1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对水稻分蘖盛期植株生长和生理特性的影响

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丁秀文, 张国良, 戴其根, 朱青. 1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对水稻分蘖盛期植株生长和生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 34(3): 487-496
DING Xiu-Wen, ZHANG Guo-Liang, DAI Qi-Gen, ZHU Qing. Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Rice at Maximum Tillering Stage. 作物学报, 34(3): 487-496 复制到剪切板

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1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对水稻分蘖盛期植株生长和生理特性的影响

丁秀文^1,^2,⁴, 张国良^2,^3,^*, 戴其根^1,^*, 朱青²

¹扬州大学 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

²淮阴工学院生命科学与化学工程学院 / 江苏省生物质转化与过程集成工程实验室, 江苏淮安223003

³中国科学院南京土壤研究所 / 土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室, 江苏南京210008

⁴江苏省丹阳市导墅镇农业服务中心, 江苏丹阳 212300

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 张国良, E-mail:hgzgl@sina.com, Tel: 0517-83559216; 戴其根, E-mail:qgdai2000@126.com, Tel: 0514-87979220

收稿日期:2013-08-20

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271639), 土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室开放课题(Y052010016)和江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室开放课题(K09008)资助。;

摘要

-1) TCB胁迫下, 最长根长、地上部和地下部干物重极显著增加, 当中高浓度(40 mg kg^-1、60 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫时, 最长根长、株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部和地下部干物重显著下降。不同浓度TCB胁迫下, 敏感基因型宁粳1号根系活力、叶绿素含量、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量相对较低, 叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显降低, ]]>-1) TCB胁迫下, 根系活力、叶片和根系的可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性极显著增加, ]]>-1) TCB胁迫时, SOD、POD、CAT活性虽然增强, 但]]>-1) TCB胁迫时, 其根系活力、叶绿素含量极显著降低, 根系中SOD、CAT活性显著降低, ]]>

关键词: 水稻; 分蘖盛期; 1; 2; 4-三氯苯; 毒性; 生长发育; 抗氧化酶

Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Rice at Maximum Tillering Stage

DING Xiu-Wen^1,^2,⁴, ZHANG Guo-Liang^2,^3,^*, DAI Qi-Gen^1,^*, ZHU Qing²

¹Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

²College of Life Science and Chemistry Engineering / Jiangsu Province Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai#cod#x02019;an 223003, China

³Institute of Soil Science / State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

⁴Daoshu Agricultural Service Center of Danyang City, Jiangsu Province, Danyang 212300, China

Fund:

Abstract

A soil culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) on morphological and physiological indexes of rice at maximum tillering stage, using rice cultivars of Ningjing 1 (TCB sensitive genotype) and Yangfujing 8 (TCB tolerant genotype), with four treatments of TCB concentrations including 0 (CK), 20, 40, and 60 mg kg^-1. The results indicated that the maximum root length, plant height, tillers per hill, shoot and root dry weight of Ningjing 1 were all decreased significantly (P<0.05) under different concentrations of TCB. Low TCB stress (20 mg kg^-1) significantly increased Yangfujing 8’s maximum root length, shoot and root dry weight, root activity (P<0.01), while medium and high TCB stresses (40 and 60 mg kg^-1) decreased maximum root length, plant height, tillers per hill, shoot and root dry weight significantly (P<0.05). Ningjing 1’s root activity, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content in leaves and roots were relatively low under different concentrations of TCB, at the same time, its activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves and roots decreased, while O₂^- producing velocity and malnodialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly (P<0.05). Low TCB stress (20 mg kg^-1) significantly increased Yangfujing 8’s soluble protein content and activities of SOD, POD, CAT in leaves and roots, and significantly (P<0.05) decreased its O₂^- producing velocity and MDA content. Under medium TCB stress (40 mg kg^-1), the activities of SOD, POD, CAT in leaves and roots were enhanced, however, its O₂^܋ producing velocity and MDA content increased significantly. High TCB stress (60 mg kg^-1) decreased its root activity, chlorophyll content, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT in leaves and roots, and increased O₂^- producing velocity and MDA content significantly (P<0.05). In a word, compared with sensitive genotype, well growth vigor, high protein content in leaves and roots, better ability of antioxidant system in scavenging reactive oxygen speciesand lower membrane lipid peroxidation under low concentration TCB stress (20 mg kg^-1) are regarded as the main features of TCB tolerant genotype in rice.

Keyword: Rice; Maximum tillering stage; 1; 2; 4-trichlorobenzene; Toxicity; Growth and development; Antioxidant enzymes

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氯苯类化合物(CBs)有广泛的工业和家庭用途, 常被用作化学合成(农药、染料)的中间体、溶剂、卫生用品及电解液的组成成分^{[ 1]}。这类化合物易挥发、化学性质稳定, 是环境中分布广、难降解的一类环境污染物, 已被我国列入“水中优先控制污染物黑名单”^{[ 2]}。CBs的辛醇-水分配系数较高、苯环上氯原子数目较多, 故能通过食物链转移、积累并放大, 进而危害人类健康^{[ 3, 4]}。

1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)是CBs中常见的一种, 除了上述工业用途之外, 在农业中常作为除草剂的生产原料, 也是农药六六六、林丹等的降解产物^{[ 5]}。我国是三氯苯的生产大国^{[ 6]}, 由于它的广泛应用, TCB已在我国土壤^{[ 7, 8]}、城市污泥^{[ 9]}、地表水^{[ 10, 11]}与地下水^{[ 12]}、表层沉积物^{[ 4, 13]}、水生生物^{[ 4]}及陆生植物^{[ 7, 14]}中检出。因其具有致畸、致癌、致突变作用, 已被美国环保局(EPA)列入优先控制污染物名单^{[ 15]}。我国国家标准生活饮用水卫生标准规定TCB总量不得超过0.02 mg L^{-1 [ 16]}, 北京市将TCB列入水污染物排放标准, 并明确限定它的排放量最高不得超过0.6 mg L^{-1 [ 17]}。

经农田灌溉、污泥农用、农药使用和挥发扩散沉降^{[ 18, 19]}等多种渠道, TCB直接或间接进入农田生态系统。水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一, 在全国粮食生产与消费中占主导地位。分蘖期是水稻生长发育的重要时期之一, 此期内营养生长迅速, 直接影响单株分蘖数和总穗数, 对水稻产量起着决定性作用。以往TCB胁迫对作物生理机制影响的研究主要集中在苗期^{[ 5, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]}, 抽穗期也有少量报道^{[ 26]}, 至今未见水稻分蘖期生长及对TCB胁迫生理响应的报道。本文在前期筛选出的耐TCB胁迫代表品种^{[ 27]}的基础上, 研究水稻分蘖盛期对TCB胁迫的生态毒性与生理响应, 以期为分蘖盛期水稻抗逆栽培管理提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

