不同株高夏玉米品种的氮素吸收与利用特性

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范霞, 张吉旺, 任佰朝, 李霞, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 董树亭. 不同株高夏玉米品种的氮素吸收与利用特性. 作物学报, 2014, 40(10): 1830-1838[FAN Xia, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, LI Xia, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, DONG Shu-Ting. Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Summer Maize Hybrids with Different Plant Heights. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(10): 1830-1838] 复制到剪切板

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不同株高夏玉米品种的氮素吸收与利用特性

范霞, 张吉旺^*, 任佰朝, 李霞, 赵斌, 刘鹏, 董树亭

作物生物学国家重点实验室 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安271018

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张吉旺, E-mail:jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn, Tel: 0538-8245838

收稿日期:2014-06-16

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271662), 山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(SDAIT-01-022-05)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100)资助;

摘要

选用鲁单981 (LD981)、郑单958 (ZD958)和登海661 (DH661) 3个不同株高玉米品种, 在大田和栽培池条件下分别设67 500株 hm^-2和82 500株 hm^-22个种植密度, 0和180 kg hm^-2 2个施氮量。大田试验的氮肥以开沟方式施入, 栽培池试验氮肥分别以5、20和40 cm深度分层施入, 利用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术研究不同株高夏玉米对氮素的吸收与利用特性。结果表明, 与67 500株 hm^-2种植密度比较, 82 500株 hm^-2种植密度夏玉米籽粒产量及氮素偏生产力显著提高。夏玉米吸收的氮素69.3%~77.3%来自土壤, 22.7%~30.7%来自肥料; 土壤氮和肥料氮收获指数分别为54.6%和57.5%。与67 500株 hm^-2种植密度比较, 82 500株 hm^-2种植密度矮秆品种DH661氮素积累来自肥料的比例显著降低, 中品种ZD958和高秆品种LD981没有显著变化; 中、高秆品种肥料氮收获指数显著降低, 矮秆品种增加。5 cm土层施氮对植株肥料氮积累量贡献率最大, 40 cm土层施氮对植株肥料氮的贡献率最小, 随着株高增加, 深层(40 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐增加, 浅层(5 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐降低。中、高秆品种对土壤深层40 cm施氮的氮肥回收率较高, 而矮秆品种对土壤浅层20 cm施氮的氮肥回收率较高; 20 cm和40 cm¹⁵N在20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层残留量分别达到60%, 说明矮秆品种对20~40 cm土层氮素回收率较高, 中、高秆品种对40~60 cm土层氮素回收率较高。

关键词: 株高; 夏玉米; 土层深度; 氮素回收率; 15N同位素示踪

Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Summer Maize Hybrids with Different Plant Heights

FAN Xia, ZHANG Ji-Wang^*, REN Bai-Zhao, LI Xia, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng, DONG Shu-Ting

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

Fund:

Abstract

In order to explore nitrogen absorption and utilization characteristics of summer maize hybrids with different plant heights, high-stalk hybrid (Ludan 981, LD981), medium-stalk hybrid (Zhengdan 958, ZD958) and short-stalk hybrid (Denghai 661, DH661) were used in field experiment and and pool cultivation experiment¹⁵N isotopic dilutions. Results showed that the grain yield and partial factor productivity of fertilizer N (NPFP) at the planting density of 82 500 plants ha^-1 increased significantly compared with those at 67 500 plants ha^-1. The amounts of nitrogen derived from fertilizer N ranged from 69.3% to 77.3%, N harvest indices of soil and fertilizer N were 54.6% and 57.4%, respectively. The proportion of N accumulation from fertilizer of short-stalk hybrid at 82 500 plants ha^-1 decreased significantly compared with those at 67 500 plants ha^-1, while the proportion of medium-stalk and high-stalk hybrids was not changed significantly. The fertilizer N harvest index of medium and high-stalk hybrids decreased significantly, while that of short-stalk hybrid increased significantly.¹⁵N applied in 5 cm soil made the least contribution to the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation of whole plant,¹⁵N application in 40 cm soil made the greatest contribution to the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation of whole plant. With the increase of plant height, the contribution of¹⁵N in 40 cm soil to the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation gradually decreased. The N recovery rate (NRR) of high-stalk and medium-stalk hybrids at 40 cm soil layer was higher than that of 5 cm and 20 cm. Contrarily, NRR of short-stalk hybrid at 20 cm higher than those at 40 cm and 5 cm. Therefore, more N uptake of the short-stalk hybrid was from 20-40 cm soil layer, however, more N uptake of high-stalk and medium-stalk hybrids was from 40-60 cm soil layer.

Keyword: Plant height; Summer maize; Soil depth; N recovery rate; 15N isotope

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氮素是玉米必需的营养元素, 是产量提高的最重要养分因子。玉米生长发育所需要的氮主要依靠根系从土壤中吸收, 以施肥方式补充土壤氮是实现高产的有效措施之一, 合理施用氮肥有利于提高作物产量。然而, 我国当前不少地区农田氮肥施用偏多且施用方法也不尽合理, 氮肥地表撒施现象十分普遍, 氮肥利用率低下, 平均只有30%~40%, 远低于世界平均水平50%^{[ 1, 2]}。

根据氮吸收与利用的基因型差异, 玉米可分为氮高效和氮低效品种, 氮高效品种氮素积累量、氮肥回收利用率、氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生力显著高于氮低效品种^{[ 3, 4]}。Moll等^{[ 5]}把氮效率分解为氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率, 两者对氮效率的相对重要性随作物种类、基因型和环境条件的变化而变化。Moll等^{[ 5]}认为在低氮条件下氮素利用率起主导作用; 高氮条件下, 氮吸收效率起主导作用。而米国华等^{[ 6]}认为, 低氮条件下氮素吸收效率起主导作用, 随着施氮量的增加氮利用效率在氮效率中的作用越来越大, 氮吸收效率作用则相对下降。氮高效品种籽粒氮素主要来自花后根系对氮素的吸收和转移, 而氮低效品种氮素主要来源于抽雄前茎秆、叶片中积累氮素的再转移^{[ 3]}。张耀鸿等^{[ 7]}认为, 矮秆粳稻花后氮素吸收量、氮素收获指数及籽粒氮素积累量显著高于高秆粳稻。关于不同株高类型夏玉米的研究仅仅在于产量及其构成和干物质积累等方面^{[ 8, 9]}, 随着株高的增加, 花后干物质积累量显著降低; 上部叶片光合产物转移率相对提高, 中、下部叶片转移率有所下降。

施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}。随施氮量增加, 玉米营养器官氮素转运量及对籽粒氮的贡献率也增加, 过量供氮导致转运至籽粒的氮素减少, 氮肥利用率降低^{[ 10, 11, 12]}, 分次施氮可以提高氮肥利用率^{[ 13, 14]}。氮肥深施可以减少氮肥损失提高氮肥利用率, 由于不同地区土壤和气候条件不同以及作物品种差异, 氮肥深施效果不尽相同^{[ 2]}。徐桂玲等^{[ 15]}认为, 在0~18 cm内, 施肥深度每增加6 cm, 增产5.73%, 最佳深度15~18 cm。黄莺等^{[ 16]}认为, 氮肥深施比地表撒施的氮肥利用率提高6.4%~23.9%, 施肥深度以近玉米根系10 cm土层效果最好。李士敏等^{[ 17]}认为尿素深施20 cm和深施12 cm氮肥利用率分别比地表撒施高18.24%和15.39%。张丽娟等^{[ 18]}关于小麦对不同土壤层次氮的研究表明, 小麦对土壤上层(10~20 cm)标记硝态氮的利用率显著大于下层(40~50 cm和70~80 cm), 随着深度增加硝态氮利用率显著降低。但是, 关于不同株高玉米品种对不同土层氮素吸收和利用特性的研究鲜见报道。

本试验利用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术分层施氮, 研究不同株高夏玉米氮素吸收利用特性, 为夏玉米生产的氮素科学管理提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

