水稻甬优12不同产量群体的株型特征

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韦还和, 李超, 张洪程, 孙玉海, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 杨筠文, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 水稻甬优12不同产量群体的株型特征. 作物学报, 40(12): 2160-2168
WEI Huan-He, LI Chao, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, SUN Yu-Hai, MA Rong-Rong, WANG Xiao-Yan, YANG Jun-Wen, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GUO Bao-Wei. Plant-type Characteristics in Populations with Different Yield of Yongyou 12. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 40(12): 2160-2168 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

水稻甬优12不同产量群体的株型特征

韦还和¹, 李超¹, 张洪程^1,^*, 孙玉海¹, 马荣荣², 王晓燕³, 杨筠文⁴, 戴其根¹, 霍中洋¹, 许轲¹, 魏海燕¹, 郭保卫¹

¹扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009

²浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所, 浙江宁波 315101

³浙江省宁波市种子公司, 浙江宁波315101

⁴浙江省宁波市鄞州区农业技术服务站, 浙江宁波 315100

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2014-09-16

基金:本研究由农业部超级稻新品种选育与示范项目(02318802013231), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)和宁波市重大科技项目(2013C11001)资助;

摘要

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材, 比较研究高产(10.5~12.0 t hm^-2)、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm^-2)、超高产( >13.5 t hm^-2) 3个群体的株型特征。结果表明, 穗长、穗粒数、一次和二次枝梗数, 超高产群体分别为21.56、356.34、20.46和73.98 (两年平均值), 均高于对应的高产和更高产群体, 但一次和二次枝梗的结实率略微降低。超高产群体上部三叶的长、宽以及卷曲率高, 倒一、倒二、倒三叶的卷曲率分别为1.84、1.47、1.26, 叶基角和披垂度小, 抽穗后的主茎绿叶数多。超高产群体株高为143.50 cm, 分别较更高产、高产群体高1.98%和3.83%, 上部第一、第二、第三节间长度增加, 穗长加穗下节间长占株高比例、穗下节间占秆长比例高, 分别为39.84%和37.75%; 基部第一、第二、第三节间长度缩短, 茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度增加, 茎、鞘干物重以及K、Si含量高, 提高了基部节间的抗折力同时降低了倒伏指数。

关键词: 甬优12; 超高产; 株型特征

Plant-type Characteristics in Populations with Different Yield of Yongyou 12

WEI Huan-He¹, LI Chao¹, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,^*, SUN Yu-Hai¹, MA Rong-Rong², WANG Xiao-Yan³, YANG Jun-Wen⁴, DAI Qi-Gen¹, HUO Zhong-Yang¹, XU Ke¹, WEI Hai-Yan¹, GUO Bao-Wei¹

¹ Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

² Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

³Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

⁴Agricultural Technology Extention and Service, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China

Abstract

Usingindica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12, we compared the plant-type characteristics among three types of populations (high yield: 10.5-12.0 t ha^-1; higher yield: 12.0-13.5 t ha^-1; super-high yield: >13.5 t ha^-1). The main results indicated that in super-high yield population, the mean values of panicle length, total grains per spike, number of the primary and secondary rachises were 21.56, 356.34, 20.46, and 73.98, respectively, being higher than those in the high and higher yield populations. However, the seed-setting rate in the primary and secondary rachises showed slight reduction. Super-high yield population had longer length, larger width and higher rolling rate, smaller leaf basic angle and dropping angle, more green leaves after heading for the top-most three leaves in comparison with the other two populations. Compared with the other two populations, super-high yield population had higher plant height, longer length of top three internodes, higher ratio of sum of panicle and neck internode to plant height 39.84% and ratio of neck internode to stalk length 37.75%. The decreased length of basal three internodes, increased culm diameter, culm wall thickness and dry weight of culm and sheath made higher anti-broken strength and lower lodging index in super-high yield population.

Keyword: Yongyou 12; Super-high yielding; Plant-type characteristics

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株型一直是农业领域研究的热点^{[ 1]}。水稻作为人类最重要的粮食作物之一^{[ 2]}, 其株型研究备受关注。良好的株型结构可以协调和改善群体、个体内的形态和机能, 有利于产量潜力的发挥^{[ 3]}。株型不仅与基因型有关, 而且与环境、栽培措施等更密切相关。众多的研究表明, 生态环境^{[ 4]}、株行距配置^{[ 5]}、肥水管理^{[ 6]}以及栽插方式^{[ 7]}等均可影响株型结构, 进而影响产量。为进一步挖掘水稻产量潜力, 我国于1996年启动了“超级稻”计划^{[ 8]}, 目前, 中国超级稻育种和栽培已取得重要进展, 育成了一批具有超高产潜力的品种和组合, 并且就其配套的超高产栽培技术进行了较广泛的试验与研究^{[ 9, 10]}, 曾多次报道产量纪录超13.5 t hm^-2。但是, 大多数超级稻品种在生产推广过程中, 因年度、地区间以及栽培管理等方面的差异, 往往产量差异较大^{[ 11, 12]}。超级稻产量差异群体在产量构成因素、株型等方面具有哪些变化, 这些变化对育种和优化栽培措施具有哪些启示, 超高产( >13.5 t hm^-2)群体的株型特征如何, 尚缺乏较为系统的比较研究。为此, 本研究以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为材料, 在创造单产超13.5 t hm^-2的丰产方上进行株型等方面的系统测定, 同时以丰产方外产量水平在10.5~12.0 t hm^-2的群体为对照, 比较其株型性状, 以期进一步了解甬优12超高产群体的形成机理, 为籼粳交品种的育种和栽培管理提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

籼粳交超级稻甬优12, 主茎总叶数为17, 伸长节间数为7。

1.2 栽培管理与试验设计

2012—2013年, 于浙江省宁波市鄞州区洞桥镇百梁桥村种粮大户许跃进田中设置超高产攻关试验方, 连片面积为6.67 hm², 该种粮大户连续两年创造连片丰产方平均产量超13.50 t hm^-2的超高产记录(两年分别为14.45 t hm^-2和13.92 t hm^-2)。前作小麦, 土壤类型为黄化青紫泥田, 耕层含有机质38.37 g kg^-1、水溶性盐0.13 g kg^-1、速效磷20.14 mg kg^-1、速效钾78.45 mg kg^-1。两年播种期均在5月中上旬(2012年为5月18日、2013年为5月6日和5月15日), 毯苗育秧, 秧龄20 d左右, 移栽叶龄4.1叶左右(带蘖0.51~0.62个), 栽插密度为12.45万穴 hm^-2 (30.0 cm × 26.7 cm), 每穴二至三本栽插。总施氮量300~330 kg hm^-2, 其基蘖肥∶穗肥为6∶4, 蘖肥分栽后7 d和14 d等量施用; N∶P∶K=2.0∶1.0∶2.5, 其中磷肥(过磷酸钙含12% P₂O₅)按基蘖肥∶穗粒肥=5∶5施用; 钾肥(含60% K₂O)按基蘖肥∶穗粒肥=4∶6施用。同时基肥中加施300~450 kg hm^-2硅肥(含70% SiO₂)。分蘖期采用湿润灌溉, 建立3 cm浅水层; 群体茎蘖数达目标穗数的80%~90%后自然断水搁田; 抽穗扬花期田间保持3 cm水层, 此后至成熟期都采用间歇灌溉, 干干湿湿, 收割前7 d断水搁田。按超高产栽培要求防治病虫害。

在丰产方外选取部分甬优12田块作为对照(CK), 对照田块以毯苗育秧, 秧龄20 d左右, 移栽叶龄4.1叶左右, 栽插株行距为30 cm×26.7 cm, 每穴2~3个种子苗。N∶P∶K=2∶1∶2, 施纯氮270 kg hm^-2, 基蘖肥∶穗粒肥=7∶3; 磷肥全部基施; 钾肥(含60% K₂O)按基蘖肥∶穗粒肥=5∶5施用。当茎蘖数达到预期穗数时排水搁田, 拔节至成熟期实行湿润灌溉, 干湿交替, 按常规高产栽培要求防治病虫害。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 穗部性状与产量测定于成熟期, 在不同产量水平群体中按平均穗数取20穴考种, 考察分穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数等指标。采用5点割方法测定产量, 每方20 m², 收割稻种晾晒, 称重。连片丰产方的实产由专家组验收。

1.3.2 上三叶的叶基角和叶披垂度于齐穗期, 从不同生长水平群体田块选取生长基本一致的15穴, 选定主茎, 测量叶基角(茎秆与叶片基部夹角)和披垂角(茎秆与叶枕至叶尖连线的夹角), 披垂度等于披垂角与叶基角之差。

1.3.3 上三叶的大小和卷曲率于齐穗期, 从不同生长水平群体田块选取生长基本一致的15穴, 选定主茎, 测量上三叶的长度、宽度(分别测量叶片完全展平时的宽度和未失水自然状态下的宽度), 卷曲率=叶片完全展平时的宽度/未失水自然状态下的宽度。

1.3.4 茎秆性状与倒伏性状于乳熟期, 从不同生长水平群体选取生长基本一致的植株20穴, 选定主茎, 测定株高、秆长、各节间长度、基部第一、第二、第三节间的茎壁厚度和茎秆粗度等茎秆性状。植株倒伏性状主要指茎秆物理力学指标, 参照李红娇等^{[ 13]}的方法测定。即在保留叶鞘、叶片和穗子, 并保持不失水的情况下将待测节间置测定器上, 令该节间中点与测定器中点对应, 在中点挂一盘子, 向盘中逐渐加入砝码至茎秆要折断还未折断时, 再加入沙子直至茎秆折断, 此时砝码、沙子和盘子的重量即为该节间的抗折力。弯曲力矩=节间基部至穗顶长度(cm)×该节间基部至穗顶鲜重(g), 倒伏指数=弯曲力矩/抗折力×100。

1.3.5 茎鞘K、Si含量测定烘干后的茎、鞘样品, 经万能粉碎机粉碎, 过80目筛, 采用火焰分光光度法测定K含量, 采用重量差减法测定Si含量^{[ 14]}。

1.4 数据处理

运用Microsoft Excel软件录入数据、计算, 用DPS软件统计分析。两年试验的重复性较好, 各指标变化趋势一致, 因此, 本文中若无特殊年份说明, 均取2年数据的平均值。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同产量群体穗部性状的差异

由表1可知, 连续两年3种产量群体的产量差异均极显著, 如2013年超高产群体的产量分别较更高产和高产群体高10.16%和23.35%。穗长、单穗重、着粒密度、总粒数均在产量增加的群体中更高, 如2012年超高产群体的总粒数分别较更高产和高产群体高9.38%和13.42%, 一次和二次枝梗的枝粳数和粒数也呈同样趋势, 但结实率呈相反趋势。

表1 不同产量群体的产量及其穗部性状 Table 1 Yield and panicle traits in the different yield populations

2.2 上三叶的形态特征及抽穗后期的主茎绿叶数差异

高产、更高产和超高产群体的上三叶叶长呈倒二叶>倒三叶>倒一叶, 其中倒二叶和倒三叶的叶长差距逐渐增大, 上三叶叶宽呈倒一叶>倒二叶>倒三叶, 倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶长、宽和卷曲率也呈增加趋势。就上三叶的叶片受光姿态而言, 以上各群体的倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶基角和叶披垂度均减小, 如高产群体的倒一叶的叶基角和叶披垂度较更高产群体高8.19%和13.88%, 与超高产群体相比, 更高产群体也表现类似趋势( 表2); 超高产群体上三叶的叶基角和披垂度较小, 叶片更为挺立, 有利于生育后期群体下部的透光, 从而使得超高产群体主茎绿叶数在生育后期一直高于更高产和高产群体( 表3)。

