辽西地区不同种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特性的影响

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白伟, 孙占祥, 郑家明, 侯志研, 刘洋, 冯良山, 杨宁. 辽西地区不同种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特性的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(1): 181-189
BAI Wei, SUN Zhan-Xiang, ZHENG Jia-Ming, HOU Zhi-Yan, LIU Yang, FENG Liang-Shan, YANG Ning. Effect of Different Planting Patterns on Maize Growth and Yield in Western Liaoning Province. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40(1): 181-189 复制到剪切板

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辽西地区不同种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特性的影响

白伟^1,², 孙占祥^1,^*, 郑家明¹, 侯志研¹, 刘洋¹, 冯良山¹, 杨宁¹

¹辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所 / 辽宁省旱作节水工程中心, 辽宁沈阳110161

²沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院, 辽宁沈阳110161

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 孙占祥, E-mail:sunzhanxiang@sohu.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:libai200008@126.com

收稿日期:2013-07-25

基金:本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103001)和国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD09B00)资助。

摘要

改变玉米田间种植模式是提高玉米单产的重要措施之一。本文在大田试验条件下, 以耐密品种(郑单958)和中密品种(沈玉21)研究了三比空密疏密、大垄双行和等行距(CK) 3种种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特征的影响。结果表明, 田间种植形式的改变可以显著影响玉米群体产量及其生长发育特征。耐密品种以大垄双行种植模式为宜, 可以增加玉米的株高、茎粗, 提高叶面积和光能利用率, 促进干物质积累, 2年平均产量为8882.36 kg hm^-2, 比对照增加6.51%, 增产的原因是百粒重和穗行数的显著提高; 中密品种以大垄双行和三比空种植模式为宜, 2种种植模式均可增加玉米的株高、茎粗, 提高叶面积和光能利用率, 促进干物质积累, 且与耐密品种表现不同, 2年平均产量分别为8294.58 kg hm^-2和 8188.30 kg hm^-2, 比对照增加21.36%和19.81%, 增产的原因是行粒数的显著增加。因此, 我们认为在辽西地区特定的自然条件下大垄双行是提高玉米单产的最佳种植模式。

关键词: 种植模式; 玉米; 生长发育; 产量; 辽西地区

Effect of Different Planting Patterns on Maize Growth and Yield in Western Liaoning Province

BAI Wei^1,², SUN Zhan-Xiang^1,^*, ZHENG Jia-Ming¹, HOU Zhi-Yan¹, LIU Yang¹, FENG Liang-Shan¹, YANG Ning¹

¹Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Engineering Research Centre for Dryland and Water- Efficient Farming of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110161, China

²College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China

Abstract

The study of planting patterns is critical to improving maize yield. Based on a field experiment, we investigated the effect of three planting patterns (three ratio space, big ridge double line and equal line) on maize growth, photosynthetic characteristics and yield using two varieties suitable for high-density (Zhengdan 958) and middle-density (Shenyu 21). Our results indicated that the yield and growth of maize were dramatically influenced by various planting patterns. High-density variety was suitable for using the pattern of big ridge double line which promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency of maize. The yield averaged 8882.36 kg ha^-1 for two years, with an increasing rate of 6.51% compared with the control. This increase in biomass was largely contributed by hundred-grain weight and number of lines per ear. But differently, middle-density variety, planted with both patterns of big ridge double line and three ratio spaces, showed a higher yield. These two planting patterns could also increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency in maize. The 2-year-averaged yields were 8294.58 kg ha^-1 and 8188.30 kg ha^-1, for the two patterns of big ridge double line and equal line, respectively. An increasing rate of 21.36% for big ridge double line and 19.81% for equal line spacing were observed compared with the control, which mainly contributed by the high number of kernels per line. Our results indicated that big ridge double line is an optimal planting pattern to improve maize yield in the western Liaoning Province.

Keyword: Planting pattern; Maize; Growth; Yield; Western Liaoning Province

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辽宁省是我国的玉米生产大省, 目前每年种植玉米面积200×10⁴ hm²以上, 其中辽西地区每年种植面积占辽宁省的2/3, 但平均单产仅为6000 kg hm^-2, 远低于发达国家的单产水平, 其主要原因之一为种植方式不合理, 多为传统的常规种植(等行距), 群体结构不够理想, 影响群体通风透光, 不能有效地利用光温水热资源, 限制了玉米单产的进一步提高^{[ 1, 2]}。改变玉米田间种植模式, 提高玉米单产, 对辽宁省玉米生产能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。国内外的高产实践表明, 我国提高玉米单产仍有较大潜力可挖^{[ 3, 4]}。在稳定单穗粒重或稍有减轻的条件下增加种植密度是今后提高玉米单产的发展趋势^{[ 5, 6]}。但随着种植密度的增加, 群体内光截获率加大, 植株间相互遮阴, 田间郁闭, 透光条件变差; 过高的群体密度, 导致中下部叶层的光照条件下降, 叶片早衰, 群体光合能力降低, 这就需要优化田间配置、建造良好的群体冠层结构来缓解这种负面影响^{[ 7, 8]}。合理的田间种植模式可以利用不同层次的光资源、改善通风能力、提高中下层叶片的光合性能、更好协调玉米群体和个体的关系, 使光能在玉米群体冠层内的分布更加合理, 从而提高玉米群体的光能利用率和产量^{[ 9, 10]}。如何优化玉米群体结构、改善群体通风透光条件, 成为玉米栽培研究的重要内容之一。关于东北地区种植方式的研究已有一些报道, 王敬亚等^{[ 11]}关于不同种植模式对春玉米群体光合性能、干物质积累及产量影响的研究表明, 适当的宽窄行配比可使群体保持较高的叶面积指数, 且中后期叶面积指数衰减较慢, 漏光损失较少, 净光合速率提高, 群体干物质积累量增加, 为高产奠定了基础。高亚男等^{[ 12]}关于不同行距对春玉米产量和光合速率影响的研究表明, 不同行距处理可影响生育后期叶片活性, 使光合速率不同, 最终影响秃尖长度, 形成产量差异。前人关于田间优化配置研究多集中在单一玉米品种或行距的改变, 而关于不同品种和三比空密疏密种植模式的田间优化配置效应研究还鲜有报道。因此, 本文针对辽西地区玉米田间种植方式不合理的问题, 在大田试验条件下, 研究了三比空密疏密、大垄双行和等行距(对照) 3种种植模式对春玉米产量及生长发育特性的影响。以期探明该区域不同品种类型最适的田间优化配置形式, 为提高玉米单产, 进一步提升玉米生产能力提供理论和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区域概况

辽宁西部地区属温带季风大陆性气候区, 年平均气温7~8℃, 10℃以上积温为2900~3400℃, 无霜期为135~165 d, 5月至9月份日照时数为1200~1300 h, 全区土地面积约为3×10⁴ km², 耕地面积约为68.97×10⁴ hm², 土地和光热资源十分丰富。但年降水量仅为300~500 mm, 且降水变率较大, 旱灾频繁。区域内年降水量的总分布趋势为从东部到西部逐渐递减, 东部的康平、法库年降水量为450~500 mm, 中部的阜新周边地区为350~500 mm, 而西部的朝阳地区仅为300~400 mm, “十年九旱”是其基本气候特征^{[ 13]}。2011年和2012年试验区平均温度和降雨量见图1。

