光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响

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王亚江, 葛梦婕, 颜希亭, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(1): 154-165
WANG Ya-Jiang, GE Meng-Jie, YAN Xi-Ting, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke. Effects of Light, Nitrogen and Their Interaction on Grain Yield and Matter Production Characteristics ofJaponica Super Rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40(1): 154-165 复制到剪切板

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光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响

王亚江, 葛梦婕, 颜希亭, 魏海燕, 张洪程^*, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲

扬州大学农学/院江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室 / 农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979220

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:wyj19900120@163.com

收稿日期:2013-07-25

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31101102和30971732), 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20103250120003), 国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B03)和江苏高校优势学科建设工程项目资助。

摘要

大田条件下以超级粳稻南粳44和宁粳3号为材料, 设置2种氮肥水平(N10: 150 kg hm^-2, N20: 300 kg hm^-2)和3种遮光处理(L1: 不遮光, L2: 抽穗前遮光20 d, L3: 抽穗后遮光20 d), 研究光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响。结果表明, 较之L1, L2不仅减少了有效穗数和每穗粒数, 导致总颖花量下降, 降幅达24.81%~35.63%, 而且还显著降低了抽穗期茎蘖数和叶面积指数, 降幅达2.90%~6.44%和19.02%~27.17%, 导致抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势、干物质积累量显著下降, 最终产量显著下降, 降幅达27.23%~35.26%。较之L1, L3主要影响了抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累, 导致结实率和千粒重显著下降, 降幅达1.49%~4.48%和5.54%~9.17%, 最终产量显著下降, 降幅达10.91%~18.47%。L2条件下, 随着氮肥水平增加, 抽穗期茎蘖数与叶面积指数均显著增加, 导致抽穗至成熟阶段光合势、干物质积累显著增加, 最终有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花量以及产量显著提高。L3条件下, 随着氮肥水平增加, 抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累显著提高, 其中茎叶干物质向穗部转运量显著增加, 转运率和贡献率也进一步提高, 最终产量显著提高。由此可见氮肥施用能部分弥补因弱光逆境对超级粳稻物质生产及其产量的影响。

关键词: 超级粳稻; 遮光; 氮肥; 产量; 物质生产

Effects of Light, Nitrogen and Their Interaction on Grain Yield and Matter Production Characteristics ofJaponica Super Rice

WANG Ya-Jiang, GE Meng-Jie, YAN Xi-Ting, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^*, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted usingjaponica super rice Nanjing 44 and Ningjing 3 with two nitrogen fertilization levels (N10: 150 kg ha^-1, N20: 300 kg ha^-1) and three shading treatments (L1: no shading, L2: shading 20 days before heading, L3: shading 20 days after heading) to study the effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on grain yield and matter production. Results showed that, compared with L1 treatment, L2 not only reduced the effective panicles and grains per panicle, resulting in the decline of total spikelets by 24.81% to 35.63%, but also significantly reduced the tiller number and leaf area index at heading by 2.90%-6.44% and 19.02%-27.17% respectively, causing photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation decreased significantly from heading to maturity, and at last the final yield decreased by 27.23%-35.26%. Compared with L1 treatment, L3 mainly affected photosynthate accumulation from heading to maturity, leading to seed setting rate and grain weight significantly decreased by 1.49%-4.48% and 5.54%-9.17%, respectively, and the final yield decreased by 10.91%-18.47%. Under L2 condition, with increasing nitrogen level, tiller number and leaf area index at heading increased significantly, resulting in photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation increased significantly from heading to maturity, and the ultimately effective panicles, number of grains per panicle, total number of spikelets and the yield improved significantly. Under L3 condition, with increasing nitrogen level, photosynthate accumulation from heading to maturity increased significantly, dry matter translocation from stems and leaves to the panicle increased significantly, meanwhile, translocation rate and contribution rate were further improved, and the ultimate yield improved significantly. This indicated that nitrogen fertilizer could partially offset the impact of low light stress on the matter production and yield ofjaponica super rice.

Keyword: Japonica super rice; Shading; Nitrogen; Yield; Matter production

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超级稻品种是通过理想株型塑造与杂种优势利用相结合选育的单产大幅度提高、品质优良、抗性较强的新型水稻品种^{[ 1]}, 有着巨大的增产潜力^{[ 2]}。但超级稻在实际的推广应用中常因栽培管理不当^{[ 3]}、生长于逆境^{[ 4, 5]}等因素难以发挥超高产潜力。以往的研究表明, 氮肥是影响水稻高产的一个重要因素^{[ 6]}。而众多的环境因素中, 光照因其对水稻光合作用的效应也具重要作用^{[ 7]}。前人对不同光照和氮肥条件下水稻物质生产特性及产量形成规律的部分研究取得了较丰硕的成果。指出, 一定范围内随着施氮量增加, 产量增加, 干物质积累也增加^{[ 8, 9]}; 较之常规尿素分施, 缓释尿素单施的产量及生育中后期干物质积累量显著增加^{[ 10]}, 有机肥施用能够增加有效穗数, 提高产量^{[ 11]}; 根据不同的种植制度^{[ 12, 13]}与种植方式^{[ 14, 15]}, 配套相适应的氮肥运筹模式, 使群体生长比较合理, 增加抽穗后物质积累与转运, 提高产量。强光使水稻干物质积累和产量增加, 但输出率和转运率低; 弱光使水稻光合受到抑制, 干物质积累和产量下降, 但输出率与转运率高^{[ 16, 17]}; 蓝光显著抑制幼苗株高; 红光能够促进水稻幼苗茎的生长, 有利于干物质积累, 促进同化产物向营养器官的分配; 黄光显著提高株高和干物重^{[ 18, 19]}。综上不难发现, 以往的研究绝大多数侧重于氮素、光照条件中单因素对水稻产量和物质生产特征的影响, 而关于光氮双因子及其互作对水稻尤其是超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的研究较少。为此, 本研究在长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下, 系统研究光氮双因子及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响, 以期为充分利用光氮资源实现超级稻的超高产栽培提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点及供试材料

扬州大学农学院试验农场, 土质为沙壤土, 地力较好、营养平衡。前茬为小麦。土壤含全氮0.13%、碱解氮87.45 mg kg^-1、速效磷32.8 mg kg^-1、速效钾88.3 mg kg^-1。

供试品种为超级粳稻品种宁粳3号(生长前期分蘖强, 长势旺, 后期熟相较好, 抗倒性较强, 落粒性中等, 全生育期158 d左右, 株高98 cm左右)和南粳44 (生长前期分蘖较强, 株型紧凑, 后期群体整齐度好, 熟相好, 穗型大, 结实率高, 全生育期158 d左右, 株高100 cm左右)。

1.2 试验设计

2011—2012年采用二因素随机区组设计, 设置2种氮素水平, 即N10 (150 kg hm^-2)和N20 (300 kg hm^-2); 3种遮光处理, 即L1 (不遮光)、L2 (抽穗前遮光20 d)和L3 (抽穗后遮光20 d), 使用黑色遮阳网遮光, 遮光率达50%。小区面积15 m², 各处理重复3次。为保证单独排灌, 作埂隔离各小区并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体。于5月17日播种, 6月14日移栽, 栽插密度为27万穴 hm^-2 (14.4 cm×26.0 cm)。双本栽插。基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥=2.5∶2.5∶5.0, 其中穗肥分别于倒四叶和倒二叶叶龄期等量施入。每公顷分别以过磷酸钙和氯化钾的形式基施P₂O₅150 kg和K₂O 150 kg。其他管理措施按常规栽培要求实施。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 茎蘖动态定点定时调查记载茎蘖的消长动态。从每个小区选长势比较一致的连续15穴, 拔节前每5 d调查1次, 拔节后每7 d调查1次直至成熟, 计算成穗率。

1.3.2 干物质与叶面积分别于拔节、抽穗和成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均数取代表性植株5穴, 考察地上部性状后测定植株绿叶面积。抽穗期将叶面积分为总叶面积(所有茎蘖的叶面积)、有效叶面积(有效茎蘖的叶面积)和高效叶面积(有效茎蘖顶三叶的叶面积)分别测定。取植株样于105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘干至恒重, 称取干物质重。

1.3.3 产量及其构成于成熟期普查每小区100穴, 计算有效穗数, 取代表性5穴调查每穗粒数、结实率和测定千粒重, 计算理论产量, 每小区收割50穴测定实产。

1.4 数据计算与统计分析

转运量(t hm^-2) = 抽穗期茎叶干物质积累量-成熟期干物质积累量

转运率(%) = 转运量/抽穗期茎叶干物质积累量

贡献率(%) = 转运量/成熟期穗干物质积累量

光合势(m² d m^-2) = 1/2(L₁+L₂)×(t₂-t₁), 式中, L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积, t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间。

两年试验的重复性较好, 处理间各指标值变化趋势一致, 因此, 本文取2012年数据。以Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据, DPS软件进行其他统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量总体变异的影响

由表1可见, 品种间、氮肥水平间、光处理间、品种和光处理互作间、氮肥和光处理互作间差异均达极显著水平; 品种与氮肥及三因素互作间差异均未达显著水平, 说明本试验设计合理, 具有一定的准确性和代表性, 能真实反映光、氮及其互作下超级粳稻的产量差异。

表1 光、氮及其互作B对超级稻品种籽粒产量影响的方差分析 Table 1 Analysis of variance for effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on grain yield of super rice

