四川盆地单产9000 kg hm<sup>-2</sup>以上超高产小麦品种产量结构与干物质积累特点

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汤永禄, 李朝苏, 吴春, 吴晓丽, 黄钢, 何刚. 四川盆地单产9000 kg hm^-2以上超高产小麦品种产量结构与干物质积累特点. 作物学报, 2014, 40(1): 134-142
TANG Yong-Lu, LI Chao-Su, WU Chun, WU Xiao-Li, HUANG Gang, HE Gang. Yield Component and Dry Matter Accumulation in Wheat Varieties with 9000 kg ha^-1 Yield Potential in Sichuan Basin. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40(1): 134-142 复制到剪切板

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四川盆地单产9000 kg hm^-2以上超高产小麦品种产量结构与干物质积累特点

汤永禄^1,^*, 李朝苏¹, 吴春¹, 吴晓丽¹, 黄钢¹, 何刚²

¹ 四川省农业科学院作物研究所, 四川成都 610066

² 四川省江油市农业局, 四川江油 621700

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 汤永禄, E-mail:ttyycc88@163.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:liqingchao-2@163.com

收稿日期:2013-08-16

基金:本研究中所用品种的1B·1R易位系和矮秆基因检测得到了四川省农业科学院作物研究所杨武云实验室的支持和帮助, 英文摘要得到了CIMMYT小麦育种家Rosewarne Garry博士的斧正, 在此一并致以最诚挚的谢意。

摘要

选择3个典型超高产品种和7个一般高产品种(对照)在4个环境(年份×地点)下考察其产量、产量构成因素和干物质积累、转运特点, 以揭示四川盆地高温、高湿、弱光照生态条件下超高产小麦品种的产量形成特性, 为超高产育种和生产提供依据。超高产品种在4个环境下的平均产量达9338 kg hm^-2, 比对照品种高24.2%; 其穗数(449×10⁴ hm^-2)、穗粒数(42.3)、粒数(18 825 m^-2)、千粒重(47.8 g)分别比对照高8.2%、10.7%、18.3%和0.6%。超高产品种在各个生育阶段的干物质积累速率、干物质积累量都高于对照品种, 尤其是生育前期, 如在分蘖盛期和拔节期干物质积累量分别高11.1%和18.2%; 同时, 其干物质转运量、转运效率和对籽粒的贡献率也高于对照品种, 成熟时非籽粒器官干物质所占比重较对照品种低1.2~3.5个百分点。小麦籽粒产量与各个生育阶段的群体干重和分蘖、拔节期的个体干重呈极显著正相关, 超高产品种具有分蘖力强, 前期生长旺盛、干物质积累多, 后期分配到籽粒的干物质比例较高等特点, 这是高产的生理基础。

关键词: 四川盆地; 超高产小麦; 产量结构; 干物质积累和转运

Yield Component and Dry Matter Accumulation in Wheat Varieties with 9000 kg ha^-1 Yield Potential in Sichuan Basin

TANG Yong-Lu^1,^*, LI Chao-Su¹, WU Chun¹, WU Xiao-Li¹, HUANG Gang¹, HE Gang²

¹ Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China

² Bureau of Agriculture of Jiangyou City, Sichuan Province, Jiangyou 621700, China

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore yield-forming characteristics of super-high-yield (SHY) wheat varieties that grow under high temperature, high humidity, and weak sunshine condition in Sichuan Basin, China. In four year × location environments, we tested the grain yield and its components of three SHY varieties and seven common high-yield varieties (control), as well as the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation. The average yield of SHY varieties over environments reached 9338 kg ha^-1, which was 24.2% higher than those of the controls. SHY varieties had average spike number of 449×10⁴ ha^-1, grain number per spike of 42.3, grain number of 18 825 m^-2, and thousand-grain weight of 47.8 g, which were 8.2%, 10.7%, 18.3%, and 0.6% higher than those of the control. At various growth stages, SHY varieties had significantly higher rates and larger amounts of dry matter accumulation, especially at the early growing period. For example, the amount of dry matter accumulation in the SHY varieties was 11.1% and 18.2% higher than those of the controls at tillering and jointing stages, respectively. Moreover, compared with the control, SHY varieties had significantly higher amount of dry matter translocation, translocation efficiency, and contribution of remobilization to grain. At maturity, the proportion of dry matter in vegetative organs was 1.2%-3.5% lower in SHY variety than in the controls. There were significant correlations between grain yield and colony dry matter at various growth stages and individual dry matter at tillering and jointing stages. SHY varieties tested in this study possess strong tillering ability, early vigorous growth, and high levels of dry matter accumulation and translocation into grains, which ultimately result in the high grain yield.

Keyword: Sichuan Basin; Super-high-yield wheat; Yield component; Dry matter accumulation and translocation

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随着人口的持续增长和可耕地的日益减少, 不断提高单产乃是保障粮食总量增长的必由之路^{[ 1, 2]}。我国从20世纪90年代开始全面开展小麦超高产(≥9000 kg hm^-2)研究, 经过20年, 各大麦区都取得了实质性突破, 先后育成大批超高产品种, 并在大田试验中达到预期高产目标, 最高产量达11 848 kg hm^{-2 [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}。从高产到超高产的跨越, 是遗传改良、栽培管理、土壤培肥等多技术协同进步、多因子协同作用的结果。多数研究表明, 在北方小麦主产区, 多穗型、中间型和大穗型品种都能实现超高产, 虽技术路径有所不同, 但共同之处在于都显著提高了单位面积穗数^{[ 7, 8, 9, 10]}。超高产品种具有叶片窄小、直立、耐肥抗倒^{[ 11, 12]}, 以及群体大、干物质积累多, 前期稳健、后期个体质量高等特点^{[ 13, 14]}。