供试品种宁粳1号(NJ, 敏感基因型)和扬辐粳8号(YFJ, 耐性基因型), 为前期筛选出的代表品种^{[ 27]}。

TCB, 化学纯, 含量≥98.5%, 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。

1.2 试验设计

选用长×宽×高为60 cm×50 cm×25 cm的塑料周转箱, 每箱装土35 kg, 加水浸泡, 施尿素2 g作为基肥, 调节pH值在5.0~5.5之间。

设置0、20、40、60 mg TCB kg^-1干土4个处理, 每个处理3次重复。将TCB溶液(无水乙醇作为溶剂)加入土中, 搅拌均匀, 放置3 d后, 将秧苗(三叶一心)移栽进周转箱。行株距为10 cm × 8 cm, 双本栽。栽培管理与常规高产栽培一致。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 形态指标的测定在水稻分蘖盛期取代表性植株3穴, 用直尺测量最长不定根根长; 每穴取10根长势基本一致的不定根, 排列整齐后用游标卡尺测其根粗, 取平均值; 用米尺测量株高; 将单穴植株地上部分和地下部分在105℃烘箱内杀青15 min, 然后80℃烘至恒重后分别称取干重。

1.3.2 生理指标的测定采用α-萘胺法测定根系活力^{[ 28]}, 单位为μg h^-1 g^-1 FW; 采用SPAD-502型叶绿素计测定叶绿素含量; 采用考马斯亮蓝法测定叶片和根系的蛋白质含量^{[ 28]}, 以mg g^-1 FW为单位; 采用氮蓝四唑(NBT)光还原法^{[ 29]}测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性, 以抑制反应50%的酶量为一个酶活性单位(U), 酶活性单位以U mg^-1 Protein表示; 采用愈创木酚法测定过氧化物酶(POD)的活性^{[ 28]}, 以每分钟 A₄₇₀值变化0.01作为一个酶活性单位(U), 酶活性以U min^-1 mg^-1 Protein表示; 采用碘量法测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性^{[ 30]}, 以每分钟分解H₂O₂的毫克数表示酶活性大小, 单位为mg H₂O₂ min^-1 mg^-1 Protein。采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量^{[ 31]}, 单位为nmol g^-1 FW; 用羟氨氧化法^{[ 32]}测定超氧阴离子自由基( )产生速率, 以Δ A₅₃₀min^-1 g^-1 FW为单位。

1.4 数据分析与作图

用SPSS16.0进行方差分析, Duncan’s测验法多重比较, Origin7.5软件作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 TCB胁迫对两种基因型水稻分蘖盛期形态指标和干物重的影响

TCB胁迫下, 除了20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下扬辐粳8号的株高、分蘖数与对照(CK)差异不显著以外, 其他处理下两个基因型水稻分蘖盛期最长根长、根粗、株高、单穴分蘖数与对照差异显著(图1和表1)。敏感基因型宁粳1号的最长根长、株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部和地下部干物重均随TCB胁迫浓度的增加而显著减少, 耐性基因型扬辐粳8号这5个指标在低浓度(20 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下显著增加, 中高浓度(40 mg kg^-1和60 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下显著递减, 且递减幅度均小于宁粳1号。低浓度TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号地上部和地下部干物重比未进行TCB胁迫时分别降低2.9%和9.3%; 而扬辐粳8号分别增加0.6%和1.7%。中高浓度TCB胁迫对宁粳1号地上部和地下部干物重(与未进行TCB胁迫相比)的降幅均大于扬辐粳8号。2个基因型水稻的根粗随着TCB胁迫浓度的增加而显著递增, 且中高浓度(40 mg kg^-1和60 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下, 敏感基因型宁粳1号根粗的增幅大于耐性基因型扬辐粳8号。说明低浓度TCB对耐性基因型扬辐粳8号的生长有一定的刺激作用, 能促进其生长; 而当TCB浓度过高时, 扬辐粳8号的生长也受到显著抑制。宁粳1号对TCB胁迫的耐性较差, 表现为生长延缓, 植株矮小, 根系变黑。

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	图1 TCB胁迫下两种基因型水稻分蘖盛期的生长情况Fig. 1 Phenotypes of the two rice genotypes grown under TCB stress at maximum tillering stage

2.2 TCB胁迫对2种基因型水稻分蘖盛期根系活力的影响

由图2-A可知, 未进行TCB胁迫时, 两种基因型水稻的根系活力差异不显著; 相同浓度TCB胁迫下, 扬辐粳8号的根系活力极显著高于宁粳1号。宁粳1号的根系活力在中高浓度TCB胁迫下极显著下降, 并呈递减趋势。扬辐粳8号的根系活力在低浓度(20 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下极显著增加, 40 mg kg^-1 TCB胁迫时, 与对照差异不显著, 而当TCB浓度达到60 mg kg^-1时, 其活力极显著降低。

2.3 TCB胁迫对2种基因型水稻分蘖盛期叶片叶绿素含量的影响

未进行TCB胁迫时, 2种基因型水稻的叶片叶绿素含量差异不显著; 相同浓度TCB胁迫下, 扬辐粳8号叶绿素含量极显著高于宁粳1号(图2-B)。当TCB胁迫浓度大于20 mg kg^-1后, 两种基因型水稻的叶绿素含量均随TCB胁迫浓度增加极显著递减, 且宁粳1号的下降幅度明显大于扬辐粳 8号。

2.4 TCB胁迫对两种基因型水稻分蘖盛期可溶性蛋白质含量的影响

未进行TCB胁迫时, 两种基因型水稻叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量差异不显著; 相同浓度TCB胁迫下, 扬辐粳8号叶片和根系可溶性蛋白含量均极显著高于宁粳1号(图3)。宁粳1号叶片和根系可溶性蛋白含量随TCB胁迫浓度的增加而极显著递减。扬辐粳8号叶片可溶性蛋白含量均极显著高于对照, 其叶片可溶性蛋白含量在中低浓度TCB胁迫下呈递增趋势, 60 mg kg^-1下有所下降; 而根系可溶性蛋白含量在中高浓度TCB胁迫下均极显著高于对照。

表1 TCB胁迫对2种基因型水稻分蘖盛期各形态指标的影响 Table 1 Effect of TCB on morphological index in the two rice genotypes at maximum tillering stage

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图2 TCB胁迫对分蘖盛期水稻根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)的影响柱上标以不同大、小写字母时分别表示0.01和0.05差异显著水平。Fig. 2 Effect of TCB on root activity and chlorophyll content (value of SPAD) of leaves in the two rice genotypes at top tillering stageBars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