2.2 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量及其构成因素的影响

由表2可知, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的产量均呈现L1> L3> L2, 差异显著。其中N10条件下L1比L2高27.23%~35.26%; N20条件下L1比L2高30.71%~30.75%。不同光氮处理间的产量, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3> N20L2>N10L1>N10L3>N10L2, 差异显著。2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的总颖花量均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间无显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高27.93%~ 35.63%; N20条件下L1比L2高24.81%~25.6%。不同光氮处理间的的总颖花量, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3> N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2,差异显著。

表2 光、氮及其互作对超级稻产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 2 Effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on yield and yield components of super rice

2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的千粒重均呈现L1和L2极显著高于L3, L1和L2之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L3高7.31%~7.71%; N20条件下L1比L3高5.54%~ 9.17%。不同光氮处理间的千粒重, 2个品种均呈现N10L1> N10L2>N20L1>N20L2>N10L3>N20L3, 差异显著。

2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的结实率均呈现L1和L2极显著高于L3, L1和L2之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L3高1.49%~4.48%; N20条件下L1比L3高2.52%~ 4.42%。不同光氮处理间的结实率, 2个品种均呈现N10L1>N10L2>N20L1>N20L2>N10L3>N20L3, 差异显著。

再从颖花量的构成因素来看, 2个超级粳稻品种

在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的单位面积穗数均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高4.02%~4.61%; N20条件下L1比L2高2.66%~3.02%。不同光氮处理间的穗数, 南粳44呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2> N10L3>N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3> N20L1>N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2, 差异均显著。2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的每穗粒数均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3无显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高22.29%~30.39%; N20条件下L1比L2高21.58%~ 21.91%。不同光氮处理间的每穗粒数, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3>N10L3>N10L1>N20L2>N10L2, 差异显著。

2.3 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻单位面积茎蘖数及分蘖成穗率的影响

由表3可知, 拔节期, 同一氮肥水平不同光照处理的茎蘖数差异不显著。抽穗期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的茎蘖数均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高4.06%~6.44% N20条件下L1比L2高2.9%~3.4%。不同光氮处理间的茎蘖数, 南粳44呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2> N10L3>N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3>N20L1> N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2, 差异均显著。成熟期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的茎蘖数均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高4.02%~4.61%; N20条件下L1比L2高2.66%~ 3.02%。不同光氮处理间的茎蘖数, 南粳44呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3>N20L1>N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2, 差异均显著。

表3 光、氮及其互作对超级稻单位面积(m²)茎蘖数及成穗率的影响 Table 3 Effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on number and percentage of productive tillers per unit ground area of super rice

2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的分蘖成穗率均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高4.15%~4.81%; N20条件下L1比L2高2.81%~3.12%。不同光氮处理间的分蘖成穗率, 南粳44呈现N10L3>N10L1>N20L1>N20L3>N10L2> N20L2; 宁粳3号呈现N10L3>N10L1>N20L3> N20L1>N10L2> N20L2, 差异均显著。

2.4 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻叶面积指数的影响

由表4可知, 拔节期, 同一氮肥水平不同光照处理的叶面积指数差异不显著。抽穗期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的叶面积指数均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高19.02%~20.12%; N20条件下L1比L2高25.48%~ 27.17%。不同光氮处理间的叶面积指数, 南粳44呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3>N20L1>N20L2>N10L3> N10L1>N10L2, 差异均显著。成熟期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的叶面积指数均呈现L1和L2极显著高于L3, L1和L2之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L3高35.46%~ 38.75%; N20条件下L1比L3高27.41%~29.09%。不同光氮处理间的叶面积指数, 2个品种均呈现N20L2>N20L1>N10L2>N10L1>N20L3>N10L3, 差异显著。

表4 光、氮及其互作对超级稻群体叶面积指数和抽穗期叶面积组成的影响 Table 4 Effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on population leaf area index and leaf area composition at heading of super rice

2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的有效叶面积率为94.33%~95.69%, 不同光氮处理间没有显著差异; 高效叶面积率均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高3.89%~4.60%; N20条件下L1比L2高4.47%~4.51%。不同光氮处理间的高效叶面积率, 2个品种均呈现N20L3>N20L1>N10L3> N10L1>N20L2>N10L2, 差异显著。

2.5 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻群体光合势的影响

由表5可知, 播种至拔节阶段, 同一氮肥水平不同光照处理的光合势差异不显著。拔节至抽穗阶段, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的光合势均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高2.06%~2.75%; N20条件下L1比L2高3.35%~ 4.21%。不同光氮处理间的光合势, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2, 差异显著。抽穗至成熟阶段, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的光合势均呈现L1> L3> L2, 差异显著。其中N10条件下L1比L2高15.68%~16.73%; N20条件下L1比L2高23.24%~ 24.54%。不同光氮处理间的光合势, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L1>N10L3>N10L2, 差异显著。

表5 光、氮及其互作对超级稻群体光合势的影响 Table 5 Effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on population photosynthetic potential of super rice

2.6 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻干物质积累量的影响

由表6可知, 拔节期, 同一氮肥水平不同光照处理的干物质积累量差异不显著。抽穗期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累量均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高15.00%~23.16%; N20条件下L1比L2高16.12%~ 19.54%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累量, 南粳44呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L3> N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3>N20L1>N20L2>N10L3> N10L1>N10L2, 差异均显著。成熟期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累量均呈现L1>L3>L2, 差异显著。其中N10条件下L1比L2高 14.80%~23.01%; N20条件下L1比L2高15.88%~18.13%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累量, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L1> N10L3>N10L2, 差异显著。

2.7 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻干物质阶段积累量的影响

由表7可知, 拔节前, 同一氮肥水平不同光照处理的干物质积累量差异不显著。拔节至抽穗阶段, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累量均呈现L1和L3极显著高于L2, L1和L3没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L2高 28.2%~42.95%; N20条件下L1比L2高27.41%~ 31.26%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累量, 南粳44呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L3>N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3>N20L1>N20L2>N10L3> N10L1>N10L2, 差异均显著。抽穗至成熟阶段, 2个超级粳稻品种N10水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累量均呈现L1极显著高于L2和L3, L2和L3之间没有显著差异。其中L1比L3高16.09%~24.35%; 2个超级粳稻品种N20水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累量均呈现L1>L2>L3, 差异显著。其中L1比L3高24.5%~31.07%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累量, 2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L2>N20L3>N10L1>N10L2> N10L3, 差异显著。

表6 光、氮及其互作对超级稻干物质积累量的影响 Table 6 Effects of light, nitrogen, and their interaction on dry matter accumulation amount of super rice (t hm^-2)

表7 光、氮及其互作对超级稻干物质阶段积累量的影响 Table 7 Effects of light, nitrogen, and their interaction on periodical dry matter accumulation of super rice (t hm^-2)

2.8 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻干物质阶段积累比例的影响

对于干物质阶段积累率(表8), 拔节前, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理下为L2>L3>L1, 差异显著。其中N10条件下L2比L1高15.75%~23.76%; N20条件下L2比L1高15.39%~ 16.72%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累率, 南粳44呈现N10L2>N10L3>N20L2>N10L1> N20L3>N20L1; 宁粳3号呈现N10L2>N20L2>N20L3>N10L3> N20L1>N10L1, 差异均显著。拔节至抽穗阶段, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累率均呈现L3>L1>L2, 差异显著。其中N10条件下L3比L2高20.27%~28.68%; N20条件下L3比L2高20.51%~21.30%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累率, 南粳44呈现N20L3> N20L1>N10L3>N20L2> N10L1>N10L2; 宁粳3号呈现N20L3>N10L3> N20L1>N10L1>N20L2>N10L2, 差异均显著。抽穗至成熟阶段, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质积累率均呈现L1和L2极显著高于L3, L1和L2之间没有显著差异。其中N10条件下L1比L3高10.25%~15.92%; N20条件下L1比L3高15.50%~16.96%。不同光氮处理间的干物质积累率, 2个品种均呈现N10L2>N10L1>N20L2>N20L1>N10L3> N20L3, 差异显著。

2.9 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻干物质转运的影响

由表9可知, 抽穗期, 2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的茎叶和穗干重均呈现L2极显著低于L1和L3, L1和L3之间没有显著差异。成熟期则呈L1>L3>L2, 差异显著。2个品种均呈现N20L1>N20L3>N20L2>N10L1>N10L3>N10L2,差异显著。

表8 光、氮及其互作对超级稻干物质阶段积累率的影响 Table 8 Effects of light, nitrogen and their interaction on percentage of periodical dry matter accumulation rate of super rice (%)

表9 光、氮及其互作对超级稻干物质转运特性的影响 Table 9 Effects of light, nitrogen, and their interaction on dry matter translocation of super rice

2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质转运量均呈现L3>L1>L2, 差异显著; 其中N10条件下L3比L2高83.23%~119.57%; N20条件下L3比L2高76.22%~82.32%。不同光氮处理间的干物质转运量, 2个品种均呈现N20L3>N20L1> N10L3>N20L2>N10L1>N10L2, 差异显著。2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质转运率均呈现L3>L1>L2, 差异显著; 其中N10条件下L3比L2高62.5%~79.95%; N20条件下L3比L2高57.20%~61.84%; 不同光氮处理间的干物质转运率, 2个品种均呈现N20L3>N10L3>N20L1>N10L1> N20L2>N10L2, 差异显著。2个超级粳稻品种在2种氮肥水平、不同光照处理的干物质贡献率均呈现L3>L1>L2, 差异显著; 其中N10条件下L3比L2高61.63%~84.47%; N20条件下L3比L2高62.08%~ 63.39%; 不同光氮处理间的干物质贡献率, 2个品种均呈现N20L3>N10L3>N20L1>N20L2>N10L1>N10L2, 差异显著。

