江苏机插水稻大面积均衡增产共性特征分析

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杜永林, 缪学宽, 李刚华, 张俊, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 唐设, 丁艳锋. 江苏机插水稻大面积均衡增产共性特征分析. 作物学报, 40(12): 2183-2191
DU Yong-Lin, MIAO Xue-Kuan, LI Gang-Hua, ZHANG Jun, WANG Shao-Hua, LIU Zheng-Hui, TANG She, DING Yan-Feng. Common Characteristics of Balanced Yield Increase in a Large Area of Mechanical Transplanted Rice in Jiangsu Province. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 40(12): 2183-2191 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

江苏机插水稻大面积均衡增产共性特征分析

杜永林^1,², 缪学宽¹, 李刚华^1,^*, 张俊¹, 王绍华¹, 刘正辉¹, 唐设¹, 丁艳锋^1,^*

¹南京农业大学国家信息农业工程技术中心 / 农业部南方作物生理生态重点开放实验室, 江苏南京210095

²江苏省农业委员会, 江苏南京 210036

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 李刚华, E-mail:lgh@njau.edu.cn; 丁艳锋, E-mail:dingyf@njau.edu.cn

收稿日期:2014-09-16

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14, 2012BAD20B05, 2012BAD04B08, 2013BAD20B05)资助;

摘要

以江苏26个水稻高产创建示范县为对象, 对水稻田产量及群体结构的典型田块进行调查。将水稻生产要素(种植地点、品种、播期、种植方式)类型相近或相同的田块按产量分成高产田(I, > 10.5 t hm^-2)、中产田(II, 9.0~10.5 t hm^-2)、低产田(III, < 9.0 t hm^-2) 3个等级, 比较其产量结构、空间分布均衡性等群体指标。结果表明: (1)高产田的颖花数、穗数、穗粒数均有显著优势; 不同类型田块在行距、穴距、单位面积穴数等空间配置上差异未达显著水平。(2)不同产量水平田块单穴穗数整齐度差异显著; 产量与单穴穗数整齐度呈极显著正相关(r=0.436^**, 2009;r=0.441^**, 2010)。(3)顶部叶片长度增加有利于总粒数的增加, 但易降低结实率, 尤其是下位叶。表明提高单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度, 是协调水稻穗数、穗粒数和粒重三者矛盾的有效途径; 也是江苏大面积均衡增产的有效途径。

关键词: 水稻; 机插; 产量; 均衡性

Common Characteristics of Balanced Yield Increase in a Large Area of Mechanical Transplanted Rice in Jiangsu Province

DU Yong-Lin^1,², MIAO Xue-Kuan¹, LI Gang-Hua^1,^*, ZHANG Jun¹, WANG Shao-Hua¹, LIU Zheng-Hui¹, TANG She¹, DING Yan-Feng^1,^*

¹ National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

² Jiangsu Agriculture Commission, Nanjing 210036, China

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in a large area of representative fields in 26 high-yielding rice demonstration counties of Jiangsu Province with mechanical transplanting in 2009 and 2010. Fields planted with the same site, cultivar, sowing date and management were divided into three types based on the grain yield, including high grain yield fields (I, > 10.5 t ha^-1), middle grain yield fields (II, 9.0-10.5 t ha^-1) and low grain yield fields (III, < 9.0 t ha^-1). Characteristics of yield components and the balance of plants space distribution were compared among the three types. The result showed that high-yielding fields had significantly higher spikelets per m², panicles per m², spikelets per panicle than the other types. There were no significant differences in spacing characteristics, which mainly includes row spacing, holes spacing and panicles per hole. There was significant difference in the uniformity of panicles per hole among different types. There was significantly positive correlation between the uniformity of panicles per hole and grain yield (r=0.436^**, 2009;r=0.441^**, 2010). Lengths of the top leaves were beneficial to the spikelets per panicle, but could decrease the grain-filling. These results suggested that it is an effective way to resolve the contradiction among rice yield components by improving the uniformity of panicle per m² and spikelets per panicle. It is also a right way to improve grain yield of rice transplanted by machine in a large area of Jiangsu Province.

Keyword: Rice; Transplanted by machine; Yield; Uniformity

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随着农村劳动力的转型以及农业机械和农艺措施结合的完善和推广, 水稻插秧机械化应用的重要性日益凸显。江苏2009年机插水稻应用面积已超过73万公顷, 水稻机械化种植水平将超过40%, 逐渐成为江苏水稻高效生产的主要方向^{[ 1]}。与传统的手插秧相比, 机插秧移栽秧龄小^{[ 2]}, 生育期短^{[ 3]}, 植伤重^{[ 4]}, 且具有群体穗数多, 穗型偏小, 产量不高等现象。因此, 机插秧大面积实现高产仍有待进一步研究。近年来, 有关机插水稻的高产形成规律已有部分研究, 并形成了一定的配套栽培技术^{[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}。李刚华等^{[ 11]}获取了机插水稻适宜的基本苗定量参数并对其进行了验证, 张洪程等^{[ 1]}研究了不同机插水稻群体的超高产形成规律, 认为要以足量的穗数结合较大的穗型来协调产出足够的群体颖花量, 同时保持正常的结实率和粒重。以往的研究多采用单个地方或单个品种各高产方的调查和产量对比试验, 进而提炼高产水稻的群体特征, 这些对挖掘高产潜力有较好的借鉴意义。江苏目前主要是以常规粳稻为主, 但品种差异、不同地区生产水平、栽培方式差异较大^{[ 9]}。本研究针对江苏水稻大面积生产特点, 通过大范围的典型调查, 将相同地方、相同品种的不同田块按产量排序, 分成相对高产、中产和低产进行比较, 以探讨江苏大面积均衡增产的共性指标和技术途径, 明确江苏粳稻大面积单产提高的共性特征。

1 材料与方法

1.1 数据来源

2009年至2010年, 在丹阳( n=12, n为调查田块数)、溧阳( n=8)、武进( n=10)、宜兴( n=5)、常熟( n=12)、苏州( n=5)、常州( n=4)、如皋( n=10)、海安( n=6)、如东( n=4)、姜堰( n=10)、兴化( n=10)、仪征( n=4)、高邮( n=4)、宝应( n=4)、洪泽( n=6)、淮安( n=5)、金湖( n=4)、宿豫( n=4)、沭阳( n=3)、铜山( n=8)、邳州( n=5)、东海( n=8)、灌云( n=8)、阜宁( n=5)、建湖( n=6)等县(市、区)作物栽培技术指导站协助下, 以当地主栽品种为材料, 进行高产攻关试验, 调查了162块机插高产攻关代表田块进行。按产量水平分成I类田(> 10.5 t hm^-2)、II类田(9.0~10.5 t hm^-2)、III类田(< 9.0 t hm^-2), 比较不同类型田块产量、产量构成因素、植株空间配置、穗型和叶长等的差异。各类田平均施肥水平见表1。

表1 不同产量田块平均施肥水平 Table 1 Nitrogen application levels in the field with different yields (kg hm^-2)

1.2 调查方法

1.2.1 穗数于成熟期对每块田采用梅花5点法选择5个调查点, 每个点选取3行, 每行10穴, 记录并计算单位面积有效穗数。

1.2.2 产量每块田按照平均有效穗数取样15穴(按梅花5点法每点取样3穴), 每穴挂牌标记, 注明田块号与穴号。室内人工考察穗粒结构(穗粒数、瘪粒数、结实率、千粒重), 单独记录每穗穗长、总粒数、瘪粒数、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数, 按照含水量14.0%计算理论产量。

1.2.3 叶片长度于抽穗期从每块田选取长势一致的连续20株, 测定剑叶至倒四叶叶片长度。

1.2.4 整齐度包括行距、穴距整齐度和穗型整齐度(穗长整齐度、一次枝梗数整齐度、二次枝梗数整齐度)。按照梅花取样法每块田选5点, 每个点30行和30株, 测定穴距和行距。以5个点计算全田行距、穴距和穴数整齐度。

1.3 统计分析方法

参见王端飞等^{[ 12]}的方法计算样本整齐度。

样本整齐度(%)=100 - 100 × (样本数据标准差/样本数据平均值, 即变异系数)。

以Microsoft Excel数据处理和作表。用SPSS 20.0软件完成统计分析和作图, 采用Duncan’s法多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同产量水平的穗粒结构差异

分析表明( 表2), 不同产量水平田块产量差异达显著水平。与III类田相比, I、II类田两年产量分别高出约33.1%和16.9%。高产田水稻产量主要受颖花数、穗数和穗粒数影响, 受结实率和千粒重影响较小。与III类田相比, I、II类田水稻两年平均颖花数分别增加28.3%和17.8%, 穗数分别提高13.4%和88%, 穗粒数分别增大13.1%和8.3%, 不同产量水平田块间差异均达显著水平。高产田水稻结实率和粒重略高于中、低产田, 但差异未达显著水平。