2.5 TCB胁迫三氯苯对两种基因型水稻分蘖盛期抗氧化酶活性的影响

2.5.1 对SOD活性的影响 TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号叶片(图4-A)和根系(图4-B) SOD活性均随TCB浓度增加极显著递减。在中低浓度(20 mg kg^-1、

40 mg kg^-1) TCB胁迫下, 扬辐粳8号叶片和根系SOD活性均显著高于对照, 且从20 mg kg^-1开始呈递减趋势。高浓度TCB胁迫下叶片SOD活性与对照差异不显著, 根系SOD活性显著低于对照。

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图3 TCB胁迫对分蘖盛期水稻叶片(A)和根系(B)可溶性蛋白质含量的影响柱上标以不同大、小写字母时分别表示0.01和0.05差异显著水平。Fig. 3 Effect of TCB on the soluble protein content in rice leaves (A) and roots (B) at top tillering stageBars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

2.5.2 对POD活性的影响 TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号叶片(图4-C)和根系(图4-D) POD活性均极显著低于对照, 且随TCB浓度增加而递减。扬辐粳8号叶片POD活性在中低浓度胁迫下, 均显著高于对照, 且20 mg kg^-1与40 mg kg^-1间差异不显著; 而根系POD活性在中低浓度TCB胁迫下均极显著高于对照, 从20 mg kg^-1开始呈下降趋势, 60 mg kg^-1胁迫时与对照差异不显著。

2.5.3 对CAT活性的影响 TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号叶片(图4-E)和根系(图4-F) CAT活性均极显著低于对照, 且随TCB浓度增加而先递减后略有所上升(40~60 mg kg^-1)。扬辐粳8号叶片CAT活性随TCB浓度增加先升高后降低, 在中低浓度TCB胁迫下均极显著高于对照, 而60 mg kg^-1时与对照差异不显著; 根系CAT活性在中低浓度TCB胁迫下显著增加, 并呈上升趋势, 高浓度TCB胁迫下CAT活性下降, 与对照相比均达到极显著水平。

2.6 TCB胁迫对2种基因型水稻分蘖盛期产生速率的影响

TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号叶片(图5-A)和根系(图5-B) 产生速率均极显著高于对照, 且呈递增趋势。扬辐粳8号叶片和根系产生速率在20 mg kg^-1 TCB胁迫时均极显著低于对照, 且均从20 mg kg^-1开始呈递增趋势; 中高浓度TCB胁迫时, 扬辐粳8号叶片和根系产生速率显著或极显著高于对照。

2.7 TCB胁迫对两种基因型水稻分蘖盛期MDA含量的影响

TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号叶片(图5-C)和根系(图5-D) MDA含量均随TCB浓度增加而极显著升高。扬辐粳8号叶片和根系MDA含量在20 mg kg^-1时均极显著低于对照, 而后呈上升趋势, 并显著或极显著高于对照。

3 讨论

随着食品安全问题被屡屡曝光, 人们对农产品质量与安全的关注度日益增加。而CBs可通过多种途径进入农田, 被作物吸收后, 在体内积累、迁移、转化或释放^{[ 33, 34, 35]}。人类长期接触或食用后在体内富集, 进而危害身体健康。水稻、小麦、玉米等单子叶植物的生长发育均易受CBs的影响, 其中水稻的报道较多。

根系是作物吸收水分和养分的主要器官, 也是作物接触土壤中污染物的关键部位之一。以往研究认为TCB胁迫使水稻幼苗的根系伸长受到抑制, 细胞异常如细胞间隙加大、细胞壁显著加厚等, 根系活力也有所降低^{[ 5, 24, 36]}。本研究结果显示, 分蘖盛期水稻的根系对TCB浓度的响应存在基因型差异。低浓度TCB胁迫下, 敏感基因型宁粳1号的最长根长、地下部干物重、根系活力分别比对照降低9.1%、9.3%、2.0%; 而扬辐粳8号分别增加3.2%、1.7%、10.0%。在中高浓度TCB胁迫下, 2种水稻的最长根长、地下部干物重均极显著降低, 根粗均极显著增加, 但宁粳1号的降(增)幅均大于扬辐粳, 说明中高浓度TCB对根系的毒害效应严重, 即使是耐性基因型扬辐粳8号的地下部生长也受到阻碍, 可能的原因是TCB浓度过高时, 其较高的疏水性导致其在植株根系表面大量吸附, 破坏了细胞器结构及根系稳态; 但由于耐性基因型根系抗氧化酶、谷胱甘肽- S-转移酶和顺式还原酮加双氧酶等解毒酶^{[ 36]}受到

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图4 TCB胁迫对分蘖盛期水稻叶片(A, C, E)和根系(B, C, D)抗氧化酶活性的影响柱或曲线上标以不同大、小写字母时分别表示0.01和0.05差异显著水平。Fig. 4 Effect of TCB on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rice leaves (A, C, E) and roots (B, C, D) at top tillering stageBars or curves superscripted by different letters are significantly different at 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

Enzymes activities in the curve with different letters are significantly different at P<0.01 (capital) and P<0.05 (lowercase), respectively.

诱导表达, 导致其受到的毒害作用小于宁粳1号。

TCB对水稻苗期株高^{[ 24]}、地上部生物量^{[ 24]}和成熟期有效分蘖数^{[ 37]}抑制作用显著, 本研究显示TCB对分蘖盛期水稻的地上部也有明显的影响。敏感基因型宁粳1号的株高、地上部干物重、单穴分蘖数在TCB胁迫下均显著低于对照, 而耐性基因型扬辐粳8号在低浓度TCB胁迫下, 株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部干物重与对照相比, 增幅分别为0.6%、8.6%和0.6%, 说明扬辐粳8号对低浓度的TCB胁迫有较强的耐受性, 但当TCB浓度过高时, 对水稻植株的生物毒性加大, 影响了细胞的分裂与生长, 对营养物质的吸收和利用产生干扰, 从而使植株的长势长相异常。

光合作用是绿色植物生长发育的物质基础和能量来源。低温、干旱、盐胁迫、重金属等逆境条件均能影响作物的光合作用, 最终导致减产歉收。王泽港等^{[ 24, 26]}研究发现TCB的添加会导致水稻

当大、小写字母不同时分别表示0.01和0.05差异显著水平。

Values of A, B, C, and D with different letters are significantly different at P<0.01 (capital) and P<0.05 (lowercase), respectively.