小麦超高产研究尽管成效显著, 但已有超高产典型仍局限在小面积甚至个别地块上, 大面积生产尚未上升到9000 kg hm^-2以上的超高产水平; 而且因生态环境、品种、栽培技术等诸多原因, 使区域间发展极不平衡。四川盆地小麦单产水平在全国偏低, 研究也相对滞后, 直至21世纪初小麦高产育种和栽培才有所突破^{[ 14, 15]}, 但对超高产品种特性和栽培技术研究仍不够深入。本研究旨在利用近年最新育种成果, 选用产量潜力在9000 kg hm^-2以上的3个超高产品种和7个代表性的一般高产品种, 通过两年两点的比较, 揭示四川盆地弱光照生态区超高产小麦品种的特性, 为超高产育种和生产提供指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

2010—2011和2011—2012年连续2个小麦生长季, 选择10个四川省代表性品种(表1)在四川广汉(30.99° N, 104.25° E, 海拔500 m)和江油(31.42° N, 104.48° E, 海拔650 m)进行田间试验。超高产(SHY)和一般品种(对照)的划分根据前期试验和超高产攻关验收结果, 单产≥9000 kg hm^-2的品种视为SHY品种。

表1 参试小麦品种的基本信息 Table 1 Information of wheat varieties tested in this study

两地试验田前茬均为水稻, 广汉点试验地块属平原冲积土, 肥力较高, 0~20 cm耕层两年平均含有机质4.75%、速效氮241.5 mg kg^-1、速效磷8.2 mg kg^-1、速效钾120.0 mg kg^-1; 江油点试验地块位于浅丘台地, 黏土质, 肥力中上等, 0~20 cm土壤平均含有机质2.20%、速效氮122.0 mg kg^-1、速效磷21.6 mg kg^-1、速效钾105.0 mg kg^-1。与常年相比, 2011年度小麦生育中期遭遇持续低温天气, 对开花结实产生了较大影响, 穗粒数较常年明显下降; 2012年度小麦灌浆中期遭遇高温天气, 灌浆期缩短, 千粒重明显低于常年水平。

采用随机区组设计, 3次重复, 小区面积20 m²。两类品种均按超高产栽培技术管理, 采用免耕穴播, 行距20.0~23.3 cm, 穴距10.0~13.3 cm, 播后覆盖稻草, 基本苗约240株 m^-2。于10月28至29日播种, 播种时每公顷施纯氮165 kg、P₂O₅和K₂O各75 kg, 其中60%的纯氮和全部磷钾肥用作底肥, 40%的纯氮用作拔节追肥; 拔节期灌水1次; 全生育期严格防控病虫害。

1.2 性状调查和计算方法

四川盆地小麦分蘖时间很短, 冬前(冬至苗)群体大小对后期物质积累和产量建成至关重要。出苗后通过匀苗使各年各点和各品种的基本苗保持一致。从三叶期开始定点调查苗情, 每周一次, 直至拔节。于分蘖盛期、拔节初期、开花期和成熟期调查单株(茎)干重、幼穗干重等个体性状和单位面积穗数、粒数、干物质积累量等群体性状。成熟期分茎鞘、叶片、穗轴+颖壳、籽粒分别烘干(105℃至恒重)后称干重。成熟后按小区收获计产, 籽粒产量按含水率13.5%计算。

参考Fischer^{[ 16]}描述的方法计算干物质积累速率(CGR), 参考del Blanco等^{[ 17]}报道的方法计算生物生产率和籽粒生产率。花后干物质积累量(kg hm^-2) = 成熟期地上部干物质积累量 - 开花期地上部干物质积累量^{[ 18]}; 干物质转移量(kg hm^-2) = 开花期地上部干物质积累量 - 成熟期地上部营养器官干物质积累量^{[ 18]}; 干物质转移率(%) = 干物质转移量/开花期地上部干物质积累量 × 100^{[ 18]}; 转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率(%) = 干物质转移量/籽粒干重 × 100^{[ 18]}。

1.3 统计分析

采用SAS统计软件(SAS Institute Inc., 1997)和

Microsoft Excel统计分析和作图。先将同一类型品种平均, 然后对2个品种类型(即SHY品种和对照)成对比较, 数据按2011年广汉(2011GH)、2011年江油(2011JY)、2012年广汉(2012GH)、2012年江油(2012JY) 4个环境及环境均值(mean over environments) 列出。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同品种类型之间分蘖成穗特性比较

各环境下两类品种的基本苗一致, 但因分蘖力不同导致主要生育阶段的群体数量都呈现出显著差异。除2012年广汉环境之外, SHY品种的冬至苗都显著高于对照, 最高苗和穗数都有类似结果。冬至苗、最高苗、穗数和分蘖力的4个环境平均值都呈现SHY品种显著高于对照种(表2)。

表2 超高产(SHY)与一般高产(CK)小麦品种的分蘖成穗比较 Table 2 Comparison of tillering ability and fertile spike percentage between super-high-yield (SHY) and common high-yield (CK) varieties of wheat