由表3可知, 产量与穗数、穗粒数、粒重呈显著或极显著正相关。2009年水稻产量与穗数、粒重极显著相关, 其中与穗数的相关系数最高( r=0.682^**); 2010年水稻产量与穗粒数、粒重显著相关, 与穗粒数相关系数最高( r=0.439^*)。水稻产量与结实率相关性均未达显著水平, 两年结果一致。

表2 不同类型田块产量及穗粒结构 Table 2 Comparison of the components of yield in the field with different yield levels

表3 产量与各构成因素的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients between yield and its components

2.2 不同产量水平的植株空间配置差异

表4表明, 不同产量水平田块的穴距、行距差异未达显著水平。2009年和2010年各类型田块的平均行距均为28.5 cm; 2009年各类型田块的平均穴距为14.5 cm, 2010年则为14.3 cm。两年各类田栽插穴数的差异未达显著水平, I类田栽插穴数高于II类田、III类田, 差异未达显著水平。与III类田相比, I类田和II类田两年平均单穴穗数分别增加约9.4%和7.3%, 各类型田块间单穴穗数差异达显著水平。

分析植株空间配置均衡性发现, 不同产量水平田块除单穴穗数整齐度外, 行距整齐度、穴距整齐度和穴数整齐度的差异均未达显著水平。2009年I类田单穴穗数整齐度较II、III类田分别提高约13.6%和7.3%, 2010年I类田较II、III类田分别提高约21.3%和6.7%。可见较高的单穴穗数及其整体度有利于促进产量的提高。

相关分析发现( 表5), 穴距与产量呈负相关, 2009年相关性达极显著水平( r= -0.365^**); 穴距与穗数呈极显著负相关, 2009年和2010年相关系数分别为-0.526^**和-0.736^**, 而与穗粒数呈显著或极显著正相关 ( r= 0.304^*, 2009; r= 0.702^**, 2010)。单位面积穴数与穗数相关性呈极显著正相关 ( r= 0.716^**, 2009; r= 0.582^**, 2010), 与穗粒数呈显著或极显著负相关( r= -0.371^*, 2009; r= -0.462^**, 2010)。单穴穗数与产量呈正相关, 2010年达极显著水平( r= 0.494^**)。进一步比较空间配置整齐度与产量的相关性, 两年水稻产量均与单穴穗数整齐度呈极显著正相关 ( r=0.436^**, 2009; r=0.441^**, 2010), 此外, 2009年水稻产量还与行距、穴距、单位面积穴数的整齐度呈显著或极显著正相关。单穴穗数整齐度与穗粒数、粒重呈正相关, 2010年达极显著水平, 相关系数分别为0.496^**和0.486^**。

表4 不同类型田块水稻空间配置平均值及整齐度比较 Table 4 Comparison of average values and uniformity of space allocation in the field with different yield levels

表5 各性状指标与产量和产量构成因素的相关性分析 Table 5 Correlations coefficients of some traits and its uniformity with yield and yield components

2.3 不同产量水平的穗部性状比较

各类型田块在穗长、二次枝梗数和二次枝梗整齐度上差异显著。与III类田相比, I类田和II类田两年平均二次枝梗数分别增加13.4%和8.1%, 二次枝梗数整齐度分别提高14.5%和7.4%, 差异均达显著水平。一次枝梗数及其整齐度随着产量增加呈现提高的趋势, 但差异未达显著水平, 两年趋势一致( 表6)。

穗长、一次枝梗数及二次枝梗数显著影响穗型的大小。其中二次枝梗数与穗粒数呈极显著正相关, 两年的相关系数分别为0.737^**和0.981^**; 与穗数呈显著或极显著负相关, 两年的相关系数分别为-0.359^*和-0.726^**。一次枝梗数整齐度与产量两年均表现为正相关, 2009年相关性达到显著水平( r=0.353^*), 二次枝梗数整齐度与产量及其构成因素相关性规律不明显。同时, 一次枝梗数整齐度与粒重呈正相关, 2009年相关系数为0.529^**, 达极显著水平( 表5)。

表6 不同类型田块穗型比较 Table 6 Comparison of parameters of panicle types in the field with different yield levels

2.4 不同产量水平抽穗期顶部叶片性状差异

分析表明( 图1), 不同产量水平水稻顶部4张叶片呈规律性变化, 产量水平越高的田块, 顶部4张叶片越长, 尤其是倒二叶和剑叶差异最为明显。与III类田相比, I类田和II类田剑叶两年平均叶长分别增加8.2%和5.2%, 而倒二叶分别增加7.0%和3.6%。说明高产田块水稻冠层较长的叶片有利于增大群体的叶面积, 起到强源的作用。

表5表明, 叶片长度与穗数、穗粒数、结实率密切相关。剑叶至倒四叶各叶片长度与穗粒数均呈显著或极显著正相关, 其中倒二叶叶片长度与穗粒数的相关系数最高, 2009年和2010年分别为0.662^**和0.721^**; 而与结实率呈负相关, 2010年相关性达到极显著水平( r= -0.542^**)。各叶片长度与产量的相关性规律不明显。说明顶部叶片长度增加, 有助于总粒数的增加; 另一方面, 较长的叶片易降低结实率, 尤其是下位叶。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同产量水平田块抽穗期顶部叶片长度比较D1: 剑叶; D2: 倒二叶; D3:倒三叶; D4: 倒四叶。Fig. 1 Comparison of leaf length of different leaf position at heading stage in the field with different yield levelsD1: flag leaf; D2: the 2nd leaf from the top; D3: the 3rd leaf from the top; D4: the 4th leaf from the top.

3 讨论

3.1 机插水稻实现高产的主要途径

水稻超高产是国内外水稻专家追求的目标。针对超高产水稻应具备的特征指标, 诸多学者进行了研究, 实现水稻超高产首先必须具有较多穗粒数, 即大穗, 这也是提高水稻颖花量、构建安全大库容的重要前提; 其次是粒重和结实率, 保持正常的充实度, 提高群体库容总充实量, 即千粒重较大、结实率高的品种更易获得超高产^{[ 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]}。而吴文革等^{[ 18]}研究表明培育大穗是超级稻扩大库容的主要途径,增加穗粒数有一定的限制, 超过一定范围增穗则不能扩增群体总颖花量。本研究表明, 江苏大面积常规稻区产量高的田块在穗数、穗粒数和粒重上均有优势, 其中颖花数、穗数和穗粒数优势达到显著水平, 研究结果与前人一致^{[ 9]}。可见江苏常规粳稻区具有满足水稻超高产的基础条件, 具有增产潜力。

少数研究认为, 有效穗数对产量的贡献较大^{[ 19, 20]}。但大部分研究认为每穗粒数是影响产量的主要因素^{[ 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]}, 无论是从不同产量水平^{[ 7, 9, 23, 27]}还是从品种演进^{[ 28, 29, 30]}研究均认为, 产量的提高主要来源于每穗粒数的贡献, 大穗是实现水稻超高产的重要途径之一。目前江苏常规粳稻每穗粒数仍低于最适值, 提高每穗粒数可促进产量的进一步提高^{[ 8]}; 龚金龙等^{[ 8]}研究认为增加每穗二次枝梗数, 有利于获得适宜大穗, 同时要注重构成因素的协同提高, 协调穗数与粒数的矛盾, 发挥大穗增产的潜力和优势。本研究中, 产量较高的田块主要归因于较大的库容量, 这与张洪程等^{[ 1]}、吴桂成等^{[ 9]}研究结果一致。高产田的颖花数显著高于中、低产田块, 2009年主要受有效穗数影响, 2010年则主要受穗粒数影响, 两年表现不一致; 高产田两年的产量还与较大的粒重有关^{[ 17]}。2009年高产田的田块穗粒数显著高于其他田块, 且差异主要来自二次枝梗及其整齐度的差异, 这与王端飞等^{[ 12]}研究结果一致。另外, 穗粒数与叶片长度呈极显著正相关^{[ 31]}。相关分析表明, 有效穗数主要取决于单位面积穴数、行穴距及其整齐度。这说明, 通过改善行穴距空间配置提高有效穗数, 增加二次枝梗及其整齐度可构建机插水稻的大库容群体, 同时较高的粒重也有利于产量增加。