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	图1 试验区2011年和2012年4月至9月份平均温度和降雨量Fig. 1 Mean temperature and rainfall from April to September at test region

1.2 试验地点

试验于2011年4月至10月和2012年4月至10月在辽宁省农业科学院阜新试验区(辽西典型类型区)进行, 试验土为褐土, 耕作层含有机质1.856 g kg^-1、全氮0.346 g kg^-1、全磷0.171 g kg^-1、全钾2.462 g kg^-1、速效氮196.47 mg kg^-1、速效磷52.29 mg kg^-1、速效钾115.18 mg kg^-1, pH 6.04, 田间持水量23.7%, 容重1.38 g cm^-3, 地势平坦, 无灌溉条件。

1.3 供试品种

选用郑单958 (耐密品种)和沈玉21 (中密品种), 郑单958是由河南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所利用郑58/昌7-2(选)杂交选育的一代杂交种; 沈玉21是由沈阳市农业科学院利用母本沈3336 (来源于沈137×7922)和父本沈3265 (来源于Q1261×A05)选育的一代杂交种。种植密度为60 000株 hm^-2以上时, 能表现高产、稳产、抗倒的属于耐密型品种, 种植密度在52 500~60 000株 hm^-2时, 能够表现高产、稳产、抗倒的属于中密型品种。

1.4 试验设计

采用裂区设计, 主区为2个品种, 分别为郑单958 (ZD)和沈玉21 (SY); 副区为3种种植模式, 分别为三比空(密疏密)——SBK(msm)、大垄双行——DLSH和常规种植模式(等行距)——DHJ种植模式。SBK(msm)以4垄为一个单位, 种3垄空1垄, 依此循环(图2-A)。将计划栽培4垄的株数合理分配到其他3垄上, 郑单958密垄株距为20.83 cm, 疏垄株距为41.66 cm, 沈玉21密垄株距为21.93 cm, 疏垄株距为43.86 cm; DLSH将原来的两垄合成一条大垄, 垄上种植2行玉米, 大垄垄底宽90~100 cm, 大垄上玉米窄行为40 cm左右, 宽行为60 cm左右(图2-B), 郑单958株距为33.35 cm, 沈玉21株距为35.09 cm; DHJ(CK)株距与大垄双行模式相同(图2-C)。郑单958种植密度为60 000株 hm^-2, 沈玉21种植密度为57 000株 hm^-2。组合为ZD-SBK(msm)、ZD-DLSH、ZD-DHJ、SY-SBK(msm)、SY-DLSH、SY-DHJ 6个处理, 3次重复, 18个小区。每个小区长为10 m, 宽为5 m, 面积为50 m², 试验区面积900 m²。播种时施磷酸二铵(含N 18%, P₂O₅ 46%)和三元复合肥(含N15%, P₂O₅15%, K₂O15%)各150 kg hm^-2作为种肥, 拔节期打孔追施尿素(含N46%) 450 kg hm^-2, 其他管理正常。

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	图2 不同种植模式示意图A: 玉米三比空(密疏密)种植模式示意图; B: 玉米大垄双行种植模式示意图; C: 玉米常规种植模式示意图。Fig. 2 Sketch map of different planting patternsA: sketch map of maize three ratio space planting pattern; B: sketch map of maize big ridge double line planting pattern; C: sketch map of maize equal line planting pattern.

1.5 测定项目

1.5.1 土壤理化性质测定参照文献[14]的方法, 用重铬酸钾容量法测定有机质; 用开氏(凯氏)定氮法测定全氮; 用碱解扩散法测定速效氮; 用H₂SO₄-HClO₄消煮钼锑抗比色法测定全磷; 用NaHCO₃浸提, 钼锑抗比色法测定速效磷; 用NaOH熔融, 火焰光度计法测定全钾; 用NH₄OAC浸提, 火焰光度计法测定速效钾; 以水土比为2.5∶1.0, 复合电极测定pH; 用环刀法测定田间持水量和容重。

1.5.2 产量及其构成因素收获玉米后, 随机取每个处理3个具有代表性的10 m²样区测产, 用水分仪测定水分, 按14%含水量折合成公顷产量。每个样区取15株, 按常规方法测定穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重等产量构成因素。

1.5.3 干物质积累苗期(2011年6月22日、2012年6月6日)、拔节期(2011年7月12日、2012年7月10日)、灌浆期(2011年8月18日、2012年8月20日)、乳熟期(2011年9月10日、2012年9月8日)和收获期(2011年9月30日、2012年9月30日), 选择生长发育一致、叶片无病斑和破损的植株地上部, 烘箱105℃杀青60 min, 85℃烘至恒重称干重, 重复5次。

1.5.4 植株性状包括玉米株高、茎粗。各处理选取10株代表性植株挂牌标记, 在苗期、拔节期用米尺测定株高, 用游标卡尺测定茎粗, 测定部位为茎部第2节间(基部扁面)。

1.5.5 光合特性灌浆期选择晴朗无云的天气采用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统(LI-COR, 美国)在田间直接测定光合特性(净光合速率 P_n、气孔导度Gond、细胞间隙CO₂浓度 C_i、蒸腾速率 T_r), 测定时光强为1200 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 温度为32℃, 选每个处理有生长代表性的植株5株, 测定倒三叶(平时完全暴露在外面), 每个叶片测量3次, 取平均值。叶面积(LA) = L(叶片最大长度) × W(最大宽度) × 0.75。用LI-2000冠层分析仪测定(LI-COR, 美国)叶面积指数。在灌浆期和乳熟期使用SPAD-502叶绿素计(美能达, 日本)测定穗位叶叶绿素含量, 每片叶测定3次(叶基、叶中、叶尖), 取10株植的平均值作为该叶片的SPAD值。

1.6 数据分析

用Microsoft Excel进行整理分析试验数据并作图, 用SPSS15.0软件作相关的统计分析, 采用Duncan’s法多重比较, 显著水平为0.05。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同种植模式对产量及其构成因素的影响

方差分析表明, 不同种植模式对产量影响显著(表1), 2011年郑单958表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(msm)>ZD- DHJ; 2012年表现略有不同, 为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(msm) ≈ ZD-DHJ, 2年ZD-DLSH比ZD-DHJ分别增加5.95%、7.06%, 说明耐密品种大垄双行种植模式能够显著提高玉米产量; 2011年沈玉21表现为SY-DLSH ≈ SY-SBK (msm)>SY-DHJ, 2012年表现与2011年基本相同, 为SY- DLSH ≈ SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DHJ, 2年SY-DLSH和SY- SBK(msm)比ZD-DHJ分别增加13.30%、11.92%和29.42%、27.69%, 说明中密品种三比空密疏密种植模式和大垄双行种植模式均能提高玉米产量。

表1 种植模式对玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of planting patterns on maize yield and yield components

