

, Heenan

D P

. Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotation on selected soil properties in cropping zone of Southern NSW, Australia. Acta Ecol Sin, 2008, 28: 2722-2728 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究了不同耕种方式对澳大利亚同一地区3种土壤表层(0～5cm)理化性质的作用,以揭示保护性耕作对土壤质量恢复的影响.结果表明:免耕穴播/保留残茬(DD/SR)、多年生人工草地(PP)和自然草地(NP)表层土壤的>2mm水稳性团聚体含量、全氮、有机碳含量、田间持水量均显著高于其相应对照传统耕作/秸秆焚烧(CC/SB)、人工草地/作物轮作(PPC)和耕作(CT)的;土壤全氮含量、田间持水量分别与有机碳含量之间有极显著的正相关关系(r=0.994**,r=0.996**,n=6),而受土壤质地等因素的影响较小;在同一类型的土壤上,土壤有机碳含量与水稳定性团聚体含量之间存在显著的相关性;在不同试验区,耕作措施对表层土壤容重和孔隙分布的影响存在较大差异;秸秆焚烧和施用石膏对表层土壤的pH及交换性阳离子含量有较大的影响.研究表明长期保护性耕作、草田轮作或多年生草地有利于提高表层土壤有机碳含量和结构稳定性,从而改善土壤的供肥供水能力.

2006

0.0

黄高宝, 郭清毅, 张仁陟, 逄蕾, Li

, Chan

K Y

, 于爱忠. 保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应. 生态学报, 2006, 26: 1176-1185

Huang

G B

, Guo

Q Y

, Zhang

R Z

, Pang

, Li

, Chan

K Y

, Yu

A Z

. Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland . Acta Ecol Sin, 2006, 26: 1176-1185 (in Chinese with English abstract)

保护性耕作(conservation tillage)能够减少水土流失、提高耕地产量,是一类具有生态保护意义的持续性农业耕作形式.2002年至2004年在定西旱地农业地区进行了保护性耕作条件下旱地农田春小麦-豌豆双序列轮作土壤水分动态及产量效应的试验研究,结果表明:保护性耕作能够显著改善0～200 cm土层土壤贮水量及含水量,随着降水量的增多土壤对降水的保蓄能力增强.在降水较少年份免耕秸秆覆盖的这种作用表现突出,而在降水充沛的年份免耕地膜覆盖则更具优势.耕层土壤水分因受降水等因素的影响而变化剧烈,耕层以下土壤水分变幅相对较小.播种期、五叶期及收获期土壤具有较高含水量,而开花期土壤含水量则较低.在两种轮作体系中,播种期春小麦和豌豆免耕秸秆覆盖处理0～50 cm土层含水量分别较常规耕作增加28%、26%和11%、23%,降水生产效率较常规耕作提高了17.79%～26.81%.在春小麦-豌豆轮作体系中免耕秸秆覆盖处理的作物产量(春小麦+豌豆)及水分利用效率分别为3 420 kg/hm2和8.11 kg/(hm2·mm),较常规耕作分别提高26.81%和25.39%.

2008

0.381

0.0

... 研究表明, 深耕和深松均能降低土壤紧容重, 疏松土壤^[7,8], 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^[9,10,11] ...

... 同时, 由于翻转土壤与外界的接触面积较大, 有利于最大限度地接纳雨水, 进而增加土壤蓄水容量^[7] ...

2013

2.367

0.0

... 研究表明, 深耕和深松均能降低土壤紧容重, 疏松土壤^[7,8], 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^[9,10,11] ...

2004

0.0

0.795

王育红, 姚宇卿, 吕军杰, 黄江涛, 张洁. 豫西旱坡地高留茬深松对冬小麦生态效应的研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2004, 12(2): 146-148

Wang

Y H

, Yao

Y Q

, Lü

J J

, Huang

J T

, Zhang

. Ecological effect of subsoiling high stubble on the winter wheat in sloping land of western Henan. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2004, 12(2): 146-148 (in Chinese with English abstract)

丘陵旱坡地长期定位试验研究结果表明,高留茬深松保持耕作技术具有蓄水保墒、防止水土流失、培肥改土、抑制杂草和增加土壤生物量等土壤环境效应以及促进冬小麦生长发育、提高产量的生物学效应,比传统耕作2年冬小麦平均增产703.6kg/hm2,平均增产率18.8%,平均水分利用效率提高1.9kg/hm2·mm,平均增长率16.8%.

... 研究表明, 深耕和深松均能降低土壤紧容重, 疏松土壤^[7,8], 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^[9,10,11] ...

1997

2.367

0.0

... 研究表明, 深耕和深松均能降低土壤紧容重, 疏松土壤^[7,8], 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^[9,10,11] ...

... 由于深耕采用的是铧式犁翻耕, 直接将土壤翻转, 可以有效打破犁底层, 降低土壤容重, 增加土壤孔隙度, 提高土壤渗水速度^[10] ...

2008

0.0

1.889

秦红灵, 高旺盛, 马月存, 马丽, 尹春梅. 两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 78-85

Qin

H L

, Gao

W S

, Ma

Y C

, Ma

, Yin

C M

. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage 2 years later. Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 78-85 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】In order to improve the water use efficiency under conservation tillage, we study the effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage.【Method】A field experiment of 40cm subsoiling under no-tillage was conducted from 2005 to 2006. Based on the observational data of soil moisture and crop yield, the physical basis of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that: during oats growth season, 0-100cm soil water storage under subsoil was more than no-tillage. In the 0-100cm soil depth, the soil moisture in 50-100cm under subsoiling were more compared with no-tillage, which increased with the soil depth increasing when it’s dry; decreased with the soil depth increasing when it’s rainy. Compared with no-tillage, Subsoiling can reduce the water consumption of oats in the 0-50 cm soil layer and improve the efficient use of water in the 50-100cm soil layer by root system. Subsoiling increased the yield by 18.29％ average increase rate in two years. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency by 16.8% average increase rate in two years. The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation, well-proportioned rainfall was better to increase yield and water use efficiency. Meanwhile, subsoiling decreased bulk density, which increased the available precipitation.【Conclusion】Subsoiling contained more soil moisture and improved water use efficiency. The The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation and soil bulk density.

