In order to Controlling the non-effective tillering of rice, improve the ear bearing rate, using potted plant, compared the influence on the tillering dynamics, the ear bearing rate, vegetative growth, root activity with different transplanting groups and water control. The results showed that: after take the measures of tiller control, compared double-plant transplanting, deep water tillering to single-plant transplanting and tiller control by drainage the growth rate of tillering reduced 3.79%-7.06%, Chlorophyll Content in leaf is stability, root activity increased by5.25 and 5.95 units, roots bleeding intensity increased by 29.04% and 21.17%, improved the ear bearing rate by 9.09% and 10.53% compared with tiller control by drainage, in controlling the non-effective tillering of rice double-plant transplanting was better than single. Double-plant transplanting, deep water tillering control could provide better vegetative growth, controlling the non-effective tillering and improve the ear bearing rate in rice.

为了控制水稻无效分蘖的发生，提高水稻的成穗率，采用盆栽实验，对比了不同的水稻移栽群体下不同的水分控制对水稻分蘖动态、成穗率、营养生长状况、根系活力的影响。结果表明：采取控蘖措施后，双本移栽、深水控蘖较单本移栽、搁田控蘖分蘖增长率减少了3.79%~7.06%，叶片中叶绿素含量也相对稳定，根系活力高出5.25个单位和5.95个单位，根系伤流强度提高29.04%和21.17%，最终成穗率比分别提高了9.09%和10.53%，双本移栽较单本移栽能更好的控制无效分蘖的发生。双本移栽、深水控蘖更有利于提供水稻较好的营养生长，控制无效分蘖的发生、提高成穗率。

以杂交稻II优818为材料,通过对水稻不同灌溉方式下分蘖成穗规律的定点考察,明确了水稻好气灌溉的高产原理及其分蘖组成与常规灌溉有很大差异.水稻好气灌溉带3叶以上的分蘖比例明显高于常规灌溉,而3叶以上的分蘖成穗率高,成穗数多,形成的穗型大,构成了水稻好气灌溉的高产结构.

To research the tiller emergence frequency of rice cultivars sown directly under aerobic conditions after winter wheat harvest, field experiments were conducted in Mengcheng, Anhui province, in 2005 and 2006. The experiment included two adjacent fields: the submerged and non-submerged field. Five drought resistance rice cultivars were used. They were HanDao502, HanDao297, HanDao277, NingGeng16 and NingGeng35. The aboveground biomass and grain yields of rice cultivars at maturity were 6.3-11.3 t ha-1 and 1.9-5.4 t ha-1 in 2005, 6.6-9.5 t ha-1 and 3.6-4.6 t ha-1 in 2006, respectively. For each cultivar, the differences of aboveground biomass or yield between the non-submerged conditions and the submerged conditions were not significant. Under the both conditions, the tiller emerging potential of HanDao277 was the highest among the cultivars and the contribution of productive tillers to yield was about 50%. Though the tiller emergence frequency of the 3rd to 5th node for Handao502 and Handao297 was high before elongation, most of them were aborted progressively before heading, however. For NingGeng16 and NingGeng35, there were few tillers emerged from the plants before elongation. For all of the cultivars except HanDao277, the contribution of main stems to yield was above 80%.

【目的】探明抗旱性水稻品种在稻－麦两熟系统中旱作条件下，分蘖发生和成穗的优势节位及其对产量的影响。【方法】以旱稻297（旱稻277）、旱稻502、宁粳16和宁粳35等抗旱品种为材料，比较研究旱作和浅水层灌溉条件下拔节前各节位分蘖的发生和成穗频率及对产量的贡献。【结果】试验观察到拔节前第2～9节位有分蘖发生，虽然发生节位和频率因品种、水旱条件和年份而异，但第3～5节位均表现出了较强的分蘖势。2006年旱稻277有效分蘖对产量的贡献达到40％以上，其余品种皆不足20％；其中，分蘖对产量的贡献主要来自第4、5、10和11节位。【结论】第3～5节位是分蘖发生的优势节位，且分蘖穗的性状较好，通过栽培措施促其早发、多发对水稻实现旱作高产具有重要意义。