表2 不同产量群体的上三叶大小及叶姿 Table 2 Size and leaf posture of the top-most three leaves in different yield populations

表3 不同产量群体的抽穗后的主茎绿叶数 Table 3 Number of green leaves in main stem at different days after heading in different yield populations

2.3 不同产量群体的茎秆特征

由表4可知, 在产量上升的群体中, 株高、秆长、重心高度、相对重心高度以及上部第一、第二、第三节间的长度均增加, 如超高产群体的株高分别较更高产和高产群体高1.98%和3.83%。穗长加穗下节间的长度占株高的比例以超高产群体最高, 较更高产和高产群体高4.95%和8.07%, 穗下节间占秆长的比例也以超高产群体最高, 差异极显著。

表4 不同产量群体的茎秆特征 Table 4 Culm traits in different yield populations

2.4 不同产量群体茎鞘干重及化学成分含量、基部节间特性的差异

3种产量群体的茎秆、鞘及单位节间干重均以超高产群体最高, 如超高产群体的鞘干重分别较更高产和高产群体高8.97%和15.38%, 差异极显著, 茎、鞘中的K和Si的含量也呈同样增加趋势( 表5)。就基部节间的物理特性和抗倒性而言, 基部第一、第二、第三节间的长度以高产群体最高, 较更高产群体高32.7%, 基部第一、第二、第三节间的茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度呈增大趋势, 如超高产群体第一节间的茎秆粗度分别较更高产和高产群体高2.16%和6.00%。基部第一、第二、第三节间的弯曲力矩和抗折力也呈增加趋势, 而倒伏指数呈减小趋势( 表6)。

表5 不同产量群体的茎、鞘干重以及K、Si含量 Table 5 Dry weight and K, Si contents of culm and sheath in different yield populations

表6 不同产量群体的基部节间的物理特性和抗倒性 Table 6 Physical lodging characteristics of the basal internode in different yield populations

3 讨论

3.1 甬优12超高产群体的叶片形态特征

良好的叶片形态特征(长、宽、卷曲率及受光姿态等)是超高产群体产量形成的重要保障^{[ 15, 16]}。当前通过扩大库容提高水稻产量已成为育种和栽培界的共识^{[ 17]}, 与此同时作为抽穗后主要光合场所的上部三叶也需要增加受光面积满足库容充实的需要^{[ 18]}。但过分增大单叶叶面积会带来叶片披垂、群体透光差等问题^{[ 19]}。在这一问题上, 人们发现卷叶性状可以解决这一矛盾, 马荣荣等^{[ 20]}研究甬优6号叶片特性表明, 其叶片适度卷曲不仅可以两面受光, 而且减少叶片重叠投影的影响, 从而延长叶片功能期。郎有忠等^{[ 21]}、李磊等^{[ 22]}的研究表明, 卷叶性状可显著降低叶片披垂度, 但卷曲过大会降低光合速率, 因此应根据不同类型品种确定适宜的卷曲率。本试验条件下, 与高产和更高产群体相比, 甬优12超高产群体上三叶叶面积大(长度分别为44.60、54.08和52.18 cm, 宽度分别为2.22、2.02和1.90 cm), 上三叶的卷曲率也以超高产群体最高, 分别为1.84、1.47和1.26, 并且叶基角和披垂度更小、植株更为直挺。这种叶型配置有利于提高光合物质生产、增加群体中、下层的透光率, 提高光能利用率, 对于维持后期根系活力以及防止叶片早衰意义重大。

3.2 甬优12超高产群体的茎秆特征及抗倒伏性状

茎秆是提高光合生产力的冠层结构的基础。一般而言, 茎秆性状包括株高、秆长、各节间长度及抗倒强度等。茎秆各节间长度的配比与产量密切相关, 凌启鸿^{[ 18]}认为5个伸长节间品种的高产群体,穗下节间加穗的长度为株高的50%较为适宜, 6个伸长节间的为40%~45%。苏祖芳等^{[ 23]}、张庆等^{[ 6]}研究认为高产群体(10.5 t hm^-2左右)的穗下节间占秆长的适宜比例为32%~35%。本试验条件下, 甬优12的伸长节间为7个, 穗下节间加穗的长度占株高比例随着产量增加而上升, 比例在36%~40%; 穗下节间占秆长比例也随产量增加而上升, 高产和更高产群体比例在32%~35%, 而超高产群体的比例为37.75%。

株高是水稻重要的农艺性状之一, 从近几十年的水稻高产育种历程看, 稻株高度大致经历了由高变矮再变高的过程。杨建昌等^{[ 24]}以江苏省近60年生产上应用的早期高秆、改良高秆、矮秆、半矮秆和超级稻等不同株高基因型为材料, 研究发现随着株高变化及品种改良, 籽粒产量逐步提高。程式华等^{[ 25]}

认为单产水平达12 t hm^-2以上的杂交水稻的株高应达115~125 cm。袁隆平^{[ 26]}认为在保持收获指数为0.5左右的前提下, 生物学产量随株高的增加而增加, 并且提出未来产量潜力达18~20 t hm^-2的超级杂交水稻的株高将达1.8~2.0 m。可见增加植株高度是进一步提高水稻产量的重要途径, 但株高过高也增大了植株倒伏的风险。茎秆作为植株的支撑, 其节间配置及质量直接影响茎秆的抗倒性。较多研究认为^{[ 27]}, 基部节间长度、粗度、充实度以及化学成分等与茎秆抗倒性紧密相关, K和Si元素参与细胞壁的木质化和硅质化, 利于增加茎秆强度^{[ 28]}。本试验条件下, 株高随着产量上升而增加, 基部节间长度随之缩短, 同时甬优12超高产群体基部节间的茎秆粗度、厚度、单位节间干重以及茎鞘中K、Si含量均高于更高产和高产群体, 改善了茎秆质量, 并且降低了倒伏指数, 这也与张洪程等报道的甬优8号和常优1号超高产群体的茎秆特征一致^{[ 29]}。因此, 在收获指数达到较高水平(0.5左右)时, 增加植株高度是今后进一步提升水稻产量潜力的可行途径, 同时更应注重强化茎秆质量, 合理配置节间长度, 提高茎秆抗倒性, 促进高产乃至超高产与茎秆抗倒性间的协调统一。

3.3 甬优12不同产量群体的株型特征

良好的株型结构是发挥产量潜力的基础。胡雅杰等^{[ 30]}的研究认为, 与毯苗机插群体相比, 钵苗机插高产群体的株型特点为穗型显著增大、上部三叶叶面积大、比叶重高、叶基角和披垂度小、叶系配置优, 同时茎秆粗壮。曾勇军等^{[ 31]}研究长江中下游地区双季稻高产株型特征发现, 早稻高产群体库容量大, 倒二、倒三叶片较长, 叶片披垂角相对较大, 而晚稻高产群体叶片长度适中, 披垂角相对较小, 茎秆粗壮。苏祖芳等^{[ 32]}研究武运粳8号和汕优63的密度和氮肥组合的株型特征发现, 产量最高组合群体的上部三叶叶角和弯曲度小、穗下节间较长、基部节间粗短。本试验条件下, 与高产和更高产群体相比, 甬优12超高产群体的穗型更大, 依靠更多穗粒数(350~360)以及发达的一次、二次枝梗, 群体颖花量高达73 500万 hm^-2以上(数据未列出); “源”强, 单叶叶面积大的上部高效叶促进了光合物质生产, 且依靠良好的受光姿态(叶基角、披垂度小及适宜卷曲率)增强群体中下层的通风透光, 延缓叶片衰老、延长光合功能期, 为大库容群体提供充足且平稳的光合物质输出; 抗倒性强, 尽管株高、单穗重增加, 弯曲力矩大, 但依靠合理的节间配置, 短、粗、厚且充实度高的基部节间, 仍提高了群体的抗折力, 降低了倒伏风险。

4 结论

与一般高产群体相比, 甬优12超高产群体 “穗大粒多”; 上部三叶大(更长、更宽)且卷曲率高, 叶基角和披垂度小, 受光姿态好; 植株高大, 上部第一、第二、第三节间长度增加, 基部第一、第二、第三节间长度缩短, 同时基部节间的茎秆粗度、厚度和充实度有所增强, 茎秆强度大, 倒伏指数小。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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[28]	李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 马群, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 不同氮利用效率基因型水稻茎秆特性比较. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1277-1285 Li M, Zhang H C, Yang X, Ge M J, Ma Q, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K. Comparision of culm characteristics with different nitrogen use efficiencies for rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1277-1285 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[29]	张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 桂玉清, 吴文革, 吴桂成, 端木银熙, 孙菊英, 赵品恒, 徐军, 李杰, 王艳, 龚金龙, 姚义, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 王宝金, 吴爱国, 钱宗华, 於永杰, 李华. 水稻超高产栽培研究与探讨. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(1): 1-14 Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Gui Y Q, Wu W G, Wu G C, Duan-Mu Y X, Sun J Y, Zhao P H, Xu J, Li J, Wang Y, Gong J L, Yao Y, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Li D J, Xiao Y C, Wang B J, Wu A G, Qian Z H, Yu Y J, Li H. Study and discussion on super high-yielding cultivation. China Rice, 2012, 18(1): 1-14 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.9745]
[30]	胡雅杰, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 刘国涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超, 刘国林. 钵苗机插水稻群体动态特征及高产形成机制的探讨. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 865-879 Hu Y J, Xing Z P, Gong J L, Liu G T, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Guo B W, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Luo X C, Liu G L. Study on population characteristics and formation mechanisms for high yield of pot-seeding mechanical transplanting rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 865-879 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[31]	曾勇军, 石庆华, 潘晓华, 韩涛. 长江中下游双季稻高产株型特征初步研究. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 546-551 Zeng Y J, Shi Q H, Pan X H, Han T. Preliminary study on the plant type characteristics of double cropping rice in Middle and Lower Reaches of Changjiang River. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 546-551 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[32]	苏祖芳, 许乃霞, 孙成明, 张亚洁. 水稻抽穗后株型指标与产量形成关系的研究. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 115-120 Su Z F, Xu N X, Sun C M, Zhang Y J. Study on the relationship between rice plant type indices after heading stage and yield formation. Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 115-120 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]

2013

0.0

1.889

杜立丰, 高丽锋, 周荣华, 宋彦霞, 赵东成, 贾继增, 任正隆. 基于重组自交系群体的小麦光温生产效率分析及新品系培育. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1523-1532

L F

, Gao

L F

, Zhou

R H

, Song

Y X

, Zhao

D C

, Jia

J Z

, Ren

Z L.