中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院

【目的】研究两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响，提高保护性耕作条件下对土壤水分的利用效率。【方法】土壤免耕第3年的基础上深松40 cm，2005～2006年连续两年通过田间试验观测深松对土壤水分的影响，分析深松保墒增产的机理。【结果】莜麦作物生育期0～100 cm土壤贮水量，深松显著高于对照。在0～100 cm的土层剖面上，50～100 cm土壤水分含量深松显著高于对照，干旱少雨时，土壤水分含量随土层深度增加而增加；降雨集中时，随土层深度增加而减少。与对照相比，深松减少了0～50 cm的作物耗水量,促进根系对50～100 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。土壤深松处理比对照两年平均增产18.29％，水分利用效率增加9.68％。保墒增产效果受降水量的影响，分布均匀的降雨有利于增产并提高水分利用效率。另一方面，深松降低了表层土层容重，增加接纳雨水的能力，增强作物对水分的利用效率。【结论】在免耕的基础上深松，是北方农牧交错带有效增加水分利用效率的保护性轮耕措施。

... 研究表明, 深耕和深松均能降低土壤紧容重, 疏松土壤^[7,8], 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^[9,10,11] ...

2009

0.0

1.742

黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金柯. 不同耕作方式对旱作冬小麦旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20: 1355-1361

Huang

, Wu

J Z

, Li

Y J

, Yao

Y Q

, Zhang

C J

, Cai

D X

, Jin

. Effects of tillage pattern on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat under dry farming. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2009, 20: 1355-1361 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different tillage patterns, i.e., deep plowing once, no-tillage, subsoiling, and conventional tillage, on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat, as well as the soil moisture and nutrient status under dry farming. No-tillage and subsoiling increased the SOD and POD activities and the chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, decreased the MDA and O〖SX（B-*3〗-〖〗·〖SX）〗2 contents, and postponed the senescence of flag leaf. Under non-tillage and subsoiling, the moisture content in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer at anthesis and grain-filling stages was decreased by 413% and 623% and by 550% and 927%, respectively, and the contents of alkali-hydrolysable N, available P, and available K in this soil layer also increased significantly, compared with those under conventional tillage. Deep plowing once decreased the moisture content and increased the nutrients contents in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer, but the decrement and increment were not significant. The post-anthesis biomass, post-anthesis dry matter translocation rate, and grain yield under no-tillage and subsoiling were 434% and 476%, 1556% and 1351%, and 1022% and 926% higher than those under conventional tillage, respectively. It could be concluded that no-tillage and subsoiling provided better soil conditions for the post-anthesis growth of winter wheat, under which, the flag leaf senescence postponed, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and translocation accelerated, and grain yield increased significantly, being the feasible tillage practices in dry farming winter wheat areas.

1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China; 2 Luoyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luoyang 471022, Henan, China; 3 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

在旱作条件下研究了一次深翻、免耕、深松和传统耕作4种耕作方式对冬小麦花后旗叶衰老、小麦籽粒产量及土壤水分和养分状况的影响.结果表明：免耕和深松提高了小麦旗叶SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量，降低了MDA和O 2 - ·含量，延缓了小麦叶片的衰老进程;同时，免耕、深松在开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13％、6.23％和5.50％、9.27％，土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作.一次深翻0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量低于传统耕作，土壤养分含量高于传统耕作，但两处理间差异不显著.与传统耕作相比，免耕和深松花后干物质生产量分别提高4.34％和4.76％，花后干物质转运率分别提高15.56％和13.51％，产量分别提高10.22％和9.26%.免耕和深松为冬小麦花后生长发育提供了良好的环境，延缓了小麦叶片衰老，促进了花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒的转运，从而使籽粒产量显著提高，是旱作麦区适宜的耕作方式.

... 提高小麦旗叶光合速率, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加光合产物的积累, 进而有利于产量的增加^[12,13,14] ...

2006

0.0

1.299

李友军, 吴金芝, 黄明, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对小麦旗叶光合特性和水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(12): 44-48

Y J

, Wu

J Z

, Huang

, Yao

Y Q

, Zhang

C J

, Cai

D X

, Jin

. Effects of different tillage systems on photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and water use efficiency in winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2006, 22(12): 44-48 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在豫西丘陵旱作条件下,对少耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、一年两熟和传统耕作5种耕作处理的冬小麦旗叶光合、荧光特性和产量、水分利用效率进行了研究,结果表明:免耕覆盖和深松覆盖灌浆中后期小麦旗叶叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量明显高于传统耕作,且有较高的叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比值和叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比值;开花期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数和光化学效率值较传统耕作高,光抑制程度较传统耕作小;灌浆中期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖净光合速率略低于传统耕作,分别为传统耕作的96.4%和99.7%,但差异不显著.免耕覆盖和深松覆盖小麦生育期间耗水量较高,产量和水分利用效率显著提高,与传统耕作相比,产量增加19.3%和9.4%,水分利用效率提高17.5%和8.5%.

... 提高小麦旗叶光合速率, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加光合产物的积累, 进而有利于产量的增加^[12,13,14] ...

2011

0.0

1.889

侯贤清, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 王维, 丁瑞霞, 聂俊峰, 李永平. 轮耕对宁南旱区冬小麦花后旗叶光合性能及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 3108-3117

Hou

X Q

, Jia

Z K

, Han

Q F

, Wang

, Ding

R X

, Nie

J F

, Li

Y P

. Effects of rotational tillage on flag leaf photosynthetic characte-ristics and yield after anthesis of winter wheat in arid areas of Southern Ningxia. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 3108-3177 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of the experiment is to seek the effects of no-tillage (NT)/Subsoiling (ST) rotational tillage system every other year on photosynthetic capacity and yield after anthesis of winter wheat.【Method】Based on three tillage treatments of NT/ST/NT, ST/NT/ST and conventional tillage (CT) in arid areas of southern Ningxia, it was investigated by measuring soil water, flag leaf area, chlorophyll relative content, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield under different soil tillage treatments after anthesis of wheat in 2010. 【Result】 Compared with conventional tillage (CK), the soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layers of NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST was significantly increased by an average of 15.24% and 23.45% at flowering stage and filling stage of wheat, their flag leaf area and chlorophyll relative content were increased by an average of 12.78%, 8.89% and 25.20%, 11.19% (P＜0.05), respectively; their flag leaf daily average photosynthesis rate (P(——)n) was increased by an average of 1.55 and 1.68 μmol•m-2•s-1 (P＜0.05), their flag leaf daily average transpiration rate (T(——)r) was increased by an average of 0.44 and 0.58 mmol•m-2•s-1 (P＜0.05), but, their flag leaf daily average water use efficiency (WUE(————)) showed no obvious difference. At filling stage, two rotational tillage treatments had a higher level of maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the darkness (0.52), actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡin the light (0.40) and photosynthetic electron transport rate (92.67). Compared with conventional tillage, the different rotational tillage system achieved wheat grain yield increment of 6.88% and 11.98% (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】The different rotational tillage systems all showed better soil water conservation ability and high photosynthetic capacity after anthesis of wheat, significantly increased wheat yield under condition of drought and water shortage. So, the different rotational tillage system is a more suitable soil tillage system in arid areas of southern Ningxia.