【Objective】 The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship of cytokinins (CTK) and the expression of the genes regulating rice tillering during the regulating the growth of rice tiller buds growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms. 【Method】 In the present study, a cultivar Nanjing 44 was used. At tillering stage, 40 mg?L-1 nitrogen (N) was used to stimulate the germination of tiller buds. At the same time, external IAA was used to inhibit the germination of tiller buds. The changes of CTK contents in tiller buds and tiller nodes and the expression of OsTB1, OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds were measured. 【Result】 The external 40 mg?L-1 N increased the CTK contents in tiller nodes and tiller buds, inhibited the expression of OsTB1, OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds, and then promoted the growth of rice tiller buds. However, the external application of IAA reversed the effect of N. Besides this, the expression of OsTB1 in tiller buds was regulated by CTK, however, the expression of OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds might not be regulated by CTK. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that external N and IAA might have regulated tiller bud growth by at least two means: one is regulating the CTK content and the expression level of OsTB1 in tiller buds, another is regulating the expression level of OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds and by this to regulate the tiller bud growth.

【目的】研究细胞分裂素（CTK）和分蘖相关基因表达在调控水稻分蘖芽生长过程中的相互关系，探讨水稻分蘖芽生长的分子机理。【方法】以南粳44为材料，利用氮（N）和生长素（IAA）调控水稻分蘖芽萌发，分析OsTB1、OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达和CTK含量的变化。【结果】外源40 mg•L-1N增加了分蘖节和分蘖芽中CTK含量，抑制了分蘖芽中OsTB1、OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达，促进了分蘖芽的萌发生长，外源喷施IAA则逆转了氮的作用。分蘖芽中OsTB1的表达受CTK调控，而OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达可能不受CTK调控。【结论】外界因素对分蘖芽生长的调控至少存在2条途径，一条是通过调控节和芽中CTK含量，进而调控芽中OsTB1等基因表达；另一条通过调控OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达。

Hormones have substantial effect on tiller bud growth of rice. However, little is known on the relation between endogenous hormonal changes and the growth of rice tiller bud induced by exogenous hormones. In present study, two rice cultivars (Yangdao 6 and Nanjing 44) were used to investigate the effect of exogenous ABA, GA 3 and NAA on tiller bud outgrowth and the changes of endogenous hormones. The results showed that exogenous GA 3 and NAA completely inhibited the tiller bud growth, while applied ABA did not, but ABA slowed the growth rate of it. Both exogenous GA 3 and NAA increased the ABA contents and decreased the Z+ZR contents in tiller node and tiller bud, and exogenous GA 3 increased the IAA content in tiller node, and IAA and Z+ZR changed earlier than ABA. In conclusion, IAA and Z+ZR may play key roles in regulating the growth of rice tiller bud, while ABA may not, although ABA can affect the growth velocity of tiller bud; the effect of exogenous hormones on rice tiller bud growth is through regulating the contents of ABA, IAA and CTK in plants.

以扬稻6号和南粳44为材料，研究了外源ABA、GA 3 和NAA对水稻分蘖芽生长的影响及其与内源激素的关系。结果表明，外源GA 3 和NAA可以完全抑制分蘖芽的生长，而外源ABA只是减缓了分蘖芽的生长速率而没有完全抑制其生长。外源GA 3 和NAA均提高了分蘖节和分蘖芽中ABA含量，抑制了分蘖节和分蘖芽中Z+ZR含量的提高，而且外源GA 3 还提高了分蘖节中IAA含量，另外，IAA和Z+ZR含量的变化早于ABA含量的变化。分析试验结果表明IAA、ABA和Z+ZR三种内源激素与水稻分蘖芽生长密切相关，IAA和Z+ZR是生长的主要调控因素，而ABA不是，外界因素对分蘖芽生长的调控主要通过调控这3种激素实现。