在山东农业大学试验农场大田和栽培池中进行试验, 大田和栽培池耕层养分基本一致, 0~20 cm土层土壤含有机质1.03%、全氮0.80 g kg^-1、碱解氮92.46 mg kg^-1、速效磷52 mg kg^-1、速效钾108 mg kg^-1。

选用高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)、中秆玉米品种郑单958 (ZD958)和矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661), 设67 500株 hm^-2和82 500株 hm^-2 2个种植密度, 0和180 kg hm^-2 2个施氮量, 各处理随机排列, 3次重复。大田氮肥以普通尿素(含氮46.6%), 拔节期开沟一次施入; 栽培池试验的氮肥按照5、20和40 cm分层施入, 分别为施氮总量的50%、30%和20% (表1), 5、20和40 cm处¹⁵N-尿素的¹⁵N丰度为5.32%、10.25%和10.25%, 均含氮46.6%,¹⁵N-尿素由上海化工研究院生产。磷和钾肥分别为过磷酸钙750 kg hm^-2 (含P₂O₅ 12%)和氯化钾300 kg hm^-2 (含K₂O 60%), 于拔节期一次施入。6月14日播种, 10月7日收获测产。

表1 栽培池施氮与¹⁵N同位素标记方式 Table 1 Methods of nitrogen fertilizer application and labelling by¹⁵N isotope in the cultivation pool

1.2 取样与测定方法

成熟期, 测量每个处理20株代表性植株的株高和穗位高; 从每个处理分别取5株代表性植株, 将地上部分分为叶片、茎秆、籽粒和穗轴。挖取栽池试验植株0~40 cm土层的根系, 洗净, 于80℃烘至恒重称重后粉碎。取成熟期栽培池土, 分0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~60、60~80和80~100 cm 7层, 风干后磨细, 过80目筛。土壤和植株¹⁵N丰度采用Isoprime-100型稳定性同位素测定仪测定。

1.3 氮肥利用效率计算

¹⁵N原子百分超 =¹⁵N丰度 - 0.3665

植株积累的氮素来自肥料的比例(N proportion derived from fertilizer, NDFF, %) = 植物样品中¹⁵N原子百分超/肥料中原子百分超×100;

植株积累的氮素来自肥料氮的量(N amount derived from fertilizer, NDFF, g plant^-1) = 植株积累的总氮量(g plant^-1) × 植株积累的氮素来自肥料的比例;

植株积累的氮素来自土壤氮的量(N amount derived from soil, NDFS, g plant^-1) = 植株积累的总氮量(g plant^-1) - 植株积累氮素来自肥料氮的量(g plant^-1);

氮肥偏生产力(N partial factor productivity, NPFP, kg kg^-1) = 籽粒产量/施氮量;

氮素收获指数(N harvest index, NHI, %) = 籽粒氮素积累量/整个植株氮素积累量×100;

肥料氮的回收率(N recovery rate, NRR, %) = 植株积累的氮素来自肥料氮的量/施氮量×100。

试验数据采用SPSS 16.0软件分析方差和Duncan’s新复极差法多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力

3个品种的株高和穗位高差异显著。株高和穗位高均以LD981最大, 较ZD958分别高17.0%和15.0%, 较DH661分别高37.6%和59.1% (表2), 即LD981属于高秆品种, ZD958属于中秆品种, DH661属于矮秆品种。品种、密度和品种与密度之间的互作对氮肥偏生产力的影响极显著(表3)。与67 500株 hm^-2(低密度)相比, 各品种82 500株 hm^-2(高密度)的籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力均显著增加。与不施氮处理比较, 施氮后籽粒产量显著增加, 大田和池栽试验结果基本一致(表2)。以池栽为例, 与低密度相比, 高密度LD981、ZD958和DH661籽粒产量分别提高了8.5%、15.5%和7.4%; 施氮条件下LD981、ZD958和DH661籽粒产量较不施氮处理分别提高了9.7%、9.9%和12.1%。高密度下LD981、ZD958和DH661氮肥偏生产力较低密度分别提高了5.4%、9.4%和4.9%。

表2 不同夏玉米品种的株高、穗位高、籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力 Table 2 Plant height, ear height, grain yield, and N partial factor productivity (NPFP) of different summer maize hybrids

表3 品种和种植密度对氮素利用(池栽)相关指标的方差分析( P> F) Table 3 Analysis of variance ( P > F) for effects of hybrid and plant density on indices related to nitrogen utilization (pool cultivation)

2.2 肥料氮和土壤氮积累量

LD981单株氮素积累总量较ZD958和DH661分别高15.0%和24.5%; LD981土壤氮积累量较ZD958和DH661分别高13.0%和15.2%; ZD958肥料氮积累量较DH661和LD981分别高58.9%和12.6%。高密度条件下LD981、ZD958和DH661单株肥料氮积累量较低密度下分别减少了7.0%、2.0%和27.9%, DH661吸收的肥料氮降幅最大(表4)。群体氮素积累量表现为LD981>ZD958>DH661。高密度条件下LD981、ZD958和DH661群体氮素总积累量较低密度下分别增加了12.4%、24.4%和10.7%, 土壤氮积累量分别增加了11.8%、26.0%和20.0%, 而对于肥料氮积累量, LD981和ZD958分别增加了14.2%和20.9%, DH661却减少了12.5% (表5)。

LD981吸收的氮素75.4%来自土壤, 24.6%来自肥料; ZD958 69.8%来自土壤, 30.2%来自肥料; DH661 74.2%来自土壤, 25.8%来自肥料。可见ZD958吸收氮素来自肥料的比例最大, 较DH661和LD981分别高17.1%和22.8%。DH661吸收肥料氮占氮素总积累量的比例高密度较低密度降低了21.2%, 而LD981和ZD958变化不显著(表5)。

表4 不同株高夏玉米对不同来源氮素的吸收 Table 4 Nitrogen uptake from different sources in summer maize hybrids with different plant height

表5 种植密度对不同株高夏玉米群体氮素积累的影响 Table 5 Effects of plant density on N accumulation of summer maize hybrids with different plant heights

2.3 不同来源氮素的收获指数

品种、品种与密度互作对氮素收获指数影响极显著(表3)。3个品种相比较, 总氮、肥料氮和土壤氮收获指数均以ZD958最大。ZD958总氮收获指数平均57.3%, 较LD981和DH661分别高5.8%和4.2%; 其肥料氮收获指数平均61.4%, 较LD981和DH661高8.3%和12.4%; 其土壤氮收获指数平均55.5%, 分别比LD981和DH661高4.2%和0.5%。ZD958和LD981肥料氮收获指数较土壤氮收获指数分别高10.0%和6.4%; DH661低密度条件土壤氮素收获指数比肥料氮高5.0%, 高密度条件下肥料氮的收获指数反而略高于土壤氮。高密度条件下ZD958总氮、肥料氮和土壤氮收获指数较低密度下分别降低了3.9%、8.3%和1.8%, LD981分别降低了3.6%、9.9%和1.3%, DH661则分别提高了6.2%、12.0%和4.1% (表6)。

表6 种植密度对不同株高夏玉米氮素收获指数的影响 Table 6 Effects of plant density on the nitrogen harvest index of summer maize hybrids with different plant heights

2.4 不同土壤深度氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献

种植密度对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率影响不显著, 而施氮深度对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率影响显著。种植密度与施氮深度互作对LD981和ZD958的叶片、茎秆及LD981根系的影响显著, 对全株及其他器官影响不显著; 而种植密度与施氮深度互作对DH661全株及其器官肥料氮积累量的贡献率影响显著(表7)。

5 cm层氮对植株肥料氮贡献率最大, 20 cm次之, 40 cm最小。5 cm层对DH661的肥料氮贡献最大, 比ZD958和LD981分别高9.2%和29.2%; 20 cm和40 cm层以LD981最大, 分别比ZD958高24.0%和0.9%; 比DH661高5.2%和60.9% (表8)。可见随着植株株高的增加, 深层(40 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量贡献逐渐增加, 浅层(5 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献逐渐降低。