2.2 不同品种类型之间产量及产量构成比较

SHY品种在2011年广汉、2011年江油、2012年广汉、2012年江油4个环境的单产依次为8812、 9146、9396和9999 kg hm^-2, 分别比对照高16.3%、24.0%、26.5%和30.0%, 4个环境均值为9338 kg hm^-2, 比对照高24.2%。每个环境和综合平均方面SHY品种都显著高于对照(表3)。产量结构方面, SHY品种的穗数均高于对照, 除2011广汉外差异均显著; 穗粒数在2011年度的2个环境下SHY品种与对照之间差异不显著, 但2012年度极显著高于对照, 幅度达20.2%。每平方米粒数与穗数的表现趋势一致, 即除2011年广汉之外的所有环境, SHY品种均显著高于对照。两类品种的千粒重差异在年度间表现略有不同, 但多数环境下差异不显著(表3)。

表3 超高产品种(SHY)与一般品种(CK)产量及产量构成比较 Table 3 Comparison of grain yield and yield components between super-high-yield (SHY) and common high-yield (CK) varieties

2.3 不同品种类型之间个体、群体干重比较

2.3.1 不同阶段个体干重差异在生育前期SHY品种的个体干重明显高于对照品种, 如拔节期2011GH、2011JY、2012GH、Mean环境SHY品种的单株干重依次比CK高21.1%、14.4%、21.5%和14.0%。但在生育后期, 2类品种之间的单茎干重十分接近, SHY品种在保持穗数优势的情况下仍然保持了较高的个体质量(表4)。

表4 超高产品种(SHY)与一般品种(CK)主要生育阶段个体干重比较 Table 4 Comparison of dry matter of individual at main growing stages between super-high-yield (SHY) and common high-yield (CK) varieties (g)

2.3.2 不同阶段群体干重差异除了个别环境外, SHY品种的群体干重都显著或极显著高于对照品种, 尤其在降雨稀少使丘陵土壤相对较干的情况下(2011年江油), SHY品种在生育前期的群体干重极显著高于对照品种, 分蘖期、拔节期分别高出38.1%和26.4%, 其干物质转移量也显著高于对照品种, 4个环境表现一致(表5)。从干物质积累速率看, 无论是不同生育阶段还是全生育期SHY品种都显著高于对照品种(图1-A)。SHY品种的干物质转移率除2011年广汉环境外一般达到30%左右, 各试验环境下均显著高于对照品种(图1-B)。且多数环境下SHY品种的转移干物质对产量的贡献率也显著高于对照品种(图1-C)。

表5 超高产品种(SHY)与一般品种(CK)主要生育阶段群体干重比较 Table 5 Comparison of dry matter of population at main growing stages between super-high-yield (SHY) and common high-yield (CK) varieties (kg hm^-2)

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图1 小麦超高产(SHY)和一般高产品种(CK)的干物质积累速率(A)、干物质转移率(B)和转移干物质对产量的贡献率(C)S-J: 播种至拔节; J-F: 拔节至开花; F-M: 开花至成熟; S-M: 播种至成熟。2011G: 2011广汉; 2011J: 2011江油; 2012G: 2012广汉; 2012J: 2012江油; MOE: 各环境平均。误差线上字母不同表示品种类型间存在显著差异( P< 0.05)。Fig. 1 Accumulation speed (A), translocation efficiency (B), and contribution to grain (C) of dry matter in super-high-yield (SHY) and common-high-yield (CK) wheat varietiesS-J: sowing to jointing; J-F: jointing to flowering; F-M: flowering to maturity; S-M: sowing to maturity. 2011G: 2011 Guanghan; 2011J: 2011 Jiangyou; 2012G: 2012 Guanghan; 2012J: 2012 Jiangyou; MOE: Mean of environments. Different letters above error bars indicate significant difference between two types of varieties ( P< 0.05).

2.3.3 成熟期干物质在各器官的分配比例多数环境下对照品种单茎的茎鞘叶、穗轴颖壳等干重都显著高于SHY品种, 而单茎籽粒重都显著低于SHY品种。相应地, 对照品种非经济器官的干重比例都显著高于SHY品种。按各环境下的平均值, 对照品种茎鞘叶、穗轴颖壳所占比例分别比SHY品种高3.5个百分点和1.2个百分点(表6)。

表6 超高产品种(SHY)与一般品种(CK)成熟期干物质在各器官的分配比例 Table 6 Proportional distribution of dry matter to different organs at maturity between super-high-yield (SHY) and common high-yield (CK) varieties

2.4 产量构成因子与干物质性状的相关性

2.4.1 产量构成因素间的相关性籽粒产量与单位面积穗数、粒数和每穗粒数均呈极显著正相关, 相关系数依次为0.609、0.493和0.797, 与千粒重相关不明显; 每平方米粒数与穗数、穗粒数呈极显著正相关, 而千粒重与每平方米粒数和穗粒数呈极显著负相关, 表明提高穗数和穗粒数或二者的乘积是实现高产之关键(表7)。

表7 参试小麦品种籽粒产量构成因素间、与植株个体和群体干重及干物质积累速率的相关分析( n=40) Table 7 Correlation coefficients among grain yield components and their correlations with dry matter accumulation at individual or population level and rate of dry matte accumulation in tested wheat varieties ( n=40)