Characters and varieties screening based on recombinant inbred lines populations. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1523-1532 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Study on the photosynthetic and temperature production efficiency (P&TPE) genetically and biologically will provide a theoretical basis for high-P&TPE wheat varieties breeding.【Method】The statistical methods of regression and clustering were applied to illustrate the relationship between P&TPE and main agronomic characters of RIL populations derived from a cross between Neixiang 188 and Yanzhan 1(NY). Association analysis was used to identify loci significantly related to P&TPE. Molecular marker-assisted selection was used in cultivating wheat new varieties of H-P&TPE. 【Result】Positive correlations were detected between P&TPE and spikes per plant, grain number per spike, average filling rate, the maximum filling rate of wheat, of which, spikes per plant had the highest effects on P&TPE. PPE and TPE were influenced greatly by the average and maximum filling rate, respectively. Eleven loci were identified to be significantly associated with P&TPE in at least two environments, of which, four loci (Xwmc167-2D, Xcwm23-2D, Xbarc218-3A and Xwmc326-3B) contributed more than 10% of the phenotypic variations. By molecular marker selection, five lines were screened from the 49 lines analyzed here which showed excellent performance in yield and P&TPE. 【Conclusion】There existed genetic loci conferring P&TPE in wheat genomes. Loci selection in populations with elite agronomic traits is an alternative approach to the low efficiency of MAS.

1.College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 610000 2. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100081 3.Jiaozuo Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Jiaozuo New Harvest Agricultural Science and Technology Company, Jiaozuo 454000, Henan

【目的】通过对小麦重组自交系群体光温生产效率的分析，阐明小麦光温生产效率的遗传特点与生物学性状的关系，为高光温生产效率小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】利用重组自交系群体（RIL），通过相关分析，检测高光温生产效率及其相关位点，并利用分子标记辅助选育高光温生产效率小麦新品系。【结果】小麦的光温生产效率与单株成穗数、穗粒数、平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率呈高度正相关，其中成穗数对小麦的光温生产效率贡献最大。光能生产效率受平均灌浆速率影响较大，而温度生产效率受最大灌浆速率影响较大。11个位点与光温生产效率相关，其中4个位点的贡献率在10%以上，分别为Xwmc167-2D、Xcwm23-2D、Xbarc218-3A和Xwmc326-3B。通过分子标记筛选到5个高光温效率的新品系，并且进行了验证。【结论】高光温效率小麦品种能很好地利用低温阶段的光温资源，形成较多分蘖，提高单株穗数和穗粒数。因而，在小麦新品种培育过程中，注重筛选单株成穗数多、穗粒数多和灌浆速度快的株系有利于提高小麦的光温生产效率和高产、稳产。利用同一群体可以将QTL分析与新品种选育相结合，是分子标记辅助选择的一条有效途径。

... 株型一直是农业领域研究的热点^[1] ...

2013

0.0

1.667

李鸿伟, 杨凯鹏, 曹转勤, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 稻麦连作中超高产栽培小麦和水稻的养分吸收与积累特征. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 464-477

H W

, Yang

K P

, Cao

Z Q

, Wang

Z Q

, Yang

J C.

Characteristics of nutrient uptake and accumulation in wheat and rice with continuous cropping under super-high-yielding cultivation. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 464-477 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Understandingcharacteristics of nutrient uptake and accumulation in plants would be highly significant in the realization of high-yielding and high efficiency of resource use in rice and wheat. This study aimed at investigating uptake and accumulation characteristics of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) in rice and wheat plants under super-high-yielding cultivation in the wheat-rice planting system in the lower reaches of Yangtze River of China. Two high-yielding wheat varieties and two rice varieties were field-grown for two years. Two cultivation patterns, the local farmers’ practice and super-high-yielding cultivation, were used. The super-high-yielding cultivation adopted two new key techniques, i.e., site-specific nitrogen management and alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation in rice and controlled soil drying irrigation in wheat. In comparison with those under the local farmers’ practice (wheat yield < 8 t ha^-1 and rice yield < 9 t ha^-1), the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants was significantly increased, and the accumulation of N, P, or K was significantly decreased before stem elongation, whereas it was significantly increased in the durations from the stem elongation to flowering and from flowering to maturity under the super-high-yielding cultivation (wheat yield > 9 t ha^-1 and rice yield > 12 t ha^-1). The total uptake of N, P, and K under the super-high-yielding cultivation was 265, 58, and 256 kg ha^-1 for wheat and 256, 79, and 321 kg ha^-1 for rice, respectively. The proportion of N, P, or K accumulated in plants during the mid and late growth period (from stem elongation to maturity) to the total uptake of nutrients was 50–60% for wheat and 60–70% for rice. The super-high-yielding cultivation significantly increased partial factor productivity of N, P, or K (grain yield/the amount of N, P, or K applied), internal nutrient efficiency (grain yield/the total uptake of N, P, or K at maturity), and harvest index of nutrients (uptake N, P, or K in grains/ the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants at maturity), and significantly decreased the absorption amount of nutrients for grain production (the total uptake of N, P, or K in plants at maturity/grain yield). The results suggest that both wheat and rice absorb relatively smaller nutrients at early growth stages and more nutrients during the mid and late growth period, and the uptake and use efficiency of nutrients could be increased under the super-high-yielding cultivation.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以2个小麦品种和2个水稻品种为材料，大田种植，稻麦连作，重复2年, 设置超高产栽培和当地高产栽培两种栽培模式，旨在探明超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累特征。超高产栽培中，采用实地氮肥管理及水稻轻干湿交替灌溉和小麦控制土壤水分灌溉等关键技术。与当地高产栽培(小麦产量< 8 t hm^-2，水稻产量< 10 t hm^-2)相比，超高产栽培(小麦产量> 9 t hm^-2，水稻产量> 12 t hm^-2)小麦和水稻的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)总吸收量显著增加，并表现为拔节前的吸收和积累量显著降低，拔节至开花、开花至成熟的吸收积累量显著提高。超高产栽培的N、P、K的总吸收量，小麦分别为265、58和256 kg hm^-2，水稻分别为256、79和321 kg hm^-2。上述3种元素于生育中后期(拔节至成熟)的吸收量占总吸收量的比例，小麦为50%~60%，水稻为60%~-70%。超高产栽培显著提高了N、P、K偏生产力(产量/N、P、K施用量)、养分吸收的养分籽粒生产率(籽粒产量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)和养分收获指数(籽粒N、P、K吸收量/成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量)，降低了生产单位籽粒产量的养分吸收量(成熟期植株N、P、K吸收量/籽粒产量)。本研究结果显示，超高产栽培小麦和水稻养分吸收与积累具有生育前期较低、生育中期和后期较高的特点，且养分吸收利用效率提高。

... 水稻作为人类最重要的粮食作物之一^[2], 其株型研究备受关注 ...

2009

0.0

1.667

李红宇, 侯昱铭, 陈英华, 权成哲, 闫平, 刘梦红, 武洪涛, 陈温福, 徐正进. 东北地区水稻主要性状比较分析. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 921-929

H Y

, Hou

Y M

, Chen

Y H

, Quan

C Z

, Yan

, Liu

M H

, Wu

H T

, Chen

W F

, Xu

Z J.

Comparison of rice plant types in northeast region of China. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 921-929 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Eighty-one rice cultivars and lines tested in regional trial in Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces in 2006 and 2007 were used to study the plant-type characteristics and their relationships with yield in Shenyang, Gongzhuling, and Wuchang. The results indicated that the plant-types of most cultivars and lines in northeast region of China were EPT (erect panicle type) or SEPT (semi-erect panicle type) according to PNC (panicle-neck curvature), DPT (dense panicle type) or SDPT (semi-dense panicle type) according to grain density, MPT (middle panicle type) or HPT (heavy panicle type) according to panicle weight and low part panicle superior. Most rice cultivars or lines were CPT (curve panicle type) or SEPT in Heilongjiang, SEPT in Jilin and EPT in Liaoning; semi-dense or loose panicle type, and MPT (middle panicle type) or TPT (thin panicle type) in Jilin and Heilongjiang, and dense panicle type and HPT(heavy panicle type) in Liaoning. Large vascular bundles in neck (LVBN), small vascular bundles in neck (SVBN),large vascular bundles in the second internode (LVBS) and small vascular bundles in the second internode (SVBS) ranked as Liaoning＞Jilin＞Heilongjiang; length and width of the top three leaves of Liaoning cultivars were the largest, but basic angle less than that of Jilin and Heilongjiang. LVBN, SVBN, LVBS, and SVBS were very positively correlated with primary branches, primary branch grains, secondary branches, secondary branch grains, and secondary branch grain rate, but negatively correlated with seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of primary branch and secondary branch. Cluster analysis showed that most cultivars in northeast of China were high-yielding or mid-yielding. With a tendency of more vascular bundles, longer and wider the top three leaves, higher plant, larger biomass and smaller angle of leaf.

1Rice Institute，Shenyang Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology，Ecology，Genetics and Breeding，Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Breeding of Liaoning，Shenyang 110161，China；2 Rice Institute of Jilin Province，Gongzhuling 136100,China;3Wuchang Rice Institute,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural sciences，Wuchang 150229，China；4Plant Protection Institute，Academy of Heilongjiang Land-Reclaimalbe Sciences，Jiamusi 154000，China

以2006年和2007年辽宁、吉林、黑龙江3省水稻区域试验品种(系)为材料，分别在辽宁沈阳、吉林公主岭和黑龙江五常研究了水稻的株型特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明东北地区多数品种是穗型直到半直立(82.6%)、着粒密度中到稀(80.2%)、穗重轻到中(72.8%)、二次枝梗分布下部优势型(98.8%)。黑龙江主要是弯、半直立穗型品种，吉林以半直立穗型品种为主，辽宁则以直立穗型品种为主。吉林和黑龙江品种多数是中、稀穗型和中、轻穗型，辽宁主要是中、密穗型和中、重穗型。穗颈大、小维管束数和第2节间大、小维管束数平均值表现为辽宁＞吉林＞黑龙江。辽宁上三叶长、宽大于吉林和黑龙江，但叶基角较小。穗颈大、小维管束数和第2节间大、小维管束数与一、二次枝梗数和一、二次枝梗粒数及二次枝梗粒率呈极显著正相关，与一、二次枝梗结实率和千粒重呈负相关。聚类分析结果表明，东北地区育种单位选育的品种多数处于中、高产量水平，总体上有穗型直立、着粒密度大、重穗型、穗颈维管束数多、上三叶长且宽而角度小、株高和生物产量高有利于高产的趋势。

... 良好的株型结构可以协调和改善群体、个体内的形态和机能, 有利于产量潜力的发挥^[3] ...

2013

0.0

1.667

金峰, 王鹤潼, 徐海, 江奕君, 赵明珠, 杨莉, 徐正进, 陈温福, 郑家奎. 不同生态区籼粳交杂交F₂代亚种属性与株型性状的特点. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 1240-1247

Jin

, Wang

H T

, Xu

, Jiang

Y J

, Zhao

M Z

, Yang

, Xu

Z J

, Chen

W F

, Zheng

J K.

Characteristics of plant type traits and subspecies characteristics in F₂ generations of cross between indica and japonica rice under different ecological regions. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 1240-1247 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Two F₂ populations, one derived from the cross between Wanlun 422 (indica) and Shennong 265 (japonica) named as F₂-A, the other derived from the cross between Luhui99 (indica) and Shennong 265 (japonica) named as F₂-B, were grown in Liaoning and Sichuan to analyze the effect of ecological environments on subspecies characteristics and their relationships with plant type traits. The result showed that subspecies characters in F₂ generations were continuously varied in different environments. Two populations were generally normal distribution in Sichuan, but obviously indica-like in Liaoning. The effects of environment on six traits of Cheng’s index were incompletely consistent. The ecological conditions had a significant effect on plant type traits. The plant height and panicle curvature increased significantly, but the panicle length, flag leaf length,flag leaf width and leaf angle decreased in Sichuan. Plant height in different subspecies had no obvious regularity in different regions. Flag leaf length was longer in indica (H) than in other types, but flag leaf angle had no significant difference in different subspecies and environments. Flag leaf width was changed with the cross combinations. Generally, panicle length reduced, but panicle curvature increased progressively from indica (H) to japonica (K) type. The subspecies characteristics were certainly related with plant type traits, but the correlation between them was not consistent in different cross combinations and environments.