1.西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院/农业部旱地作物生产与生态重点开放实验室 2.宁夏固原市农业科学研究所

【目的】探索免耕/深松隔年轮耕模式对冬小麦花后光合性能及产量的影响。【方法】采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松、传统翻耕3种耕作处理，在宁南旱区进行连续4年定位试验，2010年测定小麦花后土壤水分、旗叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、光合特性和产量的变化。【结果】与传统耕作相比（对照），小麦开花期和灌浆期免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理的0—200 cm土壤贮水量平均分别增加15.24%、23.45%（P＜0.05）；旗叶面积和相对叶绿素含量平均分别提高12.78%、8.89%和25.20%（P＜0.05）、11.19%；旗叶日均净光合速率 ( )平均分别提高1.55和1.68 μmol•m-2•s-1（P＜0.05）；旗叶日均蒸腾速率( )平均分别提高0.44和0.58 mmol•m-2•s-1（P＜0.05）; 而小麦旗叶日均水分利用效率( )差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在灌浆期，两种轮耕模式均保持了较高的最大光化学效率（0.52）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（0.40）和光合电子传递速率（92.67）。两种轮耕模式的小麦籽粒产量分别较传统耕作增加6.88%和11.98%（P＜0.05）。【结论】在干旱缺水条件下，不同轮耕模式小麦花后都显示出良好的蓄水保墒能力和较高的光合特性，显著提高小麦的产量，是宁南旱区较为适宜的土壤耕作模式。

... 提高小麦旗叶光合速率, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加光合产物的积累, 进而有利于产量的增加^[12,13,14] ...

2005

0.0

... 此外, 秸秆还田可以提高土壤水分含量, 减少地表径流和棵间蒸发^[15,16], 提高水分利用效率, 增加作物干物质积累和籽粒产量^[17,18] ...

2005

0.0

1.299

付国占, 李潮海, 王俊忠, 王振林, 曹鸿鸣, 焦念元, 陈明灿. 残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(1): 52-56

G Z

, Li

C H

, Wang

J Z

, Wang

Z l

, Cao

H M

, Jiao

N Y

, Chen

M C

. Effects of stubble mulch and tillage managements on soil physical properties and water use efficiency of summer maize. Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(1): 52-56 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用田间和小面积模拟降水试验的方法,对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米田的土壤物理性状和水分利用效率进行了研究.结果表明,残茬覆盖与深松相结合,可平衡和改善耕层土壤温度状况,在土壤温度较低时具有保温作用,在土壤温度较高时具有降温作用;可以增加土壤的蓄水和保水能力,模拟降水后24 h测定1 m土层含水量比免耕不盖多26.1 mm,全生育期平均耕层土壤含水量比免耕不覆盖高9.37%;土壤通透性也得到改善;最终水分利用效率比免耕不盖提高25.26%.

... 此外, 秸秆还田可以提高土壤水分含量, 减少地表径流和棵间蒸发^[15,16], 提高水分利用效率, 增加作物干物质积累和籽粒产量^[17,18] ...

2009

0.0

1.299

黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对旱作区冬小麦生产和产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(1): 50-54

Huang

, Wu

J Z

, Li

Y J

, Yao

Y Q

, Zhang

C J

, Cai

D X

, Jin

. Effects of different tillage management on production and yield of winter wheat in dryland . Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(1): 50-54 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了筛选出适宜旱作区推广的耕作技术,在旱作大刚条件下,设置一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作四种耕作方式,研究了不同耕作方式下花后土壤水分和养分状况、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、小麦旗叶净光合速率和小麦籽粒灌浆速率及产量.结果表明,免耕覆盖、深松覆盖开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13%、6.23%和5.50%、9.27%,0～40 cm土层土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作,为小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境,从而提高了小麦灌浆中后期旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,促进花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒转运,进而提高了籽粒灌浆速率,使得籽粒产量显著提高.

... 此外, 秸秆还田可以提高土壤水分含量, 减少地表径流和棵间蒸发^[15,16], 提高水分利用效率, 增加作物干物质积累和籽粒产量^[17,18] ...

2008

0.0

吴金芝, 黄明, 李友军, 陈明灿, 姚宇卿, 郭大勇, 黄海霞. 不同耕作方式对冬小麦光合作用产量和水分利用效率的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008, 26(5): 17-21

J Z

, Huang

, Li

Y J

, Chen

M C

, Yao

Y Q

, Guo

D Y

, Huang

H X

. Effects of different tillage systems on the photosynthesis functions, grain yield and WUE in winter wheat. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2008, 26(5): 17-21 (in Chinese with English abstract)

豫西旱地大田条件下,对一次深翻、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、传统耕作4种耕作方式冬小麦叶面积指数、旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与分配及小麦产量和水分利用效率进行试验分析.结果表明,在小麦生育后期,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖能有效延缓小麦旗叶叶绿素降解,维持较高的叶面积指数,改善旗叶光合性能,促进干物质积累,产量分别比传统耕作提高9.26%和10.22%,水分利用效率分别比传统耕作提高10.29%和15.57%.与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率提高了5.48%,Fv/F0值提高了26.72%,Fv/F3m值提高4.88%,ψPSⅡ值和1-qP/qN值与其它耕作方武相比差异不显著.

... 此外, 秸秆还田可以提高土壤水分含量, 减少地表径流和棵间蒸发^[15,16], 提高水分利用效率, 增加作物干物质积累和籽粒产量^[17,18] ...

2012

0.0

1.667

褚鹏飞, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽, 石玉. 耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1051-1061

Chu

P F

, Yu

Z W

, Wang

, Zhang

Y L

, Shi

. Effect of tillage mode on diurnal variations of water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of flag leaf after anthesis and water use efficiency in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1051-1061 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water resource shortage has become the urgent problem limiting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain of China. A crucial target of wheat production is to develop water-saving agriculture to reduce irrigation water and increase the water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of this study was to understand the effects of tillage practices on soil moisture content, water potential and consumption in plants, diurnal variation of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic in flag leaf after anthesis, and grain yield in wheat under flexible irrigation conditions. A high-yielding wheat cultivar, Jimai 22, was continuously planted in the same plot across two growing seasons from 2007 to 2009. Five tillage modes were established with flexible irrigation after measuring soil moisture, which were strip rotary tillage (SR), strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and plowing tillage (P). The moisture contents of soil layers within 0–200 cm were measured at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages. In the 2008–2009 growing season, the diurnal variation of water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic in flag leaf were measured at 22 d and 24 d after anthesis. The SRS and RS treatments had the lowest moisture content in different soil layers of 60–200 cm below surface. The result indicated that subsoiling had the effect to promote water absorption of wheat in deep soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, the water consumption of SRS treatment exhibited the highest amount and ratio from soil and the lowest ratio from precipitation and irrigation. Compared with SR treatment, SRS treatment had higher water potential from 6:00 to 18:00 and larger values of F v / F m and Φ PSII of flag leaf from 8:00 to 14:00. Clearly, subsoiling was favorable to keep high physiological activity from mid to late filling stage. The positive effect of subsoiling was confirmed by the comparison between RS and R treatments. Among the five tillage treatments, SRS produced the highest grain yield of 9 516.48 kg ha −1 in 2007–2008 growing season and 8 957.92 kg ha −1 in 2008–2009 growing season. The yield level of RS had no significant difference from that of SRS treatment. In contrast, SR and R treatments showed the lowest yields in all treatments. As for WUE, the ranking sequence of treatments was SRS > RS > P > SR or R. Therefore, we recommend SRS as the best tillage practice for high yield and water saving in wheat producing areas with similar ecological conditions to the experiment.