		籽粒产量 GY	每平方米穗数 SN	穗粒数 GN	每平方米粒数 GNM	千粒重 TGW
产量及其构成因素 Grain yield and its components	籽粒产量 Grain yield (GY)	1.000	0.609^**	0.493^**	0.797^**	-0.168
	每平方米穗数 Spike number per square meter (SN)		1.000	-0.131	0.487^**	-0.013
	穗粒数 Grain number per spike (GN)			1.000	0.798^**	-0.758^**
	每平方米粒数 Grain number per square meter (GNM)				1.000	-0.667^**
	千粒重 Thousand-grain weight (TGW)					1.000
单株(茎)干重 Dry matter per plant or stem	分蘖期(单株) Tillering stage (plant)	0.607^**	0.570^**	0.379^*	0.671^**	-0.420^*
	拔节期(单株) Jointing stage (plant)	0.597^**	0.545^**	0.358^*	0.631^**	-0.379^*
	开花期(单茎) Flowering stage (stem)	0.227	-0.295	0.695^**	0.422^*	-0.502^**
	开花期幼穗 Spike at flowering stage	0.327	-0.026	0.701^**	0.598^**	-0.587^**
	花期幼穗比例 Proportion of spike at flowering stage	0.330	0.283	0.456^**	0.583^**	-0.462^**
	成熟期(单茎) Maturity stage (stem)	0.029	-0.395^*	0.601^**	0.297	-0.452^**
群体干重 Dry matter of population	分蘖期Tillering stage	0.559^**	0.547^**	0.424^*	0.699^**	-0.500^**
	拔节期 Jointing stage	0.650^**	0.643^**	0.370^*	0.703^**	-0.414^*
	开花期总干重 Total dry matter at flowering stage	0.685^**	0.518^**	0.509^**	0.743^**	-0.415^*
	开花期幼穗 Spike at flowering stage	0.603^**	0.492^**	0.544^**	0.769^**	-0.522^**
	成熟期 Maturity stage	0.652^**	0.577^**	0.488^**	0.772^**	-0.453^*
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation	播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing	0.581^**	0.544^**	0.426^*	0.703^**	-0.474^*
	拔节-开花 Jointing-flowering	0.223	-0.055	0.020	-0.016	0.429^*
	开花-成熟 Flowering-maturity	-0.273	-0.353	-0.131	-0.291	0.212
	生物生产率 Biomass production rate	0.665^**	0.384	0.534^**	0.733^**	-0.298
	籽粒生产率 Grain production rate	0.705^**	0.294	0.376	0.520^**	0.087

^* P< 0.05;^** P< 0.01.

2.4.2 产量构成因素与个体、群体干重的相关性

籽粒产量与分蘖期、拔节期的单株干重, 以及各生育时期的群体干重均呈极显著正相关, 每平方米穗数的表现跟籽粒产量类似, 但与成熟期单茎干重呈显著负相关。穗粒数与所有个体、群体干重都呈显著或极显著正相关。每平方米粒数是穗数和穗粒数的综合反映, 与除了成熟期单茎干重之外的所有干物质参数呈显著或极显著正相关(表7)。千粒重与各生育阶段个体和群体干重都呈显著或极显著负相关。

2.4.3 产量构成因素与干物质积累速率的相关性

籽粒产量与播种至拔节的干物质积累速率、生物生产率和籽粒生产率呈极显著正相关, 每平方米穗数与播种至拔节的干物质积累速率呈极显著正相关, 每穗粒数与播种至拔节的干物质积累速率、生物生产率呈显著正相关, 每平方米粒数与播种至拔节的干物质积累速率、生物生产率和籽粒生产率呈极显著正相关(表7)。很明显, 播种至拔节阶段的干物质积累速率对产量建成十分重要。

3 讨论

超高产品种4个环境平均单产9338 kg hm^-2, 达到普遍认同的9000 kg hm^-2以上的超高产水平。仅2011广汉环境略低于9000 kg hm^-2, 主要原因是2011年小麦生育中期遭遇持续低温, 导致结实率下降。超高产品种的产量结构为穗数426~473万hm^-2, 每穗粒数38.8~46.4, 千粒重44.7~50.5 g, 相当于黄淮麦区的大穗型或中间型品种^{[ 7, 8, 10]}, 但穗数水平已显著高于四川盆地现有绝大多数生产品种, 也比过去的高产典型增加约20%^{[ 14]}。过去一直认为四川盆地穗数难以突破450×10⁴ hm^-2, 高产小麦特征是低穗容(约375×10⁴ hm^-2)、高穗重(约2.0 g)^{[ 19, 20]}, 本研究揭示出四川盆地小麦高产的一种新思路。单位面积粒数与粒重之间广泛存在显著的负相关, 如何在

提高单位面积粒数的同时稳定粒重, 或二者的协调提高, 成为科学家关注的焦点和高产再高产的关键^{[ 16, 21, 22]}, 而人工合成小麦新资源在这方面优势明显^{[ 15, 17, 23]}。本研究中的3个超高产品种也正是利用人工合成小麦育成, 其单位面积粒数在达到较高水平时还能保持较高的粒重, 即高粒数与高粒重协调较好, 从而为实现超高产奠定了基础(表3)。

现代小麦的收获指数已达相当高的水平, 进一步高产必须提高生物产量^{[ 17, 24]}。与7500 kg hm^-2相比, 9000 kg hm^-2超高产首先是生物产量提高15%~ 30%^{[ 5, 6, 8]}。本研究结果同样显示, 籽粒产量与生物产量呈极显著正相关, 超高产品种的生物产量显著高于一般品种。同时, 物质生产、积累与分配特性对高产至关重要。研究表明, 粒数与开花期穗干重显著正相关^{[ 16, 25]}。本研究中每穗粒数与开花期单茎干重、单茎幼穗干重及其所占比例均呈极显著正相关, 而粒数与开花期幼穗干重也极显著正相关(图2)。超高产品种开花期单位面积幼穗干重多数环境下均显著高于一般品种, 相应地粒数和产量也显著高于一般品种。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 单茎(A)和群体(B)水平粒数( x)与开花期幼穗干重( y₁)及其所占比例( y₂)的关系Fig. 2 Relationship between grain number ( x) and dry weight of spike at flowering stage ( y₁) or proportion of spike dry weight ( y₂) at single stem (A) and population (B) level