1 College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China; 2 Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong 510000, China; 3 Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, China

两个籼粳稻杂交F₂群体(F₂-A：晚轮422/沈农265、F₂-B：泸恢99/沈农265)分别在辽宁和四川种植，研究生态环境对亚种属性及其与株型性状相互关系的影响。结果表明，不同生态环境下F₂代植株籼粳属性均呈接近正态的连续变异，相对于四川，辽宁呈现明显的偏籼分布，生态环境对程氏指数六性状的影响并不完全一致。生态环境对株型特性也有较明显的影响，从四川到辽宁，株高和穗弯曲度显著提高，而穗长、剑叶长、剑叶宽及剑叶张角则表现降低趋势。不同地区株高的类型间差异没有明显规律性，剑叶长表现为籼型显著大于其他类型的趋势，剑叶张角地区和类型间大多无显著差异，不同地区剑叶宽的类型间差异因组合而异。总之不同地区从籼型到粳型，均有穗长递减而穗弯曲度递增的趋势。籼粳稻杂交F₂代植株个体籼粳属性与株型性状表现出一定的相关性，但相关的方向和程度在不同地区和组合间不完全一致。

... 众多的研究表明, 生态环境^[4]、株行距配置^[5]、肥水管理^[6]以及栽插方式^[7]等均可影响株型结构, 进而影响产量 ...

2007

0.0

1.494

闫川, 丁艳锋, 王强盛, 李刚华, 黄丕生, 王绍华. 行株距配置对水稻茎秆形态生理与群体生态的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 530-536

Yan

, Ding

Y F

, Wang

Q S

, Li

G H

, Huang

P S

, Wang

S H.

Effects of row-spacing on morphological and eco-physiological characteristics in rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 530-536 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With japonica rice Wuyunjing 7 and indica rice Fengyouxiangzhan as test materials,effects of row-spacing on morphological and eco-physiological characteristics of rice were studied.The yield of medium row-spacing treatment(30 cm×13.3 cm) was the highest,while that of narrow row-spacing(20 cm×20 cm) was the lowest,with a significant difference at 0.05 level.Medium row-spacing treatment significantly diminished internode length and enhanced internode thickness,wall thickness,the number of vascular bundles of internode,and the lodging resistance compared to wide row-spacing(40 cm×10 cm) and narrow row-spacing treatments.The content of dry matter in basal internode at the heading stage and the 20th day after heading,and the amount of dry matter transferred to grain at the filling stage were the highest at the medium row-spacing treatment.Moreover,there were appropriate leaf area index and higher photosynthetic rate of flag leaf at medium row-spacing treatment.Furthermore,the distinctive differences were found in the content of CO2,light intensity,air temperature and humidity in the population among different row-spacing treatments,and medium row-spacing treatment showed ideal microclimate within the population of rice.It clearly suggested that medium row-spacing treatment is necessary for high-yielding cultivation of rice.

以籼稻品种丰优香占和粳稻品种武运粳7号为材料，研究了不同行株距配置对茎秆形态生理与群体生态的影响。结果表明，中等行距（30.0 cm×13.3 cm）处理的产量最高，窄行距产量最低，差异显著(P<0.05)。中等行距配置较宽、窄行距处理显著减少了节间长度，增加了节间粗度、茎壁厚度及维管束数目，植株抗折力得到明显的提高，差异达显著水平(P<0.05)；中等行距处理下水稻茎秆在齐穗期和灌浆后期单位长度节间干物质含量及灌浆期干物质转运量最大。此外，中等行距配置群体具有适宜的叶面积指数和较高的剑叶光合速率；不同行距配置群体内部CO2浓度、光照强度、温度和湿度等微气象因子具有一定差异，中等行距配置具有良好的群体微气象环境。阐述了适当扩大行距是水稻高产的必备条件。

... 众多的研究表明, 生态环境^[4]、株行距配置^[5]、肥水管理^[6]以及栽插方式^[7]等均可影响株型结构, 进而影响产量 ...

2010

0.0

1.667

张庆, 殷春渊, 张洪程, 魏海燕, 马群, 杭杰, 李敏, 李国业. 水稻氮高产高效与低产低效两类品种株型差异研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1011-1021

Zhang

, Yin

C Y

, Zhang

H C

, Wei

H Y

, Ma

, Hang

, Li

G Y.

Differences of plant-type characteristics between rice cultivars with high and low levels in yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1011-1021 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment with 225 kg ha^-1 N fertilizer application was carried out in 2006 and 2007 on the farm of Yangzhou university, Jiangsu province, China. Using 12 rice genotypes (six N-efficient and six N-inefficient) selected from 120 rice cultivars grown in Yangzhou during 2004 and 2005 to investigate the relationship among the plant-type characteristics, N use efficiency and yield performance. The results showed that the top three leaves length and drop-angle of high yield and N-efficient rice genotypes were 9.29%, 65.3% lower than those of the low yield and N-inefficient ones, and the width of the top three leaves, population LAI, valid LAI, high valid LAI and LW/LA(leaves weight/leaves area) of the former of were 29.25%, 8.27%, 13.32%, 6.66%, and 5.82% higher than those of the latter on average respectively. The high yield and N-efficient genotypes had higher lodging resistance capability and more reasonable distribution for the length of internodes on stem than the low yield and N-inefficient ones. Yield and N use efficiency negatively correlated (significantly at P<0.05 or P<0.01) with the length and drop-angle of the top three leaves, while positively correlated(significantly at P<0.05 or P<0.01)with the width of the top three leaves, population LAI, valid LAI, high valid LAI, SLW, anti-broken strength, bender moment, and lodge index. Especially, the length and width of the flag and top 3rd leaves played an important role in the N use efficiency. It was indicated that good plant-type structure is a prerequisite for N use efficiency.

1Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University;2Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Cultivation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River,Ministry of Agriculture Yangzhou 225009,China

以氮利用高产高效型和低产低效型的12个粳稻品种的大田试验研究了225 kg hm^-2纯氮水平下株型特征的类型间差异，以及株型特征、倒伏性状、产量和氮肥利用率的相互关系。结果表明，水稻上三叶的叶长、叶披垂度，氮高产高效型品种显著低于氮低产低效型，平均分别低9.29%、65.3%；上三叶的叶宽、群体LAI、有效LAI、高效LAI和比叶重，氮高产高效型平均分别比氮低产低效型高29.25%、8.27%、13.32%、6.66%和5.82%。相对于氮低产低效型品种，氮高产高效型品种植株茎秆节间配置合理，抗倒能力增强。水稻的产量、氮肥利用效率与植株上三叶的叶长、叶披垂度均呈显著或极显著负相关，与上三叶的叶宽、群体LAI、有效LAI、高效LAI和比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关，与抗折力、弯曲力矩和秆型指数呈显著或极显著正相关。尤其是剑叶、倒三叶的叶长和叶宽对氮素利用效率的作用较大。说明良好的株型结构是氮肥利用效率提高的前提。

... 众多的研究表明, 生态环境^[4]、株行距配置^[5]、肥水管理^[6]以及栽插方式^[7]等均可影响株型结构, 进而影响产量 ...

... 苏祖芳等^[23]、张庆等^[6]研究认为高产群体(10 ...

2014

0.0

1.667

雷小龙, 刘利, 刘波, 黄光忠, 郭翔, 马荣朝, 任万军. 机械化种植对杂交籼稻F优498产量构成与株型特征的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 719-730

Lei

X L

, Liu

, Huang

G Z

, Guo

, Ma

R C

, Ren

W J.

Effects of mechanized planting methods on yield components and plant type characteristics of indica hybrid rice Fyou 498. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 719-730 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to identify plant type characteristics of high-yield population of indica hybrid rice using mechanized planting methods, a split plot field experiment was conducted using Fyou 498 as material. The plant type characteristics and their relationships with yield components in treatments of mechanized direct-seeding, mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting with different seedlings per hill and different sowing dates were studied. The main results were as follows: (1) The traits of plant type differed markedly among the treatments of three planting methods. The length, width and leaf distance of top three leaves as well as blade tangent and drooping angle were larger under mechanized direct-seeding and transplanting. The top three leaves were erect with proper leaf area in the treatment of artificial transplanting. Plant height and leaf size of top three leaves were significantly larger in the treatments of mechanized direct-seeding and transplanting than in that of artificial transplanting. However, specific leaf weight, panicles per plant and total leaves were greater under artificial transplanting than under mechanized planting. For culm angle, spikelets and grain weight per panicle, the ranking orders of treatments were mechanized transplanting > artificial transplanting > mechanized direct-seeding. Leaf area increased with delaying sowing date or decreasing seedling number per hill and late sowing reduced the ratio of grain number to leaf area, panicles per plant, spikelets per panicle and seed-setting rate markedly. A significantly positive correlation was observed between grain weight per panicle and length, width, inserted height of leaf and plant height. Grain weight per plant was lower under mechanized direct-seeding than under mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting. (2) The yield was significantly lower under mechanized direct-seeding than under mechanized transplanting and under artificial transplanting, which decreased by delaying sowing date or decreasing seedling number per hill. There were significant correlations between some traits of plant type and yield as well as its components. The notable characteristics of high-yield plant type in mechanized planting were proper plant height, length of top three leaves, LAI and culm angle. Meanwhile, the larger leaf width, specific leaf weight, leaf distance of top three leaves, erect leaves, adequate panicle number and large panicles were critical to high yield. Good plant type characteristics of individuality and optimal population structure are a prerequisite for increasing yield. Indica hybrid rice should be sowed earlier as the time allows with three seedlings per hill approximately in mechanized planting.

1 Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, China; 2 Pixian Bureau of Rural Development, Pixian 611730, China; 3 Agrometeorological Center of Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, Chengdu 610066, China

为探明机械化种植杂交籼稻高产群体的株型特征, 以F优498为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 研究了不同穴苗数与播期下机直播、机插、手插3种种植方式的株型特征及其与产量构成的关系。结果表明: (1) 不同种植方式株型特征差异显著, 机直播和机插上三叶叶长、叶宽和叶间距大, 但叶基角和披垂度也较大; 手插上三叶大小适宜, 叶片厚而挺直; 机直播和机插株高和着生高度显著大于手插, 但手插比叶重、单株穗数和总叶片数显著高于机械化种植; 机直播的茎蘖夹角、穗粒数和单穗重显著低于机插和手插。推迟播期和低苗处理均使叶片增大, 比叶重、粒叶比、单株穗数、穗粒数和结实率随播期延迟显著降低。单穗重与上三叶长度、宽度、着生高度和株高均呈显著或极显著正相关, 以机插最高, 手插次之, 机直播最低。(2) 机直播产量显著低于机插和手插, 且随播期延迟和穴苗数减少显著降低。产量及其构成与株型特征密切相关, 机械化种植杂交籼稻高产株型的显著特征为适宜的株高、上三叶长度、群体LAI和茎集散度; 叶宽、比叶重、叶间距大和直立性好。足穗和大穗的统一是实现水稻高产的关键, 塑造个体优良的株型与优化群体结构是增产的前提, 机械化种植杂交籼稻应在时间允许的条件下尽早播栽, 穴苗数以3苗左右为宜。

... 众多的研究表明, 生态环境^[4]、株行距配置^[5]、肥水管理^[6]以及栽插方式^[7]等均可影响株型结构, 进而影响产量 ...