幼苗期叶绿素含量、Rubisco酶活性的下降及抽穗期水稻叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率( P_n)、最大光能转换效率( F_v/ F_m)、光合电子传递的量子化效率( Φ_PSII)、光系统PSII的潜在活性( F_v/ F_o)、光化学猝灭系数( q_P)及非光化学猝灭系数( q_N)呈递减趋势; 杜青平、张波等^{[ 5, 38]}发现水稻和小麦幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总含量均随TCB浓度的增加而呈降低趋势。本研究表明, 低浓度TCB使分蘖盛期宁粳1号叶绿素含量比对照降低3.4%, 而对扬辐粳8号却增加0.2%。中高浓度的TCB胁迫使水稻光合器官受到伤害^{[ 26]}, 对两品种分蘖盛期的叶绿素含量均有极显著的抑制作用, 从而引起光合作用减弱, 干物重降低。

蛋白质是植物生长发育、新陈代谢过程中的重要物质。已有研究表明TCB能诱导水稻和小麦幼苗蛋白质的表达^{[ 23, 39]}, 主要包括解毒酶、细胞壁物质、激素、原初或次生代谢与调节等的相关酶, 进而导致植株体内蛋白质含量的增加^{[ 25]}。本研究显示, 不同浓度TCB胁迫下, 分蘖盛期宁粳1号叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质分别与各自对照相比, 叶片的降幅(13.0%、22.1%、28.8%)远小于根系(18.7%、35.4%、43.4%); 扬辐粳8号叶片可溶性蛋白质的表达受到了诱导, 增幅分别为3.1%、7.1%、3.9%。中低浓度TCB胁迫下, 扬辐粳8号根系可溶性蛋白质含量的增幅分别为14.1%、26.4%; 而高浓度胁迫时, 根系可溶性蛋白质含量与对照相比差异不显著。说明扬辐粳8号对TCB胁迫的耐性强, 中低浓度能够充分诱导适应逆境相关蛋白及酶的表达, 而宁粳1号耐性较差, 蛋白合成受阻或者分解加快, 导致蛋白质含量较低, 对有机污染胁迫适应性差。

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等是植物体内清除活性氧的重要抗氧化酶, 也是酶保护系统的重要组分。酶保护系统启动后, 能及时清除一定数量过剩的活性氧和过氧化物, 从而减轻过氧化作用的伤害, 提高细胞的抗逆性。丙二醛(MDA)含量反映了细胞膜脂过氧化程度及器官的衰老情况。高浓度TCB胁迫下, 水稻敏感品种幼苗的MDA含量显著增加, SOD、POD、CAT活性有所降低, 根系受到的伤害明显大于叶片^{[ 5, 25]}。张国良等^{[ 22]}认为小麦敏感品种根系的SOD、POD活性在低浓度TCB胁迫下有所升高, 而CAT活性却显著降低。刘宛等^{[ 20, 21]}发现TCB能够使萌发的大豆种子活性氧代谢紊乱, 超氧阴离子自由基( )产生速率显著增加, 丙二醛大量积累; 随着胁迫时间的延长, 大豆种子POD活性持续升高, SOD和CAT活性均表现为先升高后降低趋势。本研究结果表明, 分蘖盛期宁粳1号和扬辐粳8号对TCB胁迫的酶学响应有明显的基因型差异。TCB胁迫下, 宁粳1号3种抗氧化酶活性有所降低, 导致其酶保护系统清除活性氧的能力下降, 最终导致MDA过量积累, 膜脂过氧化加剧。扬辐粳8号在低浓度TCB胁迫下可以通过极显著提高3种酶的活性增强其抗氧化的能力, 进而促进其生长; 而中等浓度TCB胁迫时, 虽然3种酶活性均显著高于对照, 但产生速率仍显著增高, 也导致MDA大量积累, 说明扬辐粳8号对胁迫的自我调节能力有一定限度, 当TCB浓度超过一定界限时, 虽然抗氧化能力与对照相比有所增强, 但不足以弥补TCB胁迫对生长造成的伤害; 而高浓度胁迫时, 叶片中3种酶活性变化不明显, 而根系中SOD、CAT活性显著降低, 活性氧大量积累, 膜脂过氧化加剧, 植株代谢紊乱, 生长明显受抑。

低浓度TCB胁迫对扬辐粳8号的生长发育有明显的促进作用, 可能主要有以下三方面原因。(1)植株的解毒系统适应性强, 抗氧化酶活性有所提高、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和顺式还原酮加双氧酶(ARD)受到诱导表达^{[ 36]}, 有利于清除活性氧和有毒物质、维持细胞结构的稳定, 进而增强植株的抗逆能力; (2) MicroRNA是一类与植物适应逆境胁迫有关的调控基因表达的小分子RNA^{[ 40]}, CB等有机污染胁迫可能诱导或下调水稻相关MicroRNA的表达, 从而调节植株的代谢过程; (3) 低浓度TCB能增加以其为碳源的微生物数量, 提高土壤肥力^{[ 41, 42]}, 而扬辐粳8号对TCB胁迫有一定耐受限度, 在低浓度TCB下仍能正常吸收与利用养分。

4 结论

不同浓度TCB胁迫下敏感基因型和耐性基因型水稻的生长和生理特性差异显著, 敏感基因型随胁迫浓度的增加生长和生理活性受抑程度显著递增; 而耐性基因型在低浓度TCB胁迫下, 植株解毒能力