3 讨论

3.1 光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征的影响

光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征有显著的影响。抽穗前遮光20 d不仅减少了每穗分化的颖花数^{[ 20]}, 使每穗粒数降低, 同时还显著降低植株抽穗期茎蘖数和叶面积指数, 导致抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势、干物质积累量显著低于不遮光处理, 最终产量显著下降; 而抽穗后遮光20 d主要影响抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累, 使中后期的籽粒灌浆更多依靠茎鞘储藏物质的转运, 导致结实率和千粒重显著低于不遮光处理, 最终产量显著下降^{[ 21]}。本研究表明, 氮肥施用能够部分弥补因弱光逆境对超级粳稻物质生产及其产量的影响。抽穗前遮光20 d, 随着氮肥水平增加, 抽穗期茎蘖数和叶面积指数均显著增加, 导致抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势、干物质积累显著增加, 最终有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花量以及产量显著提高。抽穗后遮光20 d, 随着氮肥水平增加, 虽然结实率与千粒重下降, 但抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累显著提高, 其中茎叶干物质向穗部转运量显著增加, 转运率和贡献率也进一步提高, 最终产量显著提高。

3.2 超级稻超高产抗逆栽培的途径

已有研究表明^{[ 22, 23, 24, 25]}, 超级稻实现超高产不仅需要安全成熟的高颖花量、正常的结实率与千粒重, 同时在物质生产方面, 还需生育中期干物质积累大、叶面积指数高, 生育后期光合物质积累高、物质输出与转运协调等。弱光是水稻生产过程中可能遇到的问题, 它会影响超级稻的正常生长发育, 阻碍超级稻超高产潜力的发挥。而根据本文及前人已有的研究结果, 在超级稻超高产栽培中遭遇弱光等逆境时, 可根据不同时期弱光对超级稻生长发育的影响, 采取针对性的措施, 适当弥补产量的损失。如抽穗前弱光主要引起群体颖花量少, LAI小。那么生产上可以施用适宜的氮素穗肥来促进颖花分化, 提高每穗颖花分化量^{[ 26]}, 有条件的地区甚至可以适当早播以增加颖花的分化量^{[ 27]}。针对弱光逆境造成LAI偏小的问题, 除合理施用氮肥, 增加叶面积指数、提高群体有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率外, 可施用钾肥以增加群体叶面积和改善群体受光条件, 提高单叶透光率和剑叶光合速率^{[ 28]}。此外, 弱光逆境解除后, 还可以通过喷施生长调节剂^{[ 29, 30]}延缓光合器官的衰老, 增加有效光合物质的积累以提高产量。抽穗后弱光主要影响水稻中后期的光合生产能力, 使籽粒灌浆更多依靠茎鞘储藏物质的转运, 导致水稻结实率和千粒重显著下降。因此, 生产上除在施用适宜穗肥的基础上增施一定量的粒肥以促进籽粒灌浆结实外, 还可以通过在灌浆初期对稻穗喷施亚精胺和精胺以提高籽粒灌浆速率及最终结实率和粒重^{[ 31]}。另外, 合理的水分管理, 如结实期适度干旱或轻-干湿交替灌溉, 也可以显著提高籽粒灌浆速率和粒重^{[ 32, 33]}, 以部分弥补逆境后超级稻产量的损失。

4 结论

光、氮及其互作对超级粳稻产量和物质生产特征有显著的影响。抽穗前遮光20 d, 使得抽穗期的茎蘖数和叶面积指数显著低于不遮光处理, 抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势、干物质积累量低, 最终的有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花量以及产量显著下降。抽穗后遮光20 d主要影响抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累, 导致结实率和千粒重显著下降, 最终产量降低。氮肥施用能够部分弥补因弱光逆境对超级粳稻物质生产及其产量的影响。对于抽穗前弱光, 增施氮肥可显著增加抽穗期茎蘖数与叶面积指数, 提高抽穗至成熟阶段光合物质积累以增加产量。对于抽穗后弱光, 增施氮肥则可以增加抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累, 提高该阶段茎叶中的储藏物质向穗部的转运, 使产量有所提高。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[13]	刘立军, 王志琴, 桑大志, 杨建昌. 氮肥运筹对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2002, 23(3): 46-50 Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Sang D Z, Yang J C. Effect of nitrogen management on rice yield and grain quality. J Yangzhou Univ (Agric & Life Sci), 2002, 23(3): 46-50 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[14]	张祖建, 谢成林, 谢仁康, 郎有忠, 杨岚, 张菊芳, 朱庆森. 苏中地区直播水稻的群体生产力及氮肥运筹的效应. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 677-685 Zhang Z J, Xie C L, Xie R K, Lang Y Z, Yang L, Zhang J F, Zhu Q S. Population production capacity of direct-seeding rice in central Jiangsu region and effects of nitrogen application. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 677-685 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[15]	吴文革, 张玉海, 张健美, 许有尊, 何超波, 李霞红, 徐长斌, 李福军, 陈学英. 氮肥运筹对机插杂交中籼水稻群体质量及产量形成的影响. 安徽农业大学学报, 2011, 38: 1-5 Wu W G, Zhang Y H, Zhang J M, Xu Y Z, He C B, Li X H, Xu C B, Li F J, Chen X Y. Effects of nitrogen management on mass quality and yield formation of machine transplanted middle-season indica hybrid rice. J Anhui Agric Univ, 2011, 38: 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.553]
[16]	童平, 杨世民, 马均, 吴合洲, 傅泰露, 李敏, 王明田. 不同水稻品种在不同光照条件下的光合特性及干物质积累. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 505-511 Tong P, Yang S M, Ma J, Wu H Z, Fu T L, Li M, Wang M T. Photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of hybrid rice varieties under different light conditions. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 505-511 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.7261]
[17]	任万军, 杨文钰, 樊高琼, 朱雪梅, 马周华, 徐精文. 始穗后弱光对水稻干物质积累与产量的影响. 四川农业大学学报, 2003, 21: 292-296 Ren W J, Yang W Y, Fan G Q, Zhu X M, Ma Z H, Xu J W. Effect of low light on dry matter accumulation and yield of rice. J Sichuan Agric Univ, 2003, 21: 292-296 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.5871]
[18]	郭银生, 谷艾素, 崔瑾. 光质对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 1485-1492 Guo Y S, Gu A S, Cui J. Effects of light quality on rice seedlings growth and physiological characteristics. Chin J App Ecol, 2011, 22: 1485-1492 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	付传明, 黄宁珍, 赵志国, 唐凤鸾, 黄志民. 光质与补光对水稻幼苗生长及光合速率的影响. 广西植物, 2007, 27: 255-259 Fu C M, Huang N Z, Zhao Z G, Tang F L, Huang Z M. Effects of different light qualities and illumination supplement on growth and photosynthetic rate of rice seedling. Guihaia, 2007, 27: 255-259 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.5683]
[20]	蔡昆争, 骆世明. 不同生育期遮光对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10: 193-196 Cai K Z, Luo S M. Effect of shading on growth, development and yield formation of rice. Chin J App Ecol, 1999, 10: 193-196 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	朱萍, 杨世民, 马均, 李树杏, 陈宇. 遮光对杂交水稻组合生育后期光合特性和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 2003-2009 Zhu P, Yang S M, Ma J, Li S X, Chen Y. Effect of shading on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield at later growth stage of hybrid rice combination. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 2003-2009 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[22]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4522]
[23]	吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276 Wu G C, Zhang H C, Qian Y F, Li D J, Zhou Y Y, Xu J, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Xu Z J, Qian Z H, Sun J Y, Zhao P H. Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4522]
[24]	吴桂成, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英. 南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1921-1930 Wu G C, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Sha A Q, Xu Z J, Qian Z H, Sun J Y. Characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation and super-high yield of japonica super rice in South China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1921-1930 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[25]	李杰, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 郭振华, 陈烨, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 李德剑, 华正雄, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 刘国林. 两个杂交粳稻组合超高产生长特性的研究. 中国水稻科学, 2009, 23: 179-185 Li J, Zhang H C, Qian Y F, Guo Z H, Chen Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Li D J, Hua Z X, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Liu G L. Growth characteristics of two super-high-yielding japonica hybrid rice combinations. Chin J Rice Sci, 2009, 23: 179-185 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4083]
[26]	王夏雯, 王绍华, 李刚华, 王强盛, 刘正辉, 余翔, 丁艳锋. 氮素穗肥对水稻幼穗细胞分裂素和生长素浓度的影响及其与颖花发育的关系. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 2184-2189 Wang X W, Wang S H, Li G H, Wang Q S, Liu Z H, Yu X, Ding Y F. Effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of cytokinin and auxin in young panicles of japonica rice and its relation with spikelet development. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 2184-2189 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[27]	柳新伟, 孟亚利, 周治国, 曹卫星. 水稻颖花分化与退化的动态特征. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 451-455 Liu X W, Meng Y L, Zhou Z G, Cao W X. Dynamic characteristics of floret differentiation and degeneration in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 451-455 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[28]	蒋德安, 薛建明, 陆庆, 饶立华, 李安华. 钾对水稻叶面积和透光率效应的研究. 江苏农业学报, 1990, (6): 24-30 Jiang D A, Xue J M, Lu Q, Rao L H, Li A H. A study on the effects of potassium on leaf area and transmittance in rice. Jiangsu J Agric Sci, 1990, (6): 24-30 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.0171]
[29]	王熹, 陶龙兴, 黄效林, 俞美玉. 粒粒饱对水稻灌浆期间衰老的延缓作用. 中国水稻科学, 2000, 14: 253-255 Wang X, Tao L X, Huang X L, Yu M Y. The delay function on senescence of Lilibao during rice grain filling stage. Chin J Rice Sci, 2000, 14: 253-255 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4083]
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2011

0.0

... 超级稻品种是通过理想株型塑造与杂种优势利用相结合选育的单产大幅度提高、品质优良、抗性较强的新型水稻品种^[1], 有着巨大的增产潜力^[2] ...