2010

0.0

1.667

张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13. 5 t hm^-2超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1547-1558

Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Li

D J

, Xiao

Y C

, Gong

J L

, Li

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Wang

B J

, Wu

A G.

Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13. 5 t ha^-1). Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1574-1558 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Population characteristics of super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha^-1) were studied and its formation mechanism was explored using Yongyou 8 as material in Xinghua and Jiangyan. Results showed that population of 13.5 t ha^-1 had more spikelets per panicle and total spikelets than population of 12.0 t ha^-1. There was no significant difference in panicles, filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight between populations of 13.5 t ha^-1 and 12.0 t ha^-1. Population of 13.5 t ha^-1 exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved excepted number of stems and tillers at critical leaf-age for productive tillers, whose max number of stems and tillers was at jointing stage and was about 1.3 times of excepted number. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, which achieved expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of 13.5 t ha^-1population was more than 75%, which was higher than that of population of 12.0 t ha^-1.The leaf area index of 13.5 t ha^-1 population was lower than that of 12.0 t ha^-1 population at the early growth stage, and the max leaf area index was about 8.5 at booting, which decreased stably and was above 4.0 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of population with 13.5 t ha^-1 was small at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total photosynthetic potential was above 6.75×10⁶ m² d ha^-1, of which most than 45.0% was from heading to maturity. The dry matter accumulation was smaller compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1before jointing, and the weight of it was above 60 kg ha^-1 at heading, which was significantly higher than that of population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total weight of dry matter was above 23.25 t ha^-1, of which above 9.75 t ha^-1 was accumulated from heading to maturity. Formation mechanism of super-high yielding population (13.5 t ha^-1) was that: population quality was enhanced at critical leaf-age for productive tillers through cultivating strong seedlings, germinating low positiontillers and achieved expected number of stems and tillers in time, which formed the biological foundation for high quality population at middle stage; in order to form high photosynthetic efficiency of population structure with strong lodging-resistance and large population spikeletes at heading, suitable number of strong stems and large panicles was cultivated through establishing suitable dynamic and size of population; in order to enlarge sink-filling and keep strength of stems and sheaths, dry matter accumulation was enriched after heading through photosynthetic system smooth and steady fade away.

1Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation technology in Yangtze Valley,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009, China;2 Rice Research Institute of xianghua, Fengyuan,Xinghua 22570,China;3Bureau of Agriculture of Xing hua County, Xinghua 225700,China;4 Bureau of Agriculture of Jiangyan County,Jiangyan 225500,China

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号，以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0 hm²连片与6.67 hm²连片超高产攻关方为依托，研究了13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体特征，并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明，较之12.0 t hm^-2左右群体，13.5 t hm^-2群体的穗型大，群体颖花量多(60 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上)，有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当；群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长，至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数，高峰苗出现在拔节期，数量少，为预期穗数的1.3倍左右，此后群体平缓下降，至抽穗期达适宜穗数，成穗率高(＞75%)；群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢，最大值出现在孕穗期，为8.5左右，此后下降缓慢，成熟期仍保持在4.0以上；群体光合势生育前期较小，中、后期较大，总光合势为6.75×10⁶ m² d hm^-2以上，抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上；群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低，拔节后积累速度较快，至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5 t hm^-2以上，抽穗后积累量亦高，一般为9.75 t hm^-2以上, 总干物重高23.25 t hm^-2以上。13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体形成机制为，依靠精苗，发大蘖，及时够苗，提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期)，为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础；依靠合理的群体动态及其规模，培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗，于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体；依靠平稳消退的光合系统，提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力，增大群体库容的总充实量，并维持较大的茎鞘强度，增强群体的安全抗倒力。

... 计划^[8], 目前, 中国超级稻育种和栽培已取得重要进展, 育成了一批具有超高产潜力的品种和组合, 并且就其配套的超高产栽培技术进行了较广泛的试验与研究^[9,10], 曾多次报道产量纪录超13 ...

2012

0.0

1.299

2013

0.0

1.299

张洪程, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 蒋晓鸿, 陈厚存, 高尚勤, 李德剑, 赵成美, 戴齐根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(21): 50-59

Zhang

H C

, Zhu

C C

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Jiang

X H

, Chen

H C

, Gao

S Q

, Li

D J

, Zhao

C M

, Dai

Q G

, Wei

H Y

, Guo

B W.

Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting. Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.

为研究钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及生理生态特点，在长江中下游不同生态区选用当地大面积种植的代表性品种淮稻8号、甬尤8号、常优5号、皖稻68、镇稻11、武运粳24为材料，设置钵苗机插高产示范田和专题对比小区试验，并以常规盘育毯苗机插为对照（CK），就产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态各项指标进行系统比较。结果表明，与水稻毯状小苗机插相比，机插钵苗秧苗素质高，活棵发苗快，高峰苗数较小，成穗率高7个百分点；钵苗机插水稻生育中、后期群体生长率和净同化率相对较高，其中抽穗至成熟期群体生长率高出8.7%~15.1%。抽穗后群体光合势、干物质积累等光合物质生产指标均显著或极显著高于毯苗机插，其中抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量增加8.7%；钵苗机插水稻抽穗后根系活力各项指标均较优，乳熟期颖花根活量提高14.2%，且抗倒伏能力较强，基部节间倒伏指数小7%～16.8%。钵苗机插水稻具有显著的增产优势，比毯苗机插增产6.0%～12.6%，其产量形成优势的主要特征是"穗大粒多"。

2006

0.0

1.889

杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345

Yang

J C

, Du

, Wu

C F

, Liu

L J

, Wang

Z Q

, Zhu

Q S.

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

扬州大学农学院

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

2010

0.0

1.889

张洪程, 吴桂成, 吴文革, 戴齐根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 黄幸福, 龚金龙. 水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2645-2660

Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Wu

W G

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Huang

X F

, Gong

J L.

The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

（扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

2009

0.0

1.494

李红娇, 张喜娟, 李伟娟, 徐正进, 徐海. 不同穗型粳稻品种抗倒性的比较. 中国水稻科学, 2009, 23: 191-196

H J

, Zhang

X J

, Li

W J

, Xu

Z J

, Xu

Lodging resistance in japonica rice varieties with different panicle types. Chin J Rice Sci, 2009, 23: 191-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The difference of lodging resistance for nine japonica rice varieties from northern China with different panicle types was studied. The results showed that lodged culms frequently bend at the second or third internodes, 20 to 40 cm above the ground. The lodging index was significantly and positively correlated with the length of basal internodes and the culm length. Significantly positive correlations were also found between the fresh weight of culm from different internodes to the top, long or short external diameters, area of cross section and breaking resistance, bending moment. The panicle length significantly affected the bending moment of various internodes. Significantly positive correlations were also noted between the fresh weight of panicle, and breaking resistance, bending moment. The neckpanicle angle had no significant effect on the lodging index. For a certain variety, curved panicle doesn′t mean poor lodging resistance. Lodging resistance of varieties varied with the region and variety, therefore, the index should not be evaluated only based on panicle type. In general, rice varieties with erect and semierect panicle from northern China had smaller lodging index and stronger lodging resistance than those with curved panicle. The reasons were as follows: firstly, the varieties with erect and semierect panicle were dwarf with short basal internodes, which increased their lodging resistance; secondly, for the varieties with erect panicle, lodging resistance of basal culm was strong; finally, with short and light panicles, the varieties with erect and semierect panicles had slight bending degree of panicle neck, which reduced the force to stalk. In addition, the relationship between ecological environment, characteristics of varieties, panicle type and lodging resistance were also discussed.

Rice Research Institute/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Breeding of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang 110161, China; *Corresponding author, E-mail: xuzhengjin@126.com

选用北方稻区9个不同穗型粳稻品种为材料，初步探讨了不同穗型粳稻品种间抗倒伏性的差异。倒伏多发生在距地面20~40 cm的第2、3节间。基部节间长与倒伏指数呈显著正相关；秆长与倒伏指数呈显著正相关；节至顶鲜质量、长短外径、截面面积与抗折力和弯曲力矩均呈显著或极显著正相关；穗长显著影响各节间的弯曲力矩；穗鲜质量与各节间抗折力、弯曲力矩呈显著正相关；穗颈角对各节间倒伏指数影响不显著。就单个品种而言，弯曲穗型内也存在抗倒性强的品种，不能单纯以穗型来评价品种抗倒性，应综合考虑品种的地域性及品种自身的特性。但从总体水平分析，北方稻区直立、半直立穗型粳稻品种比弯曲穗型品种倒伏指数小，抗倒性好。主要原因在于：直立、半直立穗型品种株高偏矮，基部节间短，更有利于抗倒；直立穗型品种基部茎秆抗倒性状表现良好；直立、半直立穗型品种穗短、轻且穗颈弯曲度小，对茎秆作用力小。此外，还讨论了生态条件、品种特性、穗型与抗倒伏性的相互关系。

... 植株倒伏性状主要指茎秆物理力学指标, 参照李红娇等^[13]的方法测定 ...

1983

0.0

... 5 茎鞘K、Si含量测定烘干后的茎、鞘样品, 经万能粉碎机粉碎, 过80目筛, 采用火焰分光光度法测定K含量, 采用重量差减法测定Si含量^[14] ...

2012

0.0

吴自明, 赵伟, 石庆华, 潘晓华. 双季水稻叶片温度变化规律及其与产量关系的研究. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(18): 86-92

Z M

, Zhao

, Shi

Q H

, Pan

X H.

The study on double- season rice leaves temperature change law and its relationships with yield. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2012, 28(18): 86-92 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To study the relation between the temperature of leaf (Tleaf) and yield, 12 variaties of double-cropping rice were measured for leaves temperature and yield by infrared radiation thermometer. These results showed that, the daily vatiation of Tleaf was a single peak curve, the variation range was less than the air temperature. The temperature differences between of air and leaves (TD) were appeared among different varieties in different growth stages. TD had a positive correlation with yield at 14:00 in different growth stages, the highest degree of correlation in heading. The daily average of Tleaf of flag leave had a negative correlation with yield in heading and 15 days after heading (early season rice) or 20 days (late season rice), the average of TD of flag leave had a positive correlation with yield.

为了研究水稻叶片温度与产量关系，以双季早晚稻12个品种为材料，2008—2009年应用红外测温仪记录叶片温度，并分析大气温度、气叶温差与产量的关系。结果表明，水稻叶片温度的日变化呈单峰曲线，变化幅度小于气温；在不同生育阶段品种间气叶温差存在明显差异。各生育时期14:00点的气叶温差与产量呈正相关关系，抽穗期的相关程度最高；抽穗期和抽穗后的剑叶日平均温度与产量呈负相关，剑叶的日平均气叶温差与产量呈正相关；超级稻的气叶温差高于非超级稻。

2013

0.0

1.494

周丽慧, 赵春芳, 赵凌, 张亚东, 朱镇, 陈涛, 赵庆勇, 姚姝, 于新, 王才林. 利用染色体片段置换系群体检测水稻叶片形态QTL. 中国水稻科学, 2013, 27: 26-34

Zhou

L H

, Zhao

C F

, Zhao

, Zhang

Y D

, Zhu

, Chen

, Zhao

Q Y

, Yao

, Yu

, Wang

C L.