1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai’an 271018, China; 2 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences / State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Beijing 100093, China

2007—2009年小麦生长季, 以高产小麦品种济麦22为试验材料, 利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量, 研究高肥力条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对土壤含水量、小麦开花至成熟阶段耗水量及其水分来源、旗叶水势和叶绿素荧光参数日变化、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕处理成熟期60~200 cm各土层的土壤含水量均低于其他处理, 表明深松促进了小麦对深层土壤贮水的吸收。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段的土壤贮水消耗量及其占阶段耗水量的比例最高, 其降水量和灌水量占阶段耗水量的比例最低。深松+条旋耕处理在6:00~18:00的旗叶水势、8:00~14:00的旗叶最大光化学效率( F v / F m )和实际光化学效率( Φ PSII )均高于条旋耕处理, 表明深松有利于小麦旗叶在灌浆中后期保持较高的生理活性, 深松+旋耕和旋耕处理间的规律与其一致。深松+条旋耕处理在2个生长季的籽粒产量分别为9 516.48和8 957.92 kg hm −2 , 与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异, 翻耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于上述处理。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率最高, 深松+旋耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于翻耕处理。本试验条件下, 深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水高效的耕作方式。

... 深松+秸秆覆盖可有效延缓植株衰老, 增加光合面积, 提高叶片光合速率^[19], 增加光合产物的积累及向籽粒的分配, 显著提高作物的产量^[20,21], 使深松和秸秆覆盖的优势得到最充分的发挥^[22] ...

2007

0.0

2011

0.0

1.729

李向东, 季书勤, 张德奇, 郭瑞, 王汉芳, 吕凤荣. 豫南雨养区周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质动态和产量的影响. 生态学杂志, 2011, 30: 1942-1948

X D

, Ji

S Q

, Zhang

D Q

, Guo

, Wang

H F

, Lü

F R

. Effects of different corn/wheat year round tillage modes on post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and transfer and grain yield of wheat in rain-fed farming area of southern Henan province. Chin J Ecol, 2011, 30: 1942-1948 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A 4-year (2006-2009) field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different corn-wheat year-round tillage modes on the post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and transfer, grain-filling, and grain yield of winter wheat in a rain-fed farming area of southern Henan Province. Six modes including traditional tillage (T 1 ), non-straw mulching and pre-sowing shallow plough for corn + straw mulching and non-tillage for wheat (T 2 ), straw mulching and pre-sowing shallow plough for corn + non-straw-mulching and non-tillage for wheat (T 3 ), non-straw mulching and pre-sowing deep plough for corn + non-straw mulching and non-tillage for wheat (T 4 ), straw mulching and pre-sowing deep plough for corn + straw mulching and non-tillage for wheat (T 5 ), and non-straw mulching and pre-sowing shallow plough for corn + burying smashed straw in soil and rotor tillage (T 6 ) were examined. Among the test modes, T 1 and T 5 showed the best effects, under which, the leaf staying-green period of winter wheat was the longest, and the dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs was significantly higher ( P 1 and T 5 was higher, and the transfer amount and rate of post-anthesis assimilates in the vegetative organs were 11.9% and 11.7%, and 11.6% and 11.4% higher than those under T 3 and T 6 , respectively ( P 1 and T 5 , the contribution of the post-anthesis assimilates to the grain yield of winter wheat was 8.4% and 7.9%, and 8.8% and 8.3% higher than that under T 3 and T 6 ( P -2 , being 14.8% and 13.8% higher than that under T 6 , respectively ( P 5 had the best effect in promoting the dry matter accumulation in winter wheat vegetative organs and the transfer of post-anthesis assimilates to the grain, and also, played important roles in soil water conservation and fertility improvement, being considered as the high-efficient and high-yielding tillage mode for wheat production in the rain-fed farming area of southern Henan Province.

Wheat Research Center of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Henan Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology, Zhengzhou 450002, China

以玉米-小麦周年耕作模式为研究对象，于2006—2009年进行了连续4年的大田定位试验，设置了传统翻耕、不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕、覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕、不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕、覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕以及不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕6个模式，研究了豫南雨养区玉米-小麦周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质积累转化、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响。结果表明：传统翻耕和覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕两种模式绿叶持续时间最长，营养器官的干物质积累均比其他模式高且差异达到显著水平（ P P P -2 和7480.5 kg·hm -2 ，比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕模式分别增产14.8%和13.8%，达到极显著水平（ P <0.01）。综合来看，覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕模式具有较好的蓄水保墒和土壤培肥效果，能促使营养器官干物质积累和花后同化物向籽粒的转移，实现高产高效。

2007

0.0

1.667

张含彬, 任万军, 杨文钰, 伍晓燕, 王竹, 杨继芝. 不同施氮量对套作大豆根系形态与生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 107-112