3.2 作物均衡性对机插水稻的影响

作物的整齐度与群体生长关系密切。有研究认为, 农作物生长不均衡是普遍现象^{[ 32]}, 个体生长速度的差异以及个体间的竞争是导致群体均衡性差的主要原因^{[ 33, 34]}。有关研究表明玉米整齐度与单株产量、穗长及行粒数呈极显著正相关^{[ 35, 36]}。王丹英等^{[ 37]}认为水稻的产量差异普遍存在于品种和田块间, 其主要原因是每穗粒数和有效穗数的变异系数均显著大于粒重。王端飞等^{[ 12]}认为穗粒数、一、二次枝梗数和穗层分布整齐度与产量呈显著或极显著正相关, 群体均衡性越高产量越高。本研究的结果表明, 高产田因二次枝梗数整齐度、单穴穗数整齐度、穗粒数整齐度高于中、低产田块, 其穗粒数和粒重占据优势, 既增加颖花数, 又提高充实度, 使总库容得到扩增, 这是其产量水平高的重要原因。

3.3 江苏机插水稻高产田应具备的具体特征

与常规手栽稻相比, 机插水稻栽插基本苗数高, 且分蘖具有爆发性, 大田中有效穗数较高, 但穗型较小, 产量受到限制^{[ 1]}。研究表明, 机插水稻获得超高产需有足够的颖花数, 并保持正常的粒重和结实率^{[ 1]}。本试验中, 高产田较高的颖花数主要依靠较多的穗数和穗粒数, 同时, 较高的单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度也有效地提高了群体的均衡性, 增加了粒重。总的来说, 高产田块应具备以下特征: 有效穗数350 m^-2左右, 总粒数125粒以上, 颖花数45万公顷左右, 结实率91.5%左右, 单粒重27.5 mg以上。

4 结论

高产田在穗数、穗粒数和粒重均有优势, 尤其穗粒数和粒重的优势达显著水平。穗粒数的差异主要来自二次枝梗数及其整齐度的差异。单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度与粒重正相关。提高单穴穗数整齐度和穗粒数整齐度, 有利于协调水稻穗数、穗粒数和粒重三者矛盾, 提高群体均衡性对于实现江苏粳稻区大面积增产至关重要。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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0.0

1.299

... 江苏2009年机插水稻应用面积已超过73万公顷, 水稻机械化种植水平将超过40%, 逐渐成为江苏水稻高效生产的主要方向^[1] ...

... 李刚华等^[11]获取了机插水稻适宜的基本苗定量参数并对其进行了验证, 张洪程等^[1]研究了不同机插水稻群体的超高产形成规律, 认为要以足量的穗数结合较大的穗型来协调产出足够的群体颖花量, 同时保持正常的结实率和粒重 ...

... 本研究中, 产量较高的田块主要归因于较大的库容量, 这与张洪程等^[1]、吴桂成等^[9]研究结果一致 ...

... 3 江苏机插水稻高产田应具备的具体特征与常规手栽稻相比, 机插水稻栽插基本苗数高, 且分蘖具有爆发性, 大田中有效穗数较高, 但穗型较小, 产量受到限制^[1] ...

... 研究表明, 机插水稻获得超高产需有足够的颖花数, 并保持正常的粒重和结实率^[1] ...

2002

0.0

0.5045

于林惠. 对机插水稻生育特点及管理对策的初步探讨. 中国农机化, 2002, (1): 29-31

L H.

Preliminary investigation on growth characteristics of machine-transplanted rice and its management countermeasure. Chin Agric Mechanization, 2002, (1): 29-31 (in Chinese with English abstract)

“九五”以来，江苏省在解决了水稻收获机械化技术问题后，便着力于水稻种植机械化技术的探讨与实践。通过多年的试验完善，已基本形成了适于长江中下游水稻种植机械化栽插的技术体系，并在大面积试验示范中取得成功突破。长期以来，江苏省基于常规栽培方式，逐步形成并大面积推广了水稻高产群体质量栽培技术，然而由于机插水稻育秧、栽植等方面的技术特点和机插水稻自身的生长发育规律，这就要求在正确认识机插水稻生育特点的前提下，采取相应的田间管理措施，以实现机插水稻的高产稳产。……

... 与传统的手插秧相比, 机插秧移栽秧龄小^[2], 生育期短^[3], 植伤重^[4], 且具有群体穗数多, 穗型偏小, 产量不高等现象 ...

1999

0.0

... 与传统的手插秧相比, 机插秧移栽秧龄小^[2], 生育期短^[3], 植伤重^[4], 且具有群体穗数多, 穗型偏小, 产量不高等现象 ...

2006

0.0

0.895

... 与传统的手插秧相比, 机插秧移栽秧龄小^[2], 生育期短^[3], 植伤重^[4], 且具有群体穗数多, 穗型偏小, 产量不高等现象 ...

2007

0.0

1.299

袁奇, 于林惠, 石世杰, 邵建国, 丁艳锋. 机插秧每穴栽插苗数对水稻分蘖与成穗的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10): 121-125

Yuan

, Yu

L H

, Shi

S J

, Shao

J G

, Ding

Y F.

Effects of different quantities of planting seedlings per hill on outgrowth and tiller production for machine-transplanted rice. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(10): 121-125 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of plant density on outgrowth and productive tillers by machine-transplanted rice were studied with Wuxiangjing 9(japonica variety) from labeling on tiller, and outgrowth and tiller production by machine-transplanted rice with planting rice by hand were compared. Results showed that the outgrowth and tiller production for mechanized rice transplanting emphasis mostly 0/4, 0/5, 0/6, 0/7, the first tiller and 4/1 the second tiller and the more range tiller, and on the condition of machine-transplanted rice. With plant density increase, 0/4, 0/5, 0/6, 0/7 of the first tiller prominently reduce. The lower second tiller as 4/1 mostly reduces. Results indicated the yield as three seedlings per hill for mechanized rice transplanting is the highest, 0/5, 0/6, 0/7 of the first tiller outgrowth and tiller production rate are higher than those by hand. The experiment indicates the law of the outgrowth and tiller production for machine-transplanted rice.

以水稻晚粳品种武香粳9号为材料，通过对分蘖跟踪挂牌，研究了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗的特点，并与手栽处理分蘖进行比较。试验结果表明，机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗主要集中在0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖和4/1低蘖位二级分蘖；随着栽插密度增加，0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生率均下降，4/1等低位的二级分蘖发生率下降更多，最终成穗率也下降。研究还表明机栽3苗时产量最高,与手栽处理相比，0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生与成穗率及最终产量均高于手栽处理。该文揭示了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗规律。

2010

0.0

0.916

2010

0.0

1.667

张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 戴海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13. 5 t ha⁻¹超高产群体动态特征及行程机理的探讨. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1547-1558

Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Li

D J

, Xiao

Y C

, Gong

J L

, Li

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Dai

H Y

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Wang

B J

, Wu

A G.

Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13. 5 t ha⁻¹). Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Population characteristics of super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha^-1) were studied and its formation mechanism was explored using Yongyou 8 as material in Xinghua and Jiangyan. Results showed that population of 13.5 t ha^-1 had more spikelets per panicle and total spikelets than population of 12.0 t ha^-1. There was no significant difference in panicles, filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight between populations of 13.5 t ha^-1 and 12.0 t ha^-1. Population of 13.5 t ha^-1 exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved excepted number of stems and tillers at critical leaf-age for productive tillers, whose max number of stems and tillers was at jointing stage and was about 1.3 times of excepted number. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, which achieved expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of 13.5 t ha^-1population was more than 75%, which was higher than that of population of 12.0 t ha^-1.The leaf area index of 13.5 t ha^-1 population was lower than that of 12.0 t ha^-1 population at the early growth stage, and the max leaf area index was about 8.5 at booting, which decreased stably and was above 4.0 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of population with 13.5 t ha^-1 was small at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total photosynthetic potential was above 6.75×10⁶ m² d ha^-1, of which most than 45.0% was from heading to maturity. The dry matter accumulation was smaller compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1before jointing, and the weight of it was above 60 kg ha^-1 at heading, which was significantly higher than that of population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total weight of dry matter was above 23.25 t ha^-1, of which above 9.75 t ha^-1 was accumulated from heading to maturity. Formation mechanism of super-high yielding population (13.5 t ha^-1) was that: population quality was enhanced at critical leaf-age for productive tillers through cultivating strong seedlings, germinating low positiontillers and achieved expected number of stems and tillers in time, which formed the biological foundation for high quality population at middle stage; in order to form high photosynthetic efficiency of population structure with strong lodging-resistance and large population spikeletes at heading, suitable number of strong stems and large panicles was cultivated through establishing suitable dynamic and size of population; in order to enlarge sink-filling and keep strength of stems and sheaths, dry matter accumulation was enriched after heading through photosynthetic system smooth and steady fade away.

1Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation technology in Yangtze Valley,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009, China;2 Rice Research Institute of xianghua, Fengyuan,Xinghua 22570,China;3Bureau of Agriculture of Xing hua County, Xinghua 225700,China;4 Bureau of Agriculture of Jiangyan County,Jiangyan 225500,China

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号，以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0 hm²连片与6.67 hm²连片超高产攻关方为依托，研究了13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体特征，并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明，较之12.0 t hm^-2左右群体，13.5 t hm^-2群体的穗型大，群体颖花量多(60 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上)，有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当；群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长，至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数，高峰苗出现在拔节期，数量少，为预期穗数的1.3倍左右，此后群体平缓下降，至抽穗期达适宜穗数，成穗率高(＞75%)；群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢，最大值出现在孕穗期，为8.5左右，此后下降缓慢，成熟期仍保持在4.0以上；群体光合势生育前期较小，中、后期较大，总光合势为6.75×10⁶ m² d hm^-2以上，抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上；群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低，拔节后积累速度较快，至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5 t hm^-2以上，抽穗后积累量亦高，一般为9.75 t hm^-2以上, 总干物重高23.25 t hm^-2以上。13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体形成机制为，依靠精苗，发大蘖，及时够苗，提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期)，为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础；依靠合理的群体动态及其规模，培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗，于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体；依靠平稳消退的光合系统，提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力，增大群体库容的总充实量，并维持较大的茎鞘强度，增强群体的安全抗倒力。

... 但大部分研究认为每穗粒数是影响产量的主要因素^{[21,22,23,24,25,26]}, 无论是从不同产量水平^[7,9,23,27]还是从品种演进^[28,29,30]研究均认为, 产量的提高主要来源于每穗粒数的贡献, 大穗是实现水稻超高产的重要途径之一 ...

2012

0.0

1.889

龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 常勇, 李杰, 张洪程, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 戴海燕, 邓张泽, 明庆龙. 大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2147-2158

Gong

J L

, Hu

Y J

, Long

H Y

, Chang

, Li

, Zhang

H C

, Ma

R R

, Wang

X Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Dai

H Y

, Deng

Z Z

, Ming

Q L.

Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to reveal sink components characteristics and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice and explore approaches to increase group productivity of it. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with eight representative large panicle hybrid japonica rice varieties (A18/F7562, A2/F7563, A20/F7501, A5/F9249, A2/F7513, A20/F7503, Yongyou 8 and Yongyou 13) and two medium panicle conventional japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing 7 and Wujing 15) as materials. Grain yield components characteristics, total spikelets, sink and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were analyzed systematically. 【Result】Grain yield, total spikelets, sink, panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were higher than medium panicle conventional japonica rice significantly, while No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, seed-setting rate of primary branches and seed-setting rate of secondary branches followed an opposite tendency accordingly. With the increasing spikelets per panicle, grain yield, total spikelets, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches of large panicle hybrid japonica rice increased firstly and then decreased, while panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle followed a growing trend and No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, ratio of No. of branches of primary branches to No. of branches of secondary branches, ratio of total grains of primary branches to total grains of secondary branches and seed-setting rate of primary branches did with a declining tendency accordingly. The others and spikelets per panicle were significantly correlated with the exception of grain yield, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches. In order to enlarge spikelets per panicle, it was almost contributed by primary branches from medium panicle to prejudiced large panicle, and secondary branches were the major factors from prejudiced large panicle to large panicle (from large panicle to extra large panicle or from extra large panicle to super large panicle). The increase of 1000-grain-weight was the key point of harvesting super high yield of large panicle hybrid japonica rice on the basis of certain No. of panicles and stabilized seed-setting rate. Increase of total spikelets was the basis of increase of grain yield, while the emphasis was to increase sink. Therefore, stable 1000-grain-weight was needed for increasing total spikelets. 【Conclusion】 Under the experimental conditions, the applicable spikelets per panicle (250 or so) was the best choice for ideal grain yield and its components with high total spikelets and sink filling for large panicle hybrid japonica rice. With the advancement of breeding and techniques, its optimum would be higher.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州225009 2.江苏省作物栽培技术指导站，南京210036 3.浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所，浙江宁波315040 4.浙江省宁波市种子公司，浙江宁波315012

【目的】旨在探讨大穗型杂交粳稻库容构成特征及其穗部性状，探索其群体生产力增长途径。【方法】采用大田试验，以具有代表性的8个大穗型杂交粳稻品种（A18/F7562、A2/F7563、A20/F7501、A5/F9249、A2/F7513、A20/F7503、甬优8号和甬优13号）和2个中等穗型常规粳稻品种（武运粳7号和武粳15）为材料，对大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成特征、群体颖花量、库容量、穗部性状等进行系统的研究。【结果】大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量、穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数显著或极显著高于中等穗型常规粳稻，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗结实率和二次枝梗结实率极显著低于中等穗型常规粳稻。随着每穗粒数的增加，大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率先增后减，穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数不断增加，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一、二次枝梗数比值、一、二次枝梗总粒数比值和一次枝梗结实率不断降低，除产量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率外其它与每穗粒数的相关均达到显著或极显著水平。每穗粒数的提高由中等穗型到偏大穗型，主要依靠一次枝梗的贡献，而由偏大穗型到大穗型以及特大穗型和超大穗型，则主要依靠二次枝梗的贡献。在满足一定穗数和具备稳定的结实率的基础上，提高千粒重，是充分利用大穗型杂交粳稻获取超高产的关键；提高群体颖花量是增加产量的基础，而提高库容量是增加产量的重点，在提高群体颖花量的同时还需兼顾千粒重的稳定。【结论】在本试验条件下，大穗型杂交粳稻每穗粒数250左右时穗粒结构合理，群体颖花量高，库容充实足，产量最理想。随着水稻品种和栽培技术的不断进步，其最适值还将可能更高。

... 目前江苏常规粳稻每穗粒数仍低于最适值, 提高每穗粒数可促进产量的进一步提高^[8] ...

... 龚金龙等^[8]研究认为增加每穗二次枝梗数, 有利于获得适宜大穗, 同时要注重构成因素的协同提高, 协调穗数与粒数的矛盾, 发挥大穗增产的潜力和优势 ...

2010

0.0

1.889

吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276

G C

, Zhang

H C

, Qian

Y F

, Li

D J

, Zhou

Y Y

, Xu

, Wu

W G

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Xu

Z J

, Qian

Z H

, Sun

J Y

, Zhao

P H.

Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. 【Method】 The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations (High Yield: 8 250-9 750 kg?hm-2; Higher Yield: 9 750-11 250 kg?hm-2; Super High Yield:＞11 250 kg?hm-2) in four Japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. 【Result】 Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice (The difference among them was significant). There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. 【Conclusion】 The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种（武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号）为材料,对高产（8 250—9 750 kg?hm-2）、更高产（9 750—11 250 kg?hm-2）和超高产（＞11 250 kg?hm-2）3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高（差异显著）,而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减（差异不显著）。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容（安全成熟的群体高颖花量）,通过保持正常的充实度（即保证常年的结实率与千粒重）,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

... 江苏目前主要是以常规粳稻为主, 但品种差异、不同地区生产水平、栽培方式差异较大^[9] ...

... 其次是粒重和结实率, 保持正常的充实度, 提高群体库容总充实量, 即千粒重较大、结实率高的品种更易获得超高产^{[9,13,14,15,16,17]} ...

... 本研究表明, 江苏大面积常规稻区产量高的田块在穗数、穗粒数和粒重上均有优势, 其中颖花数、穗数和穗粒数优势达到显著水平, 研究结果与前人一致^[9] ...

... 本研究中, 产量较高的田块主要归因于较大的库容量, 这与张洪程等^[1]、吴桂成等^[9]研究结果一致 ...

2012

0.0

1.494

于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 451-456

L H

, Li

G H

, Xu

J J

, Ling

Q H

, Ding

Y F.

Population characteristics of machine-transplanted japonica rice based on high-yield demonstration fields. Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 451-456 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The population characteristics, such as yield and its components, accumulation of drymatter and nitrogen of machinetransplanted japonica rice was investigated in three highyield demonstration fields(over 6.7 hm2 per field) at Zouqu, Caoqiao, and Qianhuang Towns, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province in 2008, and one highyield demonstration field at Rudong County, Jiangsu Province in 2009. Results showed that yield was closely related with spikelet number per panicle and spikelet number per m2. The spikelet number per m2 should be greater than 45 000 as grain yield was above 10.5 t/hm2. For highyield mechanically transplanted rice (above 10.5 t/hm2), the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity paid a contribution rate about 70%~80% to the grain dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation mainly occurred at the two growing stages, before critical tiller leaf age, and after heading. It indicated that higher spikelet number per m2 was the main basic characteristic of high yielding, mechanically transplanted japonica rice. And sufficient N supply, improved dry matter accumulation after heading, as well as spikelet number per panicle help increase grain yield of machinetransplanted japonica rice.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation， Ministry of Agriculture， Nanjing Agricultural University， Nanjing 210095， China； 2 Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Jiangsu Province， Nanjing 210024， China；

考查了机插常规粳稻超高产群体产量构成、干物质积累以及氮素积累等群体特征。2008年对江苏武进区邹区（品种为武香粳9号）、漕桥和前黄镇（品种均为武运粳7号）等3个百亩连片超高产示范方，2009年对江苏省如东县(品种为宁粳3号)的百亩连片超高产示范方进行了调查。结果表明，机插稻产量与颖花量的相关达极显著，要达到10.5 t/hm2以上的产量，每1m2颖花量需≥ 45 000；籽粒产量10.5 t/hm2以上高产机插水稻的花后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%～80%；高产机插稻氮素积累的优势在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前和抽穗后两个阶段。足够的颖花量是机插粳稻高产群体的基本特征；保证后期氮素供应、发挥后期干物质积累优势、促进大穗的形成是提高机插水稻产量的主要技术途径。

2012

0.0

1.299

李刚华, 于林惠, 侯朋福, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 王强盛, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 机插水稻适宜基本苗定量参数的获取与验证. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(8): 98-104

G H

, Yu

L H

, Hou

P F

, Wang

S H

, Liu

Z H

, Wang

Q S

, Ling

Q H

, Ding

Y F.