表7 种植密度和施氮深度对夏玉米不同器官肥料氮贡献率影响的方差分析( P > F) Table 7 Analysis of variance ( P > F) for the effects of plant density and nitrogen depth on the contribution to fertilizer nitrogen indifferent organs

表8 不同土壤深度氮对不同夏玉米肥料氮积累量的贡献和¹⁵N回收率 Table 8 Contribution of fertilizer nitrogen from different soil depths and¹⁵N recovery in different summer maize hybrids

2.5 不同土层氮素(¹⁵N-尿素)的利用与残留

2.5.1 不同土壤深度氮素(¹⁵N-尿素)的利用品种及密度与品种互作对氮素回收率的影响极显著(表3)。3个品种的氮素回收率以ZD958最大, 较LD958和DH661分别高7.3%和16.8% (表5)。LD981和ZD958对40 cm肥料氮回收率最大, 对5 cm肥料氮回收率最小; 而DH661对20 cm肥料氮回收率最大, 对40 cm肥料氮回收率最小。高密度条件下LD981对5、20和40 cm肥料氮回收率较低密度下分别提高了34%、3.6%和4.1%, ZD958分别提高了15.3%、38%和15.2%, DH661则分别降低了6.8%、9%和24% (表8)。

2.5.2 不同土壤深度中¹⁵N的残留 5、20和40 cm¹⁵N在土壤较深层次(60~80 cm和80~100 cm)残留量占总残留的比例分别为0.6%~4.0%和0.5%~3.0%, 均较小。5 cm¹⁵N在0~10 cm土层中残留比例最大, 0~20 cm土层残留¹⁵N占到了土壤总残留¹⁵N的60%以上; 20 cm¹⁵N在20~40 cm土层的残留占到了土壤总残留的60%; 40 cm¹⁵N在30~60 cm土层残留量达到60%以上(表9)。20 cm和40 cm¹⁵N在0~20 cm土层均有部分残留, 可能是作物根系吸收水分使20 cm和40 cm¹⁵N随之上移造成。5、20和40 cm处的标记氮在0~20、20~40和40~60 cm土层中的残留占到了总残留量的60%以上, 可以用夏玉米对 5、20和40 cm¹⁵N的吸收利用分别来表示夏玉米植株对0~20、20~40和40~60 cm土层中氮素的吸收与利用情况。

表9 收获后不同土壤深度¹⁵N的残留比例 Table 9 Percentage of residual¹⁵N in soil layer to total residual¹⁵N after harvesting

3 讨论

玉米吸收的氮素来源于肥料和环境, 而环境中的氮素以土壤自身所含氮素为主。不同土壤条件下, 作物吸收的土壤氮和肥料氮所占比例不尽相同。前人关于作物对肥料氮和土壤氮的积累特性做了大量研究但结果不尽相同。有的认为, 成熟期小麦吸收的氮67%来自土壤, 33%来自肥料^{[ 19, 20, 21, 22]}; 巨晓棠等^{[ 23]}认为, 55%来自土壤, 45%来自肥料; 而马兴华等^{[ 24]}认为75%来自土壤, 25%来自肥料。王小彬等^{[ 25]}对旱地玉米氮素吸收利用的研究表明, 土壤氮和肥料氮对当季氮素吸收的贡献率分别是60%和40%; 潘晓丽等^{[ 26]}报道, 夏玉米吸收肥料氮与土壤氮的比例接近1∶1, 随着土壤肥力水平提高玉米吸收肥料氮比例下降。本研究表明玉米吸收氮素69.3%~77.3%来自土壤, 22.7%~30.7%来自肥料, 这可能与本试验地土壤肥力和施氮量有关。高密度条件下, 矮秆玉米品种DH661吸收的肥料氮所占比例显著降低, 而高秆品种LD981和中秆ZD958吸收肥料氮所占比例没有显著变化。氮素收获指数(NHI)是衡量作物体内氮素向籽粒转移的重要参数, 反映氮素在植株体内的分配情况, 具有明显的基因型差异。徐祥玉等^{[ 27]}研究认为, 氮素收获指数和氮效率显著正相关, 氮素收获指数能够比较好地反映氮效率。本研究表明, ZD958的土壤氮和肥料氮的收获指数均最大, 所以相对LD981和DH661, ZD958氮效率较高。3个品种肥料氮收获指数平均57.5%, 比土壤氮素收获指数高5.0%。与低密度相比较, 高密度条件下LD981和ZD958肥料氮收获指数显著降低, DH661肥料氮收获指数显著增加。

氮肥深施利于减少氨挥发和径流损失, 氮肥深施比地表撒施氮肥利用率高, 适宜的施用深度则既要考虑到尽量减少氮肥损失, 又要考虑到能及时被作物根系吸收^{[ 2]}。玉米根系主要集中分布在40 cm土层内, 不同类型玉米品种根系垂直分布不同, 戚廷香等^{[ 28]}认为, 掖单22和豫玉22在10~40 cm土层中的根系占根系总量的50%多, 而登海9号和农大108却占60%; 掖单22和豫玉22在50~70 cm土层的根系占根系总量的比例相对较低, 占近30%, 而登海9号和农大108只有23%左右; 4个品种在80~ 100 cm土层的根系占根系总量的比例中相差不大。根系分布直接影响氮素的吸收与利用, 当根系分布与土壤氮素耦合较好时表现较强的吸收能力。本研究表明, 高秆品种LD981和中秆品种ZD958对深层(40 cm )¹⁵N的回收率大, 矮秆品种DH661对20 cm¹⁵N回收率大, 这可能与根系的分布有关。随着株高增加, 深层(40 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献逐渐增加, 浅层(5 cm)氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐降低。5、20和40 cm处标记氮在0~20、20~40和40~60 cm残留量达到了60%以上, 因此5、20和40 cm的氮素可分别代表0~20、20~40和40~60 cm土层中的氮素, 可见中、高秆品种对40~60 cm土层氮的回收率较高; 矮秆品种对20~40 cm土层氮的回收率较高。因此, 玉米生产中应根据不同玉米品种的氮素利用特性, 适当深施, 减少氮肥损失, 提高氮肥利用率。

4 结论

3个玉米品种吸收的氮素平均69.3%~77.3%来自土壤, 22.7%~30.7%来自肥料, 土壤氮收获指数为54.6%, 肥料氮收获指数为57.5%。肥料氮收获指数均以中秆品种最大, 但高密度条件下矮秆品种变大、中秆和高秆品种变小。随着株高增加, 深层(40 cm)施氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐增加, 浅层5 cm施氮对植株肥料氮积累量的贡献率逐渐降低。中、高秆品种对40~60 cm即较深土层氮的回收率较高, 而矮秆品种对20~40 cm较浅土层氮的回收率较高。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2000

0.0

朱兆良. 农田中氮肥的损失与对策. 土壤与环境, 2000, 9(1): 1-6

Zhu

Z L

. Loss of fertilizer N from plant-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduction. Soil Environ Sci, 2000, 9(1): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract)

评述了我国有关农田中氮肥的损失及其对策的研究结果.主要涉及农田中氮肥的损失程度、途径和机理;氮肥损失对环境的影响;减少氮肥损失、提高氮肥利用率的技术原则和主要措施.这些措施包括确定适宜的施氮量,以及采用深施、水肥综合管理、平衡施肥、脲酶抑制剂、硝化抑制剂、液态分子膜等.

... 然而, 我国当前不少地区农田氮肥施用偏多且施用方法也不尽合理, 氮肥地表撒施现象十分普遍, 氮肥利用率低下, 平均只有30%~40%, 远低于世界平均水平50% ^[1,2] ...