以早籼浙852、晚粳浙湖3号、杂交籼稻汕优10号为材料，采用盆栽试验，通过相同密度、不同丛插本数与人工去（拔）蘖、超前搁田和自由生长相结合的办法形成成穗率不同的群体。在齐穗期用#+14CO#-2光合同化标记，通过测定群体同化#+14CO#-2量，研究了水稻中期群体成穗率与后期群体光合效率的关系。结果表明：中期成穗率越是高的群体，抽穗后叶片的光合强度也越高，从而使灌浆期间的群体干物质生产力增加；单位面积茎蘖数较少的高成穗率群体，其呼吸消耗量比单位面积茎蘖数较多的低成穗率群体少，这就更有利于光合产物的积累；另外，由于高成穗率群体后期光合产物向穗部的分配率增加，因此经济系数也得到明显的提高。

2011年甬优12单产在浙江新昌首次突破900 kg/667 m 2 大关。本文对新昌气候光温资源进行分析，认为与常年相比较，2011年最多只能算是正常年份，甬优12出现超高产主要是品种加栽培技术改进之结果。进而从日照时数、成穗率及900 kg/667 m 2 群体长势长相等方面对甬优12单产突破1 000 kg/667 m 2 的可能性进行论证，认为完全存在；并指出，在足穗基础上大幅度提高成穗率，是实现突破的最根本途径。

甬优12系由浙江省宁波市农科院和宁波市种子有限公司合作育成的籼粳型杂交稻新组合，2010年通过浙江省品种审定委员会审定。2007年被引入诸暨市试种，2008年开始示范，在试种示范中表现出耐肥抗倒性好、抗逆性强、产量高、食味好等特点，2010年在诸暨大面积推广。

2012年甬优12最高单产在浙江突破1 000 kg/667 m2。本文对此评议，认为意义无法估量，不但表明浙江省水稻育种及栽培取得了重大突破，而且更主要的是将极大提高浙江乃至我国南方稻区的粮食生产能力，为确保粮食安全，也为让出更多耕地用于发展经济和维护生态安全开启了全新的篇章。产量突破主要是因种栽培的结果，需大力提升对栽培研究的支持力度。偏粳型超大穗将是超高产的主要方向，要改变目前育种力量分配以选育籼型品种为主的局面。包括土、秧、密、肥、水、保等各方面的配套栽培技术已初步集成，但推广工作任重道远，思想认识转变、农田质量改善、不同基因类型品种选育、栽培理论研究及技术到位等方面均有大量工作要做。

经3年的试验示范，在浙江省宁波市镇海区，实现了甬优12机插最高田块单产1 000 kg/667 m2的目标。单产1 000 kg/667 m2的产量结构为穗数14.6万/667 m2、穗总粒数329粒、结实率86%、千粒重25.5 g，关键栽培技术是培育壮秧、适期早播早栽,合理稀植、控制高峰苗数,好气灌溉、促进根系生长,培肥地力、定量施肥。

A field experiment was conducted using the representative indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 11 , Yongyou 12, Yongyou 13, Yongyou 15, Yongyou 17 to compare between super-high and high yield populations formed by the regulation of cultivation measures. The results showed that the spikelets of the super-high yield population was higher than that of high yield population, with difference very significant, but the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of the super-high yield population were lower than those of high yield population. The average spikeletsper panicle was significantly higher than that of high yield population, meanwhile the number of the primary and secondary branches and total grains were higher than those of high yield population, showing a significant or very significant difference. The dry matter accumulation of the super-high yield population was a little lower than that of the high yield population at the jointing stage, but higher at heading and maturity stages. From the critical leaf-age for productive tillers to jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady growth with less ineffective tillers and lower peak number of tillers after jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady decline in number of tillers and had higher productive tillers rate, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation, compared with the high yield population. The super-high yield population had higher culm diameter and culm wall thickness in the basal first , second and third internodes, as well as higher bender moment and anti-broken strength, and lower lodging index than the high yield population.