较强, 最长根长、地上部和地下部干物重均极显著高于对照, 根系活力、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白含量较高, 酶保护系统清除活性氧的能力较强, 膜脂过氧化程度较低。中高浓度TCB胁迫才对耐性基因型水稻的生长表现出明显的抑制作用。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[27]	陈文军, 张国良, 孙国荣, 戴其根, 张洪程, 陶金飞, 孙洁, 严林锋. 水稻耐1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫基因型的苗期筛选. 农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27: 1003-1008 Chen W J, Zhang G L, Sun G R, Dai Q G, Zhang H C, Tao J F, Sun J, Yan L F. Screening of tolerant rice genotypes to 1, 2, 4- trichlorobenzene stress at seedling stage. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2008, 27: 1003-1008 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.178]
[28]	张志良. 植物生理学实验指导. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2009. pp 30-31, 100, 125-126 Zhang Z L. Laboratory Manual for Plant Physiological Experiment. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2009. pp 30-31, 100, 125-126(in Chinese) [本文引用:3]
[29]	邹琦. 植物生理学实验指导. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000. pp173-174 Zou Q. The Guidance of Plant Physiological Experiment. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000. pp173-174(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[30]	高俊凤. 植物生理学实验指导. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2006. pp215-216 Gao J F. The Guidance of Plant Physiological Experiment. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006. pp215-216(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[31]	郝建军. 植物生理学实验技术. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2007. pp159-160 Hao J J. Experimental technique of Plant Physiological. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2007. pp159-160(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[32]	李忠光, 龚明. 植物中超氧阴离子自由基测定方法的改进. 云南植物研究, 2005, 27: 211-216 Li Z G, Gong M. Improvement of measurement method for superoxide anion radical in plant. Acta Bot Yunnanica, 2005, 27: 211-216 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[33]	Wang M J, Jones K C. Behavior and fate of chlorobenzenes (CBs) introduced into soil-plant systems by sewage sludge application: a review. Chemosphere, 1994, 28: 1325-1360 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.137]
[34]	He Y W, Sun T H, Ou Z Q, Yediler AKettrup A. Fate of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene (1, 2, 4-TCB) in soil-rice paddy system. Chemosphere, 1996, 32: 1381-1389 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.137]
[35]	于开源, 苏玉红, 刘涛, 梁永超. 三氯乙烯和三氯苯在水-玉米- 空气系统中的传输过程研究. 农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29: 1702-1705 Yu K Y, Su Y H, Liu T, Liang Y C. Transport processes of trichloroethylene and trichlorobenzene across the water-corn-air interface. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2010, 29: 1702-1705 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.178]
[36]	Ge C L, Wan D Z, Wang Z G, Ding Y, Wang Y L, Shang Q, Ma F, Luo S S. Response of rice roots to 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene stress. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1991-2000 [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.667]
[37]	金阳. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对水稻伤害机理及水稻耐性机制的研究. 扬州大学硕士学位论文, 2003. pp20-25 Jin Y. Study on the Mechanisms of l, 2, 4-Triehlorobenzene Damaging Rice. MS Thesis of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2003 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[38]	张波. 小麦对氧乐果和1, 2, 4-三氯苯响应的生物学机理. 石河子大学硕士学位论文, 2010. pp18-22 Zhang B. Physiological Responses of Wheat Seedlings to Omethoate and 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene Stress. MS Thesis of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China, 2010 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[39]	Ge C L, Wan D Z, Wang Z G, Ding Y, Wang Y L, Shang Q, Ma F, Luo S S. A proteomic analysis of rice seedings responding to 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene stress. J Environ Sci, 2008, 10: 309-319 [本文引用:1]
[40]	许振华, 谢传晓. 植物microRNA与逆境响应研究进展. 遗传, 2010, 32: 1018-1030 Xu Z H, Xie C X. Advances in plant microRNA and stresses response. Hereditas (Beijing), 2010, 32: 1018-1030 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[41]	何耀武, 孙铁琦, 区自清. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯在土壤中的降解. 应用生态学报, 1996, 7: 429-434 He Y W, Sun T H, Ou Z Q. Degradation of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene (1, 2, 4-TCB) in soil. Chin J Appl Ecol, 1996, 7: 429-434 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.742]
[42]	李勇, 黄占斌, 王文萍, 黄震, 颜丙磊, 曹杨, 王诗宇. 重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响. 农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28: 2241-2245 Li Y, Huang Z B, Wang W P, Huang Z, Yan B L, Cao Y, Wang S Y. Effects of heavy metals lead and cadmium on Zea mays L. growth and the soil microorganism. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2009, 28: 2241-2245 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.178]

2012

2.773

0.0

. 2012, 21:315-324 DOI:10.1007/s10646-011-0792-0

Biological responses of maize (Zea mays) plants exposed to chlorobenzenes. Case study of monochloro-1,4-dichloro- and 1,2,4-trichloro- benzenes

<li>1.Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS no. 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 09, France</li>

Abstract
A 7-day-exposure time experiment was designed to investigate the phytotoxicity of chlorobenzenes (CBs) on Zea mays seedlings, focusing on the growth and generation of oxidative stress. Significant growth inhibition (based on biomass gain) was observed for exposure to monochlorobenzene (MCB), dichlorobenzene (DCB) and trichlorobenzene (TCB) concentrations higher than 10 mg l⁻¹. It would seem that CBs inhibit cell division, since the mitotic index decreased for roots exposed to DCB at 80 mg l⁻¹ dose (8%) and to all the TCB concentrations tested (20% inhibition). CBs exposure resulting in an increase in the oxidative stress response in maize seedlings [reactive oxygen species like H₂O₂, antioxidant enzymes (POD, GR), lipid peroxidation] correlated to the compound’s degree of chlorination, where damage increasing with the number of chlorine atoms (MCB < DCB < TCB). This biological response was also dependent on the dose-exposure. Z. mays exposed to CBs at concentrations <10 mg l⁻¹ did not induce sufficient oxidative damage to cause root cell death. Therefore, CBs at current environmental concentrations are unlikely to produce evident phytotoxic effects on Z. mays seedlings.

... 氯苯类化合物(CBs)有广泛的工业和家庭用途, 常被用作化学合成(农药、染料)的中间体、溶剂、卫生用品及电解液的组成成分^[1] ...

1991

0.0

1.295

... ^[2] ...

1983

5.228

0.0

... CBs的辛醇-水分配系数较高、苯环上氯原子数目较多, 故能通过食物链转移、积累并放大, 进而危害人类健康^[3,4] ...

2007

0.0

1.689

. 2007, 27:1717-1726

Chlorobenzenes in the waters, sediments and aquatic animals from the Pearl River Estuary

(珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布) . (环境科学学报) , 2007 , 27 : 1717 - 1726 Wei T L , Jia X S , Du Q P , Lai Z N , Pang S X , Xie W P , Yang W L . Chlorobenzenes in the waters, sediments and aquatic animals from the Pearl River Estuary

Wei T L

(魏泰莉) , (贾晓珊) , (杜青平) , (赖子尼) , (庞世勋) , (谢文平) , (杨婉玲) . (珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物中氯苯类有机物的含量及分布) . (环境科学学报) , 2007 , 27 : 1717 - 1726 Wei T L

对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内氯苯类有机物(CBs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质体系中的转移分配规律进行了初步研究1.结果表明,珠江口表层水中CBs的总浓度为16.44～963.20ng·L-,DCBs(二氯苯)对污染的贡献较为突出,占74.4%;表层沉积物(干重)中CBs总含量为7.83～40.09 ng·g-1,DCBs、TCBs(三氯苯)、TeCBs(四氯苯)、PeCB(五氯苯)和HCB(六氯苯)分别占总量的71.4%、11.1%、13.0%、1.2%、3.6%;水生动物中贝类的CBs平均含量是38873.0ng·g-1、鱼类为2360.3ng·g-1、虾类则为565.0ng·g-1,DCBs和TeCBs是水生动物体内的主要污染物.CBs在水、沉积物及生物体之间存在明显的富集和放大作用.

... CBs的辛醇-水分配系数较高、苯环上氯原子数目较多, 故能通过食物链转移、积累并放大, 进而危害人类健康^[3,4] ...

... 我国是三氯苯的生产大国^[6], 由于它的广泛应用, TCB已在我国土壤^[7,8]、城市污泥^[9]、地表水^[10,11]与地下水^[12]、表层沉积物^[4,13]、水生生物^[4]及陆生植物^[7,14]中检出 ...