2003

0.0

1.2453

巨晓棠, 张福锁. 关于氮肥利用率的思考. 生态环境, 2003, 12(2): 192-197

X T

, Zhang

F S

. Thinking about nitrogen recovery rate. Ecol Environ, 2003, 12(2): 192-197 (in Chinese with English abstract)

应用作者近10年在华北地区冬小麦/夏玉米中氮肥转化与去向的研究资料,对施氮量、产量、氮肥利用、残留、损失关系进行分析;认为简单的氮肥利用率很难反映不同农业生产水平条件下的氮肥利用状况;要准确反映氮肥利用状况,应综合考虑产量水平、氮肥利用、残留及损失的情况.论证了我国氮肥利用率具有很大的变幅,平常所说的30%~35%只是一个整体概念,不能以此来说明我国氮肥损失量大,对环境的污染严重.在我国农业生产中,必须研究解决既能获得尽可能高的产量,又能最大限度地减轻对环境压力的氮肥施用技术及其理论基础,而不应该一味追求多么高的氮肥利用率.

... 氮肥深施可以减少氮肥损失提高氮肥利用率, 由于不同地区土壤和气候条件不同以及作物品种差异, 氮肥深施效果不尽相同^[2] ...

... 氮肥深施利于减少氨挥发和径流损失, 氮肥深施比地表撒施氮肥利用率高, 适宜的施用深度则既要考虑到尽量减少氮肥损失, 又要考虑到能及时被作物根系吸收^[2] ...

2010

0.0

1.883

李文娟, 何萍, 高强, 金继运, 侯云鹏, 尹彩霞, 张国辉. 不同氮效率玉米干物质形成及氮素营养特性差异研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 51-57

W J

, He

, Gao

, Jin

J Y

, Hou

Y P

, Yin

C X

, Zhang

G H

. Dry matter formation and nitrogen uptake in two maize cultivars differing in nitrogen use efficiency. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 51-57 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过田间小区试验,开展了两个氮素供墟水平(N0和N180)下,两个不同氮效率玉米品种[氮高效品种先玉335(V1)低效品种吉单535(V2)]干物质形成与氮素营养特性差异研究.结果表明,在氮素胁迫条件下,氮高效品种先玉335具有较高的耐低氮能力,表现为N0处理其干物质量及吸氮量均显著高于氮低效品种吉单535的N180处理.成熟期,先玉335的子粒干物质量和吸氮量均显著高于吉单535,且N180处理显著高于N0处理;品种和氮素处理间的交互作用达极显著水平,表现为N180处理先玉335子粒干物质量和吸氮素最高.另外,两品种子粒中85.6%～97.6%的碳来源于粒重形成阶段叶片的光合作用,仅2.4%～14.1%源于抽雄前营养体的碳素转移.先玉335子粒氮素来源更多依赖于生育后期根系对氮素的吸收和转移,N0和N180处理中,根系氮素吸收转移量对子粒的贡献分别为45.4%和59.3%;而吉单535子粒的氮素来源则以生育前期地上部营养体的氮素转移为主,N0和N180处理中,转移量对子粒贡献分别为65.5%和67.9%.先玉335的氮肥回收利用率、氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生产力均高于吉单535. Abstract： Field experiment was conducted to investigate dry matter accumulation and N uptake under two N levels (N0 and N180) in two maize cultivars with contrasting N use efficiency. The results indicated that Xianyu 335 with high N efficiency had great tolerance to N stress. The dry matter weight and N absorption of Xianyu 335 in N0 treatment were both higher than those of Jindan 535 in N180 treatment. In maturity stage, the dry matter weight and N absorption of grain in Xianyu 335 was significant higher than Jidan 535, and those in N180 treatment was higher than N0 treatment. Moreover, the interaction between variety and N application reached extremely significant level. The dry matter weight and N absorption of grain was highest in Xianyu 335 with 180 kg/ha N application. In addition, a majority of grain carbon (85.6%–97.6%) relied on photosynthesis in the stage of grain formation, only a minority of grain carbon (2.4%–14.1%) relied on carbon translocation from vegetative organs. For Xianyu 335, nitrogen in grain mainly relied on N uptake by root at reproductive stage, which accounted for 45.4% and 59.3% of total N of grain in N0 and N180 treatment respectively; but for Jidan 535, N in grain mainly relied on N translocation from vegetative 335 the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity organs, which accounted for 65.5% and 67.9% of total N grain in N0 and N180 treatment respectively. In Xianyu (NPFP) were all higher than Jidan 535.

... 根据氮吸收与利用的基因型差异, 玉米可分为氮高效和氮低效品种, 氮高效品种氮素积累量、氮肥回收利用率、氮肥农学效率及氮肥偏生力显著高于氮低效品种^[3,4] ...

... 氮高效品种籽粒氮素主要来自花后根系对氮素的吸收和转移, 而氮低效品种氮素主要来源于抽雄前茎秆、叶片中积累氮素的再转移^[3] ...

2011

0.0

1.889

王敬峰, 刘鹏, 赵秉强, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵明, 杨吉顺, 李耕. 不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 699-707

Wang

J F

, Liu

, Zhao

B Q

, Dong

S T

, Zhang

J W

, Zhao

, Yang

J S

, Li

. Comparison of root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn genotypes. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 699-707 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The aim of this study is to investigate the physiological mechanism of high nitrogen use efficiency of corn by comparing the differences in uptake and utilization of nitrogen, spatial and temporal characteristics of roots of summer corns with different nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 【Method】Using different NUE corn varieties as materials, one is high NUE variety, LY13, and another is low NUE variety, LD981. The plant sample was separated to two parts, the aboveground (stem, leaf, grain) and underground (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-100 cm root) part. At two nitrogen levels (0 and 4.29 g?plant-1), samples were collected at male tetrad, flowering, filling, milky and maturity stages to study their root spatial and temporal distribution, the difference in nitrogen uptake and utilization. 【Result】Compared with LD981, the root weight and root/shoot ratio of LY13 were maintained at significantly higher levels (P＜0.05) post-anthesis. The domination in root spacing distribution, number of roots in deeper layer, root activity at later stage, and root functional period promote more absorption of nitrogen in LY13. The total nitrogen accumulation amount of LY13 overweighed LD981 significantly (P＜0.05), which were more distinct at the high nitrogen level. This tendency could be found in nitrogen transportation efficiency, nitrogen contribution rate and nitrogen utilization efficiency (P＜0.05). All these result that LY13 had superiority to LD981 (P＜0.05) in grain yield, biological yield, 1000-kernel weight, seed set and harvest index at either nitrogen level. 【Conclusion】As for LY13, the higher nitrogen accumulation was mainly attributed to its more total root weight, more root in deeper layer, more rational root distribution, and longer duration of strong root activity; and the primary cause of its higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were bigger seed set and stronger seed set adjustment ability promoting nitrogen translocation efficiency, leading to more nitrogen distributed to grain.

(山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室)

【目的】比较不同氮素利用效率夏玉米的根系时空分布特性及其氮素吸收利用的差异,探讨玉米氮高效的生理机制。【方法】以氮高效玉米杂交种蠡玉13(LY13)和氮低效玉米杂交种鲁单981(LD981)为试验材料,以大田箱式土柱栽培方式,研究两个氮素水平下(0和4.29 g N/plant)玉米根系时空分布及氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】LY13开花后具有较高的根系干重,根冠比显著高于LD981(P＜0.05),土壤深层根系分布多,根系空间分布合理,后期根系活力高,根系功能期长,导致其库容量大,库调节能力强,氮素积累总量高,氮素转移率、贡献率和氮素利用效率均显著高于LD981(P＜0.05),施氮条件下优势更加明显。LY13在两种氮素水平下的籽粒产量、生物产量、千粒重、收获指数均显著高于LD981。【结论】氮高效型玉米品种根系总量多、深层根系多、空间分布合理、根系活力高且持续期长是其氮积累量增加的主要原因;库容量大,库调解能力强促使氮素转运效率高,向籽粒分配比例大是其籽粒产量高、氮效率高的根本原因。

1982

1.518

0.0

... Moll等^[5]把氮效率分解为氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率, 两者对氮效率的相对重要性随作物种类、基因型和环境条件的变化而变化 ...