以籼粳杂交稻有代表性的品种甬优 11 、甬优 12 、甬优 13 、甬优 15 、甬优 17 为试材 , 通过栽培措施的调控 , 形成超高产 ( 产量 ≥12.0 t hm -2 ) 和高产 (10.5 t hm -2 ≤ 产量＜ 12.0 t hm -2 ) 群体。比较研究其特征表明 , 与高产群体比，超高产群体的总颖花量极显著提高 , 而结实率和千粒重略降低；平均每穗粒数极显著提高 , 并且一、二次枝粳数以及粒数显著或极显著提高；拔节期的干物重略低 , 但抽穗期和成熟期的干物重均显著或极显著提高；其有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的生长平稳 , 无效分蘖发生少 , 高峰苗低 , 拔节期以后茎蘖数下降平缓 , 成穗率、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累量等均较高；基部第 1 、第 2 、第 3 节间的茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度及基部第 1 、第 2 、第 3 节间的弯曲力矩、抗折力均显著或极显著提高 , 且倒伏指数减小。

历经4年超高产攻关，2011年甬优12在浙江省新昌县种植终于有二块田单产突破900 kg/667 m2，创当地水稻单产历史纪录。本文总结了甬优12单产超900 kg/667 m2时的性状表现。

To study the effect of increased soil temperature on rice production, three treatments(ridge cultivation, warmwater irrigation by sunning water pool and conventional cultivation) were arranged in a field experiment. The soil daily average temperature difference under ridge cultivation and warmwater irrigation by sunning water pool was 2.94℃ and 0.57℃ higher than that under conventional cultivation in the period from rice transplanting to critical stage for productive tiller in highaltitude and cold area. The quantity and quality of rice tiller before critical stage for productive tiller as well as the influence of soil warming measures to rice tillering and yield components were studied in high altitude area. The results showed that compared to the conventional cultivation, the productive tiller percentage increased by 14.59 and 0.14 percent points under the ridge cultivation and warmwater irrigation, respectively for Lijing 10, and by 12.08 and 2.09 percent points for Dabaigu, respectively . The yield increased by 13.79% and 10.82% under the ridge cultivation and warmwater irrigation, respectively for Lijing 10, and by 1335% and 11.54% for Dabaigu, respectively . The soil warming measures was helpful in promoting rice growth, accelerating tillering, increasing the accumulation of dry matter, optimizing the population quality and increasing productive tiller percentage and yield.

在高海拔寒冷稻作区，通过晒水池增温进行温水灌溉和垄作栽培提高土壤温度。垄作栽培、温水灌溉在移栽后到有效分蘖临界叶龄期的土壤日平均温差分别比常规栽培(对照)高2.94℃和0.57℃。通过调查有效分蘖临界叶龄期水稻的分蘖发生数量和质量，探讨增加土壤温度对水稻分蘖发生和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明，丽粳10号垄作栽培、温水灌溉成穗率比对照分别高14.59和0.14个百分点，大白谷分别高12.08和2.09个百分点。丽粳10号垄作栽培、温水灌溉的产量分别比对照高13.79%和10.82%，大白谷分别高13.35%和11.54%。土壤增温可促进高寒生态区水稻早发和干物质积累，增加有效分蘖，优化群体质量，提高成穗率和产量。