Zhang

H B

, Ren

W J

, Yang

W Y

, Wu

X Y

, Wang

, Yang

J Z

. Effects of different nitrogen levels on morphological and physiological characteristics of relay-planting soybean root. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 107-112 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Relay-planting soybean pattern is dominant in southern China. However, studies on relay-planting soybean are so defective that it may influence the development of soybean. Soybean accumulates vast protein by itself; and grows well with adequate nitrogen fertilizer. Most of studies have been concentrated on the effects of nitrogen on the aerial parts, but less on the roots. The present experiment was carried out to study the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225 N kg ha -1 ) on morphological and physiological characteristics in the relay-planting soybean roots by root-excavating method. The results showed that the optimal treatments on the dry root weight, root nodule number, length of first lateral root and bleeding sap were the low nitrogen levels (45 and 90 N kg ha -1 ) at the growth stages of V3–R5. Length of first lateral root, dry root weight and bleeding sap all were positive correlated with the application amount of nitrogen at the growth stage of R7. The relation between the root-top ratio and nitrogen levels was a quadratic curve at growth stages of V3–R5, but root-top ratio had a linear relationship with the nitrogen levels at the very late growth stage. The relation between bleeding sap-top ratio (y=Bleeding sap/dry matters) and days (x) after V3 (11th, Aug, 2005) was a negative exponential correlation (y=1.0357e-0.03823x). The content of NO 3 - -N in bleeding sap was more than that of NH 4 + -N; it was also raised with the increasing of nitrogen amount. Root activity had a peak during the whole growth stage of relay-planting soybean. The activity of soybean roots was enhanced by low nitrogen levels (45 and 90 N kg ha -1 ). High nitrogen levels(180 and 225 N kg ha -1 ) postponed the appearance of the peak value of root activity at the growth stage R3 and maintained a high level(＞116.00 μg g -1 FW h -1 ) at the very late growth stage(R7). However, whether high nitrogen levels are propitious to increasing the yield of relay-planting soybean is not clear. The relationship between characteristics of roots and the aerial parts should be studied in the future.

College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, Sichuan, China

在小麦/玉米/大豆套作模式中，利用挖掘法研究了施氮量在不同生育时期对套作大豆（贡选1号）一些根系形态与生理特性的影响。结果表明，在V3~R5时期，根干重、根瘤数、一级侧根长、伤流量均以低氮（纯氮45、90 kg hm -2 ）处理最优；在R7时期，高氮（纯氮180、225 kg hm -2 ）处理能够延缓大豆根系衰老，根干重、伤流量与施氮量呈正相关。根冠比与施氮量在V3~R5时期呈二次曲线关系，在生育末期呈直线递增关系。伤流量冠比(y)与三节期后天数(x)呈极显著负指数函数关系y=ae -bx 。伤流液氮素内含物中NO 3 - 高于NH 4 + ，并随着施氮量增加而增加。在套作大豆整个生育时期中根系活力呈单峰曲线，低氮处理的套作大豆根系活力明显增强，高氮处理促使根系活力的峰值推迟至R3出现，并在生育末期（R7）保持高水平（＞116.00 μg g -1 FW h -1 ）。

2001

0.0

王纪华, 赵春江, 黄文江, 郭晓维, 李鸿祥. 土壤水分对小麦叶片含水量及生理功能的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2001, 21(4): 42-47

Wang

J H

, Zhao

C J

, Huang

W J

, Guo

X W

, Li

H X

. Effect of soil water content on the wheat leaf water content and the physiological function. J Triticeae Crops, 2001, 21(4): 42-47 (in Chinese with English abstract)

考察了不同灌溉量条件下,冬小麦不同生育时期土壤水分对植株叶片水分状况及生理功能的影响.结果表明,从返青至封行前的春生5叶期期间 ,土壤含水量与植株叶片含水量之间呈负相关关系,其中20～40 cm深度土壤含水量与叶片含水量之间达到极显著水平;从挑旗至蜡熟期,土壤含水量与植株叶片含水量之间呈正相关关系,其中0～20 cm深度土壤含水量与叶片含水量之间达到极显著水平.叶温以适中含水量条件下表现较低,当处于极端少水条件下时叶温显著增高,在偏多水条件下叶温也呈增高趋势.在孕穗期,供水不足使PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率Fv/Fm明显降低,而水量偏多未产生显著影响;在灌浆盛期,供水不足和水量偏多均使Fv/Fm显著下降.叶片含水量由75%下降到70 %左右是叶片光合生理活性的一个重要转折点,应作为判断叶片水分亏缺阈值的重要参考.

... 水分饱和亏(%)=1-叶片相对含水量^[23] ...

2005

0.0

1.299

江晓东, 李增嘉, 侯连涛, 王芸, 王雪, 颜红. 少免耕对灌溉农田冬小麦/夏玉米作物水、肥利用的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(7): 20-24

Jiang

X D

, Li

Z J

, Hou

L T

, Wang

, Yan

. Impacts of minimum tillage and no-tillage systems on soil NO₃-N content and water use efficiency of winter wheat/summer corn cultivation. Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(7): 20-24 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to research the impacts of minimum tillage and no-tillage on crop yield, crop water use efficiency and soil NO - 3 -N content under the condition of winter wheat/relays summer maize cultivation and irrigation field, five tillage systems were adopted in Longkou city, Shandong Province. The five tillage systems were as follows: conventional tillage without straw turnover , conventional tillage with straw turnover, rotary tillage with straw turnover, serrated disk harrow tillage with straw turnover, no-tillage with straw cover. The soil moisture content was measured by oven drying method. The soil NO - 3 -N content was measured by continued flow analysis extraction. Results showed that minimum tillage especially rotary tillage with straw returned could increase soil water content, water use efficiency and crop yield in a whole year, NO - 3 -N content in 0～60 cm layer of soil and decrease the leaching loss of NO - 3 -N in soil. Preliminary studies showed that rotary tillage with straw turnover could be adopted in this region, while no-tillage with straw cover returned was not suitable.

土壤耕作可影响土壤硝态氮的淋失、土壤的贮水量和作物的水分利用效率。为了研究少免耕在冬小麦套作夏玉米一年两熟灌溉农田对作物产量、水分利用效率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响，采用了5种土壤耕作体系(常规耕作无秸秆还田、常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、缺口圆盘耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖)在山东龙口进行了田间试验。利用烘干法测定了土壤含水率，利用连续流动分析仪测定了土壤硝态氮的含量。结果表明：相对于常规耕作，少耕特别是旋耕还田方式能够增加土壤贮水量、提高作物水分利用效率和全年作物产量，提高土壤0～60 cm层次硝态氮含量、减少硝态氮的淋失。以旋耕还田为主的耕作体系可以在该地区应用，而免耕覆盖则不适宜。

... W^[24]中R (地表径流量)、U (地下水通过毛细管作用上移补给作物水量)、F (补给地下水量)值忽略不计, 公式简化为ET_{#cod#x003b1 ...}

2007

0.0

1.299

张秋平, 杨晓光, 薛昌颖, 闫伟兄, 杨婕, 张天一, Bauman B A M, 王化琪. 北京地区旱稻作物需水与降水的耦合分析. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10): 51-56

Zhang

Q P

, Yang

X G

, Xue

C Y

, Yan

W X

, Yang

, Zhang

T Y

, Bauman B A M, Wang

H Q

. Analysis of coupling degree between crop water requirement of aerobic rice and rainfall in Beijing areas. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(10): 51-56 (in Chinese with English abstract)

基于4a的田间试验资料,采用农田水分平衡法确定了旱稻出苗后各生育阶段的需水量;利用1971年-2000年北京地区逐日降水资料,计算了旱稻各生育阶段在不同降水保证率下的降水量,并选取25%、50%、75%和95%保证率作为典型的湿润年、平水年、干旱年和极枯水年,进行旱稻各生育阶段降水与作物需水的耦合度分析和补灌量估算.结果表明:旱稻出苗后总需水量平均为596.1 mm,需水强度平均为4.3 mm/d,需水强度峰值出现在孕穗-抽穗阶段.4种降水年型下旱稻出苗后降水和旱稻需水的耦合度分别为0.82、0.71、0.50和0.39,所需的补灌量分别为106.6、171.1、296.0和363.9 mm.