... Moll等^[5]认为在低氮条件下氮素利用率起主导作用 ...

1998

0.0

... 而米国华等^[6]认为, 低氮条件下氮素吸收效率起主导作用, 随着施氮量的增加氮利用效率在氮效率中的作用越来越大, 氮吸收效率作用则相对下降 ...

2006

0.0

0.916

张耀鸿, 吴洁, 张亚丽, 王东升, 沈其荣. 不同株高粳稻氮素累积和转运的基因型差异. 南京农业大学学报, 2006, 29(2): 71-74

Zhang

Y H

, Wu

, Zhang

Y L

, Wang

D S

, Shen

Q R

. Genotypic variation of nitrogen accumulation and translocation in japonica rice cultivars with different height. J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2006, 29(2): 71-74 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以矮秆粳稻4007、武运粳和高秆粳稻豫粳和云粳为材料,研究了不同株高水稻累积和转运氮素的基因型差异.结果表明,4007和武运粳的产量显著高于豫粳和云粳.矮秆粳稻4007和武运粳在分蘖期累积的氮素量低于豫粳和云粳,开花期后吸收的氮素显著高于豫粳和云粳.矮秆粳稻转运到籽粒中的氮素转运量和转运率以及籽粒氮素产量均显著高于高秆粳稻,而成熟时残留在茎叶中的氮素低于高秆粳稻.上述结果表明,种植矮秆粳稻更有利于水稻高产和提高氮素的利用效率.

... 张耀鸿等^[7]认为, 矮秆粳稻花后氮素吸收量、氮素收获指数及籽粒氮素积累量显著高于高秆粳稻 ...

2007

0.0

0.951

杨利华, 张丽华, 杨世丽, 马瑞昆, 张全国. 不同株高玉米品种部分群体质量指标对种植密度的反应. 华北农学报, 2007, 22(6): 139-146

Yang

L H

, Zhang

L H

, Yang

S L

, Ma

R K

, Zhang

Q G

. Responses of some population quality indices of corn hybrids differing in plant height to planting density. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2007, 22(6): 139-146 (in Chinese with English abstract)

试验采用双因素裂区设计,主处理选先玉335、郑单958和高优1号3个不同株高品种,副处理设45 000,53 250,61 500,69 750和78 000株/hm2 5个密度,从产量及其结构、叶面积动态、干物质积累与分配、库源关系和群体整齐度等方面研究阐述了不同株高紧凑型玉米品种群体质量指标在密度影响下的变化特点.结果显示,穗粒数、株高整齐度、单株干重、结实率、籽粒库充实度、粒叶比和产叶比等指标因密度处理的变异系数均呈现高秆品种大于中秆、中秆大于矮秆的规律性变化;生育后期叶面积衰减速率,源与库的相对地位、其平衡关系因密度处理的变化趋势也以品种株高不同而不同.高秆品种适宜密度和经济系数低,群体质量易受增密的负作用影响;矮秆品种对密度反应相对迟钝,但单株生产力有限;中等株高品种合理密植,花后干物质积累量大、理论产量高,对密度反应适中,是夏玉米理想的品种类型.

... 关于不同株高类型夏玉米的研究仅仅在于产量及其构成和干物质积累等方面^[8,9], 随着株高的增加, 花后干物质积累量显著降低 ...

2012

0.0

1.667

李利利, 张吉旺, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌, 杨今胜. 不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1080-1087

L L

, Zhang

J W

, Dong

S T

, Liu

, Zhao

, Yang

J S

. Characteristics of accumulation, transition and distribution of assimilate in summer maize varieties with different plant height. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1080-1087 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Three types of summer maize varieties, low-plant height cultivar Denghai 661 (DH661), medium-plant height cultivar Chaoshi 3 (CS3), high-plant height varieties Ludan 981 (LD981) and Xianyu 335 (XY335) were need in this study. The results showed that the difference of dry matter accumulation for different varieties was mainly manifested after flowering stage. Along with the increase of the plant height, dry matter accumulation after flowering stage reduced. The carbon distribution rate in lower part of stem in low-plant height cultivar was lower than that in the high-plant height varieties. The experiment using tracer of isotope 13 C showed that the leaves in different parts of plant in different varieties had different contributions to grain yield. With the decrease of the plant height, the dry matter transition of middle and bottom leaves was increased, and that of top leaves was decreased. The relative contribution of upper leaves in high-plant height varieties to grains was higher than that in low-plant height cultivar that of lower leaves in high-plant height varieties was lower. There were differences in the contribution to grain yield of different parts of leaves before or after flowering. For the dry matter transition, the top leaves of LD981 and XY335, as well as the middle leaves of DH661 were the highest.

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; 2 Shandong Key Laboratory of Maize Breeding and Cultivation Techniques, Laizhou 261448, China

以矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661)，中间型玉米品种超试3号(CS3)，高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)和先玉335 (XY335)为试验材料，研究不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累、转运及分配特性。结果表明，不同株高类型玉米品种干物质积累量在开花期之前差异不显著，其差异主要表现在开花后，随株高的增加，开花后的干物质积累降低。矮秆品种植株中下部茎秆的碳素分配率比高秆品种低，叶片则相反。通过 13 C同位素示踪研究表明，不同株高类型玉米品种不同部位叶片对产量的贡献不同。随株高降低，中、下部叶片的光合产物转移率相对提高，而上部叶片的转移率有所下降，高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高，中矮秆品种DH661和CS3下部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高。不同部位叶片在开花前后对籽粒贡献也不相同，高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片开花后光合产物的转移率最高；矮秆品种DH661中部叶片开花前光合产物的转移率最高。

... 关于不同株高类型夏玉米的研究仅仅在于产量及其构成和干物质积累等方面^[8,9], 随着株高的增加, 花后干物质积累量显著降低 ...

2011

0.0

1.883

吕鹏, 张吉旺, 刘伟, 杨今胜, 苏凯, 刘鹏, 董树亭, 李登海. 施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 852-860

Lü

, Zhang

J W

, Liu

, Yang

J S

, Su

, Liu

, Dong

S T

, Li

D H

. Effects of nitrogen application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under super-high yield conditions. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 852-860 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen application rates on grain yield, nitrogen translocation and use efficiency under super-high yield conditions were studied in fields. Two cultivars of summer maize (Zea mays L.), Denghai 661 (DH661) and Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) were selected as experimental materials. The results show that the grain yield, amount of total nitrogen accumulation in plant and nitrogen recovery efficiency are increased at first, and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rates. The grain yields of DH661 and ZD958 reach to 12172–15080 kg/ha and 12011–15360 kg/ha under nitrogen fertilizer application rate of N 240–360 kg/ha. Under those nitrogen fertilizer application rates, nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of DH661 are 10.6–23.1% and 11.5–13.6%, and are 24.1–28.6% and 9.5–11.4% for ZD958. For the two summer maize cultivars total nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen recovery efficiency are the highest under nitrogen fertilizer application rates of N 240–360 kg/ha. Under those nitrogen fertilizer application rates, translocation efficiency and nitrogen contribution proportion of DH661 and ZD958 after the anthesis stage could be regulated effectively. As a result, nitrogen in grain and grain yield are improved. In conclusion, under this field experiment conditions, as far as grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency are concerned, the most optimal nitrogen fertilizer rates are N 240–360 kg/ha.

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an ， Shandong 271018, China 2 Shandong Denghai Seeds Co., Ltd, Laizhou, Shandong, 261448, China

选用登海661（DH661）和郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料，研究了超高产条件下施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。结果表明，随着施氮量的增加，子粒产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥利用率呈先增加后降低。施氮量为N 240～360 kg/hm2，DH661和ZD958产量分别达12172～15080 和12011～15360 kg/hm2；而氮素利用率和氮肥农学利用率，DH661分别为10.6～23.1%和11.5～13.6%，ZD958分别为24.1～28.6%和9.5～11.4%；植株氮素总积累量和氮肥利用率均达到最大。施N 240～360 kg/hm2，提高了营养器官中氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量，可以有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后直接同化，促进子粒氮素积累，提高产量。在本试验条件下，施 N 240～360 kg/hm2可提高氮肥利用率，实现玉米高产。

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

... 随施氮量增加, 玉米营养器官氮素转运量及对籽粒氮的贡献率也增加, 过量供氮导致转运至籽粒的氮素减少, 氮肥利用率降低^[10,11,12], 分次施氮可以提高氮肥利用率^[13,14] ...