Calculation and verification of quantitative parameters of optimal planting density of machine-transplant rice. Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(8): 98-104 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the calculation of transplant rice, taking conventional japonica rice (Ningjing-3) and hybrid japonica rice (Changyou-1) as material, different planting density experiments were conducted to determine the parameters in planting density quantitative equation of machine-transplant rice. Then optimized cultivation program for machine-transplanting rice was designed using the machine-transplanting rice cultivation system and the designed leaf area index at heading, dry matter at maturity, harvest index, yield and yield components were compared with the measured values in the experiments. The results showed that missing tiller number of the machine-transplant conventional japonica rice and hybrid japonica rice was 1.5 and 0.5, respectively. Seedling number per hole significantly affected the adjusting factor in plant density quantitative equation. Highest yield was obtained for conventional japonica rice with 3 seedlings per hole and for hybrid japonica rice with 2 seedlings per hole, respectively. Thus, the adjusting factor was set to be 1.5 for conventional japonica rice and 1.0 for hybrid japonica rice. The tiller emerging rates after transplanting were 0.8 for both conventional and hybrid japonica rice. The comparison showed that the deviation between designed and average measured values was less than 5%, which verified the reliability of parameters in planting density quantitative equation for machine-transplanted rice. This research provides a technology support for accurately determining planting density for machine-transplant rice.

在水稻基本苗计算的研究基础上，选择常规粳稻宁粳3号和杂交粳稻常优1号为材料，设置机插不同单穴苗数试验，对机插水稻基本苗计算的定量参数进行了获取研究，并将所得参数输入机插水稻设计栽培系统设计试验对其进行验证。结果表明，机插常规粳稻和杂交粳稻的分蘖缺位叶龄数有所不同，机插常规粳稻分蘖缺位叶龄数为1.5叶，机插杂交粳稻分蘖缺位叶龄数为0.5叶；单穴移栽苗数对校正系数有显著影响，其中常规粳稻单穴3苗处理、杂交粳稻单穴2苗处理产量较高，因此确定常规粳稻矫正系数为1.5，杂交粳稻为1.0；2种类型水稻的分蘖发生率表现一致，均为0.8左右。验证结果表明，产量、产量构成指标与群体质量指标的平均值与设计值的偏差均在5%以内，验证了机插水稻基本苗计算参数的可靠性。该研究为机插稻精确定量基本苗提供技术支撑。

2012

0.0

1.667

王端飞, 李刚华, 耿春苗, 杜永林, 黎泉, 丁艳锋. 播插方式对超级粳稻宁粳3号产量及群体均衡性的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 307-314

Wang

D F

, Li

G H

, Geng

C M

, Du

Y L

, Ni

, Ding

Y F.

Effect of seeding and transplanting methods on yield and uniformity of population indices of super japonica rice Ningjing 3. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 307-314 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To study the influence of different cultivation methods on rice yield and uniformity of populationindices, We conducted a field experiment with seven treatments including machine transplanting (MT), broadcast seeding (BS), drill seeding (DS) and hole seeding (HS), precision hand transplanting (PT), cycle hand transplanting (CT), and equidistance hand transplanting (ET) in 2009 and 2010, using super-rice Ningjing 3 as material. The results showed that the grain yield of PT was the highest, followed by MT, ET, BS, CT, HS, and DS. Uniformity of population indices was the main influence factor of yield, the coefficient of variation (CV) of spikelets per panicle, primary and secondary branch number and panicle position distribution of Ningjing 3 were significantly positively correlated with grain yield. The difference of population uniformity of Ningjing 3 between machine transplanting, hand transplanting and direct-seeding was mainly due to the different durations of vegetative growth period. PT treatment had longer vegetative growth duration of tillers in all leaf ages, bigger panicle and more uniformity. In DS treatment, uniformity of population indices of Ningjing 3 was poor with the less tiller number, short vegetative growth period and small panicle, thus the yield was the lowest.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; 2 Jiangsu Agro Technical Extension Center, Nanjing 210036, China

2009—2010年以超级稻宁粳3号为材料，设置小苗机插(MT)、手工撒播(BS)、条播(DS)、穴播(HS)、精量手栽(PT)、循环手栽(CT)和等距手栽(ET) 7种种植方式，研究不同种植方式对水稻群体均衡性的影响，并分析水稻群体均衡性与产量的关系。结果表明，产量高低依次为精量手栽、机插、等距手栽、撒播、循环手栽、穴播、条播。宁粳3号穗粒数、一二次枝梗数和穗层分布整齐度与产量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系，表明群体均衡性差异是造成不同栽培方式产量差异的原因之一，群体均衡性越高产量越高。营养生长期的差异是造成宁粳3号机插、手栽和直播3种栽培方式间群体均衡性差异的主要原因。精量手栽方式分蘖营养生长时间长，穗层分布均匀、群体均衡。直播方式可利用分蘖叶位少，且各叶位发生的分蘖营养生长时间短，穗型小，群体均衡性较差。机插方式群体均衡性介于精量手栽与直播方式之间。

... 3 统计分析方法参见王端飞等^[12]的方法计算样本整齐度 ...

... 2009年高产田的田块穗粒数显著高于其他田块, 且差异主要来自二次枝梗及其整齐度的差异, 这与王端飞等^[12]研究结果一致 ...

... 王端飞等^[12]认为穗粒数、一、二次枝梗数和穗层分布整齐度与产量呈显著或极显著正相关, 群体均衡性越高产量越高 ...

1995

0.0

2001

2.474

0.0

2003

0.0

0.7902

谢华安, 王乌齐, 杨惠杰, 杨高群, 李玉珍. 杂交水稻超高产特性研究. 福建农业学报, 2003, 18(4): 201-204

Xie

H A

, Wang

W Q

, Yang

H J

, Yang

G Q

, Li

Y Z.

The characteristics of super high-yielding hybrid rice. Fujian J Agric Sci, 2003, 18(4): 201-204 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2001年在云南省永胜县涛源乡种植的特优175和Ⅱ优明86超高产展示田,最高产量田块的产量分别达到17.78 t@hm-2和17.95 t@hm-2,创造世界水稻单产最高纪录.研究结果表明,获得杂交水稻超高产的主要原因是库容量大和生物产量高;大库容量主要靠培育大穗;干物质生产优势表现在中、后期,特优175和Ⅱ优明86中、后期群体生长率分别较汕优63高34.5%～37.2%和31.4%～33.7%.

2002

0.0

0.7902

杨惠杰, 杨仁崔, 李义珍, 郑景生, 姜照伟. 水稻超高产的决定因素. 福建农业学报, 2002, 17(4): 199-203

Yang

H J

, Yang

R C

, Li

Y Z

, Zheng

J S

, Jiang

Z W.

Determination factor for super-high yield of rice. Fujian J Agric Sci, 2002, 17(4): 199-203 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在云南省涛源乡和福建省龙海市追踪观察了一批我国新近育成的水稻超高产品种. 分析结果表明, ①产量与单个构成因素一般无显著相关,与穗数、每穗粒数、粒重三者乘积--库容量呈极显著正相关.超高产水稻因品种类型不同表现出多样性的产量构成,但都具有库容量大的共同特点.②产量与收获指数无显著相关,与生物产量呈极显著正相关.超高产水稻的生物产量积累优势在中、后期,中、后期具有较高的群体生长率,是生物产量高的主要原因.说明库容量大和生物产量高是超高产的决定因素.

2006

0.0

1.889

杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345

Yang

J C

, Du

, Wu

C F

, Liu

L J

, Wang

Z Q

, Zhu

Q S.

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

扬州大学农学院

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 高产田两年的产量还与较大的粒重有关^[17] ...