QTL detection for leaf morphology of rice using chromosome segment substitution lines. Chin J Rice Sci, 2013, 27: 26-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The morphological characteristic is one of profitable targets in rice promotion of plant type and yield. A population of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from backcross between indica recipient 9311 and japonica donar Nipponbare was employed to map quantitative trait loci for the top three leaf size (i.e., leaf length, width and area) and main panicle yield (i.e., spikelet number of main panicle, 1000grain weight of main panicle, seed setting rate of main panicle, main panicle weight), and analyzed their correlation between leaf and yield traits. Correlation analysis revealed that there were significant correlation among traits of leaf size in CSSLs population. Traits of leaf morphology were significantly positively correlated with main panicle weight. Most of traits of leaf morphology had no correlation with seed setting rate, 1000grain weight. A total of 20 QTLs for the top three leaf size were located at 10 regions on 7 chromosomes except for chromosomes 2, 7, 8, 10 and 12 in two years, with explained phenotypic variations ranging from 3.82% to 14.61% and that of six ones were above 10%. Various QTLs were distributed in cluster, and three QTLs were detected in both two years. Furthermore, eight QTLs were novel QTL, comparing with the other mapping results. A total of 16 QTLs for the traits of main panicle yield were detected at 13 regions on 7 chromosomes of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 10 in two years, and 5 regions were in common with QTLs of leaf morphology and yield.

Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research ＆ Development Center/Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China;

水稻叶片的形态改良是水稻株型育种和产量育种的重要目标之一。以9311/日本晴染色体片段置换系（CSSLs）群体为材料，定位了上3叶叶片长、宽、叶面积共9个性状QTL，分析了叶片性状与产量性状之间的相关性，同时定位了主穗重及产量构成因素（颖花数、千粒重、结实率）相关QTL。结果表明，CSSLs群体的叶片性状之间存在显著或极显著相关性；叶片性状与主穗重呈显著或极显著正相关，与主穗颖花数呈极显著正相关；叶片形态多数性状与结实率、千粒重没有显著相关性。两年共定位到20个叶片性状QTL，分布于第1、3、4、5、6、9、11共7条染色体的10个区间，贡献率为3.82%~14.61%，其中贡献率大于10%有6个，多个QTL成簇分布在相同区间，3个QTL在两年间重复检测到，8个QTL为前人未报道的新位点。两年共检测到16个与控制主穗产量相关的QTL，分布于第1、2、3、5、7、8、10共7条染色体13个区间，其中有7个主穗产量相关QTL所在5个区间与叶片形态14个QTL所在区间一致。

2013

0.0

1.667

韦还和, 姜元华, 赵可, 许俊伟, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郑飞. 甬优系列杂交稻品种的超高产群体特征. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2201-2210

Wei

H H

, Jiang

Y H

, Zhao

, Xu

J W

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Zheng

Characteristics of super-high yield population in Yongyou series of hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2201-2210 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted using the representative indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 11, Yongyou 12, Yongyou 13, Yongyou 15, Yongyou 17 to compare between super-high and high yield populations formed by the regulation of cultivation measures. The results showed that the spikelets of the super-high yield population was higher than that of high yield population, with difference very significant, but the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of the super-high yield population were lower than those of high yield population. The average spikeletsper panicle was significantly higher than that of high yield population, meanwhile the number of the primary and secondary branches and total grains were higher than those of high yield population, showing a significant or very significant difference. The dry matter accumulation of the super-high yield population was a little lower than that of the high yield population at the jointing stage, but higher at heading and maturity stages. From the critical leaf-age for productive tillers to jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady growth with less ineffective tillers and lower peak number of tillers after jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady decline in number of tillers and had higher productive tillers rate, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation, compared with the high yield population. The super-high yield population had higher culm diameter and culm wall thickness in the basal first, second and third internodes, as well as higher bender moment and anti-broken strength, and lower lodging index than the high yield population.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以籼粳杂交稻有代表性的品种甬优11、甬优12、甬优13、甬优15、甬优17为试材, 通过栽培措施的调控, 形成超高产(产量≥12.0 t hm^-2)和高产(10.5 t hm^-2≤产量＜12.0 t hm^-2)群体。比较研究其特征表明, 与高产群体比，超高产群体的总颖花量极显著提高, 而结实率和千粒重略降低；平均每穗粒数极显著提高, 并且一、二次枝粳数以及粒数显著或极显著提高；拔节期的干物重略低, 但抽穗期和成熟期的干物重均显著或极显著提高；其有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的生长平稳, 无效分蘖发生少, 高峰苗低, 拔节期以后茎蘖数下降平缓, 成穗率、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累量等均较高；基部第1、第2、第3节间的茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度及基部第1、第2、第3节间的弯曲力矩、抗折力均显著或极显著提高, 且倒伏指数减小。

... 当前通过扩大库容提高水稻产量已成为育种和栽培界的共识^[17], 与此同时作为抽穗后主要光合场所的上部三叶也需要增加受光面积满足库容充实的需要^[18] ...

2000

0.0

... 茎秆各节间长度的配比与产量密切相关, 凌启鸿^[18]认为5个伸长节间品种的高产群体,穗下节间加穗的长度为株高的50%较为适宜, 6个伸长节间的为40%~45% ...

2004

0.0

1.667

郎有忠, 张组建, 顾兴友, 杨建昌, 朱庆森. 水稻卷叶性状生理生态效应的研究: IV. 叶片姿态、群体构成及光分布特征. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 739-744

Lang

Y Z

, Zhang

Z J

, Gu

X Y

, Yang

J C

, Zhu

Q S.

Physiological and ecological effects of crimpy leaf character in rice (Oryza sativa L): IV. Leaf orientation, canopy structure and light distribution. Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 739-744 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Improving the processing quality of pan bread and dry white Chinese noodle (DWCN) are the major breeding objectives for North China Winter Wheat Region, and understanding the association in wheat quality parameters between pan bread and DWCN will contribute to the efficiency of breeding program. Eig

National Wheat Improvement Center/Institute of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081

改良面包和面条品质是北方冬麦区的主要育种目标，了解二者的品质异同有助于提高育种效率。本研究以81份冬小麦品种品系为材料，比较了小麦品质性状与面包和面条品质表现的关系。结果表明，籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和抗延阻力是影响面包和面条品质的共同性状，但它们对面包、面条品质

... 但过分增大单叶叶面积会带来叶片披垂、群体透光差等问题^[19] ...

2007

0.0

1.494

马荣荣, 许德海, 王晓燕, 禹盛苗, 金千瑜, 欧阳由男, 朱连峰. 籼粳亚种间杂交稻甬优6号超高产株型特征与竞争优势分析. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 281-286

R R

, Xu

D H

, Wang

X Y

, Yu

S M

, Jin

Q Y

, Ou-Yang

Y N

, Zhu

L F.

Heterosis on plant morphology of Yongyou 6, an indica-japonica inter-subspecific super high-yielding hybrid rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2005, 19: 280-284 (in Chinese with English abstract)

According to the results of the experiments conducted in 2003-2005,Yongyou 6,a late season inter-subspecific hybrid rice combination derived from a japonica cytoplasmic male sterile line Yongjing 2A and an indica restorer line K264806,performed high yielding potential,which was closely related to its outstanding heterosis in plant morphology over the japonica inbred rice Xiushui 63 and indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63.At the early growth stage,the tiller number of Yongyou 6 was between that of Shanyou 63 and that of Xiushui 63,and it showed a moderate tillering ability and less non-effective tillers.At the middle growth stage,the culms,sheaths and leaves of Yongyou 6 grew faster with higher biomass.The population of Yongyou 6 had better light distribution in its canopy because of its three top upright,longer and cured leaves.At the late growth stage,although Yongyou 6 was of high plant,but it perfected very strong tolerance to lodging due to its long and closed sheathes and short and thick basal internodes.At the maturity stage,Yongyou 6 showed arc-shaped panicles with more primary and secondary branches.The grain density of panicle was moderate with more oblate grains.The root-shoot ratio of Yongyou 6 was very higher at the whole growth stage.Moreover,the ideo-plant morphology of indica-japonica inter-subspecific super high-yielding hybrid was also discussed.

2003-2005年的试验结果表明，与常规晚粳稻秀水63和籼型杂交晚稻汕优63相比，三系籼粳亚种间杂交晚粳稻甬优6号的超高产与其生育期间株形特征及竞争优势密切相关。生育前期，甬优6号的分蘖数介于籼、粳稻之间，消长平稳，分蘖力中等，无效分蘖少；生育中期，植株的茎、鞘、叶生长快，生物量大，上3叶长而内卷挺立，群体上下受光态势好；生育后期，植株高大，茎秆粗壮，鞘叶长而抱秆紧密，茎基部节间短而厚重；成熟期，穗呈弧形，一、二次枝梗数特别多，粒多穗重，着粒密度适中，粒形偏团；各生育阶段的根冠比高。另外，对籼粳亚种间超级杂交稻的理想株形进行了讨论。

... 在这一问题上, 人们发现卷叶性状可以解决这一矛盾, 马荣荣等^[20]研究甬优6号叶片特性表明, 其叶片适度卷曲不仅可以两面受光, 而且减少叶片重叠投影的影响, 从而延长叶片功能期 ...

2004

0.0

1.667

郎有忠, 张组建, 顾兴友, 杨建昌, 朱庆森. 水稻卷叶性状生理生态效应的研究: II. 光合特性、物质生产与产量形成. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 883-887

Lang

Y Z

, Zhang

Z J

, Gu

X Y

, Yang

J C

, Zhu

Q S.

Physiological and ecological effects of crimpy leaf character in rice (Oryza sativa L): II. Photosynthetic character, dry mass production and yield forming. Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 883-887 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Two combinations, whose male parent were the same variety Zhenshan 97B, and the female parent were two Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) with character of crimpy leaf and flat leaf respectively, were used to investigate Photosynthetic character, dry mass production and yield forming. The results showed tha

Key Laboratory for Cultivation & Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu

以两个珍汕97B为遗传背景的卷叶近等基因系分别与明恢63所配的、叶型为半卷及平展的杂交组合为材料，进行栽培密度试验，对光合特性、物质生产与产量形成进行研究。结果表明，卷叶的单叶正面光合速率稍低于平展叶，而其背面光合速率稍高于平展叶，叶片中后期衰老程度，卷叶显著小于展叶；群体光合速率、群体干物质生产以及产

... 郎有忠等^[21]、李磊等^[22]的研究表明, 卷叶性状可显著降低叶片披垂度, 但卷曲过大会降低光合速率, 因此应根据不同类型品种确定适宜的卷曲率 ...

2013

0.0

1.494

李磊, 薛芗, 左示敏, 陈宗祥, 张亚芳, 李前前, 朱俊凯, 马玉银, 潘学彪, 潘存红. 抑制OsAGOla基因的表达导致水稻叶片近轴面卷曲. 中国水稻科学, 2013, 27: 223-230

, Xue

, Zuo

S M

, Chen

Z X

, Zhang

Y F

, Li

Q Q

, Zhu

J K

, Ma

Y Y

, Pan

X B

, Pan

C H.