2009

2.474

0.0

. 2009, 114(1):91â98-null

... 超级稻品种是通过理想株型塑造与杂种优势利用相结合选育的单产大幅度提高、品质优良、抗性较强的新型水稻品种^[1], 有着巨大的增产潜力^[2] ...

2010

0.0

0.2308

Fujian Agric Sci Technol. 2010, (4):1 - 3

超级稻推广的主要制约因素和对策措施

洪彬艺

福建省漳浦县2005年被确定为农业部首批全国农业科技入户工程(水稻)示范县,开始超级稻品种和配套高产栽培技术的示范推广工作,在此基础上,2008年、2009年连续两年承担农业部重点科研计划项目"水稻区域目标产量技术规范与万亩超级稻高产示范"研究任务.

... 但超级稻在实际的推广应用中常因栽培管理不当^[3]、生长于逆境^[4,5]等因素难以发挥超高产潜力 ...

2010

0.0

... 但超级稻在实际的推广应用中常因栽培管理不当^[3]、生长于逆境^[4,5]等因素难以发挥超高产潜力 ...

2001

0.0

0.45

... 但超级稻在实际的推广应用中常因栽培管理不当^[3]、生长于逆境^[4,5]等因素难以发挥超高产潜力 ...

2012

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2012, 38(1):86 - 98 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00086

The Highest Population Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilization and Its Variation Rules in Rice Cultivars

水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律

ZHANG Hong-Cheng*,MA Qun,YANG Xiong,LI Min,LI Guo-Ye,DAI Qi-Gen,HUO Zhong-Yang,XU Ke,WEI Hai-Yan,GAO Hui,LIU Yan-Yang

张洪程^*，马群，杨雄，李敏，李国业，戴其根，霍中洋，许轲，魏海燕，高辉，刘艳阳

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China?

Based on the concept of thehighest population productivity of N fertilization, we carried out a field experiments with 50 early-maturing latejaponica rice varieties which were the representativein the region of Yangtze River, using seven nitrogen applying levels (0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300, 337.5 kg ha^-1), to investigate the difference of the most population productivity of N fertilization in varieties. Its relationships with yield components, plant-type characteristics andnitrogen agronomic efficiency were also analyzed. The main results were as follows. (1)With the basic yield capacity of sandy loam being 6t ha^-1, optimum N levels of 50 tested varieties which were corresponding to their highest population yield converged in the range of 225–300 kg ha^-1, while the highest grain yield showed significant differences, varying from 7.42 to 11.02 t ha^-1.(2) There was significantly positive correlation between the highest productivity of N fertilization and the total spikelet number, with the correlation coefficient of 0.865. The top- and high-level yieldingvarieties had extremely significantly larger amount ofpopulation spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. (3) The highest productivity of N fertilizer rose as the high-efficiency leaf area and the weight per panicle increased. Compared with middle- and low-level yielding cultivars, top- and high-level yielding cultivars performed superior plant type characteristics: the plant height ranged from 105–110 cm, the width of basal internodes was circa 0.65 cm, the high-efficiency leaf area index was higher than 5, and panicles were big. (4) Generally speaking, the theoretical highest population productivity of N fertilization increased with the increasing of corresponding applied N amount. But within each group of similar optimum N level, various rice cultivars produced significantly different grain yields. (5)Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of all 50ricevarieties, six varieties with high yield and high efficiency were selected and recommended.

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1)在基础地力产量为6 t hm^-2的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在225~300 kg hm^-2, 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异,变动在7.42~11.02t hm^-2, 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关(r= 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5),穗型较大。(4)品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。(5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm^-2)与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。

... 以往的研究表明, 氮肥是影响水稻高产的一个重要因素^[6] ...

1997

2.474

0.0

. , :null-null

... 而众多的环境因素中, 光照因其对水稻光合作用的效应也具重要作用^[7] ...

2005

0.0

0.4167

... 指出, 一定范围内随着施氮量增加, 产量增加, 干物质积累也增加^[8,9] ...

2011

0.0

1.4522

Sci Agric Sin. 2011, 44(20):4159 - 4169 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.20.004

Studies on the Characteristics of Dry Matter Production and Accumulation of Rice Varieties with Different Productivity Levels

不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的物质生产积累

MA Qun, YANG Xiong, LI Min, LI Guo-Ye, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui

马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 李国业, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室

【Objective】 The characteristics of dry matter and photosynthetic production of different rice varieties under their best-fit nitrogen levels were studied. 【Method】 The field experiment was carried out with 50 early-maturing late Japonica rice varieties, adopted in the region of Yangtze River, under seven nitrogen levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5 kg•hm-2) to investigate the difference of dry matter accumulation. The highest value of dry matter accumulation under different nitrogen levels was defined as the most productivity of N fertilizer group (MPNG). Then according to MPNG, rice varieties could be classified into four types including low type, middle type, high type and top type. On this basis, the dry matter accumulation, LAI, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of the four types rice varieties were studied. 【Result】 The main results were as follows: In the range of 0-337.5 kg•hm-2 nitrogen application, the dry matter accumulation at jointing and heading of 50 rice varieties were significantly increased, while the dry matter accumulation at maturity increased firstly and reduced afterward with the nitrogen application increasing. Population dry matter accumulation at jointing stage decreased as the productivity level increasing, for the dry matter accumulation of top and high levels were increasing much greater than middle and low levels after jointing, there was a little difference among the 4 productivity levels at heading stage. The dry matter accumulation of top productivity level was significantly higher than the other three productivity level varieties at maturity. There was a significant negative correlation between dry matter accumulation and MPNG at early growth stages, while there was a significant positive correlation between them at the middle and later stages of rice growth. The dry matter accumulation at sowing-jointing stage decreased as the productivity level increasing, while it was increased at jointing-heading and heading-maturity stage. The ratio at each stage changed accordantly with the dry matter accumulation. The economic coefficient of different productivity level varieties significantly increased as the productivity level increasing. Before jointing, the differences of leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of 4 productivity level varieties were tiny, while the population growth rate and the net assimilation rate had a significant degressive tendency; at Jointing-heading and heading-maturity stage, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, the population growth rate and the net assimilation rate were all increased as productivity level increasing. 【Conclusion】 The dry matter production of top level varieties at heading-maturity stage have obvious advantages, they have high leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, population growth rate and net assimilation rate.

【目的】研究不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种间物质生产积累特性之间的差异。【方法】以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种为供试材料，设置7个氮肥群体（0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg•hm-2），得出各品种在这7个氮肥群体下出现的最高生产力及其对应施氮水平，将该最高生产力定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。根据各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力将50个供试材料分成4个生产力等级：低层水平（氮肥群体最高生产力≤9.00 t•hm-2）、中层水平（9.00 t•hm-2≤氮肥群体最高生产力≤9.75 t•hm-2）、高层水平（9.75 t•hm-2≤氮肥群体最高生产力≤10.50 t•hm-2）、顶层水平（氮肥群体最高生产力≥10.50 t•hm-2）。在此基础上，对各类型品种间的干物质积累量、叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率等方面进行系统的比较研究。【结果】（1）在总施氮量0—337.5 kg•hm-2范围内，随着氮肥群体的增加，50个粳稻品种在拔节、抽穗期干物质积累量均显著增加，而成熟期则表现为先增后减的变化趋势。（2）拔节期群体干物质积累量随着生产力等级的增加而减小，抽穗期4个生产力等级间的干物质积累量差异较小，成熟期干物质积累量则随着生产力等级的增加而显著增加。（3）水稻生育前期（播种至拔节阶段）干物质积累量与氮肥群体最高生产力呈显著负相关，表现为随生产力等级增加而减小；而生育中、后期（拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段）干物质积累量与氮肥群体最高生产力呈显著正相关，表现为随生产力等级增加而增加。各生育阶段干物质积累量占总干物重的比例变化规律与阶段干物质积累量一致。（4）不同生产力等级水稻品种的经济系数随着生产力等级的增加而显著增加。（5）拔节前4个生产力等级品种间叶面积指数和光合势差异较小，而群体生长率和净同化率则随着生产力等级的递增呈显著递减趋势；拔节至抽穗及抽穗至成熟阶段，叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均随着生产力等级的递增呈增加趋势。【结论】氮肥群体最高生产力处于顶层水平品种干物质生产在抽穗至成熟阶段优势明显，具有较高的叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率。

... 指出, 一定范围内随着施氮量增加, 产量增加, 干物质积累也增加^[8,9] ...