2006

0.0

1.742

. 2006, 17:2185-2188

Toxic effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on rice seed germination and seedling growth

(1,2,4-三氯苯对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的毒性机理) . (应用生态学报) , 2006 , 17 : 2185 - 2188 Du Q P , Jia X S , Yuan B H . Toxic effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on rice seed germination and seedling growth

Du Q P

(杜青平) , (贾晓珊) , (袁保红) . (1,2,4-三氯苯对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的毒性机理) . (应用生态学报) , 2006 , 17 : 2185 - 2188 Du Q P

1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China; 2College of Life Science and Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; 3Department of Fundamental Courses, Guangdong College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou 510006, China

By the method of water culture, this paper studied the effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) on the seed germination and seedling growth of rice, with the chlorophyll, protein and proline contents and cytomembrane
permeability of seedling leaf measured. The results showed the seed
germination rate and vigor index were decreased with increasing concentration
of 1,2,4-TCB, showing a definite dose-response relationship, and the seedling growth and root length were inhibited, showing definite time-response and dose-response relationships. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and protein contents in seedling leaf decreased with increasing concentration
of 1,2,4-TCB, while the free proline content and cytomembrane permeability had a sharp increase when the concentration of 1,2,4-TCB was higher than 15 mg·L^-1. All of these suggested that the damage of rice seedling was a complicated process, which might be related to the structural and functional
damage of cellular membrane, protein, and organelles.

以水稻为试材，采用水培方法研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明，水稻种子的萌发率和活力指数随1,2,4-TCB处理浓度的升高而逐渐降低，呈现一定的浓度-效应关系，高浓度(80和100 mg·L^-1) 1,2,4-TCB处理组水稻种子的活力指数仅为对照组的7. 89％和1.92％，水稻幼苗的株高和根长均受到抑制，表现出一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.水稻叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和蛋白质含量均随1,2,4-TCB浓度的升高而降低.水稻叶片游离脯氨酸含量和细胞膜的通透性随处理浓度的升高而增加.当1,2,4-TCB处理浓度＞15 mg·L^-1时，游离脯氨酸含量和叶片细胞膜的通透性急剧增加，与对照组相比各组差异均显著(P＜0.01).这表明1,2,4-TCB对水稻幼苗的损伤是一个复杂的过程，其机理可能与1,2,4-TCB使植物细胞膜、细胞内蛋白质和细胞器结构和功能损伤有关.

... 1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)是CBs中常见的一种, 除了上述工业用途之外, 在农业中常作为除草剂的生产原料, 也是农药六六六、林丹等的降解产物^[5] ...

... 以往TCB胁迫对作物生理机制影响的研究主要集中在苗期^{[5,20,21,22,23,24,25]}, 抽穗期也有少量报道^[26], 至今未见水稻分蘖期生长及对TCB胁迫生理响应的报道 ...

... 以往研究认为TCB胁迫使水稻幼苗的根系伸长受到抑制, 细胞异常如细胞间隙加大、细胞壁显著加厚等, 根系活力也有所降低^[5,24,36] ...

... 杜青平、张波等^[5,38]发现水稻和小麦幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总含量均随TCB浓度的增加而呈降低趋势 ...

... 高浓度TCB胁迫下, 水稻敏感品种幼苗的MDA含量显著增加, SOD、POD、CAT活性有所降低, 根系受到的伤害明显大于叶片^[5,25] ...

2011

0.0

1.507

2007

0.0

1.541

. 2007, 28:249-254

Residues and distribution characters of chlorobenzenes in soil and plants from Beijing Southeast Chemical Industry Zone

(北京东南郊化工区土壤和植物中氯苯类有机物的残留及分布特征) . (环境科学) , 2007 , 28 : 249 - 254 Zhou X , Yu G , Huang J , Zhang Z L , Hu H Y . Residues and distribution characters of chlorobenzenes in soil and plants from Beijing Southeast Chemical Industry Zone

Zhou X

(周霞) , (余刚) , (黄俊) , (张祖麟) , (胡洪营) . (北京东南郊化工区土壤和植物中氯苯类有机物的残留及分布特征) . (环境科学) , 2007 , 28 : 249 - 254 Zhou X

对2003-11采自北京东南郊化工区的土壤、植物样品中11种氯苯类有机物进行了分析测定.结果表明,土壤(干重)中氯苯类有机物(CBs)的总量范围为0.232～51.15 ng·g-1,均值为18.16 ng·g-1,其中1,2-DCB、1,4-DCB和HCB分别占45.2%、15.3%和17.1%;植物(干重)中CBs的总量范围为5.635～31.99 ng·g-1,均值为12.36 ng·g-1,其中1,4-DCB和HCB分别占51.5%和14.9%.土壤中ΣCBs与土壤有机质含量的皮尔森(Pearson)相关系数为0.544(P≤0.05),呈弱正相关关系.此外,除1,4-DCB和1,2,4-TCB外,云杉针叶中CBs的土壤-植物富集因子(BCFs)随CBs挥发能力[lg(Vp/Kow)的增强而降低,随CBs辛醇/空气分配系数(KOA)的增大而升高.

2011

0.0

1.729

. 2011, 30:2472-2477

Characteristics of soil organic pollution in Shenyang suburbs of Liaoning Province

(沈阳市城郊土壤有机污染特征) . (生态学杂志) , 2011 , 30 : 2472 - 2477 Cui J , Du J Z , Yang Z , Ma H W , Li X . Characteristics of soil organic pollution in Shenyang suburbs of Liaoning Province

Cui J

(崔健) , (都基众) , (杨泽) , (马宏伟) , (李霄) . (沈阳市城郊土壤有机污染特征) . (生态学杂志) , 2011 , 30 : 2472 - 2477 Cui J

Shenyang Institute of Geology Mineral Resources, Shenyang 110034, China

Based on the survey of 35 organic pollutants in the soils of Shenyang suburbs, this paper studied the detection characteristics of the pollutants and their spatial distribution characteristics. Fifteen of the 35 organic pollutants were detected, among which, benzopyrene, hexachlorobenzene, DDT, and BHC had the coefficients of variation >1, and their local enrichment degree was high, with greater fluctuation in concentration. The soil organic pollution in the suburbs presented a pattern of “one more and three less”, i.e., more sampling points with detected organic pollutants, less kinds of detected organic pollutants, less concentration of the organic pollutants, and no sampling points exceeded the standards. Due to the effects of the lithology of soil vadose zone, the suburb soils showed an obvious vertical stratification pattern of organic pollution. It was considered that the regional distribution of suburb soil organic pollution had higher consistency with land use function, and thus, to analyze the main factors affecting the concentrations and distribution characteristics of organic pollutants in suburb soils would be of significance in preventing and controlling the organic pollution of the soils to ensure food security and water safety.