花前和花后物质生产对小麦产量建成都很重要, 至于二者对产量的贡献大小则取决于特定生态条件和品种产量水平。在干旱、贫瘠等不利生产条件下, 转移干物质对籽粒灌浆和产量的贡献率更高^{[ 18, 26]}, 而在良好生产条件下, 花后干物质的贡献率更大^{[ 27]}。在本研究中, 所有品种的转移干物质贡献率均超过了40%, 明显高于长江中下游地区, 而超高产品种又高于一般品种, 尤其在灌浆后期遭遇高温天气的2012年更为明显。至于超高产品种与一般品种在物质生产和分配特性上的差异, 是否与其遗传背景有关, 值得深入研究。同化产物必须更多地向经济器官即籽粒转移, 才能提高经济系数^{[ 28]}。超高产品种在茎鞘叶、穗轴及颖壳的干物质比例都显著低于一般品种, 从而在提高总积累量的同时也提高了经济系数。内麦836等一般品种尽管营养生长旺盛, 干物质积累量也较高, 但呈现出“源”足、“流”不畅、籽粒不饱满、经济系数较低的特点, 因此难以实现超高产。

4 结论

特定生态区小麦超高产品种有其独特的产量结构和物质生产与积累特点。在四川盆地高温高湿与弱光照生态区, 超高产小麦分蘖力较强, 单位面积粒数显著高于一般品种, 且能在较高的粒数水平上保持较高的粒重。超高产品种中前期干物质积累速度快, 各个生育阶段干物质积累量大, 而成熟后分配到籽粒的干物质比例较高, 干物质转移量、转移效率和转移干物质对产量的贡献率比一般品种更高。

致谢: 本研究中所用品种的1B·1R易位系和矮秆基因检测得到了四川省农业科学院作物研究所杨武云实验室的支持和帮助, 英文摘要得到了CIMMYT小麦育种家Rosewarne Garry博士的斧正, 在此一并致以最诚挚的谢意。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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2011

2.125

0.0

. 2011, 60(1):2-14

Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview

S. Chakraborty^1,*,A. C. Newton²

¹ Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
² Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
^* E-mail:sukumar.chakraborty@csiro.au

Global food production must increase by 50% to meet the projected demand of the world’s population by 2050. Meeting this difficult challenge will be made even harder if climate change melts portions of the Himalayan glaciers to affect 25% of world cereal production in Asia by influencing water availability. Pest and disease management has played its role in doubling food production in the last 40 years, but pathogens still claim 10–16% of the global harvest. We consider the effect of climate change on the many complex biological interactions affecting pests and pathogen impacts and how they might be manipulated to mitigate these effects. Integrated solutions and international co-ordination in their implementation are considered essential. Providing a background on key constraints to food security, this overview uses fusarium head blight as a case study to illustrate key influences of climate change on production and quality of wheat, outlines key links between plant diseases, climate change and food security, and highlights key disease management issues to be addressed in improving food security in a changing climate.

... 随着人口的持续增长和可耕地的日益减少, 不断提高单产乃是保障粮食总量增长的必由之路^[1,2] ...

2006

0.0

... 随着人口的持续增长和可耕地的日益减少, 不断提高单产乃是保障粮食总量增长的必由之路^[1,2] ...

1998

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 1998, 24(6):865 - 869

The Preliminary Study on Populations Quality Indexes in Wenmai 6 Wheat with Yield of 9000kg per

温麦6号小麦9000kg/hm2若干群体质量指标研究补报

Ji Shuqin;Zhao Shuzhang;Wang Shaozhong;Lu Fengrong;Liu Yuanyuan;Zhang Rongying;Zhong Youzheng

季书勤;赵淑章;王绍中;吕凤荣;刘媛媛;张荣英;仲有政

Wheat Institute,Henan Academ of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou,450002

... 我国从20世纪90年代开始全面开展小麦超高产(≥9000 kg hm^-2)研究, 经过20年, 各大麦区都取得了实质性突破, 先后育成大批超高产品种, 并在大田试验中达到预期高产目标, 最高产量达11 848 kg hm^{-2 [3,4,5,6,7,8]} ...

2010

0.0

2002

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2002, 28(5):577 - 585

Theory and Practice on Cultivation of Super High Yield of Winter Wheat in the Wheat Fields of Yellow River and Huaihe River Districts

黄淮麦区冬小麦超高产栽培的理论与实践

Yu Zhenwen;Tian Qizhuo;Pan Qingmin;Yu shuosong;Wang Dong;Duan Zanglu;Duan Lingling;Wang Zhijun;Niu Yunsheng

于振文;田奇卓;潘庆民;岳寿松;王东;段藏禄;段玲玲;王志军;牛运生

根据黄淮麦区的生态特点, 研究了冬小麦超高产(hm2产9000 kg籽粒)栽培的理论与技术. 结果指出, 于土肥水条件良好的高产麦田, 在建立合理群体结构的基础上, 小麦开花至成熟阶段的干物质积累和分配与植株生育后期早衰的矛盾, 是高产(hm2产6000～7500 kg籽粒)向超高产发展的主要限制因素. 揭示了高产条件下小麦的衰老规律, 划分

... 与7500 kg hm^-2相比, 9000 kg hm^-2超高产首先是生物产量提高15%~ 30%^[5,6,8] ...