2012

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2012, 38(8):1494 - 1503 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01494

Effects of Slow-Release Urea Combined with Conventional Urea on Rice Output and Growth in Soils of Different Textures

不同质地土壤下缓释尿素与常规尿素配施对水稻产量及其生长发育的影响

ZHANG Xiao-Cui¹,DAI Qi-Gen^1,2,*,HU Xing-Xing¹,ZHU De-Jian³,DING Xiu-Wen¹,MA Ke-Qiang¹,ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,2,ZHU Chong-Chong¹

张小翠¹，戴其根^1,2,*，胡星星¹，朱德建³，丁秀文¹，马克强¹，张洪程^1,2，朱聪聪¹

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 3 Earthy Fertilizer Station of Jiangyan County, Taizhou 225529, China

Public attentions have been increasingly paid to the slow-release fertilizer (sulfur-coated urea, or SCU) which has developed quickly during the last decade. In this research, a field experiment with 270 kg ha^-1 N fertilizer application was conducted in two kinds of soil (sandy soil and clay soil) using the early maturing late japonica variety Nanjing44 as materials. The effects of fertilizing with sulfur-coated urea alone and mixing application of SCU and conventional urea (PU) on grain yield and plant growth were examined and compared. Results showed that compared with the treatment of PU applied alone, the treatments of SCU2, SCU2+PU(2:1), SCU1+PU(2:1) and SCU1+PU(1:1) showed significantincrease in the rice yield, N accumulation, uptake and use efficiency, dry matter accumulation, ratio of stem-sheath usable carbohydrate to spikelets per panicle, and root α-NA oxidation ability that maintained a high level with a small reduction tendency. The grain yield, N uptake and use efficiency as well as dry matter accumulation in clay soil were slightly higher than those in sandy soil, and the root α-NA oxidation ability at heading and 10 days after heading were lower in clay soil than in sandy soil, while no apparent difference was found at 20 or 30 days after heading.In conclusion, the application of sulfur-coated urea or its combination with normal urea may both meet the basic needs of rice growth. Combination of SCU1 and PU has better effect thaneither fertilizer applied solely, thetreatment of SCU2 has the best outcome, which is followed by treatment of SCU2+PU(2:1), and treatment of SCU2+PU(1:1) does not show a significant effect.

以早熟晚粳南粳44为材料，分别在2种质地的土壤上，研究270 kg hm^-2施氮条件下, 2种缓释尿素(硫包衣尿素SCU)单施及与常规尿素(PU)按2种不同比例混配一次性基施对水稻产量及其生长发育的影响。结果表明，与PU分施相比，SCU2单施与SCU1+PU(1∶1)、SCU1+PU(2∶1)及SCU2+PU(2∶1)配施处理水稻产量、生长中后期氮素吸收量、氮素吸收利用率与偏生产力、干物质积累以及茎鞘可用性糖颖花比均显著提高，抽穗后期根系α-萘胺氧化量维持较高水平，下降幅度小；产量、氮素吸收量、氮肥吸收利用率、偏生产力及干物质积累量在黏土上略高于在沙土上；抽穗期与抽穗后10 d根系α-萘胺氧化量在黏土上低于在沙土上，抽穗后20 d、30 d在两种土上差异不大。SCU单施及与PU配施基本上能满足水稻生长需求，SCU1与PU配施效果明显优于单施；SCU2单施效果最佳，SCU2+PU(2∶1)次之，SCU2+PU(1∶1)效果不显著。

... 较之常规尿素分施, 缓释尿素单施的产量及生育中后期干物质积累量显著增加^[10], 有机肥施用能够增加有效穗数, 提高产量^[11] ...

2010

0.0

0.7498

Hunan Agric Sci. 2010, (5):64 - 66

Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Composition Factors of Rice

有机肥对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响

LIXian;LIUQiang;RONGXiang-min;XIEGui-xian;ZHANGYu-ping;PENGJian-wei;SONGHai-xing

李先;刘强;荣湘民;谢桂先;张玉平;彭建伟;宋海星

采用田间小区试验,研究不同有机肥对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响.结果表明,施20%猪粪代替20%的化学氮肥处理、施10%的猪粪型生物有机肥代替10%的化学氮肥处理和施20%沼肥代替20%的化学氮肥处理的水稻产量较高,分别较不施肥处理提高了103.49%、81.62%和74.64%,较纯化肥处理提高了38.67%、23.77%和19.02%.

Abstract：

A field plot experiment was conducted to study effects of organic fertilizer on yield and yield composition factors of rice.The results showed that the rice yield was much higher when applying 20% pig manure instead of 20%chemical nitrogen fertilizer,applying 10% pig manure decomposed organic fertilizer instead of 10% chemical nitrogen fertilizer or applying 20% biogas fertilizer instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizer,which increased by 103.49%,81.62%and 74.64% than that of non-fertilizer treatment and 38.67%.23.77% and 19.02% than that of pure chemical fertilizer treatment,respectively.

... 较之常规尿素分施, 缓释尿素单施的产量及生育中后期干物质积累量显著增加^[10], 有机肥施用能够增加有效穗数, 提高产量^[11] ...

2007

0.0

1.4752

Plant Nutr Fert Sci. 2007, 13(5):757 - DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2007.0501

Nitrogen uptake,utilization and rice yield in the north rimland of double-cropping rice region as affected by different nitrogen management strategies

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

WU Wen-ge1;2;ZHANG Si-hai1;ZHAO Jue-jian3;WU Gui-cheng2;LI Ze-fu1;XIA Jia-fa1

吴文革1;2;张四海1;赵决建3;吴桂成2;李泽福1;夏加发1

1 Rice Cultivation Technology Innovation Center in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River;Ministry of Agriculture;Institute of Rice Science;Anhui Agriculture Academy;Hefei 230031;China;2 Agricultural College;Yangzhou University;Yangzhou 225009;Chin

Two early indica rice cultivars of Xiangliangyou 68 and Zaoxian 65 were used to study nitrogen uptake,utilization,yield and yield components as affected by different split N application strategies when the total nitrogen application amount was 150 kg/ha in the north rimland of double-cropping rice.Results showed that reducing N application before transplanting and at tillering stage but increasing N application at booting stage could increase rice yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization,by increasing leaf nitrogen content and SPAD in top 3 leaves during heading stage to mature stage,and increasing LAI and effective leaf area percentage.When nitrogen fertilizer was applied before transplanting(50%),tillering(25%),booting (25%),both hybrid and conventional rice cultivars had highest yield.The main benefit of postponing N fertilizer application time on yield formation was related to its improved splitting and timing of fertilizer N applications leading to a more balanced supply of N nutrition for rice growth than the common fertilizer practice,and to increase total amount of N-absorption(ANA).Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency(NUE) increased with the percentage of panicle fertilizer,but the agronomic use efficiency of N fertilizer had better relationship with yield. It is concluded that the split application of N before transplanting(50%),at tillering stage(25%) and at booting stage(25%) is a rational N application strategy in the north rimland of double-cropping rice.

在双季稻北缘地区,以常规品种早籼65和杂交组合香两优68为试验材料,在施氮量150.kg/hm²的条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对早稻产量及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明:减少基、蘖肥,提高穗肥比例可增加抽穗—成熟期的叶片含氮量,使SPAD值维持较高水平,提高齐穗后的绿叶面积和有效叶面积率,提高群体光合势,有利于促进干物质积累而提高产量和氮素吸收,常规稻和杂交稻均以基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25运筹模式产量最高;前氮后移增施穗肥因能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可促进氮素的吸收;氮肥当季利用效率随穗肥比例提高而增加,但氮肥的农学利用率与产量有更好的对应关系。基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25的运筹模式是双季稻北缘地区早稻合理的施肥技术。

... 根据不同的种植制度^[12,13]与种植方式^[14,15], 配套相适应的氮肥运筹模式, 使群体生长比较合理, 增加抽穗后物质积累与转运, 提高产量 ...

2002

0.0

... 根据不同的种植制度^[12,13]与种植方式^[14,15], 配套相适应的氮肥运筹模式, 使群体生长比较合理, 增加抽穗后物质积累与转运, 提高产量 ...

2011

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2011, 37(4):677 - 685 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00677

Population Production Capacity of Direct-Seeding Rice in Central Jiangsu Region and Effects of Nitrogen Application

苏中地区直播水稻的群体生产力及氮肥运筹的效应

ZHANG Zu-Jian¹,XIE Cheng-Lin²,XIE Ren-Kang³,LANG You-Zhong¹,YANG Lang¹,ZHANG Ju-Fang²,ZHU Qing-Sen^1,*

张祖建¹,谢成林²,谢仁康³,郎有忠¹,杨岚¹,张菊芳²,朱庆森^1,*

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Yangzhou 225000, China; 3 Yizheng Crop Cultivation Guidance Station, Yizheng 211400, China

In recent years, cultivation area of direct-seeding rice in Jiangsu and nearby regions has been expanding rapidly, but the specific research on cultivation and breeding is very little. In this study, based on investigation of the productivity levels of direct-seeding rice in central Jiangsu province, we carried out a test of nitrogen application amount and nitrogen application ratios for direct-seeding rice, to explore the response of dry matter growth and yield to nitrogen fertilizer application. The result showed that, the average yield of direct-seeding rice in central Jiangsu province was 7 710 kg ha^-1, which was significantly lower than that of mechanical and manual transplanted rice; the nitrogen fertilizer rate was generally more than 270 kg N ha^-1, and the unreasonable application of nitrogen was widespread. Plot experiments showed that the application rate of nitrogen affected yield through panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle, while the application ratio of nitrogen mainly had influence on spikelets per panicle. In the experimental condition, the highest yield was gained when the nitrogen rate was 270 kg N ha^-1 and the ratio of basal : tillering : panicle was 4:3:3. When the fertilization is in the optimum conditions, the direct-seeding rice will have more reasonable population structure, higher dry matter production capacity both for individuals and population, more suitable harvest index (0.53 or so) and higher resistance to lodging. The pathway to increase yield and the characteristics for high-yielding direct seeding rice population were also discussed.