对沈阳市城郊土壤中35种有机污染物进行了检测，分析了土壤有机污染检出特征和空间分布特征。沈阳市城郊土壤共检出了15种有机污染物；苯并(a)芘、六氯苯、滴滴涕和六六六的变异系数均大于1，其污染物浓度局部富集程度高，含量起伏变化大，土壤有机污染呈现“一多三少”的现象，即全区检出有机污染物的采样点多，检出的有机污染物种类较少，有机污染物含量少，且无超标点。受土壤包气带岩性影响，城郊土壤垂向上有机污染规律明显。土壤区域有机污染分布特征与城市土地利用功能一致性较高。分析了各类有机污染物含量和分布特征的主要影响因素，对防治城市土壤污染，进而保障居民的食品安全和饮水安全具有重要意义。

2002

2.652

0.0

2006

0.0

0.4805

2009

0.0

. 2009, 2(2):5-11

Research on organic pollution in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir

(三峡库区重庆段有机污染研究) . (三峡环境与生态) , 2009 , 2 ( 2 ): 5 - 11 Zhu M J , Guo Z S . Research on organic pollution in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Zhu M J

(朱明吉) , (郭志顺) . (三峡库区重庆段有机污染研究) . (三峡环境与生态) , 2009 , 2 ( 2 ): 5 - 11 Zhu M J

对三峡库区重庆段水体有机污染进行了调查研究,发现三峡库区重庆段水体已经受到了有机物污染,其主要检出有机污染物是卤代烃类、氯代苯类、烷烃类、醇类、酮醛类、多环芳烃类和酯类等,与三峡库区成库前相关研究比较,有机物成份存在着一定的变化.对重庆段水体的分析结果显示,重庆段水体枯水期检出有机物数目多于丰水期,而污染程度则恰好相反;其有机物检出浓度分布从和尚山断面至巫峡口断面,呈现出先增大后减少的趋势.对水体的定性定量分析结果显示,重庆段水体检出有机物浓度总体水平都较低,均在相关标准限值范围内,库区蓄水对有机物污染影响并不明显.

2011

0.0

2000

3.137

0.0

2005

6.248

0.0

. 2005, 31:855-860 DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.034

Tissue-dependent distribution and accumulation of chlorobenzenes by vegetables in urban area

Abstract

Five seasonal vegetables from three growing sites in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, were studied for the levels of four chlorobenzenes(CBs): o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB), m-dichlorobenzene (m-DCB), and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB). Samples of each vegetable from each site were subdivided into leaves, stems, and roots, and these subsamples were analyzed separately for the levels of accumulated CBs. Relations between the levels of CBs in vegetables with the total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil, the lipid content of the vegetable, and the physicochemical properties of CBs were established. Results showed that o-DCB, p-DCB, m-DCB, 1,2,4-TCB were present in all vegetables analyzed. For spinaches (Spinacia oleracea), Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis), and celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce), the highest level of CBs was with roots, followed by leaves. While for radishes (Raphanus sativus), and carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), the highest level was with leaves, followed by stems. The accumulation of CBs was found to have a good correlation with the plant-tissue lipid content, the contaminant air–water Henry's coefficient (H), the contaminant octanol–water partition coefficient (K_ow), and the physiological characteristics of the vegetables.

2006

1.748

0.0

. 2006, 177:3-17 DOI:10.1007/s11270-005-9019-4

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene flow characteristics in saturated homogeneous and stratified porous media

1.University of Oviedo Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology Oviedo Spain 2.University of Oviedo Project Management Area Oviedo Spain

Subsurface contamination by nonaqueous phase liquids, such as 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, is a widespread problem at numerous sites. In this work, the behaviour of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in the saturated zone was investigated using two natural porous media. To this end, cylindrical columns were packed with different materials and the initial water saturation was displaced by loading a constant level of trichlorobenzene on top of the porous bed. The experiments were carried out with different configurations to simulate natural media with several stratigraphic units. Also, the effect of pressure gradient on nonaqueous phase liquid flow was investigated. Both the pressure gradient and the configuration of the layers of porous media have shown a strong effect on water recoveries and fluxes through the column.

... 因其具有致畸、致癌、致突变作用, 已被美国环保局(EPA)列入优先控制污染物名单^[15] ...

2006

0.0

... 02 mg L^{-1 [16]}, 北京市将TCB列入水污染物排放标准, 并明确限定它的排放量最高不得超过0 ...

2005

0.0

... 6 mg L^{-1 [17]} ...

2000

0.0

... 经农田灌溉、污泥农用、农药使用和挥发扩散沉降^[18,19]等多种渠道, TCB直接或间接进入农田生态系统 ...

1999

3.137

0.0

... 经农田灌溉、污泥农用、农药使用和挥发扩散沉降^[18,19]等多种渠道, TCB直接或间接进入农田生态系统 ...

2002

0.0

1.742

. 2002, 13:1655-1658

Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress on active oxygen in germinated soybean seeds

(1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对萌发大豆种子中活性氧的影响) . (应用生态学报) , 2002 , 13 : 1655 - 1658 Liu W , Sun T H , Li P J , Zhou Q X , Liang W J , Tai P D , Xu H X , Zhang H R . Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress on active oxygen in germinated soybean seeds

Liu W

(刘宛) , (孙铁珩) , (李培军) , (周启星) , (梁文举) , (台培东) , (许华夏) , (张海荣) . (1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对萌发大豆种子中活性氧的影响) . (应用生态学报) , 2002 , 13 : 1655 - 1658 Liu W

Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016

Pot culture experiment on the effects of 1,2,4 trichlorobenzene (TCB) stress on active oxygen metabolism of germinated soybean seeds indicated that during the beginning (1st～3rd day) of 100～300 μg·g^-1 TCB treatment,the respiratory peak appeared earlier,and the respiratory rate,the accumulation of superoxide radical (O₂^-) and H₂O₂,as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content were all enhanced. During 1～6 days of TCBstress,peroxidase (POD) activity gradually increased,and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased firstly,and decreased afterward. These results suggested that the injury effects of TCBstress on germinated soybean seeds were achieved by excessive accumulation of active oxygen resulted from the degradation of active oxygen scavenging enzyme system.

以盆栽法研究了不同浓度1,2,4三氯苯(TCB)胁迫对萌发大豆种子中活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,100～300μg·g^-1TCB胁迫初期(1～3天)促使萌发大豆种子呼吸强度升高及其峰值提前出现,超氧阴离子自由基(O₂^-)及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的积累显著增加,同时伴随丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,显示发生膜脂质过氧化作用.TCB胁迫1～6天使活性氧清除酶功能紊乱,其中过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性开始上升后转为下降.在萌发大豆种子受TCB胁迫伤害过程中,活性氧代谢失衡造成的膜脂质过氧化将起着重要作用.