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

To explore tillering characteristics and its relationships with population productivity of rice under different cultivation methods in the rice-wheat cropping system in the lower Yangtze River, we compared the characteristics of rice tillering and panicle formation and its productivity and contribution to yield with two super rice cultivars Huaidao 9 and Xudao 3 by using three cultivation methods, precisionartificial transplanting with dry nursery middle and strong seedlings, mechanical transplanting with small seedlings and direct seeding. Results showed that rice yields by using different cultivation methods were significantly different, artificial transplanting rice was highest, while direct seeding rice was lowest. The great contribution to yields of mechanical transplanting rice and direct seeding rice were mainly from main stem and primary tillers group, in particular for the direct seeding rice, the proportion of stem yield was up to 27.5%, that of secondary tillers group only about 5%. However, for artificial transplanting rice the stem yield proportion was small (16.7%), yield of secondary tillers group accounted for nearly 20%. The proportion of primary tillers group yield was relatively stable among the different cultivation methods and it ranged from 65.84% to 67.09%. The number of tiller leaf position of artificial transplanting rice was more, earbearing tiller percentage was higher and panicle number per plant was more. The primary tillers group emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 10 on main stem, among them the tillers from leaf 5 to leaf 8 leaf had higher emerging rate and more panicles, secondary tillers groupemerged and earbeared mainly in 1/5,1/6,1/7. Tillers of mechanical transplanting rice had a more concentrated emergence, the primary tillers group emerged from leaf 3 to leaf 7 on main stem, among them leaves 4 to 7 were the superior positions for tiller emerging and panicle formation, secondary tillers groupemerged mainly in 1/4, 2/4, 1/5, but earbeared mainly in 1/4. The primary tillers group of direct seeding rice emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 5 on main stem, among them the leaf positions of 1 to 4 had higher rate of tiller emerging and panicle formation, secondary tillers emerged more, but earbeared only in 1/1, 2/1, 1/2, with a very low earbearing percentage. These three cultivation methods did not give tillering three times and more than three times. The tillers group of main stem and superior leaf positions in each cultivation method had higher population productivity and better panicle traits, made great contributions to the yield, and more than 85% of the yield came from these stems and tillers. The results suggested that the tillering and panicle formation law by different cultivation methods is different. It is indicated that increasing percentage of earbearing tiller and panicle number per plant and playing regulation fully of tillers group will improve the yield. In rice production,we should enhance the superior leaf position tillers’ emergence and flowering frequency, inhibit invalid tillers, improve the population quality, explore the way to increase yield potential of the superior leaf position by using the consequentially supporting management measures and through the precise regulation of fertilizer application and irrigation based on the actual various cultivation methods, consequently, achieve the target of high yield and efficient production under different cultivation methods.

为探明不同栽培方式水稻在长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下的分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系，以超级稻淮稻9号和徐稻3号为材料，比较研究旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种栽培方式水稻分蘖发生与成穗特点及其生产力和对产量的贡献。结果表明，不同栽培方式水稻产量差异极显著，手栽稻最高，直播稻最低。机插稻和直播稻主茎和一次分蘖群对产量贡献大，尤其是直播稻，主茎产量比例达27.5%，二次分蘖群仅5%左右，而手栽稻主茎产量比例小(16.7%)，二次分蘖群产量占近20%。一次分蘖群产量比例不同栽培方式间变化幅度较小，都在65.84%~67.09%之间。手栽稻分蘖发生叶位数多，且茎蘖成穗率高，单株成穗数多；一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1至第10叶位，其中第5至第8叶位分蘖发生率与成穗率较高，二次分蘖群以1/5、1/6、1/7发生和成穗为主。机插稻分蘖发生比较集中，一次分蘖群发生在主茎第3叶至第7叶位，第4至第7叶是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位，二次分蘖群发生以1/4、2/4、1/5为主，但主要依靠1/4成穗。直播稻一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1至第5叶位，其中第1至第4叶位分蘖发生率与成穗率较高，二次分蘖发生较多，但仅在1/1、2/1、1/2有成穗，且成穗率很低。3种栽培方式均未见三次及三次以上分蘖发生。各栽培方式主茎及优势叶位分蘖群生产力高、穗部性状好，对产量贡献大，产量的85%以上来自这些茎蘖。说明不同栽培方式水稻分蘖发生与成穗规律是不同的，提高茎蘖成穗率，增加单株成穗数，充分发挥分蘖群的 调控作用 ，对提高产量具有重要意义；同时生产中应根据各种栽培方式的实际，应用各自配套的管理技术措施，通过肥水等的精确合理调控，促进优势叶位分蘖早发、多发，抑制无效叶位分蘖发生，提高群体质量，发掘优势叶位的增产潜力，从而实现不同栽培方式水稻的高产高效生产。