2007

0.0

1.889

吴文革, 张洪程, 吴桂成, 翟超群, 钱银飞, 陈烨, 徐军, 戴其根, 许珂. 超级稻群体籽粒库容特征的初步研究. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 250-257

W H

, Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Zhai

C Q

, Qian

Y F

, Chen

, Xu

, Dai

Q G

, Xu

Preliminary study on super rice population sink characters. Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 250-257 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】In order to reveal the population grains sink and the yield formation characteristics of super rice.【Method】As the material with representative 5 indica super rice cultivars, and in comparison with Shanyou 63 under field conditions, the composition and characteristic of sink were studied. 【Result】the result indicated that: (1)The average yield of 5 super rice cultivars grew in Dongahi ,Xinghua and Changshu of Jiangsu province were 700.4kg/667m2 (from 678.9 kg/667m2 to 724.7kg/667m2), which were significant or extremely significant higher than those of Shanyou 63.The leading cause of high yield were greater total spikelets number of population. Increasing total spikelets number of population due to larger panicle than more panicles.(2)To obtain larger panicle by adding primary branches(PB) and its spikelets per PB and secondary branches(SB) and by stabilizing its spikelets per SB in the panicles of super rice, in which the main was increasing of secondary branches and its total spikelets. By increasing branch number to enlarge panicle-type, meanwhile, stabilizing mean grains on secondary branch in order to increase mean grains on panicle branch that can optimize traits of panicles, increase filling grains on branch and seed setting rate on panicle, and increase single panicle weight up to 4.0g(compared to ck+10.9%), then the super-high yielding can be made success. (3)The peak capacity of sink on the super rice is about 870kg/667m2 , which were significant higher than those of Shanyou 63,but the variation of the effective filling rate of sink was wide rage between varieties and cultivated locations. The average effective filling rate of sink of super rice was 80.3%, there was still about 20% potential grain yield .【Conclusion】The yield components and population sink feature of super rice were large panicles based on the enough panicle number, greater total spikelets number of population and larger sink size mainly due to great numbers of primary and secondary branches in the panicles; raised seed setting and single panicle weight by optimizing the structure of branches and their spikelets. In this paper, study for super high-yielding culturing on super hybrid rice was proposed.

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室江苏扬州大学农学院

【目的】探索超级稻群体库容形成及其构成特征。【方法】以具有代表性的5个籼型超级稻为材料,用汕优63为对照,比较研究超级稻群体籽粒库容构成及特征。【结果】 (1)不同试点的超级稻品种均显著或极显著比对照增产,群体颖花量的增加是产量增加的直接原因。培育大穗是超级稻扩大库容量、增加颖花量的主要途径,而增穗并不能扩增群体总颖花量。(2)大穗是通过两种途径协调实现的:一是增加一次枝梗数及其上的平均着粒数,二是增加二次枝梗数但稳定二次枝梗上的平均着粒数; 其中增加二次枝梗数及其总粒数是主要的; 超级稻在一、二次枝梗数增加的同时,通过稳定二次枝梗上的平均着粒数而增加一次枝梗上的平均着粒数,优化颖花分布,提高全穗结实率而增加单穗籽粒重; 超级稻单穗重达4.0 g 以上, 平均比对照增重10.9% 。(3)超级稻产量潜力高,最大库容达870 kg/667m2，显著高于对照,平均增幅近10%；但最高库容有效充实度在品种间、试点间变化较大,并无稳定优势,平均为80.3%，略低于对照，故因种因地栽培是实现超级稻稳定超高产的关键。【结论】超级稻在稳定适宜穗数的基础上通过协调增加一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数及其平均着粒数来增大穗型,通过优化一、二次枝梗上颖花分布来提高结实率从而增加单穗重。

... 而吴文革等^[18]研究表明培育大穗是超级稻扩大库容的主要途径,增加穗粒数有一定的限制, 超过一定范围增穗则不能扩增群体总颖花量 ...

2005

0.0

蔡亚港, 苏连庆, 陈进明, 黄晓辉, 黄溪华, 李小萍, 李玉珍. 优质稻佳辐占的高产结构分析. 福建稻麦科技, 2005, 23(1): 3-5

Chai

Y G

, Su

L Q

, Chen

J M

, Huang

X H

, Huang

X H

, Li

X P

, Li

Y Z.

Analysis of high-yielding components for a good quality indica rice variety Jiafuzhan. Fujian Sci Technol Rice & Wheat, 2005, 23(1): 3-5 (in Chinese)

调查了优质稻佳辐占不同产量水平的产量结构,明确:(1)每平方米穗数和每穗粒数的田块间变异大,对构成每平方米总粒数的贡献率分别达57%和43%;(2)千粒重和结实率相对稳定,因而每平方米总粒数决定了库容量,也决定了产量,产量与每平方米总粒数呈高度正相关,r=0.990 8**.(3)据回归分析,佳辐占每平方米总粒数为3.50万粒、2.91万粒和2.32万粒时,每公顷产量可相应达到9.0t、7.5t和6.0t.表明实现高产乃至超高产,关键在于提高每平方米总粒数,扩大库容量.

2008

0.0

1988

0.0

0.686

2005

0.0

0.916

万志兵, 洪德林, 程海涛, 郭玉华. 粳稻新老品种株型性状比较. 南京农业大学学报, 2005, 28(1): 1-5

Wang

Z B

, Hong

D L

, Cheng

H T

, Guo

Y H.

Comparison of plant type traits between new and old varieties in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L. ). J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2005, 28(1): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract)

选用日本、韩国、中国的粳稻品种30个,将1990年及以前育成的品种称为老品种,1991年及以后的品种称为新品种.比较新老品种株型性状的变化及其对产量的效应.结果表明:(1)新品种比老品种株高低,穗角小,单株有效穗数少,每穗总粒数多,着粒密度大;新品种比老品种倒2叶基角大,倒3叶基角和张角小,倒3叶叶长短.(2)新老品种的10穴产量,穗总粒数,穗角及着粒密度差异极显著,新老品种剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的叶宽差异极显著.(3)根据通径系数,老品种中穗总粒数、单株有效穗数对产量的直接作用较大;新品种中经济系数、穗总粒数对产量的直接效应较大.新老品种中着粒密度对产量的间接效应总和都为最大.新老品种的倒2叶宽对产量的直接效应较大.老品种的剑叶宽和剑叶基角对产量的间接效应总和较大;新品种的倒3叶宽和倒3叶基角对产量的间接效应总和较大.

2007

0.0

1.494

武志海, 徐克章, 赵颖君, 何小亮, 王晓玲, 凌凤楼. 吉林省47年来粳稻品种遗传改良进程中某些农艺性状的变化. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 507-512

Z H

, Xu

K Z

, Zhao

Y J

, He

X L

, Wang

X L

, Ling

F L.

Changes of some agronomic traits in japonica rice varieties during forty-seven years of genetic improvement in Jilin Province, China. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 507-512 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To identify changes in agronomic traits associated with yield increase,25 typical japonica rice varieties that were widely planted during the 47 years(1958-2005) were used.The grain yield was linearly increased from 6 198.68 kg/hm2 in 1958 to 12 682.8 kg/hm2 in 2005,with an average annual increase of 137.96 kg/hm2 and an annual increase rate of 2.33% according to the regression equation.Number of spikelets per panicle,grain weight per panicle,seed setting rate and total panicle number increased over released time,which were significantly and positively correlated with yield,with the highest coefficient of correlation(r=0.85**) between number of spikelets per panicle and yield.Moreover,the plant height and stem-leaf angle decreased,but leaf area index at the filling stage increased and heading date postponed over released time.The result indicated that the increase of grain yield was mainly attributed to magnifying of total sink capacity with the increase of number of spikelets per panicle as the key factor.

对吉林省1958-2005年间育成的25个粳稻品种的产量及农艺性状的研究结果表明,随着粳稻品种的改良，产量呈线性增加。根据回归方程计算，产量由1958年的6 198.68 kg/hm2增加至2005年的12 682.8 kg/hm2，平均每年增加137.96 kg/hm2，增长率为2.23%。每穗粒数、结实率、单穗重和总穗数随育成年代推移显著增加，并与产量呈正相关，其中每穗粒数与产量的相关系数最大（r=0.85**）。株高随育成年代推移显著降低，茎叶夹角显著减小，灌浆期叶面积指数增加，抽穗期推迟。结果表明，产量的增加主要与品种改良过程中总库容的扩大有关,其中每穗粒数的增加是关键。

2007

0.0

1.667

杜永, 王艳, 王学红, 孙乃立, 杨建昌. 黄淮地区不同粳稻品种株型、产量与品质的比较分析. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1079-1085

, Wang

X H

, Sun

N L

, Yang

J C.