处理 Treatment	穗行数(行) Number of lines per ear	行粒数(粒) Number of kernels per line	秃尖长 Bare top length (cm)	百粒重 Weight of 100-kernel (g)	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
2011
ZD-SBK(msm)	17.20±1.66 a	41.40±2.67 a	0.43±0.37 b	42.77±3.54 ab	9074.54±634.50 ab
ZD-DLSH	16.47±1.60 ab	41.60±2.97 a	0.73±062 ab	46.07±2.27 a	9199.23±762.64 a
ZD-DHJ	16.13±1.41 ab	39.93±3.28 ab	0.70±0.75 ab	43.00±1.60 ab	8682.73±1248.75 b
SY-SBK(msm)	16.80±1.26 a	41.53±2.56 a	0.03±0.13 b	28.77±1.64 a	7869.78±653.94 a
SY-DLSH	16.53±1.60 a	40.27±5.40 ab	0.10±0.21 a	28.08±0.91 a	7966.78±880.63 a
SY-DHJ	16.40±1.72 a	40.20±3.28 ab	0.10±0.28 a	28.48±3.48 a	7031.71±840.76 b
2012
ZD-SBK(msm)	15.60±2.16 a	40.80±4.77 a	0.03±0.13 b	37.76±1.61 ab	7992.47±805.73 b
ZD-DLSH	16.13±1.60 a	39.27±3.65 a	0.43±0.37 a	39.02±1.88 a	8565.49±902.05 a
ZD-DHJ	14.93±1.83 a	38.93±5.69 a	0.13±0.35 b	38.65±1.65 ab	8000.86±842.36 b
SY-SBK(msm)	17.20±2.24 a	42.47±1.30 a	0.10±0.21 a	32.16±6.18 a	8506.82±1107.45 a
SY-DLSH	17.20±1.97 a	40.00±4.24 ab	0.20±0.32 a	28.33±2.78 b	8622.38±591.71 a
SY-DHJ	16.93±1.67 a	37.47±6.20 b	0.17±0.24 a	28.43±2.04 b	6662.35±1142.46 b

ZD-SBK(msm): 郑单958三比空密疏密种植模式; ZD-DLSH: 郑单958大垄双行种植模式; ZD-DHJ: 郑单958等行距种植模式; SY-SBK(msm): 沈玉21三比空密疏密种植模式; SY-DLSH: 沈玉21大垄双行种植模式; SY-DHJ: 沈玉21等行距种植模式。同一品种内纵向比较, 标以不同字母的数值在0.05水平上差异显著。

ZD-SBK(msm): Zhengdan 958 three ratio space planting pattern; ZD-DLSH: Zhengdan 958 big ridge double line planting pattern; ZD-DHJ: Zhengdan 958 equal line planting pattern; SY-SBK(msm): Shenyu21 three ratio space planting pattern; SY-DLSH: Shenyu 21 big ridge double line planting pattern; SY-DHJ: Shenyu 21 equal line planting pattern. Values followed by a different letter within a column for a cultivar are significantly different at P≤0.05.

表1 种植模式对玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of planting patterns on maize yield and yield components

在产量构成因素方面, 不同种植模式存在显著差异, ZD-DLSH和ZD-SBK(msm)模式下的穗行数、行粒数均大于ZD-DHJ种植模式, ZD-DLSH种植模式的秃尖长小于ZD-SBK(msm)和ZD-DHJ种植模式, 百粒重均以ZD- DLSH种植模式最大, 相关分析表明, 产量与穗行数和百粒重呈显著正相关( r= 0.884、0.902, P<0.05), 与行粒数无显著相关性(0.637), 由此表明, 耐密品种大垄双行种植模式增产的主要原因是百粒重和穗行数的显著提高; SY-DLSH和SY-SBK(msm)种植模式下的穗行数、行粒数也均大于SY-DHJ种植模式, SY-SBK(msm)种植模式的秃尖长小于SY-DLSH和SY-DHJ种植模式, 百粒重均以SY-SBK(msm)种植模式最大, 相关分析表明, 产量与行粒数呈显著正相关(0.515, P<0.05), 与穗行数、秃尖长和百粒重均无显著相关性(0.338、-0.119、0.327), 由此表明, 中密品种大垄双行种植模式和三比空密疏密种植模式增产的主要原因是行粒数的显著增加。

2.2 不同种植模式对干物质积累的影响

不同配置方式对玉米干物质的影响两年数据基本一致, 因此仅分析2012年的数据。单株干物质积累量均表现为先快后慢的增长趋势(图3), 郑单958表现为ZD-DLSH> ZD-SBK(msm)>ZD-DHJ, 收获期分别为346.74、339.80和339.66 g, ZD-DLSH比对照增加2.08%。沈玉21与郑单958相同, 表现为SY-DLSH>SY-SBK(msm)>SY- DHJ, 收获期分别为328.38、327.70和327.33 g, SY- DLSH比对照增加0.32%。由此可见, 通过种植模式的改变有利于群体干物质的积累, 为提高经济产量奠定了基础。

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	图3 种植模式对干物质积累的影响处理缩写同表1。Treatments are the same as those described in Table 1.Fig. 3 Effect of planting patterns on maize dry matter weight

2.3 不同种植模式对植株性状的影响

不同种植模式对玉米株高、茎粗的影响主要表现在玉米生长前期, 因此只分析苗期和拔节期。不同品种和不同种植模式下玉米株高和茎粗均表现不同(图4)。2011年苗期株高表现为ZD-SBK(msm)>ZD-DLSH>ZD-DHJ、SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DLSH>SY-DHJ; 拔节期表现为ZD- DLSH>ZD-DHJ>ZD-SBK(msm)、SY-SBK(msm)> SY-DHJ> SY-DLSH; 2012年苗期表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(msm)> ZD-DHJ、SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DHJ>SY-DLSH; 拔节期表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-DHJ>ZD-SBK(msm)、SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DLSH > SY-DHJ, 两年表现略有不同, 主要是取样时间不同所致。郑单958整体表现为大垄双行模式优于三比空密疏密模式和等行距种植模式; 沈玉21表现为三比空密疏密模式优于大垄双行模式和等行距种植模式。茎粗方面(图5), 2011年苗期表现为ZD-DHJ>ZD-SBK(msm)>ZD-DLSH>SY-DHJ> SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DLSH, 拔节期表现与苗期一致; 2012年苗期表现为ZD-SBK(msm)>ZD-DHJ>ZD-DLSH>SY-DHJ>SY- DLSH> SY-SBK(msm), 拔节期表现与苗期一致。

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	图4 种植模式对株高的影响处理缩写同表1。Treatments are the same as those described in Table 1.Fig. 4 Effect of planting patterns on maize plant height

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	图5 种植模式对茎粗的影响处理缩写同表1。Treatments are the same as those described in Table 1.Fig. 5 Effect of planting patterns on maize stem diameter