近年来直播水稻在江苏等地区扩展迅速，但其栽培和育种的专项研究很少。本研究对江苏省苏中地区直播稻生产力水平进行了调查，在此基础上进一步实施水稻直播栽培模式下氮肥施用量和运筹比例试验，探讨直播水稻群体生长和产量形成对氮肥施用的反应特征。调查结果显示，苏中地区普通农户直播水稻的产量平均为7 710 kg hm^-2，显著低于机插和人工移栽稻，直播稻氮肥施用量一般在270 kg N hm^-2之上，氮肥不合理施用的现象普遍存在。小区试验表明，施氮量和氮肥运筹比例均对直播稻产量有显著影响，氮肥施用量主要通过有效穗数和每穗粒数对产量发挥作用，而氮肥运筹比例主要对每穗粒数产生影响。在本试验条件下，氮肥施用量270 kg N hm^-2，基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3的产量最高。在上述施肥条件下，直播水稻群体结构较为合理，个体和群体的物质生产量均处于较高水平，结实期物质生产能力较强，经济系数表现合理的较高水平(0.53左右)，同时有相对较好的抗倒性能。对直播水稻的增产途径和高产群体特征进行了较深入的讨论。

... 根据不同的种植制度^[12,13]与种植方式^[14,15], 配套相适应的氮肥运筹模式, 使群体生长比较合理, 增加抽穗后物质积累与转运, 提高产量 ...

2011

0.0

0.553

... 根据不同的种植制度^[12,13]与种植方式^[14,15], 配套相适应的氮肥运筹模式, 使群体生长比较合理, 增加抽穗后物质积累与转运, 提高产量 ...

2008

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2008, 19(3):505 - 511

Photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of hybrid rice varieties under different light conditions.

不同水稻品种在不同光照条件下的光合特性及干物质积累

TONG Ping¹;YANG Shi-min²; MA Jun¹; WU He-zhou¹; FU Tai-lu¹; LI Min¹;WANG Ming-tian³

童平¹;杨世民²;马均¹;吴合洲¹;傅泰露¹;李敏¹;王明田³

¹Institute of Rice Research, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China;²College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, Sichuan, China;³Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, Chengdu 610072, China

The study on the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumul
ation of twelve hybrid rice varieties in the eco-environments with low- and hi
gh light intensity showed that the adaptation ability of the varieties to eco-e
nvironment was mainly depended on the varieties themselves, and there existed greater differences among them. The differences in net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and chlorophyll content (Chl) were more significant among the varieties than between the eco-environments. The grain yield had significant positive correlations withP_n and total dry matter mass (TDM), the etermination coefficientR² being 0.584 and 0.590, respectively, but no significant correlations with the export percentage of the matter in stem-sheath (EPMSS) and the transformation percentage of the matter in stem-sheath (TPMSS). In the eco-environment with high light intensity, the leaf thickness and dry matter accumulation increased, while the EPMSS and TPMSS decreased. Under enough sunlight condition, the high proportion of matter in grain yield was mainly come from the photosynthesis at late growth stages; while under insufficient sunlight condition, it was mainly originated from the early growth stages photosynthesis.

对12个杂交水稻品种在两类生态条件下的光合特性及干物质积累进行了研究.结果表明:水稻
适应环境的能力主要由其自身因素决定，品种之间存在较大差异.品种间的净光合速率和叶
绿素含量差异均比生态区域间的差异更显著.产量与总干物质量和净光合速率呈显著正相关
，决定系数R²分别为0.584和0.590，与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率相关不
显著.与低光强地区相比，高光强地区叶片厚度和干物质积累量增加，茎鞘物质输出率和茎
鞘物质转换率降低.在光照充足的条件下，产量中来自于后期光合积累物质的比例较大；在
光照不足的条件下，产量中来自于前期干物质积累及其转运的比例较大.

... 弱光使水稻光合受到抑制, 干物质积累和产量下降, 但输出率与转运率高^[16,17] ...

2003

0.0

0.5871

... 弱光使水稻光合受到抑制, 干物质积累和产量下降, 但输出率与转运率高^[16,17] ...

2011

0.0

... 黄光显著提高株高和干物重^[18,19] ...

2007

0.0

0.5683

... 黄光显著提高株高和干物重^[18,19] ...

1999

0.0

... 抽穗前遮光20 d不仅减少了每穗分化的颖花数^[20], 使每穗粒数降低, 同时还显著降低植株抽穗期茎蘖数和叶面积指数, 导致抽穗至成熟阶段的光合势、干物质积累量显著低于不遮光处理, 最终产量显著下降 ...

2008

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2008, 34(11):2003 - 2009 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.02003

Effect of Shading on the Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield at Later Growth Stage of Hybrid Rice Combination

遮光对杂交水稻组合生育后期光合特性和产量的影响

ZHU Ping¹,YANG Shi-Min²,MA Jun^1*,LI Shu-Xing¹,CHEN Yu¹

朱萍¹;杨世民²;马均^1,*;李树杏¹;陈宇¹

1 Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan; 2 Agricultural College of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, Sichuan, China

Photosynthetic characteristics in shading treatment and adaptation mechanism under adverse conditions were studied using in six hybrid rice combinations with different photosensitivity. The results showed that the grain yield was significantly reduced under shading treatment (80% shading rate) at heading stage, then recovered to natural illumination; the chlorophyll (a+b) and chlorophyll b contents were increased, but failed to reach the normal level after the recovery period; low light reduced the photosynthetic rate of the functional leaves and the quantity of photosynthetic products transported to grain, meanwhile, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and leaf area index were increased, the activity of SOD varied differently. There was a great difference in adaptability to low light environment among combinations. It is the physiological basis of rice tolerance to shading that the flag leaf under low light stress can maintain a higher net photosynthetic rate (P_n), quantum efficiency, chlorophyll content, and lower content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lower SOD activity.

对6个光敏感性不同的杂交稻组合在遮光处理条件下的光合特性及其对逆境的适应机理进行了研究。结果表明，在田间通过抽穗期遮光处理(80%遮光率) 15 d，及恢复自然光照15 d后，水稻的产量显著降低；水稻剑叶叶绿素含量增加，恢复生长15 d后，并未恢复到正常水平；弱光降低功能叶片的净光合速率，减少光合产物向籽粒的运输，增加MDA含量和叶面积指数，而SOD活性变化不一。杂交水稻适应弱光环境的能力是由自身因素决定的，组合之间存在很大差异。弱光胁迫下剑叶能保持较高的净光合速率、量子效率、叶绿素含量以及较低的MDA含量、SOD活性，是耐弱光水稻品种的生理基础。

... 而抽穗后遮光20 d主要影响抽穗至成熟阶段的光合物质积累, 使中后期的籽粒灌浆更多依靠茎鞘储藏物质的转运, 导致结实率和千粒重显著低于不遮光处理, 最终产量显著下降^[21] ...

2006

0.0

1.4522

Sci Agric Sin. 2006, 39(7):1336 - 1345

Growth and Development Characteristics of Super-High-Yielding Mid-Season Japonica Rice

超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究

,,,,,

杨建昌,杜永,吴长付,刘立军,王志琴,朱庆森

扬州大学农学院

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 2 超级稻超高产抗逆栽培的途径已有研究表明^{[22,23,24,25]}, 超级稻实现超高产不仅需要安全成熟的高颖花量、正常的结实率与千粒重, 同时在物质生产方面, 还需生育中期干物质积累大、叶面积指数高, 生育后期光合物质积累高、物质输出与转运协调等 ...