1998

2.474

0.0

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

2010

0.312

0.0

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

2012

1.518

0.0

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

2011

0.0

1.883

吕鹏, 张吉旺, 刘伟, 杨今胜, 苏凯, 刘鹏, 董树亭, 李登海. 施时期对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 1099-1107

Lü

, Zhang

J W

, Liu

, Yang

J S

, Su

, Liu

, Dong

S T

, Li

D H

. Effects of nitrogen application dates on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize in super-high yield conditions. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 1099-1107 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen application dates on grain yield, nitrogen translocation and use efficiency were studied under the super-high yield conditions. Denghai661 (DH661) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958) were selected experimental materials. The results show that the grain yield was not increased significantly under the single nitrogen application at the jointing stage, while the yields of two cultivars are increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application times. Nitrogen application at the grain filling stage could increase weight of kernels significantly. The grain yield of DH661 is 14188.9 kg/ha, when the nitrogen fertilizers are applied at the jointing, male tetrad and grain filling stages, and the ratio is 2:4:4. The grain yield of ZD958 is 14529.6 kg/ha, when the nitrogen fertilizers are applied as the base fertilizer, and at the jointing, male tetrad and grain filling stages and the ratio is 1:2:5:2. Nitrogen accumulation amounts in the plant and grain, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity are increased significantly with nitrogen application times and nitrogen application at the grain filling stage, and the active nitrogen accumulation period is prolonged. The ratio of nitrogen accumulation amounts before and after anthesis for DH661 is 51:49 by supplying nitrogen at the jointing stage (20%), male tetrad stage (40%) and grain filling stage (40%), while the ration for ZD958 is 60:40 for by supplying nitrogen at the jointing stage (30%), male tetrad stage (50%) and grain filling stage (20%). Nitrogen application several times before the anthesis stage could increase nitrogen translocation amount and nitrogen translocation efficiency, and nitrogen application at the silking stage could increase the assimilated amount of nitrogen in grain after anthesis. Through supplying nitrogen at the jointing stage (20%), male tetrad stage (40%) and grain filling stage (40%), the assimilated amount of nitrogen after anthesis is 63.0% of nitrogen accumulation amount in grain for DH661. Through supplying nitrogen at the jointing stage (30%), male tetrad stage (50%) and grain filling stage (20%), the assimilated amount of nitrogen after anthesis is 50.5% in grain for ZD958. In conclusion, under this field experiment conditions, as far as grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency are concerned, the jointing stage (20%), male tetrad stage (40%) and grain filling stage (40%) for DH661 and base fertilizer(10%), jointing stage (20%), male tetrad stage (50%) and grain filling stage (20%) for ZD958 are the most optimal nitrogen application stages and ratios.

1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian, Shandong 271018, China;2 Shandong Denghai Seeds Co., Ltd, Laizhou, Shandong 261448, China

选用登海661（DH661）和郑单958（ZD958）为试材，研究了超高产条件下施氮时期对夏玉米子粒产量、氮素利用率以及转运特性的影响。结果表明，拔节期一次性施氮较不施氮增产不显著；随着施氮次数的增加产量显著提高，灌浆期施氮可以显著提高粒重，从而提高产量。拔节期、大口期、花后10d按2:4:4施氮，DH661产量可达14188.9 kg/hm2；基肥、拔节期、大口期、花后10d按1:2:5:2施氮，ZD958产量可达14529.6 kg/hm2。生长期内分次施氮及灌浆期施氮可显著提高植株和子粒中氮素积累，延长氮素积累活跃期；同时可以显著提高氮素收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮素表观回收率和氮肥偏生产力。DH661和ZD958在2:4:4和3:5:2施肥方式下开花前和开花后氮素吸收比例分别为51:49和60:40。开花前分次施氮可显著提高氮素转运量和转运效率，灌浆期施氮可显著提高花后子粒氮素同化。DH661和ZD958在2:4:4和3:5:2施肥方式下花后氮素同化量分别占子粒吸氮量63.0%和50.5%。本试验条件下，DH661采用拔节期、大口期、花后10d按2:4:4施入，ZD958基肥、拔节期、大口期、花后10d按1:2:5:2施入或拔节期、大口期、花后10d按3:5:2施入可提高氮素利用率，实现高产高效。

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

1984

0.0

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

... 徐桂玲等^[15]认为, 在0~18 cm内, 施肥深度每增加6 cm, 增产5 ...

1999

0.0

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

... 黄莺等^[16]认为, 氮肥深施比地表撒施的氮肥利用率提高6 ...

1999

0.0

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

... 李士敏等^[17]认为尿素深施20 cm和深施12 cm氮肥利用率分别比地表撒施高18 ...

2005

0.0

1.889

张丽娟, 巨晓棠, 高强, 张福锁. 两种作物对土壤不同层次标记硝态氮利用的差异. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 333-340

Zhang

L J

, Ju

X T

, Gao

, Zhang

F S

. Recovery of labeled nitrate-N in different soil layers by two kinds of crops. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 333-340 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The difference on the utilization of labeled nitrate-N in different soil layers between two kind of crops, spinach and wheat, as well as two varieties of wheat was studied by means of soil column experiment. The results show that the recovery rate of labeled nitrate-N in spinach, Xiaoyan 54(wheat), Jing 411 (wheat) were 40.7%, 29.9%, 23.4% ; 45.5%, 16.1%, 7.7% and 32.5%, 12.4%, 4.7%, respectively, when nitrate-N was labeled in 10-20, 40-50, 70-80 cm soil layers. Between crops, the recovery of labeled nitrate-N in different soil layers by spinach was significantly higher than that of wheat. And between varieties, Xiaoyan 54 was significantly higher than that of Jing 411. Significant positive correlation was observed between crop root length density in corresponding soil layers and the recovery of labeled nitrate-N. In general, the distribution of nitrate-N in soil profile after harvest in column with spinach was lower than that with wheat, and Xiaoyan 54 was lower than Jing 411. After harvest, the peak of labeled nitrate-N in 10-20 cm layer was moved down to 40-50 cm, while that labeled in 40-50 cm layer did not move downward clearly and that labeled in 70-80 cm layer had the tendency to move upward and accumulated at 60 cm. No significant difference was observed on the moving distance of labeled nitrate-N in different layers between spinach and wheat and between two varieties of wheat.

中国农业大学资环学院

利用15N层标记的土柱试验法，研究了蔬菜和大田种植体系中菠菜、小麦两种作物及小麦的两个品种对土壤不同层次标记硝态氮利用的差异。结果表明，菠菜对土壤10～20、40～50、70～80 cm层次标记硝态氮的利用率分别为40.7%、29.9%、23.4%，小麦两个品种小偃54和京411利用率分别为45.5%、16.1%、7.7%和32.5%、12.4%、4.7%。菠菜对土壤不同层次标记硝态氮的利用率显著大于小麦，小偃54对土壤不同层次标记硝态氮的利用率显著高于京411。作物的根长密度与相应土层标记硝态氮的利用率呈显著的正相关关系。作物收获后土壤剖面NO-3-N含量分布的总体趋势是菠菜小于小麦，小麦品种间为小偃54小于京411。土壤10～20 cm层次的标记NO-3-N峰下移到40～50 cm， 40～50 cm层次标记NO-3-N没有发生明显移动，而70～80 cm层次标记NO-3-N可见较为明显的上移趋势，并在60 cm左右出现累积峰。菠菜和小麦之间、小麦品种之间土壤不同层次标记NO-3-N的移动距离没有显著差异。

... 施氮对玉米氮素积累、转运及氮肥利用率的影响已有大量研究^{[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]} ...