2012

0.0

... 与7500 kg hm^-2相比, 9000 kg hm^-2超高产首先是生物产量提高15%~ 30%^[5,6,8] ...

2001

0.0

... 多数研究表明, 在北方小麦主产区, 多穗型、中间型和大穗型品种都能实现超高产, 虽技术路径有所不同, 但共同之处在于都显著提高了单位面积穗数^[7,8,9,10] ...

... 5 g, 相当于黄淮麦区的大穗型或中间型品种^[7,8,10], 但穗数水平已显著高于四川盆地现有绝大多数生产品种, 也比过去的高产典型增加约20%^[14] ...

2007

0.0

0.5918

... 5 g, 相当于黄淮麦区的大穗型或中间型品种^[7,8,10], 但穗数水平已显著高于四川盆地现有绝大多数生产品种, 也比过去的高产典型增加约20%^[14] ...

... 与7500 kg hm^-2相比, 9000 kg hm^-2超高产首先是生物产量提高15%~ 30%^[5,6,8] ...

1999

0.0

2001

0.0

2.0855

... 5 g, 相当于黄淮麦区的大穗型或中间型品种^[7,8,10], 但穗数水平已显著高于四川盆地现有绝大多数生产品种, 也比过去的高产典型增加约20%^[14] ...

1998

0.0

... 超高产品种具有叶片窄小、直立、耐肥抗倒^[11,12], 以及群体大、干物质积累多, 前期稳健、后期个体质量高等特点^[13,14] ...

2008

0.0

... 超高产品种具有叶片窄小、直立、耐肥抗倒^[11,12], 以及群体大、干物质积累多, 前期稳健、后期个体质量高等特点^[13,14] ...

2003

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2003, 29(1):37 - 43

Analysis of the Amount of Nitrogen Applied and Physiological Characteristics in Wheat of the Yield Level of 9000kg per Hectare

9000 kg/公顷小麦施氮量与生理特性分析

Yu Zhenwen;Pan Qingmen;Jiang Yongli;Wang Dong

于振文;潘庆民;姜东;张永丽;王东

在本试验生产条件下和施氮量范围内, 具有9000 kg/hm2产量潜力的品种鲁麦22与7500 kg/hm2产量潜力的鲁麦14相比较, 鲁麦22品种随着施氮量的增加, 开花后旗叶光合速率高值持续期长, 旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性和籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-Ppase)活性高, 标记旗叶的14C同化物滞留在标记叶中的比例少、向籽粒分配的

... 超高产品种具有叶片窄小、直立、耐肥抗倒^[11,12], 以及群体大、干物质积累多, 前期稳健、后期个体质量高等特点^[13,14] ...

2013

0.0

... 超高产品种具有叶片窄小、直立、耐肥抗倒^[11,12], 以及群体大、干物质积累多, 前期稳健、后期个体质量高等特点^[13,14] ...

... 四川盆地小麦单产水平在全国偏低, 研究也相对滞后, 直至21世纪初小麦高产育种和栽培才有所突破^[14,15], 但对超高产品种特性和栽培技术研究仍不够深入 ...

... 5 g, 相当于黄淮麦区的大穗型或中间型品种^[7,8,10], 但穗数水平已显著高于四川盆地现有绝大多数生产品种, 也比过去的高产典型增加约20%^[14] ...

2009

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2009, 35(12):2167 - 2173 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.02167

Genetic Effects of 1BS Chromosome Arm on the Main Agrionomic Traits in Chuanmai 42

川麦42的1BS染色体臂对小麦主要农艺性状的遗传效应

LI Jun¹,WEI Hui-Ting²,YANG Su-Jie³,LI Chao-Su¹,TANG Yong-Lu¹,HU Xiao-Rong¹,ANG Wu-Yun^1*

李俊¹,魏会廷²,杨粟洁³,李朝苏¹,汤永禄¹,胡晓蓉¹,杨武云^1,*

1Crop Research Institute，Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Chengdu 610066，China；2Institute of Plant Protection，Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Chengdu610066，China；3Chengdu Shishi High School，Chengdu 610000，China

Chuanmai 42 (Syn769/Sw3243//Chuan6415) is a non-1BL/1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar with high-yield potential and good resistance to strip rust (Puccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici), which has been developed from an elite synthetic hexaploid wheat Syn769 (Decoy 1/Aegilops tauschii188, 1BS/1BL). The 1BS chromosome arm of Chuanmai 42 is originated from Syn769 and carries a stripe rust resistance geneYrCH42. In purpose of understanding the genetic effects of 1BS and 1RS chromosome arm on yield-related traits in wheat, 127 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F₈) derived from Chuanmai 42 and Chuannong 16 (1BL/1RS translocation cultivar) were evaluated in three years across four environments in Sichuan province from 2005 to 2008. A total of 16 traits of the two parents (Chuanmai 42 and Chuannong 16) and the RIL population, such as spike number, grain number per spike, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield, were investigated. 1BS chromosome arm lines derived from Chuanmai 42 and 1RS chromosome arm lines derived from Chuannong 16 were significantly different on six traits. The 1BS chromosome arm positively increased the ratio of spikes to summit population and harvest index, whereas the 1RS chromosome arm only had positive effect on tiller number per plant and spikelet number per spike. The average grain yield of RILs with 1BS chromosome arm was 2.91% higher than that of RILs with 1RS chromosome arm. Because the 1RS chromosome arm withSec-1 gene significantly degrades the processing quality of wheat and the rust resistance genes are invalidated to rust races in China, it is suggested to replace the 1RS with the 1BS chromosome arm of Chuanmai 42.