Suppressed expression of OsAGOla leads to adaxial leaf rolling in rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2013, 27: 223-230 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Argonaute (AGO) protein is the core effectors in RNAinduced silencing complexes (RISCs), playing an important role in plant development. The 2nd and the 11th-12th exon fragments of OsAGO1awere amplified independently to make two RNAi constructs: OsAGO1aI1E and OsAGO1aI2E. To clarify the function of OsAGO1a in rice development, the expression of OsAGO1a has been suppressed by introducing RNAi constructs to Nipponbare through Agrobacteriummediated transformation. The result showed that the reduced expression of OsAGO1a lead to adaxial leaf rolling without affecting main agronomic traits.

1 Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China; 3 Department of Biochemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou 225009, China; #These authors contribute equally to this paper;

AGO蛋白是RNA诱导沉默复合体的核心元件，在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。通过分别特异性地扩增OsAGO1a基因中第2外显子和第11~12外显子的片段，构建了两个干涉载体OsAGO1aI1E和OsAGO1aI2E。利用农杆菌介导法转化水稻品种日本晴，抑制OsAGO1a基因的表达，借此研究OsAGO1a的功能及其对水稻生长发育的影响。结果表明, 抑制OsAGO1a的表达导致叶片的近轴面卷曲而对其他主要农艺性状的影响不大。

... 郎有忠等^[21]、李磊等^[22]的研究表明, 卷叶性状可显著降低叶片披垂度, 但卷曲过大会降低光合速率, 因此应根据不同类型品种确定适宜的卷曲率 ...

2003

0.0

0.9745

苏祖芳, 张亚洁, 孙成明. 水稻高产株型指标的研究. 中国稻米, 2003, 9(4): 5-6

Z F

, Zhang

Y J

, Sun

C M.

Study on plant type index of high-yield rice. China Rice, 2003, 9(4): 5-6 (in Chinese)

本文阐述了提高单产仍然是水稻生产的主攻方向，在分析水稻主要生育期株型与产量形成关系的基础上，提出了各生育期的株型形态、生理指标。

... 苏祖芳等^[23]、张庆等^[6]研究认为高产群体(10 ...

2006

0.0

1.667

杨建昌, 王朋, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 949-955

Yang

J C

, Wang

, Liu

L J

, Wang

Z Q

, Zhu

Q S.

Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 949-955 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rice is a most important food crop in China and its grain yield per hectare has been over 6 ton in recent years, which is 65% higher than that of the world, on average. Improvement in rice cultivars plays an important role in the increase of the grain yield. However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement. In this study, 16 typical mid-season indica rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of early tall (ET), improved tall (IT), dwarf cultivars (DC), semi-dwarf cultivars (SDC), semi-dwarf hybrid (SDH), and super rice (SR), according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships and plant types were investigated. Results showed that grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. DC had the greatest, whereas SR had the least, percentage of filled grains. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. From ET to DC, plant height was reduced and biomass and harvest index were simultaneously increased, especially the harvest index increased more. From DC to SR, plant height was a little increased, and biomass dramatically increased, especially after heading, and harvest index a little changed. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly reduced the leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems and increased leaf area at heading. Increase in spikelets, however, was more than that in leaf area, which resulted in the increase of grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area at heading). With the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight and the ratio of root to shoot were increased, but the amount of root bleeding sap was reduced. The speed of reduction in the concentration of zeatin and zeatin riboside in root bleeding sap and leaves from heading to maturity was SR>SDH>SDC. The results suggest that enlargement of sink resulted from large panicles, increase in biomass especially from heading to maturity and improvement of plant type contribute to the increase of grain yield for modern rice cultivars. Low root activity may account for the low percentage of filled grains for SR. Approaches to further increase in grain yield of rice were discussed based on the evolution characteristics of the cultivars.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

以江苏省近60年生产上应用的16个代表性中籼品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料，依品种应用时期结合株型和基因型，将供试品种分为早期高秆（ET）、改良高秆（IT）、矮秆（DC）、半矮秆常规品种（SDC）、半矮秆杂交稻（SDH）和超级稻（SR）6个类型，研究其产量、源库关系和株型变化特性。结果表明，随着品种改良，籽粒产量逐步提高。这主要是由于总颖花量的增加，其关键在于每穗粒数的增多；结实率以DC最高，SR最低，千粒重变化不大。由ET到DC，植株高度降低，生物产量与收获指数同步提高，收获指数的提高更为明显。由DC到SR，植株高度略有增加，生物产量明显提高，抽穗后增加的量尤为显著，收获指数变化较小。品种改良明显减小了顶部3叶的着生角度，增加了抽穗期的叶面积，但颖花量的增加超过叶面积的增加，导致粒叶比（颖花数与叶面积之比）提高。随品种的演进，抽穗期根重以及根冠比提高，但根系伤流液量减少。抽穗至成熟根系伤流液和叶片中玉米素＋玉米素核苷浓度下降的速度表现为SR>SDH>SDC。依据品种演进特征，对进一步提高产量的途径进行了讨论。

... 杨建昌等^[24]以江苏省近60年生产上应用的早期高秆、改良高秆、矮秆、半矮秆和超级稻等不同株高基因型为材料, 研究发现随着株高变化及品种改良, 籽粒产量逐步提高 ...

2000

0.0

1.667

程式华, 翟虎渠. 水稻亚种间超高产杂交组合若干株型因子的比较. 作物学报, 2000, 26: 713-718

Cheng

S H

, Zhai

H Q.

Comparison of some plant type components in super high-yielding hybrids of inter-subspecies rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2000, 26: 713-718 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Four hybrid rice combinations, i.e. 65396 (Peiai64S/E32), 65002 (Peiai64S/ 9311), Xieyou9308 (Xieqingzao A/9308) and Shanyou63 (CK) were studied　for thei r some plant type components. 65396 and 65002 were super high-yielding hybrids of inter-subspecies rice newly developed using two-line method, an

Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095

测定了两系法亚种间超高产杂交组合“65396” （培矮64S/E32）和“65002”（培矮 64S/9311），三系法亚种间超高产杂交组合“协优9308”和对照组合“汕优63”的若干株型因子，并进行了组合间的比较。结果表明， “65396”和“协优9308”上部三叶的叶面积明显增大，叶角趋小，叶片更为挺直。 “协优9308”还表现出后

... 程式华等^[25] ...

2012

0.0

0.605

... 袁隆平^[26]认为在保持收获指数为0 ...

2013

0.0

1.889

李国辉, 钟旭华, 田卡, 黄农荣, 潘俊峰, 何庭蕙. 施氮对施氮茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其形态和力学机理. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1323-1334

G H

, Zhong

X H

, Tian

, Huang

N R

, Pan

J F

, He

T H.

Effect of nitrogen application on stem lodging resistance of rice and its morphological and mechanical mechanisms. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1323-1334 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Lodging is one of the important constraints to high yield and stable production of rice. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen application on stem lodging resistance and its relationship with stem morphological and mechanical traits. The mechanisms of stem lodging resistance were explored. Results of the study will provide a theoretical basis for lodging resistance and high yield cultivation of rice. 【Method】 An indica rice cv. Yinjinruanzhan was grown in field experiments conducted with four nitrogen levels at Guangzhou. Lodging index and morphological and mechanical traits of basal culms were measured.【Result】As nitrogen input increased, plant height, gravity center height and basal internode length increased, basal internode plumpness declined, breaking resistance and elastic modulus decreased, lodging index increased and lodging resistance declined. Nitrogen treatment affected stem morphological and mechanical traits of rice. Lodging index was positively correlated with plant height, gravity center height and basal internode length, while negatively correlated with basal internode plumpness, breaking resistance and elastic modulus, and mostly significant. Positive correlation was found between lodging index and spikelet number per m2, while the correlation between lodging index and filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight were negative.【Conclusion】Nitrogen application affects stem lodging resistance through morphological traits such as plant height, gravity center height, basal internode length, basal internode plumpness, and mechanical traits such as stem bending moment and breaking resistance.

1.Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangzhou 510640 2.College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 3.College of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641

【目的】研究施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其与茎秆形态性状和力学性状的关系及其作用机理，为水稻抗倒高产栽培调控提供依据。【方法】以常规籼稻银晶软占为材料，设置4个氮水平，进行大田试验，研究施氮对水稻茎秆基部节间形态和力学性状的影响及其与倒伏指数的关系。【结果】施氮影响水稻茎秆的形态和力学性状。随着施氮量的增加，株高增加，重心上移，基部节间长度增加，节间充实度下降，抗折力和弹性模量减小，茎秆倒伏指数增加，抗倒伏能力下降。倒伏指数与株高、重心高度及基部节间长度呈正相关，而与基部节间充实度、抗折力及弹性模量呈负相关，且相关系数大多达到显著或极显著水平。倒伏指数与单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数呈显著或极显著正相关，而与结实率和千粒重呈负相关趋势。【结论】株高、重心高度、基部节间长度和基部节间充实度等形态性状，以及弯曲力矩、抗折力等力学性状，是影响水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的主要因素。

... 较多研究认为^[27], 基部节间长度、粗度、充实度以及化学成分等与茎秆抗倒性紧密相关, K和Si元素参与细胞壁的木质化和硅质化, 利于增加茎秆强度^[28] ...

2012

0.0

1.667

李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 马群, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 不同氮利用效率基因型水稻茎秆特性比较. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1277-1285

, Zhang

H C

, Yang

, Ge

M J

, Ma

, Wei

H Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

Comparision of culm characteristics with different nitrogen use efficiencies for rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1277-1285 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The morphological and physiological characteristics of low-yielding and low N-efficiency, high-yielding and medium N-efficiency, high-yielding and high N-efficiency of rice cultivars were investigated using six representative japonica varieties under their respective optimal N application levels. The results showed that compared with low-yielding varieties, high-yielding varieties showed shorter basal 1st internodes, longer basal 6th internodes, increased plant height, larger culm diameter and wall thickness, significantly higher dry weight of stem and sheath, obviously increased K and Si content in culm and sheath, and a higher ratio of Si to N. As a result of their improved stalk physical characteristics and the different chemical compositions, the comprehensive breaking resistance of the culm of high-yielding cultivars was improved evidently, and the lodging index reduced as well. The cultivars with different N-efficiencies displayed diverse culm morphological and physiological characteristics even though they were all in one high-yielding level. Comparing with medium N-efficiency genotypes, the high N-efficiency ones had longer 4th and 5th internode lengths, increased culm wall thickness, in spite of slightly decreased culm diameter, resulted in higher dry weight and strengthened plumpness status of culm, significantly decreased content of Si in stem and sheath, decreased N content, and remarkably unchanged K content. Given these results, for the purpose of further increasing the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of the high-yielding varieties, it would be favorable to properly increase 4th and 5th internode length, thus improving top three leaves configuration, to appropriately reduce the culm diameter while increasing wall thickness and filling degree for the sake of stalk breaking resistance and transporting capability, and to properly reduce the content of Si in culm and sheath to facilitate the translocation of nitrogen.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Technology in Yangtze Rice Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种，在各基因型各自最适氮素水平下，研究了茎秆力学特性、物理特性和化学成分含量的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明：(1)较之低产类型品种，高产类型品种茎秆基部N₁节间变短、N₆节间变长，株高有所增加；茎粗、茎壁厚、茎鞘干重均极显著增加；茎鞘的K、Si含量极显著增加，N含量显著降低。由于茎秆物理性状的改善及化学成分的差异导致茎秆综合抗折力明显提高，倒伏指数降低。(2)同为高生产力类型品种，因氮效率的差异茎秆形态生理特征表现不同。较之高产氮中效类型，高产氮高效类型水稻品种茎秆N₄、N₅节间变长；茎秆粗度略有降低，但茎壁厚增加，表现茎秆干重增加，充实度加强；茎鞘的K含量无明显变化，但Si含量显著降低，N含量也呈降低趋势。对于高产品种，适当增加N₄、N₅节间长度以改善叶片配置，适当降低茎粗而提高壁厚和充实度以保证茎秆抗折力和输导能力，适当降低茎鞘Si含量以促进氮素的转移，有利于进一步提高氮肥利用率。