Comparisons of plant type, grain yield, and quality of different japonica rice cultivars in Huanghe-Huaihe River Area. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1079-1085 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Huanghe-Huai River area is an important rice-growing area in China and most rice cultivars used there are mid-season japonica ones. Today, little is known what traits should be for a cultivar with super-high-yielding and good quality in this district. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of plant type, grain yield and quality of rice cultivars grown in Huanghe-Huaihe River area. One hundred and twenty-nine mid-season japonica rice cultivars and lines, used in the production, were field-grown and their morphological traits, grain yield and quality were investigated. The results showed that, by cluster analysis based on grain yield, 129 tested cultivars could be classified into five groups: super-high-yielding (13.57 t ha^-1), high-yielding (11.52 t ha^-1), mid-yielding (10.26 t ha^-1), mid-low-yielding (9.04 t ha^-1)，and low-yielding (7.57 t ha^-1). In the total tested cultivars, super-high-yielding cultivars were 3.1%, low-yielding cultivars were 14.7%, and other cultivars were 82.2%. Most of high- and super-high-yielding cultivars had half-erect and large panicles and erect leaves, produced more biomass, and had greater seed-setting rate, grain weight and harvest index. The cultivars with good grain quality were mainly in the high-yielding and mid-high-yielding groups, and very few in the super-high-yielding and low-yielding groups. The higher percentage of chalky grains was a major problem for the super-high-yielding cultivars. The traits or indexes for a super-high-yielding mid-season japonica rice cultivars were suggested, i.e., plant height 100–108 cm, whole growth period 150–155 d, half-erect panicles, panicle length 0.17–0.18 m, panicles 320–340 m^-2, primary branches 12–15, secondary branches 30–38, spikelets per panicle 160–180, seed-setting rate>85%, 1 000-grain weight 26–27 g, the length of the flag leaf, and the 2nd and 3rd leaves from the top were 0.26–0.28, 0.35–0.40, and 0.32–0.38 m, respectively, the angle of the flag leaf<20º, and harvest index>0.5.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu; 2 Lianyungang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Lianyungang 222001, Jiangsu, China

对黄淮稻区的129个粳稻品种(品系)进行了株型、产量和品质的观察测定。通过产量聚类分析，将供试品种分成超高产、高产、中产、中低产及低产5种类型。超高产类型品种占3.1%，低产类型品种占14.7%，其他3类品种占82.2%。超高产水稻品种多为半直立大穗型、叶片挺立，具有较高的干物质生产能力、较高的粒重、结实率和经济系数。优质米品种在高产和中高产类型中较多，在超高产和低产类型中很少。垩白米率高是超高产品种米质的主要问题。提出了黄淮地区超高产(>12 t hm^-2)中粳水稻品种的株型和产量构成指标，即株高1.00~1.08 m，全生育期150~155 d，穗型半直立，有效穗320~340个 m^-2，穗长0.17~0.18 m，一次枝梗12~15个，二次枝梗30~38个；每穗160~180粒，结实率>85%，千粒重26~27 g；倒1、2、3叶叶长分别为0.26~0.28、0.35~0.40和0.32~0.38 m，剑叶角度<20º，收获指数>0.50。

2007

0.0

1.889

王丹英, 章秀福, 李华, 徐春梅, 钱前, 廖西元. 浙江省水稻产量构成差异调查与合理种植密度分析. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 2903-2909

Wang

D Y

, Zhang

X F

, Li

, Xu

C M

, Qian

, Liao

X Y.

Study of yield and morphological character development of late japonica rice in Zhejiang Province using derived varieties of Nongken 58. Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 2903-2909 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the development of yield and morphological characteristics of late japonica rice in Zhejiang province, late japonica variety Nongken 58 and its 18 derived varieties were grown at China national research institute farm in Zhejiang province during 2003 and 2004. The results were as follows: (1) the yield of late japonica rice in Zhejiang province increased greatly in 1960 s’, the varieties released at this stage could be divided as large panicle number and numerous grain type or panicle number type, the yield of late japonica rice after 1970s’ increased slowly, most of the varieties released at this stage were large panicle number and numerous grain type. (2) In plant morphological characters, compared to the former varieties (released before 1985), the latter varieties (released between 1985-1995) had short flag leaf length, small leaf original angle, longer third leaf length and wide flag and third leaf width; in stem and panicle characters, the plant height, internode length of the latter varieties were shorter than that of the former varieties, but in term of stem density, sheath weight and grain density per panicle, the latter varieties were larger than the former varieties. (3)Correlate analysis show there were significant negative correlations between length of the upper 2 leaves, original angle, leaf curvature, length of the upper 2 internodes and grain yield, positive correlations exist between 3rd leaf length, leaves width, biomass yield, seed setting rate and yield.

中国水稻研究所

【目的】阐明晚粳稻产量与植株形态的关系。【方法】以农垦58及其衍生系为材料，通过在同一生态条件下的种植试验，比较不同时期水稻品种的产量、叶部、茎部和穗部性状，分析近几十年浙江省晚粳品种改良过程中产量及植株形态的演变，并进行产量和植株性状的相关分析。【结果】浙江省晚粳产量增加最快的阶段是60年代，此阶段的水稻品种类型可分为穗粒兼顾型和穗数型；70年代后产量增幅较慢，品种多为穗粒兼顾型。在植株形态中，近代品种（育成年份1985～1995年）的剑叶长度、上3叶的叶基角小于早代品种（1985年以前育成），倒3叶长度、剑叶和倒3叶的宽度大于早代品种；近代品种较矮，各节间长度均小于早代品种，但茎秆密度和单位叶鞘重于早代品种，而着粒密度高于早代品种。植株性状和产量的相关分析表明，剑叶和倒2叶的长度、上3叶的叶基角和叶片曲率、倒1和倒2节节间长度与产量存在显著负相关，结实率与产量显著正相关。【结论】水稻产量的提高和植株形态的改良有很大的关系，提高浙江省晚粳单产的可行途径是在保持高结实率的前提下适当增加每穗粒数。

2006

0.0

1.667

杨建昌, 王朋, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 945-955

Yang

J C

, Wang

, Liu

L J

, Wang

Z Q

, Zhu

Q S.

Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 945-955 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Two cultivars IR72 (Indica) and Nipponbare (Japonica) were used with shading treatment after anthesis to study the dynamic changes of sucrose content and the activity of sucrose degradation enzymes. The results showed that sucrose contents were decreased, sucrose degradation accelerated, sucrose synthase (SS) activity was decreased and both vacuolar invertase (VCI) and cell wall bound invertase (CWI) activities were increased under the weak light. The shading treatment was favorable to sucrose degradation by increasing invertase activity. Correlation analysis showed that starch filling rate in grains was positively and significantly correlated with sucrose synthase activity and cell wall bound invertase activity, which played an important role in sucrose degradation and starch synthesis.

1College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014 Sichuan, China; 2Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8567, Tokyo, Japan

选用IR72（籼稻）和日本睛（粳稻），在开花后遮光处理，对弱光条件下籽粒蔗糖含量的动态变化和降解酶的活性进行了研究。结果表明：两品种籽粒的蔗糖含量减少，蔗糖分解加快，蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性下降，液泡型转化酶（VCI）和细胞壁结合型转化酶（WCI）活性提高。即在弱光条件下，转化酶活性的提高加快了蔗糖的分解。相关分析表明，蔗糖合成酶活性、细胞壁结合型转化酶活性与淀粉积累速率显著正相关。说明这两种酶在蔗糖的分解和淀粉的合成过程中起着十分重要的作用。

2009

0.0

1.494

李杰, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 郭振华, 陈烨, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 李德剑, 华正雄, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 刘国林. 两个杂交粳稻组合超高产生长特性的研究. 中国水稻科学, 2009, 23: 179-185

, Zhang

H C

, Qian

Y F

, Guo

Z H

, Chen

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Li

D J

, Hua

Z X

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Liu

G L.