2.4 不同种植模式对光合性能的影响

玉米产量主要由吐丝至乳熟期群体叶片光合特性, 特别是中上部叶片光合能力及较高光合能力所持续的时间所决定。通过改变种植模式塑造合理的冠层来提高灌浆期的光合能力高值持续期是提高玉米产量的潜力所在^{[ 15]}。本试验两年数据变化基本一致, 2012年数据的方差分析表明(表2), 不同种植模式对光合速率的影响差异显著, 三比空密疏密种植模式中的密垄(m)和疏垄(s)表现不同,品种间表现也不相同。郑单958表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(m)>ZD- SBK(s)>ZD-DHJ, 沈玉21表现为SY-SBK(m)>SY-DLSH> SY-SBK(s)>SY-DHJ; 不同种植模式对气孔导度的影响差异并不显著, 但大垄双行种植模式和三比空密疏密模式要高于等行距种植; 不同种植模式对细胞间隙CO₂浓度( C_i)的影响差异显著, 郑单958表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(m)> ZD-SBK(s)>ZD-DHJ, 沈玉21表现为SY-SBK(m)> SY-SBK(s)> SY-DHJ>SY-DLSH; 不同种植模式对蒸腾速率( T_r)的影响差异显著, 郑单958表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(m)> ZD-SBK(s)>ZD-DHJ, 沈玉21表现为SY-SBK(m)>SY-DLSH> SY-SBK(s)>SY-DHJ。密垄玉米单株叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率明显高于疏垄, 可能是由于密垄紧靠空垄, 其通风和透光性较好。

表2 种植模式对玉米光合性能的影响 Table 2 Effect of planting pattern on maize photosynthetic characteristics

2.5 不同种植模式对叶面积的影响

2011年和2012年单株叶面积在全生育期变化基本一致, 呈现先快速增大后缓慢变小的趋势, 2个品种在不同模式间表现不同(图6), 郑单958为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK (msm)>ZD-DHJ, 大垄双行种植模式在苗期、拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和乳熟期两年平均比对照高15.57%、0.37%、7.85%、7.72%和7.25%, 但2012年大垄双行的叶面积优势表现在拔节期之后, 而2011年则表现在吐丝期之后。沈玉21两年变化趋势基本一致, 表现为SY-SBK(msm)> SY-DLSH>SY-DHJ。三比空密疏密种植模式在苗期、拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和乳熟期两年平均比对照高7.02%、4.92%、1.51%、5.58%和4.39%。

2.6 不同种植模式对叶面积指数的影响

朱元刚等^{[ 16]}和杨吉顺等^{[ 17]}研究发现玉米开花期至灌浆期之间LAI达到最大。本文分析灌浆初期叶面积指数表明(图7), 不同种植模式对其影响略有不同, 郑单958两年均表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-DHJ>ZD-SBK(msm), 2011年分别为5.606、5.886和5.688, ZD-DLSH比ZD-DHJ增加3.83%, 2012年分别为4.852、4.910和4.632, ZD-DLSH比ZD-DHJ增加6.00%, 但2年差异均不显著; 沈玉21两年均表现为SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DLSH>SY-DHJ, 2011年分别为6.144、5.936和5.924, SY-SBK(msm)比SY-DHJ增加3.71%, 2012年分别为6.078、5.906和5.858, SY-DLSH比SY-DHJ增加3.76%, 2年差异也均不显著。

2.7 不同种植模式对叶绿素含量的影响

2011年和2012年叶绿素含量均随生育期的推进呈单峰曲线变化, 于灌浆期达最大值(图8)。郑单958两年表现为ZD-DLSH>ZD-SBK(msm)>ZD-DHJ, 2011年全生育期平均值分别为50.72、49.51和48.12 mg g^-1, ZD-DLSH比对照增加5.40%, 2012年分别为52.43、50.04和46.61 mg g^-1, ZD-DLSH比对照增加12.49%, 说明大垄双行种植模式更有利于耐密品种增加叶片叶绿素含量。沈玉21两年表现为SY-SBK(msm)>SY-DLSH>SY-DHJ, 2011年平均值分别为49.60、48.89和48.49 mg g^-1, SY-SBK(msm)比对照增加2.29%, 2012年分别为47.62、44.62和43.48 mg g^-1, SY-SBK(msm)比对照增加9.52%, 说明三比空密疏密种植模式更有利于中密品种增加叶片叶绿素含量。

3 讨论

田间优化配置是协调高密度条件下个体通风受光条件、营养状况并最终作用于产量的因素之一^{[ 18]}。主要是通过影响其内部的水、热、气等微环境影响着群体的光合效率和作物产量^{[ 19, 20]}。因此, 生产中常通过改变种植方式来改善光的有效截获, 提高群体生产力。范厚明等^{[ 21]}、武志海等^{[ 22]}、王敬亚等^{[ 11]}和梁熠等^{[ 23]}研究认为采用适宜宽窄行种植或适宜行距配比的玉米较等行距种植冠层特性具有明显优势, 可扩大光合面积, 增大叶面积指数, 增加中部冠层的透光率, 充分利用不同层次的光资源。杨克军等^{[ 24]}研究认为干物质的积累随群体结构的不同而变化,大小行栽培方式有效地调节了植株个体与群体间的矛盾, 提高了干物质积累量, 为产量形成和提高奠定了物质基础。杨吉顺等^{[ 17]}研究表明, 随密度增加, “80 cm+40 cm”行距配置的LAI显著高于其他各处理, 叶片衰老慢, 扩大并维持了较大的光合源。本试验结果表明, 田间种植形式的改变可以显著影响玉米生长发育特征, 耐密品种以大垄双行种植模式为宜, 可以增加玉米的株高、茎粗, 提高叶面积和光能利用率, 促进干物质积累; 中密品种以大垄双行和三比空种植模式为宜, 两种种植模式均可增加玉米的株高、茎粗, 提高叶面积和光能利用率, 促进干物质积累, 与前人研究结果一致。

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	图6 种植模式对叶面积的影响处理缩写同表1。Treatments are the same as those described in Table 1.Fig. 6 Effect of planting patterns on maize leaf area

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	图7 种植模式对叶面积指数的影响处理缩写同表1。图柱上不同小写字母表示在0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 7 Effect of planting pattern on maize LAITreatments are the same as those described in Table 1. Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

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	图8 种植模式对叶绿素含量的影响处理缩写同表1。Treatments are the same as those described in Table 1.Fig. 8 Effect of planting patterns on maize SPAD