2010

0.0

1.4522

Sci Agric Sin. 2010, 43(2):266 - 276

Rule of Grain Yield Components from High Yield to Super High Yield and the Characters of Super-high Yielding Japonica Super Rice

粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究

WU Gui-cheng, ZHANG Hong-cheng, QIAN Yin-fei, LI De-jian, ZHOU You-yan, XU Jun,WU Wen-ge, DAI Qi-gen, HUO Zhong-yang, XU Ke, GAO Hui, XU Zong-jin, QIAN Zong-hua, SUN Ju-ying, ZHAO Pin-heng

吴桂成,张洪程,钱银飞,李德剑,周有炎,徐军,吴文革,戴其根,霍中洋,许轲,高辉,徐宗进,钱宗华,孙菊英,赵品恒

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【Objective】 Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. 【Method】 The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations (High Yield: 8 250-9 750 kg?hm-2; Higher Yield: 9 750-11 250 kg?hm-2; Super High Yield:＞11 250 kg?hm-2) in four Japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. 【Result】 Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice (The difference among them was significant). There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. 【Conclusion】 The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种（武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号）为材料,对高产（8 250—9 750 kg?hm-2）、更高产（9 750—11 250 kg?hm-2）和超高产（＞11 250 kg?hm-2）3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高（差异显著）,而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减（差异不显著）。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容（安全成熟的群体高颖花量）,通过保持正常的充实度（即保证常年的结实率与千粒重）,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

2010

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2010, 36(11):1921 - 1930 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01921

Characteristics of Dry Matter Production and Accumulation and Super-High Yield ofJaponica Super Rice in South China

南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究

WU Gui-Cheng^1,2,ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,2,*,DAI Qi-Gen^1,2,HUO Zhong-Yang^1,2,XU Ke^1,2,GAO Hui^1,2,WEI Hai-Yan^1,2,SHA An-Qin¹,XU Zong-Jin¹,QIAN Zong-Hua¹,SUN Ju-Ying¹

吴桂成^1,2,张洪程^1,2,*,戴其根^1,2,霍中洋^1,2,许轲^1,2,高辉^1,2,魏海燕^1,2,沙安勤¹,徐宗进¹,钱宗华¹,孙菊英¹

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

The relationship between dry matter production and yield, dynamics of dry matter accumulation and output and translocation in middle and last stages of three types of populations (High Yield: 8.25–9.75 t ha^-1; Higher Yield: 9.75-11.25 t ha^-1; Super High Yield:＞11.25 t ha^-1) in fourjaponica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. The results showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with weight of dry matter at maturity and the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, there were parabolic relationships between yield and weight of dry matter at heading in high yield, higher yield and super-high yield populations. Weight of dry matter from jointing to heading was significantly positively correlated with yield from high yield population to higher yield population and from higher yield population to super-high yield population. Super-high yield population had more biomass at maturity than higher yield and high yield populations, and the harvest index was not significantly higher than that of higher yield population, but was significantly higher than that of high yield population. Weight of dry matter, LAI in heading, rate of leaf area of productive tillers, rate of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, spikelets of population and spikelets per square centimeter leaf area in middle stage (from jointing to heading) were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area decreasing per day of super-high yield population from heading to maturity was significantly less than that of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass and grain-leaf ratio (filled grains per square centimeter leaf area, grain weight per square centimeter leaf area) from heading to maturity were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Output and translocation of dry matter in super-high yield population from heading to milky stages were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations, while these from heading to maturity were significantly lower than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Weight per stem and sheath and total filling in maturity of super-high yield population were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations.

以超级粳稻品种武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号为材料，对高产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、更高产(9.75~11.25 t hm^-2)和超高产(＞11.25 t hm^-2) 3个产量等级群体的物质生产与产量的关系、干物质积累、输出与转运等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，4个超级稻品种成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关，抽穗期干物质重均与产量呈抛物线关系，拔节至抽穗期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关(高产—更高产、更高产—超高产以及将3个产量等级综合起来)；从高产到更高产再到超高产，4个超级稻品种的生物学产量不断提高(差异显著)，而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当(0.5000以上)，显著高于高产水平；较之更高产、高产群体，超高产群体在生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量大，抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优[有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、总颖花量与颖花/叶(cm²)、基部节间粗、单茎茎鞘重均高]，在生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)，光合能力强(叶面积衰减率小，光合势、群体生长率、净同化率高)、干物质积累量高(占生物学产量的40.0%以上)、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调[实粒/叶(cm²)、粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)均高]。

2009

0.0

1.4083

Chin J Rice Sci. 2009, 23(2):179 - 179～185

Growth Characteristics of Two SuperHighYielding japonica Hybrid Rice Combinations

两个杂交粳稻组合超高产生长特性的研究

LI Jie¹, ZHANG Hongcheng^1,2,*, QIAN Yinfei¹, GUO Zhenhua¹, CHEN Ye¹ , DAI Qigen^1,2 , HUO Zhongyang^1,2 , XU Ke^1,2, LI Dejian³, HUA Zhengxiong³, SHA Anqin³, ZHOU Youyan³, LIU Guolin³

李杰¹, 张洪程^1,2,* ,钱银飞¹,郭振华¹, 陈烨¹ ,戴其根^1,2,霍中洋^1,2,许轲^1,2,李德剑³,华正雄³,沙安勤³,周有炎^3,刘国林3

¹ Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;² Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China;³ Bureau of Agriculture of Xinghua County of Jiangsu Province, Xinghua 225700, China; *Corresponding author, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

Growth and dry matter production characteristics, yield formation and yield components of rice under superhighyielding (＞12.0 t /hm2) cultivation were analyzed using two japonica hybrid rice combinations (Lingxiangyou 18 and Changyou 1) in paddy field. The results showed that the number of panicles, the number of grains per panicle, the number of secondary branches per panicle and the number of spikelets on secondary branches under superhighyielding cultivation(SHYC) were significantly higher than those under traditional high yielding (10.5 t/hm2 to 11.0 t/hm2) cultivation(CK). The seedsetting rate and 1000grain weight under SHYC were a little higher than those under CK, but without significant difference. Before the critical leafage for productive tillering, rice under SHYC grew faster and at the critical leafage for productive tillering the number of stems and tillers was up to the expected value, and leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were larger than those under CK. From the critical leafage for productive tillering to elongation, rice under SHYC had a steady growth with less ineffective tillers and lower peak number of seedlings, and its leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and population growth rate were lower than those under CK. After elongation, with a steady decline in growth and a high productive tiller rate, rice under SHYC had higher leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and population growth rate than under CK. Superhighyielding rice had an obvious growth superiority. Especially after heading, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, dry matter accumulation and population growth rate were significantly higher under SHYC than under CK.

: 将两个杂交粳稻组合（陵香优18和常优1号）于大田条件下种植，对超高产（产量＞12.0 t/hm2）田块的水稻物质生产和产量形成生长特性进行了分析。结果表明，与高产栽培（CK， 10.5～11.0 t/hm2）水稻相比，超高产栽培水稻穗数、每穗粒数显著高于CK，结实率和千粒重略高于CK，但差异不显著；超高产栽培水稻二次枝梗数、二次枝梗总粒数显著高于CK；有效分蘖临界叶龄期之前，超高产栽培条件下水稻生长比CK快，在有效分蘖临界叶龄期茎蘖数达到预期的穗数，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK大；有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期，超高产栽培条件下水稻生长平稳，无效分蘖发生少，高峰苗低，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK小；拔节以后，超高产栽培条件下水稻茎蘖数下降平缓，成穗率高，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率较CK高，尤其是抽穗以后，超高产栽培条件下水稻具有明显的生长优势，叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累和群体生长率均极显著高于CK。

2008

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2008, 34(12):2184 - 2189 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.02184

Effect of Panicle Nitrogen Fertilizer on Concentrations of Cytokinin and Auxin in Young Panicles of Japonica Rice and Its Relation with Spikelet Development

氮素穗肥对水稻幼穗细胞分裂素和生长素浓度的影响及其与颖花发育的关系

WANG Xia-Wen,WANG Shao-Hua,LI Gang-Hua,WANG Qiang-sheng,LIU Zheng-Hui,YU Xiang,DING Yan-Feng*

王夏雯;王绍华;李刚华;王强盛;刘正辉;余翔;丁艳锋*

Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University / Hi-Tech Key Laboratory of Information Agriculture of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China

Panicle N fertilizer, which is nitrogen fertilizer applied at panicle development stage, has great influence on the development of rice panicle. Studies have revealed that the beneficial response of nitrogen fertilizer on spikelet development is associated with the increase of spikelets number per panicle. However, little is known concerning the effect of panicle N fertilizer on endogenous hormones in rice young panicle. In the present study, two japonica rice cultivars (Wuyujing 3 and 2401) were used, and two panicle N fertilizer treatments, 120 kg N ha^-1 as high nitrogen (HN) and 0 kg N ha^-1 as low nitrogen (LN), were conducted to investigate the relationship between spikelets number and hormonal changes during rice panicle differentiation. The results showed that zeatin + zeatin riboside (ZRs), isopen-tenyl adenine (iPAs), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations were the highest at spikelet differentiation stage, sharply declined and remained almost static till heading, and recovered slightly after heading. Panicle N fertilizer treatment resulted in higher concentrations of ZRs and iPAs, especially at the spikelet differentiation stage. Whereas, IAA displayed lower concentration in HN as compared to LN. Moreover, there were higher ratios of ZRs/IAA and iPAs/IAA for HN as compared to LN during the panicle differentiation stage. The difference between them was the maximum at the spikelet differentiation stage and then declined to the minimum before heading, while there was no significant difference between two cultivars. The results suggested that the effect of panicle N fertilizer on spikelet differentiation and numbers per panicle could be associated with the changes of endogenous hormones such as ZRs, iPAs and IAA, either in their concentrations or in their ratios.