川麦42的1BS染色体臂来源于人工合成小麦亲本Syn769。利用川麦42与含1BL/1RS易位系的四川小麦品种川农16构建的127个重组自交系(RIL, F₈)，经3年4个环境的遗传评价，比较了川麦42的1BS和川农16的1RS染色体臂对小麦产量构成因子和产量的遗传效应。结果表明，RIL群体中川麦42的1BS染色体臂株系和川农16的1RS染色体臂株系在分蘖力、成穗率、全生育期、小穗数、收获指数和籽粒产量6个性状上存在显著差异; 1BS染色体臂有利于提高成穗率和收获指数，而1RS染色体臂有利于提高分蘖能力和增加小穗数，1BS株系的籽粒平均产量比1RS株系增加2.91%。鉴于1RS染色体臂上的抗条锈病基因丧失抗性，其携带的黑麦碱基因对加工品质有明显的负向作用，而川麦42的1BS染色体臂携带高抗条锈病基因YrCH42,并对小麦籽粒产量有正向作用，因此建议在小麦遗传改良中利用川麦42的1BS替换1RS染色体臂。

... 提高单位面积粒数的同时稳定粒重, 或二者的协调提高, 成为科学家关注的焦点和高产再高产的关键^[16,21,22], 而人工合成小麦新资源在这方面优势明显^[15,17,23] ...

2011

1.418

0.0

... 参考Fischer^[16]描述的方法计算干物质积累速率(CGR), 参考del Blanco等^[17]报道的方法计算生物生产率和籽粒生产率 ...

... 研究表明, 粒数与开花期穗干重显著正相关^[16,25] ...

2001

1.641

0.0

... 参考Fischer^[16]描述的方法计算干物质积累速率(CGR), 参考del Blanco等^[17]报道的方法计算生物生产率和籽粒生产率 ...

... 现代小麦的收获指数已达相当高的水平, 进一步高产必须提高生物产量^[17,24] ...

2012

0.0

... 花后干物质积累量(kg hm^-2) = 成熟期地上部干物质积累量 - 开花期地上部干物质积累量^[18] ...

... 干物质转移量(kg hm^-2) = 开花期地上部干物质积累量 - 成熟期地上部营养器官干物质积累量^[18] ...

... 干物质转移率(%) = 干物质转移量/开花期地上部干物质积累量 × 100^[18] ...

... 转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率(%) = 干物质转移量/籽粒干重 × 100^[18] ...

... 在干旱、贫瘠等不利生产条件下, 转移干物质对籽粒灌浆和产量的贡献率更高^[18,26], 而在良好生产条件下, 花后干物质的贡献率更大^[27] ...

1998

0.0

... 0 g)^[19,20], 本研究揭示出四川盆地小麦高产的一种新思路 ...

1998

0.0

... 0 g)^[19,20], 本研究揭示出四川盆地小麦高产的一种新思路 ...

1996

0.0

2004

0.0

2010

0.0

0.7977

2007

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(9):1530 - 1535

Genetic Gain of Wheat Breeding for Yield in Northern Winter Wheat Zone over 30 Years

30余年来北部冬麦区小麦品种产量改良遗传进展

ZHOU Yang¹,HE Zhong-Hu^12*,CHEN Xin-Min¹,WANG De-Sen¹,ZHANG Yong¹,ZHANG Gai-Sheng³

周阳¹;何中虎^1,2,*;陈新民¹;王德森¹;张勇¹;张改生³

1Institute of Crop Sciences/China National Wheat Improvement Centre/National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081; 2CIMMYT, China Office, Beijing, 100081; 3College of Agronomy, Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Knowledge on genetic gain of yield potential and its associated traits is essential for understanding yield-limiting factors and developing strategies for future variety improvement. Yield potential trials, comprised of 10 landmark and newly released wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) from Beijing, were conducted, using a complete randomised block design with three replicates, under controlled environment during 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 seasons. Molecular markers were used to detect the presence of dwarfing genes and the 1B/1R translocation. The result showed that genetic gain in yield was 64.63 kg ha^-1 year-1 or 1.20% per year. The breakthrough on yield plateau occurred at the period of release of Fengkang cultivars in 1980. Fengkang 2 and Fengkang 8 were the first cultivars carrying 1B/1R and Rht-D1b released in Beijing. Yield genetic gain was slowed down after 1980. Newly released cultivars were characterized by early heading, reduced plant height, decrease of spikes per square meter, slight increase of kernels per spike, remarkable increase of thousand kernel weight and harvest index, with annual genetic gains of －0.10%, －0.70%, 0.35%, －0.50%, 0.63%, 1.12%, and 0.79%, respectively. Increasing the number of kernels per spike by reducing the number of sterile spikelets per spike and reducing the number of sterile florets per spikelet, increasing thousand kernel weight by increasing the rate of grain filling, then combining greater weight of grains per spike with higher number of spikes per squire meter, is one of the best approaches in breeding for further yield increase.