前人研究表明, 玉米采用宽窄行方式种植可增加穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数, 降低秃尖长, 从而提高玉米的产量^{[ 21, 25]}。本研究结果表明, 田间种植形式的改变可以显著影响玉米群体产量及产量构成因素。耐密品种以大垄双行种植模式为宜, 两年平均产量为8882.36 kg hm^-2, 比对照增加6.51%, 增产的原因是百粒重和穗行数的显著提高; 中密品种耐密品种表现不同, 以大垄双行和三比空种植模式为宜, 两年平均产量分别为8294.58 kg hm^-2和8188.30 kg hm^-2, 比对照增加21.36%和19.81%, 增产的原因是行粒数的显著增加, 与前人研究结果一致。因此, 通过改变田间种植形式, 充分发挥个体发育潜力, 使群体与个体得到协调发展, 保证群体产量的增加是提高玉米单产的有效途径之一。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[19]	吕丽华, 陶洪斌, 夏来坤, 张雅杰, 赵明, 赵久然, 王璞. 不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 447-455 Lü L H, Tao H B, Xia L K, Zhang Y J, Zhao M, Zhao J R, Wang P. Canopy structure and photosynthesis traits of summer maize under different planting densities. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 447-455 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[20]	董树亭, 高荣岐, 胡昌浩, 王群瑛, 王空军. 玉米花粒期群体光合性能与高产潜力研究. 作物学报, 1997, 23: 318-325 Dong S T, Gao R Q, Hu C H, Wang Q Y, Wang K J. Study of canopy photosynthe-sis property and high yield potential after anthesis in maize. Acta Agron Sin, 1997, 23: 318-325 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.8267]
[21]	范厚明, 余莉, 余慧明. 不同种植方式对玉米生长发育及产量的影响. 贵州农业科学, 2003, 31(4): 25-26 Fan H M, Yu L, Yu H M. Effect of different planting methods on growth and yield of maize. Guizhou Agric Sci, 2003, 31(4): 25-26 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[22]	武志海, 张治安, 陈展宇, 徐克章. 大垄双行种植玉米群体冠层结构及光合特性的解析. 玉米科学, 2005, 13(4): 62-65 Wu Z H, Zhang Z A, Chen Z Y, Xu K Z. Researched on characteristics of canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristic of maize planting in double lines at one width ridge. J Maize Sci, 2005, 13(4): 62-65 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.0045]
[23]	梁熠, 齐华, 王敬亚, 白向历, 王晓波, 刘明, 孟显华, 许晶. 宽窄行栽培对玉米生长发育及产量的影响. 玉米科学, 2009, 17(4): 97-100 Liang Y, Qi H, Wang J Y, Bai X L, Wang X B, Liu M, Meng X H, Xu J. Effect of growth and yield of maize under wide and narrow row cultivation. J Maize Sci, 2009, 17(4): 97-100 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.0045]
[24]	杨克军, 李明, 李振华. 栽培方式与群体结构对寒地玉米物质积累及产量形成的影响. 中国农学通报, 2005, 21(11): 157-157 Yang K J, Li M, Li Z H. Effect of cultivation way and community construction on material accumulation and yield formation of frigid corn. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2005, 21(11): 157-157 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	陆雪珍, 沈雪芳, 沈才标, 徐晓梅, 张文献. 不同种植密度下糯玉米产量及相关性状研究. 上海农业学报, 2008, 24(2): 61-64 Lu X Z, Shen X F, Shen C B, Xu X M, Zhang W X. Study on yields and correlated characters of way corn under different planting densities. Acta Agric Shanghai, 2008, 24(2): 61-64 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.573]

2010

0.0

1.0045

. 2010, 18(3):113-116

Study and consideration on less normal density problem of maize in Liaoning Province

李凤海,史振声,张世煌,王志斌,王宏伟,吕香玲,朱敏,刘红军.对辽宁省玉米种植密度偏稀问题的研究与思考.玉米科学,2010,18(3):113-116

Li F H , Shi Z S , Zhang S H , Wang Z B , Wang H W , Lü X L , Zhu M , Liu H J

沈阳农业大学；中国农业科学院作物科学研究所；

以辽宁省不同地区的增密栽培试验为基础,结合对品种推荐密度和生产上实际密度的调查结果,揭示出辽宁省玉米种植密度偏稀的问题十分突出。生产上的实际密度很少高于45000株/hm2,其中低于37500株/hm2的地块占52%,37500～42000株/hm2的占31%。育种家对品种的推荐密度比栽培试验的适宜密度低10%以上,生产上的实际种植密度又比推荐密度低10%以上。根据密度试验和调查结果分析,在现有密度基础上提高20%,产量将提高10%。

... 辽宁省是我国的玉米生产大省, 目前每年种植玉米面积200×10⁴ hm²以上, 其中辽西地区每年种植面积占辽宁省的2/3, 但平均单产仅为6000 kg hm^-2, 远低于发达国家的单产水平, 其主要原因之一为种植方式不合理, 多为传统的常规种植(等行距), 群体结构不够理想, 影响群体通风透光, 不能有效地利用光温水热资源, 限制了玉米单产的进一步提高^[1,2] ...

2011

0.0

1.0045

2006

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2006, 32(10):1566 - 1572

The Compensatory Mechanism in Exploring Crop Production Potential

论作物高产挖潜的补偿机制

ZHAO Ming^{1 *},LI Jian-Guo²,ZHANG Bin²,DONG ZHi-Qiang¹,WANG Mei-Yun²

赵明^1,*;李建国²;张宾²;董志强¹;王美云²

1 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081; 2 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China

High yield is an invariable theme in crop science, and the exploration of crop yield potential is a hotspot of crop science researches. While great strides have been made in exploring the breakthrough of crop yield potential, the capability of over-compensation effects was considered to be a potential untouched part for higher grain yield. In this article, the concept, types, functionary effects and mechanisms of crop compensation were commentated, and a broad sense of crop compensation concept was presented on the basis of integrated analysis. Unbalanced changes often taking place in different factors in different hierarchies or same hierarchy, by the function of systemic regulation, some factors could be improved. That is crop compensation. Compensative effects are ubiquitous in crop system, there are not only “gain and loss” compensations in adverse conditions, but also “asynchronous improved” ones in favorable conditions and even sometimes in high yield plant populations. “Gain and loss” compensation was defined as crop could improve some important elements at the cost of depressing or losing its intrinsic performances of some other elements at specific hierarchy. When the crop population and the single plant are almost in perfect harmony, no more gains could be obtained by “Gain and loss” compensation, a new way must be found to break the yield limit. And “asynchronous improved” compensation might be fall back on. In the synchronous improvements of composing elements at specific hierarchy, one lesser improvement of some element might promote a significant improve of other element. This kind of change in crop system was defined as “asynchronous improved” compensation. Once one limited factor was improved, some other factors in crop system might change and a new harmonization at the higher level will be formed, correspondingly the crop yield would increases to a new level. On the basis of crop compensation effects and the “three combination structure” yield theory, two effective approaches, “structural exploration” and “functional exploration”, were put forward and carried out in exploring crop yield potential, and the mechanisms and the application effects of the approaches were expatiated from the overcompensation profile, which would provide an instructive guidance for higher crop yield.

挖掘作物产量潜力，探索作物高产新途径，实现产量新突破一直是作物科学的艰巨任务。本文在分析作物逆境反应的补偿基本规律和机制基础上，提出了作物广义补偿的概念，即作物系统的构成因子间发生不平衡变化，并通过系统调节使得不同程度变化因子之间产生补偿效应统称为作物补偿。按其变化因子间的变化程度不同，可分为得失补偿和差异补偿。得失补偿是指作物系统在一定层次上，有些因子损失原有的性能为代价以换取另外因子的改善和提高，这通常出现在逆境条件中，是作物最普遍最基本的一种补偿。差异补偿是指作物系统在一定层次构成因子共同增效中，增量多的因子与增量少的因子间通过相互作用而获得补偿的特殊现象。作物补偿在补偿效果上可分为超量补偿、等量补偿和部分补偿；在补偿的层次和范围上也表现出多元化的特征，即在作物与环境、作物内部各因子间以及从群落到分子水平各层次均可存在补偿机制。基于作物于广义补偿和产量分析的“三合结构”基本框架，指出作物高产突破是基于得失补偿基础上重点突破差异补偿，所采取的技术途径是结构性挖潜和功能性挖潜，两条途径在作物超高产实践中一直发挥着重要作用。进一步深入研究作物补偿机制及其挖潜途径将更加有力地推动高产突破的进程。

... 国内外的高产实践表明, 我国提高玉米单产仍有较大潜力可挖^[3,4] ...

1997

0.0

... 国内外的高产实践表明, 我国提高玉米单产仍有较大潜力可挖^[3,4] ...