... 张丽娟等^[18]关于小麦对不同土壤层次氮的研究表明, 小麦对土壤上层(10~20 cm)标记硝态氮的利用率显著大于下层(40~50 cm和70~80 cm), 随着深度增加硝态氮利用率显著降低 ...

1986

0.0

1.667

陈佑良, 张启刚, 梁振兴, 王福钧, 梅楠. 应用富集¹⁵N研究冬小麦对氮素的吸收规律及其对器官建成的影响. 作物学报, 1986, 12: 101-108

Chen

Y L

, Zhang

Q G

, Liang

Z X

, Wang

F J

, Mei

. Studies on the influence of the application of fertilizers at different growth stages on the nitrogen absorption and organ formation of winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 1986, 12: 101-108 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Using 15 N labelled fertilizers,the influence of the application atdifferent growth stages on the nitrogen absorption,organ formation andyield of winter wheat was studied in the Beijing district in the years of1979 through 1981.The fertilizers applied included ammonium sulphate,600 kg per hectare,and urea in an equivalent amount of nitrogen.Eitherone or the other fertilizer was applied only once for each treatment,butat different growth stages,including an application before sowing.The results indicated t...

Beijing Agricultural University

应用 15 N示踪技术,研究了在中上等肥力条件下,冬小麦吸收利用氮肥的规律及不同时期施用氮肥对器官建成和产量形成的影响。从小麦——土壤系统氮素平衡的角度出发,评价了“土壤氮”和“肥料氮”在小麦生产中的作用,探讨了氮素肥料的经济施用及合理运筹问题。

... 有的认为, 成熟期小麦吸收的氮67%来自土壤, 33%来自肥料^{[19,20,21,22]} ...

1994

0.0

1.237

... 有的认为, 成熟期小麦吸收的氮67%来自土壤, 33%来自肥料^{[19,20,21,22]} ...

2006

0.0

赵俊晔, 于振文. 不同土壤肥力条件施氮量对小麦氮肥利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响. 生态学报, 2006, 26: 815-820

Zhao

J Y

, Yu

Z W

. Effects of nitrogen rate on nitrogen fertilizer use of winter wheat and content of soil nitrate-N under different fertility condition. Acta Ecol Sin, 2006, 26: 815-820 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在土壤肥力不同的两块高产田上,利用15N示踪技术,研究了高产条件下施氮量对冬小麦氮肥吸收利用、籽粒产量和品质的影响,及小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮含量的变化.结果表明:1.成熟期小麦植株积累的氮素73.32%～87.27%来自土壤,4.51%～9.40%来自基施氮肥,8.22%～17.28%来自追施氮肥;随施氮量增加,植株吸收的土壤氮量减少,吸收的肥料氮量和氮肥在土壤中的残留量显著增加,小麦对肥料氮的吸收率显著降低;小麦对基施氮肥的吸收量、吸收率和基施氮肥在土壤中的残留量、残留率均显著小于追施氮肥,基施氮肥的损失量和损失率显著大于追施氮肥;较高土壤肥力条件下,植株吸收更多的土壤氮素,吸收的肥料氮量较少,土壤中残留的肥料氮量和肥料氮的损失量较高,不同地块肥料氮吸收、残留和损失的差异主要表现在基施氮肥上.2.当施氮量为105 kg/hm2时,收获后0～100cm土体内未发现硝态氮大量累积,随施氮量增加,0～100cm土体内硝态氮含量显著增加;施氮量大于195 kg/hm2时,小麦生育期间硝态氮呈明显的下移趋势,土壤肥力较高地块,硝态氮下移较早,下移层次深.3.随施氮量增加,小麦氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率降低,适量施氮有利于提高成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;施氮量过高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量不再显著增加,甚至降低;较高土壤肥力条件下,获得最高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量所需施氮量较低.

... 有的认为, 成熟期小麦吸收的氮67%来自土壤, 33%来自肥料^{[19,20,21,22]} ...

2013

0.0

1.883

徐彩龙, 王振林, 尹燕萍, 蔡瑞国, 王平, 郭俊祥, 李勇, 翟学旭, 刘铁宁. ¹⁵N示踪法研究弱光对不同穗型冬小麦氮素积累和转运的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19: 1-10

C L

, Wang

Z L

, Yin

Y P

, Cai

R G

, Wang

, Guo

J X

, Li

, Zhai

X X

, Liu

T N

. Effect of shading on nitrogen accumulation and translocation of winter wheat with different spike types using¹⁵N tracer technique. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2013, 19: 1-10 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Shading post flowering caused by cloudy weather and the surrounding protective trees often occurs in the HuangHuaiHai Plain of China. In the present study, two winter wheat cultivars with different spike types, a largespike cultivar of Shannong8355 and a multiplespike cultivar of Jimai22, were used to evaluate the effects of shading at different grainfilling stages on nitrogen accumulation and translocation by using 15N tracer technique. There were four shading treatments, shading from day 1 to day 10 after the anthesis (T1), shading from day 11 to day 20 after the anthesis (T2), shading from day 21 to day 30 after the anthesis (T3) and no shading (T0). The results indicate that the shading at different grainfilling stages decreases the uptake and translocation of N of the two cultivars which are in the order: T0>T3>T2>T1 The amounts of nitrogen derived from soil range from 68.0% - 71.39% and the percentages of nitrogen derived from the basal fertilizer in the vegetative organs are lower than those derived from the topdressing fertilizer. The shading at different grainfilling stages increases the absorption amount and proportion of soil N in the vegetative organs, and inhibits translocation of those to the grain. The grain yield, N uptake from fertilizer, fertilizer N use efficiency and partial factor productivity from fertilizer N at different grainfilling stages are also in order: T0>T3>T2>T1 In conclusion, the shading at different filling stages decreases the uptake and translocation of N and grain yield, and the uptake and translocation are highest under the shading at the early filling stage and the lowest at the later filling stage. Under the same shading condition, the grain yield and N use efficiency of Jimai22 are higher than those of Shannong 8355.

1 Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China; 2 Life Scienceand Technology College, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, China;3 Tai’an Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai’an, Shandong 27100, China; 4 Institute of Plant Protection, HeilongjiangAcademy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150038

在大田试验条件下，采用 15 N示踪法，设置不遮光（T0）、开花后110 d遮光（T1）、开花后1120 d遮光（T2）和开花后2130 d遮光（T3）4个处理，每个处理设置15N尿素作底肥+普通尿素作追肥和普通尿素作底肥+ 15 N尿素作追肥两个15N示踪的微区，研究灌浆期弱光条件下不同穗型小麦品种对不同来源氮素的吸收、分配、转运和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明，灌浆期不同阶段遮光均不利于植株对氮素的吸收、积累和转运，品种间表现一致，呈T0>T3>T2>T1规律; 小麦植株吸收的氮素68.0 %~71.39 %来自土壤氮，对追施氮的吸收量大于底施氮，灌浆期遮光增加了土壤氮素在营养器官的分配比例，不利于营养器官中土壤氮素向籽粒中的转运; 各处理籽粒产量、肥料氮吸收量、氮肥利用率和肥料偏生产力均表现为T0>T3>T2>T1。相同处理条件下，济麦22籽粒产量和对肥料的利用大于山农8355。小麦灌浆期阶段性遮光降低了植株对氮素的吸收、转运和籽粒产量，以灌浆前期遮光影响最大，中期次之，后期最小; 相同遮光条件下济麦22的籽粒产量和氮素利用率较高。

... 有的认为, 成熟期小麦吸收的氮67%来自土壤, 33%来自肥料^{[19,20,21,22]} ...