采用1965年以来北部冬麦区育成的10个主栽品种，在水、肥供应充足、病、虫、倒伏得到有效控制条件下，连续两年共进行4个点次试验；同时对1B/1R易位系和矮秆基因进行分子鉴定。结果表明，品种产量年遗传进展为64.63 kg hm^-2 或1.20%，其较大幅度的提高出现在1980年丰抗号品种育成时期。丰抗2号和丰抗8号是该地区最早育成的含有1B/1R染色体和Rht-D1b矮秆基因的品种。主要农艺性状演变的总趋势是抽穗期提前、株高显著降低、生物学产量基本保持稳定、单位面积穗数减少、每穗粒数有所增加、千粒重和收获指数大幅度提高，其年遗传进展分别为－0.1%、－0.70%、0.35%、－0.50%、0.63%、1.12%和0.79%。通过减少不孕小穗和小花数来增加每穗粒数，通过提高灌浆速率来提高千粒重，再把高穗粒重与较多的单位面积穗数结合在一起，是北部冬麦区进一步提高产量的重要途径。

... 现代小麦的收获指数已达相当高的水平, 进一步高产必须提高生物产量^[17,24] ...

2011

5.364

0.0

... 研究表明, 粒数与开花期穗干重显著正相关^[16,25] ...

1994

0.0

... 在干旱、贫瘠等不利生产条件下, 转移干物质对籽粒灌浆和产量的贡献率更高^[18,26], 而在良好生产条件下, 花后干物质的贡献率更大^[27] ...

2012

0.0

... 在干旱、贫瘠等不利生产条件下, 转移干物质对籽粒灌浆和产量的贡献率更高^[18,26], 而在良好生产条件下, 花后干物质的贡献率更大^[27] ...

2009

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2009, 35(6):1086 - 1096 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01086

Characteristics of Accumulation and Distribution of Nitrogen and Dry Matter in Wheat at Yield Level of Ten Thousand Kilograms per hectare

公顷产10000kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性

ZHANG Fa-Quan¹,WANG Xiao-Yan¹²,YU Zhen-Wen^1*,WANG Xi-Zhi³,BAI Hong-Li³

张法全¹，王小燕¹²，于振文^1*,王西芝³,白洪立³

1Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation,Ministry of Agriculture,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai'an 271018,China;2College of Agriculture, Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434100,China;3Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Yanzhou City, Yanzhou 272000,China

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important cultivated measures to increase wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in production. However, abuse of N fertilizer will not only reduce grain yield and economic profit but also cause environmental problems. The proper amount of N fertilizer applied in high-yielding production of winter wheat has been studied at the yield level of 9000 kg ha^-1. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of several N fertilizer rates on uptake, distribution, and translocation of nitrogen as well as grain yield, therefore, to suggest a reasonable application rate of N fertilizer in wheat production. Three rates of N fertilizer application (0, 180, and 240 kg ha^-1) without manure before sowing were designed in Experiment I in 2005–2006, only one treatment of N fertilizer (260 kg ha^-1) with 3 750 kg ha^-1 manure before sowing in Experiment II in 2005–2006, and six N fertilizer rates (0, 210, 240, 270, 300, and 330 kg ha^-1) with 3 750 kg ha^-1 manure in 2006–2007. Two wheat cultivars with medium protein content, Taishan 23 and Jimai 22, were used in the three experiments, i.e., Taishan 23 in Experiment I, Jimai 22 in the other two experiments. The results showed that the application of manure before sowing had minor effect in this study, and three experiments showed similar changing trends in N accumulation and translocation among various organs and growth stages as well as the grain yield. Take the example of Experiment III, with more input of N fertilizer, the grain yield first increased and later decreased during growth period compared with the control (no N fertilizer treatment), and the grain yields of N240 (240 kg ha^-1) and N270 (270 kg ha^-1) treatments were9 954.73 and 10 647.02 kg ha^-1, respectively, by the increase percentages of 11.20% and 18.93%. Compared with the control, the nitrogen accumulation amount in plant and grain and the nitrogen translocation amount (nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at anthesis stage minus the nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at maturity, NTA) from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis significantly increased in treatments with N fertilizer application. With the increase of N fertilizer rate, the nitrogen accumulation amount in wheat plant showed a changing trend of first up and then down. The N270 treatment had the highest nitrogen accumulation amount at maturity. The NTA and nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTA/ nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at anthesis stage, TE) from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis also increased at first and then decreased. The N270 treatment had the highest nitrogen translocation amount, which was 213.78 kg ha^-1. The N 240 treatment had the highest TE of67.98%. Similarly, the dry matter accumulation amount in various vegetative organs of wheat at maturity, the dry matter redistribution amount from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis, and the dry matter redistribution efficiency after anthesis were all largest in N270 treatment. Among the six N fertilizer treatments, the contribution of dry matter accumulation amount from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis was the largest in N240 treatment. The results of this study suggested that N fertilizer supplied at 240–270 kg ha^-1 is optimal in wheat production under similar conditions to those of the experiments to obtain the high-yielding level of 10 000 kg ha^-1.

以泰山23和济麦22为试验品种，通过连续2年的田间试验，对单产高达10 000 kg hm^-2的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在2006—2007年生长季，随着施氮量的增加，小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低，施纯氮240 kg hm^-2(N240)和270 kg hm^-2(N270)处理的产量分别达9 954.73 kg hm^-2和10 647.02 kg hm^-2，比不施氮肥处理(N0)分别增加11.20%和18.93%。与N0处理相比，施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量；随着施氮量的增加，成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势，以N270处理最高；开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降，转运量以N270处理最大，为213.78kg hm^-2；而转运率以N240处理最高，为67.98%。随施氮量的增加，小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降，均以N270处理最高；开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势，以N240处理最高。2005—2006年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下，小麦产量水平达10 000 kg hm^-2时的适宜施氮量为240~270kg hm^-2，可供生产中参考。

... 同化产物必须更多地向经济器官即籽粒转移, 才能提高经济系数^[28] ...