2009

0.0

1.0045

... 在稳定单穗粒重或稍有减轻的条件下增加种植密度是今后提高玉米单产的发展趋势^[5,6] ...

2006

0.0

... 在稳定单穗粒重或稍有减轻的条件下增加种植密度是今后提高玉米单产的发展趋势^[5,6] ...

1993

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 1993, 19(3):246 - 252

Studies on Relationship among Character of Canopy Light Interception and Yield in Maize Populations(Zea mays L.)

玉米群体冠层特征与光截获及产量关系的研究

Shen xiu-ying;Dai Jun-ying;Hu Anchang;Gu Wei-lian;Zheng Bo

沈秀瑛;戴俊英;胡安畅;顾慰连;郑波

Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110161

The experiments on relationship among canopy characlers, light interception and yield in maize populations with through different planting density and fertilizer quantity were conducted in 1986-1988. The results indicated that there were significant defferences in light distribution and photosynthet

研究通过3年试验，证明了玉米群体冠层特征及群体内光分布和光合效率随种植密度和施N量而有明显变化。叶面积大小是导致冠层特征变化的主导因子。平展型单交种丹玉13的籽粒产量高限出现在最大LAI变化于4.10-4.7之间，其冠层垂直方向上最大叶面积密度趋于由中部向中上部推移。叶片倾角和消光系数调节幅-于明显增加，光合速率、

... 过高的群体密度, 导致中下部叶层的光照条件下降, 叶片早衰, 群体光合能力降低, 这就需要优化田间配置、建造良好的群体冠层结构来缓解这种负面影响^[7,8] ...

2011

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2011, 37(2):355 - 361 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00355

Dry Matter Production and Photosynthesis Characteristics of Three Hybrids of Maize (Zea mays L.) with Super-High-Yielding Potential

三个超高产夏玉米品种的物质生产及光合特性

YANG Jin-Sheng^1,2,WANG Yong-Jun^2,3,ZHANG Ji-Wang¹,LIU Peng¹,LI Cong-Feng¹,ZHU Yuan-Gang¹,HAO Meng-Bo¹,LI Deng-Hai^2,*,DONG Shu-Ting^1,*

杨今胜^1,2,王永军^2,3,张吉旺¹,刘鹏¹,李从锋¹,朱元刚¹,郝梦波¹,柳京国²,李登海^2,*,董树亭^1,*

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; 2 Shandong Denghai Seed-breeding Co. Ltd. / Key Laboratory of Maize Breeding and Culture of Shandong Province, Laizhou 261448, China; 3 Research Center of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Jilin Academy of Agriculture Science, Changchun 130033, China

The plant height and ear height are the important factors affecting the grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) which determined the planting density. Obviously, it is essential for high yield to explore the dry matter production and photosynthesis characteristics of super-high-yielding potential hybrid maize with different plant heights and ear heights. Therefore, a field experiment with 82 500 plant ha^-1 was conducted to evaluate the three hybrids (Denghai 661, DH661, the low-plant height and low-ear height; Denghai 701, DH701, the medium-plant height and medium-ear height; Xianyu 335, XY335, the high-plant height and high-ear height). The biomass, leaf area index (LAI), potential photosynthetic capacity (LAD), gas exchange parameters (light-saturated photosynthetic rate-P_sat, stomatal conductance-g_s and intercellular CO₂ concentration-C_i) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (maximal efficiency of PS2 photochemistry-F_v/F_m, PS2 efficiency-Φ_PSII and photochemical quenching co-efficient-q_P) were determined. Yields of the three-type hybrids were over-15 000 kg ha^-1, but there were no significant differences among the three hybrids under conventional planting conditions. The results analyzed by Richards model showed that DH661 had the highest yield potential among the three hybrids because its active growth period was about three weeks longer than that of XY335. The yield potential of DH661 was remarkably high from 28 d after anthesis to harvest stage since it remained the higher photosynthesis capability and radiation utilization efficiency, but that of XY335 decreased rapidly.

探明不同株高、穗位高具有超高产潜力(>15 000 kg hm^-2)夏玉米品种的物质生产及光合特性，有利于密植增产。本研究在多年高产试验基础上(连续3年达15 000 kg hm^-2以上)，选用了登海661 (DH661，低秆低穗位)、登海701(DH701，中秆中穗位)和先玉335 (XY335，高秆高穗位) 3个具有超高产潜力的品种进行试验。在一般高产条件下，这3个品种间产量无显著差异，但干物质生产特性的模型解析表明，DH661的产量潜力高于DH701和XY335，其活跃生长期比XY335长近3周。开花后光合特征参数显示，DH661光合作用与光能利用效率明显较高，尤其是当XY335进入生理功能速衰期时(开花后28 d)，DH661仍处于缓慢下降阶段，且具有较高的光合速率和光能利用效率，DH661的这一特性表明其具有更高的产量潜力。

2002

1.794

0.0

... 合理的田间种植模式可以利用不同层次的光资源、改善通风能力、提高中下层叶片的光合性能、更好协调玉米群体和个体的关系, 使光能在玉米群体冠层内的分布更加合理, 从而提高玉米群体的光能利用率和产量^[9,10] ...

2002

1.794

0.0

2009

0.0

1.0045

. 2009, 17(5):113-115

Effect of different planting patterns on the photosynthesis capacity dry matter accumulation and yield of spring maize

王敬亚,齐华,梁熠,王晓波,吴亚男,白向历,刘明,孟显华,许晶.种植方式对春玉米光合特性、干物质积累及产量的影响.玉米科学,2009,17(5):113-115

Wang J Y , Qi H , Liang Y , Wang X B , Wu Y N , Bai X L , Liu M , Meng X H , Xu J

通过不同种植方式对玉米的群体光合性能、干物质积累及产量进行研究。结果表明:适当的宽窄行配比可使其群体保持较高的叶面积指数,且中后期叶面积指数衰减较慢,漏光损失较少,净光合速率提高,群体干物质积累量增加,为获得玉米高产奠定了基础。

... 关于东北地区种植方式的研究已有一些报道, 王敬亚等^[11]关于不同种植模式对春玉米群体光合性能、干物质积累及产量影响的研究表明, 适当的宽窄行配比可使群体保持较高的叶面积指数, 且中后期叶面积指数衰减较慢, 漏光损失较少, 净光合速率提高, 群体干物质积累量增加, 为高产奠定了基础 ...

... 范厚明等^[21]、武志海等^[22]、王敬亚等^[11]和梁熠等^[23]研究认为采用适宜宽窄行种植或适宜行距配比的玉米较等行距种植冠层特性具有明显优势, 可扩大光合面积, 增大叶面积指数, 增加中部冠层的透光率, 充分利用不同层次的光资源 ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 18(2):73-76

Effect of different row spacings on yield and chloroplast rats of spring maize. J

高亚男,曹庆军,韩海飞,崔金虎,王洪预.不同行距对春玉米产量和光合速率的影响.玉米科学,2010,18(2):73-76

Gao Y N , Cao Q J , Han H F , Cui J H , Wang H Y

试验选用先玉335和军单8两个品种,设70、65、60、50cm4个行距水平,研究不同行距种植对玉米产量及光合作用影响的机制。结果表明:各处理间产量存在差异,70cm和50cm处理高于65cm和60cm处理,形成产量差异的主要因素是秃尖长度;70cm和50cm处理在生育后期较其他处理提高了穗位叶叶片的光合速率(Pn),并且保持了较高的叶绿素含量,延迟了叶绿素的分解。说明不同行距处理可影响生育后期叶片活性,表现为光合速率的差别,最终影响秃尖长度,形成产量差异。

... 高亚男等^[12]关于不同行距对春玉米产量和光合速率影响的研究表明, 不同行距处理可影响生育后期叶片活性, 使光合速率不同, 最终影响秃尖长度, 形成产量差异 ...