Growth characteristics of two super-high-yielding japonica hybrid rice combinations. Chin J Rice Sci, 2009, 23: 179-185 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Growth and dry matter production characteristics, yield formation and yield components of rice under superhighyielding (＞12.0 t /hm2) cultivation were analyzed using two japonica hybrid rice combinations (Lingxiangyou 18 and Changyou 1) in paddy field. The results showed that the number of panicles, the number of grains per panicle, the number of secondary branches per panicle and the number of spikelets on secondary branches under superhighyielding cultivation(SHYC) were significantly higher than those under traditional high yielding (10.5 t/hm2 to 11.0 t/hm2) cultivation(CK). The seedsetting rate and 1000grain weight under SHYC were a little higher than those under CK, but without significant difference. Before the critical leafage for productive tillering, rice under SHYC grew faster and at the critical leafage for productive tillering the number of stems and tillers was up to the expected value, and leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were larger than those under CK. From the critical leafage for productive tillering to elongation, rice under SHYC had a steady growth with less ineffective tillers and lower peak number of seedlings, and its leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and population growth rate were lower than those under CK. After elongation, with a steady decline in growth and a high productive tiller rate, rice under SHYC had higher leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and population growth rate than under CK. Superhighyielding rice had an obvious growth superiority. Especially after heading, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and population growth rate were significantly higher under SHYC than under CK.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 3 Bureau of Agriculture of Xinghua County of Jiangsu Province, Xinghua 225700, China; *Corresponding author, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

: 将两个杂交粳稻组合（陵香优18和常优1号）于大田条件下种植，对超高产（产量＞12.0 t/hm2）田块的水稻物质生产和产量形成生长特性进行了分析。结果表明，与高产栽培（CK， 10.5～11.0 t/hm2）水稻相比，超高产栽培水稻穗数、每穗粒数显著高于CK，结实率和千粒重略高于CK，但差异不显著；超高产栽培水稻二次枝梗数、二次枝梗总粒数显著高于CK；有效分蘖临界叶龄期之前，超高产栽培条件下水稻生长比CK快，在有效分蘖临界叶龄期茎蘖数达到预期的穗数，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK大；有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期，超高产栽培条件下水稻生长平稳，无效分蘖发生少，高峰苗低，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK小；拔节以后，超高产栽培条件下水稻茎蘖数下降平缓，成穗率高，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK高，尤其是抽穗以后，超高产栽培条件下水稻具有明显的生长优势，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率均极显著高于CK。

2011

0.0

1.667

张耗, 黄钻华, 王静超, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 江苏中籼水稻品种演进过程中根系形态生理性状的变化及其与产量的关系. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1020-1030

Zhang

, Huang

Z H

, Wang

J C

, Wang

Z Q

, Yang

J C.

Changes in morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with grain yield during the evolution of mid-season indica rice cultivars in Jiangsu Province. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1020-1030 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Roots are involved in acquisition of nutrients and water, synthesis of plant hormones, and anchorage of plants. However, little is known what changes in root physiology and morphology during the evolution of rice cultivars. In this study, 13 typical mid-season indica rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, which were classified into four types of early tall cultivars, dwarf cultivars, semi-dwarf cultivars, and super rice cultivars according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and changes in morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with grain yield during the evolution of cultivars were investigated. Results showed that the root dry weight, root weight density, root length, root length density and root diameter were increased with the evolution of the cultivars at main growth stages. From the heading stage, the shoot dry weight was increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Compared with other cultivars, the root-shoot ratio of super rice cultivars was increased at the mid-tillering and panicle initiation stages, but showed no significant differences among the four types of cultivars at latter growth stages. Specific root length was decreased with the evolution of the cultivars at the mid-tillering stage, and showed no significant differences among the four types of cultivars at other growth stages. The root oxidation activity, leaf photosynthetic rate, total absorbing surface area and active absorbing surface area of root, and the content of cytokinins (zeatin + zeatin riboside) in root bleeding and grain yield wereincreased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from a large panicle. Regression analysis showed that the root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, total absorbing surface area and active absorbing surface area of root very significantly correlated with grain yield. The results suggest that the improved root and shoot growth increases grain yield of the modern cultivars, especially super rice cultivars.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的13个中熟籼稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料，依据品种种植年代结合株型特点将其分为早期高秆(ET)、矮秆(DC)、半矮秆 (SDC)和超级稻(SR) 4个类型，研究了中籼水稻品种演进过程中根系形态生理性状的变化及其与产量的关系。结果表明，在各主要生育期，根干重、根重密度、根长、根长密度和根直径随品种演进增加或显著增加。自抽穗期，地上部干物重随品种演进显著增加。在分蘖中期和穗分化始期，超级稻品种的根冠比显著大于其他类型品种，在生育进程中，各类型间无显著差异。在分蘖中期，随品种演进，比根长显著降低，但在生育进程中，各类型间无显著差异。在生长早期和中期，根系氧化力、叶片光合速率、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积以及根系伤流液中细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)浓度随品种演进增加或显著增加。随着品种演进产量逐步提高，其原因主要是每穗粒数的增多导致总颖花量的增加。回归分析表明，根干重、根长、根直径、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积和根系活跃吸收表面积与产量呈极显著线性正相关关系。说明改善的根系和地上部的生长，促进了现代品种特别是超级稻品种产量的提高。

1998

0.0

0.7902

2010

0.0

1.667

张耗, 谈桂露, 薛亚光, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 江苏省粳稻品种近60年演进过程中产量与形态生理特征的变化. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 133-140

Zhang

, Tan

G L

, Xue

Y G

, Wang

Z Q

, Liu

L J

, Yang

J C.

Changes in grain yield and morphological and physiological characteristics during 60-year evolution of japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 133-140 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Great progress has been made in japonica rice breeding. However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement. In this study, 12 typical japonica rice cultivars (including super rice) applied in the production in Jiangsu province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s in the 20th century and since 2000 according to their application times. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships, morphology and physiology were investigated. Results showed that the grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. The percentage of filled grains was increased for cultivars from 1950s to 1980s in 20th century, whereas it was decreased for those at 1990s in 20th century and since 2000. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. With the improvement of rice cultivars, biomass, especially after heading, and harvest index were simultaneously increased. At main growth stages, with the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight, root-shoot ratio, root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate were increased significantly, but root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate during grain filing for super rice were declined rapidly. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly increased total, effective, high-effective leaf areas and grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area) at heading, and increased panicle length, number of primary and secondary panicle branches greatly. From 1950s to 1990s in the 20th century, plant height was reduced, while it was increased significantly for super rice since 2000, with a plant height of about 120 cm. The leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems were significantly decreased with the improvement of rice cultivars. The results indicate that agronomical and physiological characteristics of japonica cultivars are improved during the evolution, and low percentage of filled grains limits grain yield potential in super rice cultivars.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China

以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的12个粳稻品种(含超级稻)为材料，依据种植推广年代结合株型和基因型将其分为20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代、90年代和2000年以后6个类型，研究了品种演进过程中产量和形态生理的变化特征。结果表明，随着品种演进产量逐步提高，其原因主要是总颖花量的增加，而这又主要由于每穗粒数的显著增多。自早期的50年代品种，结实率逐步提高，但90年代品种和2000年以后的超级稻品种，结实率有下降的趋势，穗数和千粒重无明显变化。随着品种演进，生物产量和收获指数同步提高，以抽穗后增加的量尤为明显，主要生育期根干重、根冠比、根系氧化力和叶片光合速率显著增加，但现代超级稻品种的根系活力和叶片光合速率在结实期下降较快。品种改良提高了抽穗期总叶面积、有效叶面积、高效叶面积和粒叶比，还增加了穗长、着粒密度、一次和二次枝梗数目。由20世纪50年代到90年代品种，植株高度降低，而2000年以后的超级稻品种显著上升，升至120 cm左右。抽穗期顶三叶叶片角度则随品种更替显著降低。上述结果说明随品种演进，粳稻的农艺、生理性状和产量均有明显改良，但超级稻较低的结实率限制了其产量潜力的发挥。

1994

0.0

1.889

苏祖芳, 郭宏文, 李永丰, 张洪程, 张海泉. 水稻群体叶面积动态类型的研究. 中国农业科学, 1994, 27(4): 23-30

Z F

, Guo

H W

, Li

Y F

, Zhang

H C

, Zhang

H Q.

Studies on the types of leaf area dynamics of population in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 1994, 27(4): 23-30 (in Chinese with English abstract)

江苏农学院，扬州 225001

试验以杂交中籼稻汕优63和中粳稻盐粳2号为材料，通过施肥量、施肥时期和栽插密度，研究群体叶面积消长动态和株型、产量形成的关系。主要结果：1.方程(公式见影像原文)可以描述群体叶面积动态过程,根据水稻主要生育时期的LAI大小及其生长动态变化,可以分为5种叶面积动态类型,Ⅳ型是最合理的叶面积动态类型。2.在合理群体叶面积动态条件下,合理株型为倒2、3叶较长且挺立，倒4、5叶较短，抽穗期单茎茎鞘重高。3.在较大的LAI基础上提高单茎茎鞘重，并协调抽穗期的LAI和单茎茎鞘重是超高产的途径。

... 另外, 穗粒数与叶片长度呈极显著正相关^[31] ...

2004

1.513

0.0

... 有研究认为, 农作物生长不均衡是普遍现象^[32], 个体生长速度的差异以及个体间的竞争是导致群体均衡性差的主要原因^[33,34] ...

1983

5.175

0.0

1985

5.175

0.0

2005

1.518

0.0

1984

0.0

0.3962

2010

0.0

0.602

... 王丹英等^[37]认为水稻的产量差异普遍存在于品种和田块间, 其主要原因是每穗粒数和有效穗数的变异系数均显著大于粒重 ...