... W^[25], 而WUE = GY / ET_{#cod#x003b1 ...}

2006

0.0

1.299

侯连涛, 江晓东, 韩宾, 焦念元, 赵春, 李增嘉. 不同覆盖处理对冬小麦气体交换参数及水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(9): 58-63

Hou

L T

, Jiang

X D

, Han

, Jiao

N Y

, Zhao

, Li

Z J

. Effects of different mulching treatments on the gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2006, 22(9): 58-63 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了探索半湿润灌区冬小麦在不同覆盖处理下水分利用的生理生态机制,该文采用秸秆覆盖和起垄覆膜沟内播种(膜垄)两种覆盖种植处理,研究了冬小麦叶片水平气体交换诸参数的日变化和生育期变化,分析了群体水平和产量水平的水分利用效率.结果表明:与不覆盖处理相比,在灌浆期秸秆覆盖和膜垄处理能有效提高冬小麦14:00以后的光合速率,膜垄处理能极显著提高冬小麦12:00后叶片水平水分利用效率,秸秆覆盖处理降低了10:00～14:00的蒸腾速率,从而能提高中午的水分利用效率;两种覆盖处理均能提高冬小麦生育后期的叶片水平光合速率及其水分利用效率,但在产量及群体水平水分利用效率上并无优势;膜垄处理通过加大对土壤水分的利用而显著提高产量,秸秆覆盖处理由于群体减小而导致减产.

... ^[26] ...

2007

2.367

0.0

Mohanty

, Band yopadhyay

K K

, Painuli

D K

, Ghosh

P K

, Misra

A K

, Hati

K M

. Water transmission characteristics of a vertisol and water use efficiency of rainfed soybean (Glycine max (L. ) Merr. ) under subsoiling and manuring. Soil Till Res, 2007, 93: 420-428

Abstract In Vertisols of central India erratic rainfall and prevalence of drought during crop growth, low infiltration rates and the consequent ponding of water at the surface during the critical growth stages are suggested as possible reasons responsible for poor yields ( −1 ) of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Ameliorative tillage practices particularly deep tillage (subsoiling with chisel plough) can improve the water storage of soil by facilitating infiltration, which may help in minimizing water stress in this type of soil. In a 3-year field experiment (2000–2002) carried out in a Vertisol during wet seasons at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, we determined infiltration rate, root length and mass densities, water use efficiency and productivity of rainfed soybean under three tillage treatments consisting of conventional tillage (two tillage by sweep cultivator for topsoil tillage) (S 1 ), conventional tillage + subsoiling in alternate years using chisel plough (S 2 ), and conventional tillage + subsoiling in every year (S 3 ) as main plot. The subplot consisted of three nutrient treatments, viz., 0% NPK (N 0 ), 100% NPK (N 1 ) and 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) at 4 t ha −1 (N 2 ). S 3 registered a significantly lower soil penetration resistance by 22%, 28% and 20%, respectively, at the 17.5, 24.5 and 31.5 cm depths over S 1 and the corresponding decrease over S 2 were 17%, 19% and 13%, respectively. Bulk density after 15 days of tillage operation was significantly low in subsurface (15–30 cm depth) in S 3 (1.39 mg m −3 ) followed by S 2 (1.41 mg m −3 ) and S 1 (1.58 mg m −3 ). Root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) of soybean at 0–15 cm soil depth were greater following subsoiling in every year. S 3 recorded significantly greater RLD (1.04 cm cm −3 ) over S 2 (0.92 cm cm −3 ) and S 1 (0.65 cm cm −3 ) at 15–30 cm depth under this study. The basic infiltration rate was greater after subsoiling in every year (5.65 cm h −1 ) in relation to conventional tillage (1.84 cm h −1 ). Similar trend was also observed in water storage characteristics (0–90 cm depth) of the soil profile. The faster infiltration rate and water storage of the profile facilitated higher grain yield and enhanced water use efficiency for soybean under subsoiling than conventional tillage. S 3 registered significantly higher water use efficiency (17 kg ha −1 cm −1 ) over S 2 (16 kg ha −1 cm −1 ) and S 1 (14 kg ha −1 cm −1 ). On an average subsoiling recorded 20% higher grain yield of soybean over conventional tillage but the yield did not vary significantly due to S 3 and S 2 . Combined application of 100% NPK and 4 t farmyard manure (FYM) ha −1 in N 2 resulted in a larger RLD, RMD, grain yield and water use efficiency than N 1 or the control (N 0 ). N 2 registered significantly higher yield of soybean (1517 kg ha −1 ) over purely inorganic (N 1 ) (1392 kg ha −1 ) and control (N 0 ) (898 kg ha −1 ). The study indicated that in Vertisols, enhanced productivity of soybean can be achieved by subsoiling in alternate years and integrated with the use of 100% NPK (30 kg N, 26 kg P and 25 kg K) and 4 t FYM ha −1 .

... 而深松采用的是振动型深松, 利用深松铲在土壤中划出条带性的深松沟, 并不扰乱土层, 加深耕层, 疏松土壤, 可以改善土壤的渗透性, 增加深层土壤蓄水量, 提高旱地蓄水保墒性能, 进而提高作物产量和水分利用效率^[27,28] ...

2000

0.0

1.299

丁昆仑, Hann

M J

. 耕作措施对土壤特性及作物产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2000, 16(3): 28-32

Ding

K L

, Hann

M J

. Effects of soil management on soil properties and crop yield. Trans CSAE, 2000, 6(3): 28-32 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过夏玉米田间试验研究了不同耕作措施及秸秆覆盖对土壤特性、水分状况、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响.试验处理包括常规耕作、深松、秸秆覆盖、垄作、浅坑及免耕.结果表明,秸秆覆盖可显著提高土壤蓄水量、作物产量及水分利用效率.其保水增产效果在干旱年份更加明显.深松可有效打破犁底层降低其密度,可增加作物根深、根长及根重,提高作物产量和水分利用效率.免耕可提高夏玉米早期田间土壤含水率,保持相同产量.

2007

0.0

... 此外, 由于黄淮海地区多年的种植习惯, 夏玉米收获后至冬小麦整地播种之前有半个月左右的休闲期, 如果采用传统的常规耕作措施会使土壤水分蒸发加剧, 影响冬小麦播种时的土壤墒情^[29] ...