2010

0.0

... 区域内年降水量的总分布趋势为从东部到西部逐渐递减, 东部的康平、法库年降水量为450~500 mm, 中部的阜新周边地区为350~500 mm, 而西部的朝阳地区仅为300~400 mm, “十年九旱”是其基本气候特征^[13] ...

2000

0.0

2010

0.0

... 通过改变种植模式塑造合理的冠层来提高灌浆期的光合能力高值持续期是提高玉米产量的潜力所在^[15] ...

2010

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2010, 21(6):1417 - 1424

Effects of cropping patterns on photosynthesis characteristics of summer maize and its utilization of solar and heat resources.

种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响

ZHU Yuan-gang¹, DONG Shu-ting¹, ZHANG Ji-wang¹, LIU Peng¹, YANG Jin-sheng^1,2, JIA Chun-lan², LIU Jing-guo², LI Deng-hai²

朱元刚¹,董树亭^1**,张吉旺¹,刘鹏¹,杨今胜^1,2,贾春兰²,柳京国²,李登海²

¹State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China;²Shandong Denghai Seed Co. Ltd, Laizhou 261448, Shandong, China

In order to investigate the effects of interplanting and direct seeding on the photosynthesis characteristics of summer maize and its utilization of solar and heat resources, two summer maize cultivars (Zhengdan 958 and Denghai 661) were planted in the farmlands of Denghai Seed Co. Ltd in Laizhou City of Shandong Province, with 67500 plants·hm^-2 and three sowing dates. The above-ground biomass, plant growth rate, leaf area index, and net photosynthetic rate per ear leaf were measured to reveal the photosynthesis characteristics of test cultivars. In the meantime, the characters of grain-filling were simulated by Richards’ model, and the solar resource utilization efficiency of the cultivars was calculated, in combining with meteorological data. Comparing with interplanting, direct seeding increased the grain yield by 1.17%-3.33%, but decreased the thousand-grain weight significantly. Growth stages were extended under earlier sowing. The leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate from flowering to 30 d after anthesis were significantly higher under direct seeding than under interplanting, but after then, they decreased faster. Direct seeding induced a higher accumulation of dry matter and a faster plant growth rate before and after flowering. Under direct seeding, the maximum grain-filling rate reached earlier, the starting potential was higher, but the grain-filling period, active grain-filling period, andW_maxwere lower, compared with those under interplanting. Also under direct seeding, the total accumulative temperature and solar radiation during growth period decreased by 150-350 ℃·d and 200-400 MJ·m^-2, respectively, but the solar resource utilization efficiency of grain increased by 10.5%-24.7%. All the results suggested that direct seeding was superior to interplanting for the summer maize production under field condition. In order to enhance solar and heat utilization efficiency and excavate yield potential, it would be essential to improve the leaf photosynthesis efficiency and postpone leaf aging.

为研究套种与直播两种种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响，选取郑单958和登海661为研究对象，设置3个播期，密度为67500株·hm^-2，以地上干物质积累量和作物生长速率、叶面积指数、穗位叶的单叶光合速率来评价夏玉米的光合生产特征；以Richards模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程；结合气象数据计算夏玉米光能利用率.结果表明：直播处理比套种处理籽粒产量增加1.17%～3.33%（P<0.05），但千粒重显著降低；生育期随播期提前而延长；直播条件下叶面积指数和单叶光合速率在灌浆前期显著高于套种，但灌浆后期下降较快；与套种相比，直播开花前和开花后具有较高的干物质积累量和较快的作物生长速率.Richards模型解析表明，直播处理达到最大灌浆速率的时间明显早于套种，起始势较套种高，但灌浆期、活跃灌浆期和灌浆速率最大时的生长量均低于套种；与套种相比，直播处理生育期间总积温和总辐射量分别减少150～350 ℃·d和200～400 MJ·m^-2，但籽粒光能利用率较套种提高10.5%～24.7%.因此，直播较套种有优势，在夏玉米大田生产条件下，重视叶片的光合生产特征，延缓叶片衰老，有利于提高夏玉米的光能利用率，进一步挖掘增产潜力.

... 6 不同种植模式对叶面积指数的影响朱元刚等^[16]和杨吉顺等^[17]研究发现玉米开花期至灌浆期之间LAI达到最大 ...

2010

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2010, 36(7):1226 - 1233 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01226

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Canopy Apparent Photosynthesis of High-Yield Summer Corn

种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响

YANG Ji-Shun¹,GAO Hui-Yuan²³,LIU Peng^13*,LI Geng¹,DONG Shu-Ting¹³,ZHANG Ji-Wang¹³,WANG Jing-Feng¹

杨吉顺¹,高辉远^2,3,刘鹏^1,3,*,李耕¹,董树亭^1,3,张吉旺^1,3,王敬锋¹

¹ College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;² College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;³ State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, China

With different plant population densities (6.75´10⁴, 9.00´10⁴, and 11.25´10⁴ plants ha^-1), the effects of the deneity and row spacing on grain yield and canopy apparent photosynthesis were studied in this article. The results were as follows: with the increase of planting density, grain yield, leaf area index (LAI) and capture efficiency of photosynthestically active radiation(PAR) in upper leaf layer, as well as canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) and canopy respiration (CR) and dry matter quantity increased accordantly; but, chlorophyll content and capture efficiency of PAR in the middle and lower layers of canopy decreased. Within different row spacing treatments, the wide-narrow row spacing were not superior to the uniform one significantly at 6.75´10⁴ plants ha^-1. However, at 9.00´10⁴ and 11.25´10⁴ plants ha^-1, grain yield, LAI, chlorophyll content, capture efficiency of PAR in middle leaf layer and average rate of CAP after anthesis in row spacing of “80 cm+40 cm” were remarkably higher than those in other three row spacings (uniform, 70 cm + 50 cm, 90 cm + 30 cm); while CR/TCAP (ratio of canopy respiration to total canopy apparent photosynthesis) in row spacing of ’80 cm+40 cm’ was the lowest, compared to the others. From the above, it was suggested that at higher plant density the row spacing of ’80 cm+40 cm’ could enlarge photosynthetic area, enhance PAR in middle leaf layer, increase CAP, reduce CR and improve grain yield.