以江苏江淮地区主栽超级稻品种徐稻3号为试验材料，在超高产栽培条件下，通过对分蘖跟踪挂牌，研究了机插稻分蘖的发生、成穗特性以及成穗分蘖对产量的贡献，并与常规旱育稀植手栽稻处理进行了比较。试验结果表明，机插稻分蘖主要发生3、4、5、6、7这5个一级分蘖，二级分蘖均以一级分蘖第一叶叶腋里长出的分蘖为主；一级分蘖各蘖位都有成穗，以4、5两个蘖位成穗率最高，达100%，二级分蘖成穗率较低。机插稻的优势分蘖为4、5蘖位，这两个蘖位的分蘖对产量的贡献超过了50%，而手栽稻的优势分蘖是5、6、7、8。

试验在盆栽条件下采用人工剔除特定节位分蘖的方法研究水稻不同节位的生产能力、生长冗余现象以及产量的补偿能力.结果如下:不同处理水稻单株的有效穗数与单株产量、抽穗期单株叶面积及单株生物量有极显著的正相关,与平均穗重呈极显著的负相关;早发的低节位分蘖(1,2,3)是增加有效穗数、抽穗期叶面积及生物量的主要节位,但低节位分蘖同时也是导致水稻生长冗余,加剧资源消耗的主要节位;当低节位分蘖空位时,中节位(4,5,6)或高节位的分蘖(7,8,9)将会发挥其补偿潜力,虽有效穗减少,但平均穗重变大.

【Objective】The objective of this study was to reveal sink components characteristics and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice and explore approaches to increase group productivity of it. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with eight representative large panicle hybrid japonica rice varieties (A18/F7562, A2/F7563, A20/F7501, A5/F9249, A2/F7513, A20/F7503, Yongyou 8 and Yongyou 13) and two medium panicle conventional japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing 7 and Wujing 15) as materials. Grain yield components characteristics, total spikelets, sink and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were analyzed systematically. 【Result】Grain yield, total spikelets, sink, panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were higher than medium panicle conventional japonica rice significantly, while No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, seed-setting rate of primary branches and seed-setting rate of secondary branches followed an opposite tendency accordingly. With the increasing spikelets per panicle, grain yield, total spikelets, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches of large panicle hybrid japonica rice increased firstly and then decreased, while panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle followed a growing trend and No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, ratio of No. of branches of primary branches to No. of branches of secondary branches, ratio of total grains of primary branches to total grains of secondary branches and seed-setting rate of primary branches did with a declining tendency accordingly. The others and spikelets per panicle were significantly correlated with the exception of grain yield, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches. In order to enlarge spikelets per panicle, it was almost contributed by primary branches from medium panicle to prejudiced large panicle, and secondary branches were the major factors from prejudiced large panicle to large panicle (from large panicle to extra large panicle or from extra large panicle to super large panicle). The increase of 1000-grain-weight was the key point of harvesting super high yield of large panicle hybrid japonica rice on the basis of certain No. of panicles and stabilized seed-setting rate. Increase of total spikelets was the basis of increase of grain yield, while the emphasis was to increase sink. Therefore, stable 1000-grain-weight was needed for increasing total spikelets. 【Conclusion】 Under the experimental conditions, the applicable spikelets per panicle (250 or so) was the best choice for ideal grain yield and its components with high total spikelets and sink filling for large panicle hybrid japonica rice. With the advancement of breeding and techniques, its optimum would be higher.