2002

0.0

巨晓棠, 潘家荣, 刘学军, 陈新平, 张福锁, 毛达如. 高肥力土壤冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向研究: I. 冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向. 核农学报, 2002, 16: 397-402

X T

, Pan

J R

, Liu

X J

, Chen

X P

, Zhang

F S

, Mao

D R

. The fate of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat growth season under high soil fertility condition. Acta Agric Nucl Sin, 2002, 16: 397-402 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The fate of N fertilizer in winter wheat growth season was studied by 15 N mcro plot experiment under the conditions of conventional irrigation,adequate phosphorus and potassium supply.The results showed that the uptake of N by winter wheat sharply increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer rate.About 45% of total N uptake came from fertilizer N while the other 55% of total uptake from soil nitrogen at harvest.The recovery of fertilizer N in soil crop system sharply decreased with nitrogen fertilizer rate meanwhile loss rate increased respectively.When N rate is 120 kg N/ha(low N input),45 3% of fertilizer N was utilized by plant,45 3% remained in 0～100cm soil layer and only 9 4% not recovered by plant or in 0～100cm soil layer.However,when N rate was 360kgN/ha(high N input),23 2% was utilized by plant,20 9% remained in 0～100cm soil layer and 55 9% lost from plant soil system.Organic combining form was the main residual form of fertilizer N,NH 4 N form occupied a small percentage of total residual fertilizer N,and NO 3\|N form increased rapidly with N rate.Traced fertilizer N was found in all 0～20,20～40,40～60,60～80 and 80～100cm soil layers,showing the movement of fertilizer N was at least below 100cm soil depth in winter wheat growth season.

用15N示踪微区试验研究了常规灌溉和磷钾供应充足的条件下 ,冬小麦生育期肥料氮的去向。结果表明 ,冬小麦对肥料氮的吸收随施氮量的增加而显著增加 ,收获期冬小麦吸收肥料氮占总吸氮量的比例 45% ,吸收土壤氮占 55%。氮肥在整个作物土壤体系中的回收率随施氮量的增加而显著减少 ,损失量增加。施氮量为 1 2 0kgN hm2 时 ,氮肥的损失率只有 9% ,在作物中的回收率为 45% ,在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤中的残留率为 45% ;施氮量为 3 60kgN hm2 时 ,氮肥的损失率为 55% ,在作物中的回收率为2 3 % ,在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤中的回收率为 2 1 %。残留肥料氮以NH4 N存在的数量很少 ,以NO3 N存在的数量随施氮量的增加而显著升高 ,低量施氮时以有机结合态存在的数量远远高于前两种形态 ,但在高量施氮条件下 ,以有机结合态存在的比例与NO3 N相当。肥料氮在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤各层次中均有残留 ,随着深度的增加 ,残留量减少。从整体上看 ,肥料氮在收获时往下移动超出 1 0 0cm土体。

... 巨晓棠等^[23]认为, 55%来自土壤, 45%来自肥料 ...

2006

1.265

0.0

... 而马兴华等^[24]认为75%来自土壤, 25%来自肥料 ...

2001

0.0

1.889

王小彬, 蔡典雅, 张镜清, 高绪科. 旱地玉米N吸收及其N肥利用率研究. 中国农业科学, 2001, 34: 179-186

Wang

X B

, Cai

D Y

, Zhang

J Q

, Gao

X K

. Nitrogen uptake by corn and N recovery in grain in dry farmland . Sci Agric Sin, 2001, 34: 179-186 (in Chinese with English abstract)

中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所

针对我国目前化肥大量使甲中出现的施肥效益下降和化肥利用率不高．以及旱地肥效低而不稳等问题．主要探讨了旱地农田降水、秸秆还田、施肥等对作物Ｎ吸收和肥料Ｎ利用率的影响。研究表明。在年降水５２０ｍｍ的一年一作春玉米区，化肥Ｎ用量以１０５ｋｇ·ｈａ－１为宜·配施牛粪和秸秆还田各１５００和６０００ｋｇ·ｈａ－１，作物Ｎ吸收、肥料Ｎ利用率和产量均较高；旱地玉米Ｎ吸吹明显受生育期降水和土壤底墒水含量的影响，肥料Ｎ的表观利用率从丰水年约５８％可降到土壤严重干旱年约７％．７年（１９９３～１９９９年）平均约为３０％。１５Ｎ示踪研究表明，肥料Ｎ和土壤Ｎ对当季作物Ｎ吸收的贡献分别约占４０％和６０％。１５Ｎ示踪年度内（１９９７～１９９９年），秸秆还田和秸秆未还田处理的当季肥料Ｎ利用率分别为２４％和１７％，３年累计肥料Ｎ利用率分别为３６％和２５％，秸秆还田提高Ｎ利用率约１１个百分点；３年累计肥料Ｎ损失分别为２６％和４５％．秸秆还田减少Ｎ损失约１９个百分点。

... 王小彬等^[25]对旱地玉米氮素吸收利用的研究表明, 土壤氮和肥料氮对当季氮素吸收的贡献率分别是60%和40% ...

2013

0.0

... 潘晓丽等^[26]报道, 夏玉米吸收肥料氮与土壤氮的比例接近1#cod#x02236 ...

2006

0.0

1.883

徐祥玉, 张敏敏, 翟丙年, 李生秀, 张兴昌, 王朝辉. 夏玉米氮效率基因型差异研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 495-499

X Y

, Zhang

M M

, Zhai

B N

, Li

S X

, Zhang

X C

, Wang

Z H

. Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12(4): 495-499 (in Chinese with English abstract)

利用田间小区试验,通过测定作物产量、收获指数、氮效率和氮响应度等指标,研究了陕西关中农业生产中常用的10个夏玉米杂交种的氮效率基因型差异.结果表明,无论施氮与否,10个夏玉米品种的子粒产量和生物学产量均表现出显著的基因型差异;其收获指数、氮效率和氮响应度,也存在显著的基因型差异.根据氮效率和氮响应度可将10个不同基因型分为四种类型:H-H型包括户单4号、陕资1号、掖单19;L-L型包括中单2号、豫玉22;H-L型包括陕单16、陕单902和户单2000;L-H型包括陕单9号和农大108.综合考虑氮效率类型和响应度,选择有代表性的基因型(户单4号、豫玉22和户单2000)测定氮累积量,计算氮利用效率和氮收获指数,结果表明,氮累积量不能反映氮效率类型,氮利用效率对氮效率的贡献与施氮水平有关;不论施氮与否,氮收获指数均能较好地反映氮效率类型.

... 徐祥玉等^[27]研究认为, 氮素收获指数和氮效率显著正相关, 氮素收获指数能够比较好地反映氮效率 ...

2003

0.0

0.965

戚廷香, 梁文科, 阎素红, 王俊娟, 杨兆生, 张文生. 玉米不同品种根系分布和干物质积累的动态变化研究. 玉米科学, 2003, 11(3): 76-79

T X

, Liang

W K

, Yan

S H

, Wang

J J

, Yang

Z S

, Zhang

W S

. Study on dynamic variation of root distribution and dry matter accumulation of different maize varieties. J Maize Sci, 2003, 11(3): 76-79 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对四个不同类型的玉米品种的根系分布动态及其干物质积累进行了研究.结果表明:玉米的根系分布具有相似的规律,在土壤中的垂直分布:在0～40 cm耕层占总根量的50%～60%,41～70 cm占25%～30%,71 cm以下深层相对较少;在土壤中的水平分布:以株为中心由里向外逐渐减少,1/4行距处为40%～45%,1/2株距处为25%～30%,1/2行距处为20%～25%;但不同类型玉米品种也各有特点,掖单22的根系相对比较集中,可以减少行距和株距,增加密度;豫玉22根系分布比较分散,利于充分利用水肥条件,具有较强的抗旱性;登海9号和农大108根系垂直分布比较集中,水平分布均匀,根系在后期比较强壮,必须提供足够的水肥,并适当延长生长期,才能发挥其潜力.

... 玉米根系主要集中分布在40 cm土层内, 不同类型玉米品种根系垂直分布不同, 戚廷香等^[28]认为, 掖单22和豫玉22在10~40 cm土层中的根系占根系总量的50%多, 而登海9号和农大108却占60% ...