以粳稻品种武育粳3号和2401为研究材料，在盆栽条件下，设高(HN)、低(LN)两个穗肥施氮水平，对幼穗发育过程中(颖花分化至抽穗后7 d)细胞分裂素(ZRs、iPAs)和生长素(IAA)含量及其动态分别进行测定和比较分析。结果表明，幼穗发育过程中穗中细胞分裂素和生长素含量均表现先降后升的趋势，穗肥的施用(HN处理)提高了各个时期细胞分裂素的含量，尤其是颖花分化期效果最为明显。而生长素的变化情况较为复杂，从颖花分化期到花粉母细胞减数分裂期前LN处理稍高于HN处理，之后HN处理又逐渐超过LN处理。穗发育期间HN处理的ZRs/IAA和iPAs/IAA均高于LN处理，颖花分化期差距最大，随后逐渐减小，到花粉母细胞减数分裂期差异最小，抽穗时比值差距又再次扩大，两个品种表现相似。水稻氮素穗肥的施用具有延长颖花分化时间、增加每穗颖花数的作用，这可能与其提高幼穗分化期尤其是颖花分化期的细胞分裂素含量及其与生长素的比值有关。

... 那么生产上可以施用适宜的氮素穗肥来促进颖花分化, 提高每穗颖花分化量^[26], 有条件的地区甚至可以适当早播以增加颖花的分化量^[27] ...

2005

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2005, 31(4):451 - 455

Dynamic Characteristics of Floret Differentiation and Degeneration in Rice

水稻颖花分化与退化的动态特征

LIU Xin-Wei;MENG Ya-Li;ZHOU Zhi-Guo;CAO Wei-Xing

柳新伟;孟亚利;周治国;曹卫星

Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu

The dynamic pattern of the rice floret differentiation and degeneration, and the effects of genotype, sowing date and nitrogen application level were researched under the field condition in 2001. The results showed that rice floret development could be divided into three phases: the primary branch d

研究了田间条件下水稻颖花分化与退化的动态模式及品种、播期和施氮水平的影响。结果表明，按幼穗各类原基数的增长动态，幼穗发育可分为一次枝梗分化期、二次枝梗与颖花同步分化期、颖花退化期3个阶段，可用Logistic方程和线性方程分别描述原基分化和退化随生长度日的变化动态。早播增加了分化颖花数，以大穗型品种尤为显著

... 那么生产上可以施用适宜的氮素穗肥来促进颖花分化, 提高每穗颖花分化量^[26], 有条件的地区甚至可以适当早播以增加颖花的分化量^[27] ...

1990

0.0

1.0171

... 针对弱光逆境造成LAI偏小的问题, 除合理施用氮肥, 增加叶面积指数、提高群体有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率外, 可施用钾肥以增加群体叶面积和改善群体受光条件, 提高单叶透光率和剑叶光合速率^[28] ...

2000

0.0

1.4083

Chin J Rice Sci. 2000, 14(4):253 - 255

The Delay Function on Senescence of Lilibao During Rice Grain Filling Stage

粒粒饱对水稻灌浆期间衰老的延缓作用

WANG Xi; TAO Rong-xing; HUANG Xiao-lin; YU Mei-yu

王熹;陶龙兴;黄效林;俞美玉

（China National Rice Research Institute; Hangzhou 310006; China）

When Lilibao, a plant growth substance containing GA₃ and PP₃₃₃ , was applied to rice plant at initial heading stage, the delay function on senescence of rice plant was significant especially in some hybrid combinations which were easy to senescence during filling stage. The delay function on senescence could be divided into two types in helpful effect on grain yield, one is directly helpful in increasing respiration rate of grain,another is indirectly in retarding decrease of SOD activity, and root exudate during filling stage.

于水稻初穗期施用二元植物生长物质粒粒饱，就其延缓水稻灌浆成熟期衰老进程的作用进行了研究。粒粒饱对稻株灌浆成熟期延缓衰老作用明显，对易发生早衰的籼型三系杂交稻效应尤其显著。在黄熟期观察，功能叶片的SOD活性比对照高1.9倍，MDA含量比对照低30%，根系伤流量比对照高约1倍。粒粒饱延缓稻株衰老的效应似可分成对产量形成的直接效应和间接效应两类，直接效应是提高籽粒呼吸强度，间接效应是延缓功能叶片 SOD 活性和根系伤流液的下降。

... 此外, 弱光逆境解除后, 还可以通过喷施生长调节剂^[29,30]延缓光合器官的衰老, 增加有效光合物质的积累以提高产量 ...

1998

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 1998, 24(2):231 - 236

Effect of 4PU-30 on Delaying Senescence of Hybrid Rice Leaves

4PU-30延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的效果与作用

Tang Risheng;Liu Xiaozhong;Chen Yifeng;Wu Guangnan

汤日圣;刘晓忠;陈以峰;吴光南

Institute of Agrobiological Genetics and Physiology Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014

... 此外, 弱光逆境解除后, 还可以通过喷施生长调节剂^[29,30]延缓光合器官的衰老, 增加有效光合物质的积累以提高产量 ...

2009

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2009, 35(12):2225 - 2233 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.02225

Post-Anthesis Changes in concentrations of Polyamines in Superior and Inferior Apikelets and Their Relation with Grain Filling of Super Rice

超级稻花后强、弱势粒多胺浓度变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系

TAN Gui-Lu,ZHANG Hao,FU Jing,WANG Zhi-Qin,LIU Li-Jun,YANG Jian-Chang*

谈桂露，张耗，付景，王志琴，刘立军，杨建昌*

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province，Yangzhou University，Yangzhou 225009，China

Success in super rice breeding has been considered a great progress in rice production in China. However, many unfilled inferior spikelets limit the realization of great yield. Aspolyamines have been frequently described as endogenous plant growth regulators or intracellular messengers mediating physiological processes, this studyinvestigated whether and how polyamines are involved in the regulating post-anthesis development of rice spikelets. Four super rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu and II you 084 (indica hybrids), Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15 (japonica), and two high-yielding check cultivars, Shanyou 63 (indica hybrid) and Yangfujing 8 (japonica), were field grown. Concentrations of putrescine (Put),spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)in both inferior and superior spikelets during the grain filling period and grain filling rate were determined. The relationship between polyamine concentrations and grain filling rate were analyzed, and chemical regulators were applied to verify the roles of polyamines in grain filling. The results showed that the maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed small difference between the super rice and check rice, but those of inferior spikelets were significantly lower for super rice than for check rice cultivars. Changes in concentrations of polyamines in grains exhibited single peak during the grain filling period. The peak and mean concentrations of Put were greater in inferior than in superior spikelets. The peak and mean concentrations of Spd and Spm were greater in the superior than in the inferior, and greater in the check rice than in the super rice. The mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight were negatively and very significantly correlated with the Put concentrations, and positively and very significantly correlated with Spd and Spm concentrations, Spd/Put, and Spm/Put. Application of Spd or Spm to panicle at the early grain filling stage significantly enhanced activities of sucrose synthetase, adenine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, and soluble starch synthetase in inferior spikelets,and significantly increasedgrain filling rate, seed setting rate and grain weight of inferior spikelets. Application of Put or methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG, an inhibitor ofS-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase) exhibited an opposite effect. The results suggest that polyamines play a role in regulating grain filling. Low concentrations of Spd and Spm and low Spd/Put and Spm/Put may be an important physiological reason for the small grain filling rate and low grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice.

以4个超级稻品种[两优培九和II优084(杂交籼稻)、淮稻9号和武粳15(粳稻)]为材料，2个高产品种[汕优63(杂交籼稻)、扬辐粳8号(粳稻)]为对照，测定了结实期强、弱势粒中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)浓度和灌浆速率，分析了它们之间的关系并用化学调控的方法进行了验证。结果表明，强势粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和糙米重，超级稻品种与对照品种差异较小，弱势粒的灌浆速率和粒重表现为超级稻品种显著低于对照品种。灌浆期强、弱势粒的Put、Spd和Spm浓度变化均成单峰值曲线。Put的峰值浓度和平均浓度，弱势粒高于强势粒。Spd和Spm峰值浓度和平均浓度，弱势粒显著低于强势粒，超级稻品种低于对照品种。籽粒平均灌浆速率和糙米重与Put浓度呈极显著负相关，与Spd和Spm浓度以及Spd/Put和Spm/Put呈极显著正相关。灌浆初期对稻穗喷施Spd和Spm，增强了弱势粒中蔗糖合成酶、ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶活性，提高了弱势粒灌浆速率、结实率和粒重，喷施Put或多胺合成抑制剂 (MGBG)的结果则相反。说明多胺参与水稻籽粒灌浆的调控，超级稻品种弱势粒较低的Spd和Spm浓度及较低的Spd/Put和Spm/Put值是其灌浆速率小、粒重轻的一个重要生理原因。

... 因此, 生产上除在施用适宜穗肥的基础上增施一定量的粒肥以促进籽粒灌浆结实外, 还可以通过在灌浆初期对稻穗喷施亚精胺和精胺以提高籽粒灌浆速率及最终结实率和粒重^[31] ...

2006

6.645

0.0

. 2006, 169(2):223-236

Grain filling of cereals under soil drying

Jianchang Yang^1,*,Jianhua Zhang²

¹ Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;
² Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
^*Author for correspondence: Jianhua Zhang Tel: +852 34117350 Fax: +852 34115995 Email:jzhang@hkbu.edu.hk

Summary 223

... 另外, 合理的水分管理, 如结实期适度干旱或轻-干湿交替灌溉, 也可以显著提高籽粒灌浆速率和粒重^[32,33], 以部分弥补逆境后超级稻产量的损失 ...

2001

6.535

0.0

... 另外, 合理的水分管理, 如结实期适度干旱或轻-干湿交替灌溉, 也可以显著提高籽粒灌浆速率和粒重^[32,33], 以部分弥补逆境后超级稻产量的损失 ...

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