2012

0.0

0.9745

张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 桂玉清, 吴文革, 吴桂成, 端木银熙, 孙菊英, 赵品恒, 徐军, 李杰, 王艳, 龚金龙, 姚义, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 王宝金, 吴爱国, 钱宗华, 於永杰, 李华. 水稻超高产栽培研究与探讨. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(1): 1-14

Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Gui

Y Q

, Wu

W G

, Wu

G C

, Duan-Mu

Y X

, Sun

J Y

, Zhao

P H

, Xu

, Li

, Wang

, Gong

J L

, Yao

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Li

D J

, Xiao

Y C

, Wang

B J

, Wu

A G

, Qian

Z H

, Yu

Y J

, Li

Study and discussion on super high-yielding cultivation. China Rice, 2012, 18(1): 1-14 (in Chinese)

扼要回顾了国内外水稻超高产栽培的研究进展，总结了扬州大学农学院关于水稻超高产栽培研究得到的水稻超高产形成规律、栽培途径以及关键技术与精确定量栽培技术的因地制宜集成，并对水稻超高产栽培研究进行了展望与探讨。

... 本试验条件下, 株高随着产量上升而增加, 基部节间长度随之缩短, 同时甬优12超高产群体基部节间的茎秆粗度、厚度、单位节间干重以及茎鞘中K、Si含量均高于更高产和高产群体, 改善了茎秆质量, 并且降低了倒伏指数, 这也与张洪程等报道的甬优8号和常优1号超高产群体的茎秆特征一致^[29] ...

2014

0.0

1.889

胡雅杰, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 刘国涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超, 刘国林. 钵苗机插水稻群体动态特征及高产形成机制的探讨. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 865-879

Y J

, Xing

Z P

, Gong

J L

, Liu

G T

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Guo

B W

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Luo

X C

, Liu

G L.

Study on population characteristics and formation mechanisms for high yield of pot-seeding mechanical transplanting rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 865-879 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The characteristics of yield formation and population dynamics and mechanisms of high-yielding formation were identified in pot seedling of mechanical transplanting japonica rice.【Method】Twenty-four japonica rice cultivars which have different weights of single panicle were grown by unified high-yielding cultivation in 2010, and were divided into three panicle types by clustering analysis with average single panicle in maturity. Three panicle types of japonica rice cultivars including large panicle type (LPT, Yongyou 2640 and Yongyou 8) and medium panicle type (MPT, Wuyunjing 24 and Ningjing 3) and small panicle type (SPT, Huaidao 5 and Huaidao 10) were field-grown from 2011 to 2012 in Diaoyu town, Xinghua county, Jiangsu province, China. By setting carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting rice (CS) as CK, the yield and yield formation, number of population stem and tiller, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation of pot seedling of mechanical transplanting rice (PS) were investigated, and high-yielding formation mechanisms of PS were also explored in respect of seedling quality, matter accumulation after transplanting, plant type, staged photosynthetic matter production, photosynthetic potential (PP), crop growing rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), matter transport in stem and sheath and root activity. 【Result】 Yield was significantly or very significantly higher in PS than CS. The range of increased yield was 8.71%-11.11% in large panicle-type variety, medium panicle-type variety was 6.85%-7.89%, and small panicle-type variety was 5.30%-6.34%. The increased yield was mainly attributed to higher total spikelets in PS, which owning to sufficient panicle and expanding spikelets per panicle. Compared with CS, PS had earlier tiller, suitable peak seedling tillers, slower reducing rate of tillers after jointing, enough effective panicles and higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers at maturity. Leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in PS was significantly higher at the critical stage for effective tiller and very significantly greater at and after booting stage, and higher 5.17%-11.00% and 5.36%-9.20% at maturity than CS. The mechanisms of high-yielding formation in PS was that: After transplanting, there had strong seedling, better population started quality, earlier seedling establishment, faster tiller, more tillers of low position and greater dry matter weight of aboveground and root; They formed higher photosynthetic efficiency and quality population at heading, which had tighter plant type, better canopy, bigger leaf area, higher specific leaf weight, stronger stem and sheath, greater grain-leaf ratio; At the late growing stage, there had stronger root activity, slower decreasing rate of leaf area, higher photosynthetic potential and crop growing rate and net assimilation rate, greater dry matter accumulation, more coordinated matter export and translocation of stem and sheath.【Conclusion】With better population started quality and earlier tiller, pot seedling of mechanical transplanting rice had obvious advantages, especially, higher photosynthetic matter production and greater dry matter accumulation at the middle and late growing stages, which the yield formation characteristics were sufficient panicle, larger panicle type and more spikelets per panicle

1、College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu; 2、Bureau of Agriculture of Xinghua County of Jiangsu Province, Xinghua 225700, Jiangsu

【目的】旨在阐明钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征和群体动态特征以及高产形成机制。【方法】2010年选用24个不同单穗重粳稻品种统一高产栽培，以成熟期平均单穗重聚类分析划分3种穗型，并每种穗型筛选2个具有代表性品种。2011—2012年采用大穗型品种甬优8号和甬优2640，中穗型品种武运粳24号和宁粳3号，小穗型品种淮稻5号和淮稻10号为试验材料，在江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行大田试验，以毯苗机插水稻为对照，系统研究钵苗机插水稻产量及其产量构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数动态和干物质积累动态特征，并从秧苗素质、栽后物质积累、阶段光合物质生产、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、株型特征、茎鞘物质输出与转运、根系活力等方面深入探讨钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制。【结果】钵苗机插水稻产量显著或极显著高于对照，大穗型品种增产8.71%—11.11%，中穗型品种增产6.85%—7.89%，小穗型品种增产5.30%—6.34%。钵苗机插水稻产量的提高主要原因是在足够穗数的基础上，显著或极显著增加每穗粒数，进而提高群体颖花量，同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与对照相比，钵苗机插水稻群体茎蘖数栽后增长快，高峰苗适宜，拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢，最终有效穗数足，成穗率高；群体叶面积指数和干物质积累量，有效分蘖临界叶龄期钵苗机插水稻显著高于对照，拔节期两者相当，孕穗后钵苗机插水稻显著或极显著高于对照，成熟期叶面积指数钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.17%—11.00%，干物质积累量钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.36%—9.20%。钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制为带土带蘖栽插，秧苗素质高，群体起点质量优，活棵早，分蘖快，低位分蘖多，栽后地上和地下部物质积累多，为争足穗、促壮秆和攻大穗奠定生物学基础；抽穗期株型紧凑，叶系配置优，叶面积大，比叶重高，基部茎秆粗壮，粒叶比高，形成高光效高质量群体；生育后期根系活力强，叶面积衰减慢，光合势大，群体生长率和净同化率高，干物质积累多，灌浆充实量大，茎鞘物质输出与转运合理。【结论】钵苗机插水稻群体起点质量高，栽后分蘖早生发快，群体生长优势明显，特别是生育中后期光合生产能力强，物质积累多。钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征表现为“穗数足、穗型大、粒数多”。

... 胡雅杰等^[30]的研究认为, 与毯苗机插群体相比, 钵苗机插高产群体的株型特点为穗型显著增大、上部三叶叶面积大、比叶重高、叶基角和披垂度小、叶系配置优, 同时茎秆粗壮 ...

2009

0.0

1.667

曾勇军, 石庆华, 潘晓华, 韩涛. 长江中下游双季稻高产株型特征初步研究. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 546-551

Zeng

Y J

, Shi

Q H

, Pan

X H

, Han

Preliminary study on the plant type characteristics of double cropping rice in Middle and Lower Reaches of Changjiang River. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 546-551 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Plant characteristics of 19 combinations of early rice and 16 combinations of late rice were studied by variance methods. Results showed that high yield rice combination had large sink, high potential yield and powerful ability in dry matter accumulation and N uptake, and high grain weight for early rice and more grain number for late rice. Basic physiologic characteristics of high yielding rice combination were as follows: 110–115 d of growth duration, 95–105 cm of height, long top internode, long length and big drop-angle of the second and third leaves of top, long spike, large number of the first and second panicle-branches, 100–130 spikelets per panicle, 27–29 g of 1000-grain weight, and over 2.5 g for the weight per panicle for early rice; 120–125 d of growth duration, 100–110 cm of height, long top internode, stout stem, medium length and small drop-angle of the top leaves, long spike, large number of the panicle-branches especially of the second panicle-branches, high density of the grain, 120–150 spikelets per panicle, 25–27 g of 1000-grain weight, and about 3.0 g for the weight per panicle for late rice.

Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation of Double Cropping Rice,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045,China

以19个早稻和16个晚稻品种，通过方差分析对不同产量水平水稻的主要株型特征进行研究。结果表明，高产类型双季稻具有库容量大、产量潜力高、物质生产能力和氮素吸收能力强的特点。高产类型早稻生育期110~115 d，株高95~105 cm，上部节间较长，倒2、倒3叶片较长，叶片披垂角相对较大，穗长较长，1次枝梗和2次枝梗数目多，每穗粒数100~130粒，千粒重27~29 g，单穗干重2.5 g以上。高产类型晚稻生育期120~125 d，株高100~110 cm，上部节间长，茎秆粗壮，叶片长度适中，叶片披垂角相对较小，穗长较长，枝梗数目特别是2次枝梗数目多，着粒密度大，每穗粒数120~150粒，千粒重25~27 g，单穗干重3 g左右。

... 曾勇军等^[31]研究长江中下游地区双季稻高产株型特征发现, 早稻高产群体库容量大, 倒二、倒三叶片较长, 叶片披垂角相对较大, 而晚稻高产群体叶片长度适中, 披垂角相对较小, 茎秆粗壮 ...

2003

0.0

1.889

苏祖芳, 许乃霞, 孙成明, 张亚洁. 水稻抽穗后株型指标与产量形成关系的研究. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 115-120

Z F

, Xu

N X

, Sun

C M

, Zhang

Y J.

Study on the relationship between rice plant type indices after heading stage and yield formation. Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 115-120 (in Chinese with English abstract)

扬州大学农学院

以代表性品种中粳武运粳 8号和杂交中稻汕优 6 3为材料 ,研究高产水稻株型和籽产量形成的关系。结果表明 ,高产水稻的株型应为 :株高在适宜范围内的上限 ,穗下节间较长、基部第 1、2节间粗短 ,穗下节间占秆长的32 %～ 35 % ,茎生 3叶叶角和弯曲度小 ,茎生 5叶叶长配置合理 ;高产株型植株抽穗后的势粒比为 4 5 .0～ 4 9.0cm2·粒 -1。此时 ,水稻植株节间茎鞘基础物质积累高 ,茎鞘输出物质多 ,而茎鞘输出相对比例小。

... 苏祖芳等^[32]研究武运粳8号和汕优63的密度和氮肥组合的株型特征发现, 产量最高组合群体的上部三叶叶角和弯曲度小、穗下节间较长、基部节间粗短 ...