【目的】旨在探讨大穗型杂交粳稻库容构成特征及其穗部性状，探索其群体生产力增长途径。【方法】采用大田试验，以具有代表性的8个大穗型杂交粳稻品种（A18/F7562、A2/F7563、A20/F7501、A5/F9249、A2/F7513、A20/F7503、甬优8号和甬优13号）和2个中等穗型常规粳稻品种（武运粳7号和武粳15）为材料，对大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成特征、群体颖花量、库容量、穗部性状等进行系统的研究。【结果】大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量、穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数显著或极显著高于中等穗型常规粳稻，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗结实率和二次枝梗结实率极显著低于中等穗型常规粳稻。随着每穗粒数的增加，大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率先增后减，穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数不断增加，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一、二次枝梗数比值、一、二次枝梗总粒数比值和一次枝梗结实率不断降低，除产量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率外其它与每穗粒数的相关均达到显著或极显著水平。每穗粒数的提高由中等穗型到偏大穗型，主要依靠一次枝梗的贡献，而由偏大穗型到大穗型以及特大穗型和超大穗型，则主要依靠二次枝梗的贡献。在满足一定穗数和具备稳定的结实率的基础上，提高千粒重，是充分利用大穗型杂交粳稻获取超高产的关键；提高群体颖花量是增加产量的基础，而提高库容量是增加产量的重点，在提高群体颖花量的同时还需兼顾千粒重的稳定。【结论】在本试验条件下，大穗型杂交粳稻每穗粒数250左右时穗粒结构合理，群体颖花量高，库容充实足，产量最理想。随着水稻品种和栽培技术的不断进步，其最适值还将可能更高。

 China launched a program for breeding of  super rice or super hybrid rice    by  combining  intersubspecific heterosis with ideal  plant type   in 1996.  Today, about 80 super rice varieties have been released and some of them  have achieved   grain yields of 12-21 tons per hectare in field experiments. Compared with conventional cultivars, main reasons for high yield of super rice can be summarized as follows:  more spikelets per panicle and larger sink size (number of spikelets per square meter);  larger leaf area index, longer duration of green leaf area, higher photosynthetic rate and higher lodging resistance of culms;    more matter accumulation before the heading stage, more remobilization of prestored carbohydrates from stems and leaves to grains during the grain filling period; and   larger root system and greater root activity.  However, super rice also has two major problems in  production:  poor grainfilling of the laterflowering inferior spikelets (in contrast to earlierflowering superior spikelets), and   low and unstable seedsetting rate. The research advances in cultivation physiology  of super rice in respects of biological features, formation of yield components, population quality  and physiological mechanisms  were reviewed, and suggestion on further studies on super rice cultivation physiology  were put forward.

我国于1996年启动了理想株型与亚种间杂种优势相结合为技术路线的超级稻育种计划，目前已育成约80个超级稻品种。这些品种产量高，兼顾品质与抗性，在试验示范区或特定气候条件下产量可达到12～21 t/hm2，展示了超级稻的巨大增产潜力。对于超级稻品种高产的原因，可概括为以下几个方面：与常规高产品种相比，超级稻品种每穗颖花数多、库容量大(即单位面积颖花数多)；叶面积指数大、绿叶面积持续期长、光合速率高、茎秆抗倒性强；  抽穗前干物质累积量高, 结实期茎叶中碳水化合物转运到籽粒中的量大;  根量大、根系活性强。但是，超级稻品种在生产上也存在一些问题，突出地表现在两个方面：一是强势粒(着生在穗子中上部、开花较早的籽粒)、弱势粒(着生在穗子基部、开花较迟的籽粒)充实整齐性差；二是结实率低且不稳定。综述了超级稻的生物特性、产量结构、群体质量特征以及相关生理机理方面的研究进展，提出深入开展超级稻栽培生理研究的建议。