在67 500株hm^-2、90 000株hm^-2和112 500株hm^-2等3个种植密度条件下，研究了密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米品种登海701产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明，随密度增加，籽粒产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)上层截获率、群体光合(CAP)和群体呼吸(CR)、干物质积累量均提高；而叶绿素含量、穗位叶层和下层PAR截获率则降低。在67 500株hm^-2下，宽窄行与等行距处理相比无显著优势。但在90 000株hm^-2和112 500株hm^-2密度下，80 cm+40 cm行距处理的产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、穗位叶层的PAR截获率、花后群体光合速率(CAP)平均值均显著高于其他行距处理(等行距、70 cm+50 cm和90 cm+30 cm)；而群体呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(CR/TCAP)则显著低于其他行距处理。说明在较高密度条件下，80 cm+40 cm的宽窄行配置有助于扩大光合面积、增加穗位叶层的光合有效辐射、提高群体光合速率、减少群体呼吸消耗，从而提高籽粒产量。

... 6 不同种植模式对叶面积指数的影响朱元刚等^[16]和杨吉顺等^[17]研究发现玉米开花期至灌浆期之间LAI达到最大 ...

... 杨吉顺等^[17]研究表明, 随密度增加, “80 cm+40 cm”行距配置的LAI显著高于其他各处理, 叶片衰老慢, 扩大并维持了较大的光合源 ...

2006

0.0

1.0045

... 3 讨论田间优化配置是协调高密度条件下个体通风受光条件、营养状况并最终作用于产量的因素之一^[18] ...

2008

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2008, 34(3):447 - 455 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00447

Canopy Structure and Photosynthesis Traits of Summer Maize under Different Planting Densities

不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性

LÜ Li-Hua¹,TAO Hong-Bin¹,XIA Lai-Kun¹, HANG Ya-Jie¹,ZHAO Ming²,ZHAO Jiu-Ran³,WANG Pu^1,*

吕丽华¹;陶洪斌¹;夏来坤¹; 张雅杰¹; 赵明²; 赵久然³;王璞^1,*

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094; 2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081; 3 Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China

Canopy structure has strong effects on photosynthesis and grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.). Planting density is one of the most important factors that can regulate canopy structure. Many researches have shown that leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) increase accordantly with the proper increase of planting density, but the percent transmission decreases sharply under excessive high density, resulting in uneven light distribution within canopy and photosynthesis reduction. We need to know which proper planting densities for cultivars lead to little influence on photosynthesis and higher grain yield in summer maize. However, so far few reports on this topic have been found and no quantitative criteria can be used in evaluating canopy structure of different maize cultivars. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with three cultivars and three planting densities in the field having medium soil fertility and application of 180 kg N ha^-1 in Wuqiao Experimental Station (37°41′02″N，116°37′23″E) of China Agricultural University in 2006 to establish such quantitative criteria for high yielding cultivars in North China Plain. The split plot design was employed with main plot of plant density (low, medium, and high respectively), sub-plot of cultivar (CF008, Zhengdan 958, and Jinhai 5 respectively), and three replicates in each sup-plot. According to plant type, the densities of three cultivars were 9.75×104 (low), 11.25×104 (medium), and 12.45×104 (high) plants ha-1 for CF008; 8.25×104 (low), 9.75×104 (medium), and 11.25×104 (high) plants ha-1 for Zhengdan 958; and 6.75×104 (low), 8.25×104 (medium), and 9.75×104 (high) plants ha-1 for Jinhai 5. The high-yielding canopy structure and photosynthesis were obtained under both low and medium densities of the three cultivars. Percent transmission, leaf angle, and stem diameter decreased with the increase of plant density. The chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) and the rate of net photosynthesis rate (Pn) were the smallest under high density because of the uneven light distribution within canopy. For CF008, SPAD value of ear leaf and the third leaf under ear decreased sharply in later growth stages. LAD and LAI values before mid-filling stage were greater under medium or high densities, while different tendency occurred in the maturity stages. Moreover, the proportion of after-silking LAD was greater under low or medium densities, showing that canopy structure was unsuitable under high density due to early senescence. For Zhengdan 958 and Jinhai 5, LAD after silking was greater than that before silking, which was benefit for high grain yield. Our results confirmed that proper planting density can establish high-yielding canopy structure and improve population photosynthesis and yield in maize. We also obtained a series quantitative criteria for high-yielding canopy structure based on the data from Wuqiao area: percent transmission of 13.4%–19.45% in silking stage and 16.19%–21.48% in mid-filling stage under low or medium densities; LAI of 5.59–6.75 in silking stage and 2.24–3.68 in maturity stage, especially highen in middle and upper leaf layers in maturity stage under low or medium densities; Pn of 33.6–43.8 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in middle and upper layer leaves in silking stage under low or medium densities; higher LAD after silking under low or medium densities, with 172.01–235.91 m2 d m-2 under medium density.

研究了种植密度对夏播玉米(CF008、郑单958和金海5号）冠层结构及光合特性的影响，目的是通过密度调控，构建高效冠层，发挥品种潜力，同时确立不同夏玉米品种高产高效冠层的定量化技术指标。结果表明，3个夏玉米品种均在中或低密度下（CF008为9.75和11.25万株 hm-2，郑单958为8.25和9.75万株 hm^-2，金海5号为6.75和8.25万株 hm^-2）构建的冠层较合理，冠层光合性能较高。冠层内透光率、叶夹角、茎粗、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）和净光合速率（Pn）均随着密度的增加而降低，说明高密度易造成群体内光分布不合理，导致光合性能的降低。灌浆中期前群体光合势（LAD）和叶面积指数（LAI）均表现为中或高密度条件下较高，而后为中或低密度下较高，并且吐丝后LAD所占比率为中或低密度处理显著高于高密度处理，说明高密度条件下冠层结构不合理，造成生育后期叶片提早衰老。在中或低密度下，群体穗位层透光率较大，吐丝期和灌浆中期分别为13.4%~19.45%和16.19%~21.48%；叶面积发展动态较为合理，吐丝期LAI达5.59~6.75，成熟期仍然保持在2.24~3.68，尤其中上层叶片LAI高值持续期较长；吐丝期中上层叶片Pn达到33.6~43.8 μmol CO2 m^-2 s^-1；吐丝后的群体LAD较高，特别是中密度下LAD达172.01~235.91 m2 d m-2，后期光合面积持续时间较长，更有利于玉米产量的提高。

... 主要是通过影响其内部的水、热、气等微环境影响着群体的光合效率和作物产量^[19,20] ...

1997

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 1997, 23(3):318 - 325

Study of Canopy Photosynthesis Property and High Yield Potential after Anthesis in Maize

玉米花粒期群体光合性能与高产潜力研究

Dong Shuting; Gao Rongqi; Hu Changhao; Wang Qunying; Wang Kongjun

董树亭;高荣岐;胡昌浩;王群瑛;王空军

Shandong Agricultural University Taian, 271018

... 主要是通过影响其内部的水、热、气等微环境影响着群体的光合效率和作物产量^[19,20] ...

2003

0.0

... 前人研究表明, 玉米采用宽窄行方式种植可增加穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数, 降低秃尖长, 从而提高玉米的产量^[21,25] ...

2005

0.0

1.0045

2009

0.0

1.0045

2005

0.0

... 杨克军等^[24]研究认为干物质的积累随群体结构的不同而变化,大小行栽培方式有效地调节了植株个体与群体间的矛盾, 提高了干物质积累量, 为产量形成和提高奠定了物质基础 ...

2008

0.0

0.573

... 前人研究表明, 玉米采用宽窄行方式种植可增加穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数, 降低秃尖长, 从而提高玉米的产量^[21,25] ...