2010

2.367

0.0

... 而冬小麦秸秆采取覆盖还田, 夏玉米灭茬免耕播种, 秸秆覆盖有效阻隔了地表水分向大气散失, 进而降低了夏玉米季农田耗水量^[30] ...

2010

0.0

1.889

尚金霞, 李军, 贾志宽, 张丽华. 渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2668-2678

Shang

J X

, Li

, Jia

Z K

, Zhang

L H

. Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei highland . Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2668-2678 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of the experiment was to explore the effect of different conservation tillage measures combined with different fertilizer treatments on soil water conservation, grain yield and income increments in spring maize field on Weibei Highland, Shaanxi.【Method】 A two-year-field experiment was conducted to measure soil moisture in winter fallow and maize growth period with no-tillage, sub-soiling and deep plowing treatments, as well as its effects on maize yield and economic income combined with balance fertilization, traditional fertilization and no or lower fertilizer treatments were analyzed during 2007-2009. 【Result】 During winter fallow of 2 years experiment, average soil water storage amount in 0-200 cm soil layers of no-tillage and sub-soiling treatments were 33.4 mm and 31.1mm higher than deep-plowing, respectively. In maize growth period of 2 years experiment, the average soil water storage amount in 0-200 cm soil layers of no-tillage and sub-soiling treatments were 36.3mm and 37.3mm higher than deep-plowing, respectively. Maize yield and water use efficiency in treatment combination of balanced fertilization and sub-soiling were the highest among the treatments, its average yield and water use efficiency in 2 years reached 10 341.0 kg?hm-2and 24.89 kg?hm-2?mm-1, balanced fertilization and no-tillage treatment combination was in the second place, while balanced fertilization and deep-plowing treatment combination was in the third place. 【Conclusion】 With all kinds of fertilization treatments, sub-soiling tillage showed higher soil moisture conservation ability as well as higher yield and income than no-tillage and conventional tillage. So balanced fertilization and sub-soiling treatment is the most efficient treatment and should be a more suitable conservation tillage measure for spring maize cropping on Weibei Highland.

（西北农林科技大学林学院）

【目的】探索渭北旱塬春玉米田不同保护性耕作措施对土壤蓄水保墒效果及其与不同施肥处理组合的增产增收效应。【方法】在2007—2009年通过大田试验,测定冬闲期和玉米生育期秸秆还田免耕、深松和翻耕处理土壤湿度,分析各耕作处理在平衡施肥、无肥和常规施肥处理下春玉米产量和经济收益。【结果】2年冬闲期免耕和深松处理0—200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量分别较翻耕处理高33.4和31.1 mm,2年玉米生育期免耕和深松处理平均土壤贮水量分别较翻耕处理高36.3和37.3 mm;平衡施肥深松处理组合春玉米产量和水分利用效率最高,2年平均产量和水分利用效率分别达到10 341.0 kg?hm-2和24.89 kg?hm-2?mm-1,平衡施肥免耕次之,平衡施肥翻耕处理位居第三位。【结论】无论在何种施肥处理下,土壤蓄水保墒能力和增产增收效应均为深松＞免耕＞传统翻耕处理。平衡施肥深松处理组合效益最好,为渭北旱塬较适宜的春玉米保护性耕作种植模式。

... 这与前人研究结果一致, 深松(耕)和秸秆还田可疏松土壤, 改善渗透性, 不仅可以增加夏玉米光合作用面积^[31], 还可以促进冬小麦和夏玉米的干物质积累^[32,33], 进而显著提高作物的籽粒产量和水分利用效率^[34,35,36] ...

2008

0.0

1996

0.0

1.889

赵聚宝, 梅旭荣, 薛军红, 钟兆站, 张天佑. 秸秆覆盖对旱地作物水分利用效率的影响. 中国农业科学, 1996, 29(2): 59-66

Zhao

J B

, Mei

X R

, Xue

J H

, Zhong

Z Z

, Zhang

T Y

. The effect of straw mulch on crop water use efficiency in dryland . Sci Agric Sin, 1996, 29(2): 59-66 (in Chinese with English abstract)

中国农业科学院农业气象研究所，北京 100081 山西省长治市科学技术委员会

根据多年田间定位试验资料，研究分析了秸秆覆盖对土壤蓄水、保水和供水的影响。结果表明，在秸秆覆盖下土壤蓄水比对照多45.2～69.3mm，土壤蒸发量比对照减少21.5%～63.2%。而且秸秆覆盖所增加的蓄水量的60%～83%集中在0～50cm土层内；秸秆覆盖有调控土壤供水的作用，使作物苗期耗水减少，需水关键期耗水增加，农田水分供需状况趋于协调。在秸秆覆盖下作物耗水系数比对照减少15.5%～16.7%,作物水分利用效率比对照提高0.11～0.31kg·mm#--1·亩#--1。秸秆覆盖技术大面积推广后，可能会大量节约农业用水，使北方旱区有限的水资源得到高效利用。

2005

0.0

2012

0.0

1.667

王红光, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉, 王东. 耕作方式对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 675-682

Wang

H G

, Yu

Z W

, Zhang

Y L

, Shi

, Wang

. Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 675-682 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The area of dryland wheat is large in Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region, where grain yield of wheat was low and unstable because of deficient and variable precipitation. Conservation tillage is an important cultivation mode to stimulate crop production and has been a hotspot in cultivation research of winter wheat. Minimum tillage and no-tillage are believed to significantly increase grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland wheat. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of tillage modes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation of wheat in hill area of Shandong Province in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 growing seasons. Compared to strip rotary tillage (SR), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and rotary tillage (R) treatments, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS) treatment was beneficial to reduce water consumption amount from sowing to pre-winter stage, increase water consumption amount from anthesis to maturity stage, and promote the ratio of water consumption after anthesis to the total water consumption. The water reduction amount in 0–20 cm soil layer was lower in SRS treatment than in RS and R treatments from sowing to jointing, while that in 40–160 cm soil layer was higher in SRS treatment than in SR and R treatments from jointing to maturity.In the whole growing period of 2009–2010 and seedling, anthesis, and filling stages of 2010–2011, the evaporation of SRS was lower than that of RS or R treatment, which was equivalent to that of SR with no significant difference. SRS treatment had the highest dry matter accumulation amount from anthesis to maturity stage. Compared to SR and R treatments, SRS treatment had higher water consumption amount and water use efficiency. There was no significant difference between SRS and SR treatments in water consumption and water use efficiency, but the grain yield was the highest in SRS treatment. Therefore, SRS treatment is considered as the best tillage treatment under the experimental condition.

Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture / Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

黄淮海地区旱地小麦种植面积较大，降水少且年际间变化幅度大造成其产量低而不稳。耕作措施可影响土壤的蓄水，于2009—2011年连续2个小麦生长季，设置条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、深松+旋耕和旋耕4种耕作方式处理，研究耕作方式对黄淮海地区旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响。结果表明，深松+条旋耕处理有利于降低小麦播种至冬前阶段的耗水量，提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。2009—2010年度，深松+条旋耕处理播种至拔节阶段0~20 cm土层贮水减少量显著低于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理，拔节至成熟阶段40~160 cm土层贮水减少量显著高于条旋耕和旋耕处理。2009—2010年度的各生育时期和2010—2011年度的苗期、开花期、灌浆期，深松+条旋耕处理株间蒸发量显著低于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理，与条旋耕处理无显著差异。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理，耗水量显著高于条旋耕和旋耕处理，水分利用效率高于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理，与条旋耕处理无显著差异，而且籽粒产量最高，是本试验条件下的最优耕作方式。

2011

0.0

1.667

郑成岩, 崔世明, 王东, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉. 土壤耕作方式对小麦干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1432-1440

Zheng

C Y

, Cui

S M

, Wang

, Yu

Z W

, Zhang

Y L

, Shi

. Effects of soil tillage practice on dry matter production and water use efficiency in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1432-1440 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Simultaneous increase of grain yield and water use efficiency is an ideal aim and a hot focus in crop production and research, especially in Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain of China where wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) production is frequently threatened by drought stress. The objective of this study was to disclose the effects of tillage practice on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat plant under high-yielding and flexible irrigation conditions. In a continuous experiment across three growing seasons from 2007 to 2010, we planted wheat cultivar Jimai 22 with five tillage treatments including strip rotary tillage (SR), strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and plowing tillage (P). All tillage treatments were irrigated at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages to a designed soil water content based on testing soil moisture before watering. The total water consumption amount was higher in SRS and RS treatments than in SR and R treatments. Comparing with other treatments, SRS treatment increased the soil water consumption amount in 0–200 cm soil layers, but decreased the soil evaporation. SRS and RS treatments gained the highest amount of dry matter accumulation, the grain dry matter partitioning at maturity, and contribution of dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis to grain, followed by P treatment, and R and SR treatments showed the lowest levels in the above parameters, particularly SR treatment. SRS treatments had the highest grain yield of 9 409.01, 9 613.86, and 9 698.42 kg ha -1 in 2007–2010 growing seasons respectively, with no significant difference from RS treatment. P and R treatments ranked the second and third places. Grain yield in SR treatment was the lowest among treatments. In the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons, the water use efficiencies of SRS treatment were the highest among treatments, which were 21.39 kg ha -1 mm-1 and 22.09 kg ha -1 mm-1 , respectively. RS treatment also had higher water use efficiency than SR, R, and P treatments. Therefore, we recommend that SRS is the most appropriate tillage practice in high-yielding and water-saving production of wheat in the Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain.

College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai’an 271018, China

2007—2010小麦生长季，以高产小麦品种济麦22为材料，利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量，研究高产条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对小麦的耗水特性、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕的农田耗水量和0~200 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量高于条旋耕和旋耕处理，深松+条旋耕的小麦株间蒸发量低于深松+旋耕和翻耕处理。深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕成熟期的干物质积累总量、籽粒的干物质分配量及分配比例和开花后干物质同化量对籽粒的贡献率均高于翻耕处理，翻耕高于旋耕和条旋耕处理，条旋耕最低。深松+条旋耕三个生长季均获得高的籽粒产量，分别为9 409.01 kg hm -2 、9 613.86 kg hm -2 和9 698.42 kg hm -2 ，与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异，翻耕处理次之，条旋耕和旋耕低于上述处理，条旋耕最低。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率在2007—2008生长季与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异；在2008—2010生长季最高，分别为21.39 kg hm -2 mm -1 和22.09kg hm -2 mm -1 ，深松+旋耕处理次之，旋耕和条旋耕低于翻耕处理。在本试验条件下，深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水的最优耕作方式。

2010

0.0

1.299

吕美蓉, 李增嘉, 张涛, 宁堂原, 赵建波, 李洪杰. 少免耕与秸秆还田对极端土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(1): 41-46

Lü

M R

, Li

Z J

, Zhang

, Ning

T Y

, Zhao

J B

, Li

H J

. Effects of minimum or no-tillage system and straw returning on extreme soil moisture and yield of winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(1): 41-46 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了高效利用天然降雨,缓和农业水资源短缺,该试验在小麦、玉米一年两熟条件下,设置耕作措施和秸秆 2个因素,其中耕作措施分为常规耕作、深松耕、耙耕、旋耕、免耕5种,秸秆因素分为玉米秸秆全量还田与不还田,共10个处理,研究了耕作措施与秸秆因素对极端上壤水分和冬小麦产量的效应.结果表明,无论秸秆还田与否,相对于常规耕作,深松耕能提高土壤水分充足期的土壤含水率,增加冬小麦产量,尤其是深松耕秸秆还田,比常规耕作无秸秆还田分别高25.74%和11.45%.秸秆因素在土壤水分充足时影响土壤含水率方而占主导地位,秸秆因素与耕作措施在土壤水分亏缺时影响土壤含水率和冬小麦产量方面均起着重要的作用.免耕、深松耕、耙耕与秸秆还田的交互效应能够增加集雨,提高冬小麦产量.研究结果还表明,冬小麦产量与土壤水分亏缺时上壤含水率相关不显著,而与土壤水分充足期土壤含水率相关显著. Abstract： Soil moisture and yield of winter wheat were evaluated in a field experiment involving tillage (conventional tillage, subsoiling, harrowing, rotary tillage, and no-tillage) plus straw application (straw returning and no-straw returning) under a rotation of wheat and maize, and the aim was to utilize rainwater effectively and alleviate the deficit of water resources in agriculture. The results showed that subsoiling improved soil moisture in the period of waterabundance and yield of winter wheat under straw returning and no-straw returning over conventional tillage,especially subsoiling tillage plus straw.returning, which enhanced by 25.74% and 11.45% over conventional tillage,respectively. Straw factor played a leading role in soil moisture in the period of water abundance, both straw factor and tillage factor played important roles in soil moisture in the period of water deficit and yield of winter wheat. The interactive effects between no-tillage, subsoiling, harrowing and straw returning improved rainwater collection and winter wheat yield. The results also show that yield of winter wheat is not closely related with soil moisture in the period of water deficit, however, significantly relates with soil moisture in the period of water abundance.

... 吕美蓉等^[37]研究也认为, 免耕、深松与秸秆还田的交互作用能够提高冬小麦产量 ...