... 刘宛等^[20,21]发现TCB能够使萌发的大豆种子活性氧代谢紊乱, 超氧阴离子自由基( )产生速率显著增加, 丙二醛大量积累 ...

2002

0.0

. 2002, 21:413-416

Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress on membrane lipid peroxidation in soybean hypocotyls

(1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对大豆下胚轴膜脂过氧化的影响) . (农业环境保护) , 2002 , 21 : 413 - 416 Liu W , Sun T H , Li P J , Zhou Q X , Tai P D , Zhang C G , Xu H X , Zhang H R . Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress on membrane lipid peroxidation in soybean hypocotyls

Liu W

(刘宛) , (孙铁珩) , (李培军) , (周启星) , (台培东) , (张春桂) , (许华夏) , (张海荣) . (1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫对大豆下胚轴膜脂过氧化的影响) . (农业环境保护) , 2002 , 21 : 413 - 416 Liu W

以盆栽法研究了不同浓度1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)胁迫对大豆下胚轴膜脂过氧化作用的影响.结果表明,100-300μg@g-1TCB胁迫初期(1-3d)促使萌发大豆下胚轴内过氧化氢(H2O2)的积累显著增加,同时伴随质膜电解质渗漏率和组织自动氧化速率升高,显示发生膜脂质过氧化作用.TCB胁迫1-6d使活性氧清除酶功能紊乱,其中过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性开始上升后转为下降.推测大豆下胚轴受TCB胁迫伤害过程中,活性氧代谢失衡造成的膜脂质过氧化起着重要作用.

... 刘宛等^[20,21]发现TCB能够使萌发的大豆种子活性氧代谢紊乱, 超氧阴离子自由基( )产生速率显著增加, 丙二醛大量积累 ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 28:4388-4395

Physiological reaction of wheat seedling to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress

(小麦苗期对1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应) . (生态学报) , 2008 , 28 : 4388 - 4395 Zhang G L , Chen W J , Wang X , Jin T , Dai Q G , Sun G R , Xu C , Huo Z Y , Zhang H C . Physiological reaction of wheat seedling to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress

Zhang G L

(张国良) , (陈文军) , (王显) , (金添) , (戴其根) , (孙国荣) , (许轲) , (霍中洋) , (张洪程) . (小麦苗期对1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应) . (生态学报) , 2008 , 28 : 4388 - 4395 Zhang G L

通过砂培试验,研究了6种浓度(0、0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5 mmol/kg沙和2.0 mmol/kg沙)的1, 2, 4-三氯苯(TCB)对两种小麦烟辐188(耐性基因型)和扬麦16(敏感基因型)种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量、以及叶片和根系的蛋白质含量、丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理指标的影响.结果表明两种小麦基因型具有显著的差异,在TCB胁迫下,烟辐188的种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量均高于扬麦16,烟辐188和扬麦16的叶片可溶性蛋白含量分别与对照差异不显著和显著偏低.随着TCB浓度的升高,烟辐188根系的可溶性蛋白含量呈上升趋势,与对照差异显著,而扬麦16先略有上升然后呈下降趋势,且显著低于对照.TCB胁迫导致扬麦16叶片SOD、POD活性小于对照,CAT活性显著小于对照;而烟辐188叶片SOD活性与对照间差异不明显,POD和CAT活性在低浓度TCB胁迫时与对照差异不大,在高浓度时小于对照,其MDA含量低于扬麦16.烟辐188根系SOD、POD活性对TCB胁迫不敏感,扬麦16 SOD、POD活性受O-·2诱导而上升,但由于其O-·2产生速率要大于烟辐188,仍然不能清除多余的O-·2,最终其根系MDA含量高于烟辐188.总体而言,TCB胁迫下烟辐188的发芽情况、幼苗生长情况和生理指标均好于扬麦16,表现出对TCB胁迫有较强的耐受性和适应性.

... 张国良等^[22]认为小麦敏感品种根系的SOD、POD活性在低浓度TCB胁迫下有所升高, 而CAT活性却显著降低 ...

2011

0.0

... 已有研究表明TCB能诱导水稻和小麦幼苗蛋白质的表达^[23,39], 主要包括解毒酶、细胞壁物质、激素、原初或次生代谢与调节等的相关酶, 进而导致植株体内蛋白质含量的增加^[25] ...

2006

0.0

1.178

. 2006, 25:1402-1407

Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and naphthalene on growth of rice seedling

(1,2,4-三氯苯和萘对水稻幼苗生长的影响) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2006 , 25 : 1402 - 1407 Wang Z G , Ge C L , Wan D Z , Li Z W , Luo S S , Yang J C . Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and naphthalene on growth of rice seedling

Wang Z G

(王泽港) , (葛才林) , (万定珍) , (郦志文) , (罗时石) , (杨建昌) . (1,2,4-三氯苯和萘对水稻幼苗生长的影响) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2006 , 25 : 1402 - 1407 Wang Z G

以水稻汕优63和武运粳7号为材料,在室外遮雨塑料棚下进行培养与处理,研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)和萘(NAP)对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响.结果表明:①TCB和NAP对水稻种子发芽率几乎无影响,对幼苗株高、根长、根数有显著抑制作用,在水培条件下,较低浓度的TCB(10 mg·L-1)、NAP(20 mg·L-1)可显著抑制根系的伸长生长,但低浓度的有机污染物促进武运粳7号根数增加;②低浓度的TCB和NAP对水稻幼苗根系活力影响较小,但高浓度的污染物则显著抑制根系活力,影响根的吸收功能;③两有机污染物均导致水稻幼苗叶绿素含量的下降,Rubisco酶活性也明显受到抑制;④叶片中ATP含量随处理浓度增加而呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,而根系中ATP含量则呈先升高后降低的趋势;⑤地上部和根系中丙二醛(MDA)含量均随有机污染物浓度的增加而呈上升的变化趋势.研究结果显示,水中微量的1,2,4-三氯苯和萘均会明显影响水稻幼苗的生长,这对水稻育秧期水质管理具有重要的参考意义,同时,根长可作为确定有机污染物发生事件的植物形态学参考指标.

... 以往研究认为TCB胁迫使水稻幼苗的根系伸长受到抑制, 细胞异常如细胞间隙加大、细胞壁显著加厚等, 根系活力也有所降低^[5,24,36] ...

... TCB对水稻苗期株高^[24]、地上部生物量^[24]和成熟期有效分蘖数^[37]抑制作用显著, 本研究显示TCB对分蘖盛期水稻的地上部也有明显的影响 ...

... 王泽港等^[24,26]研究发现TCB的添加会导致水稻 ...

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:733-740 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00733

Physiological response to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress of different rice genotypes in seedlings

(不同基因型水稻苗期对1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应) . (作物学报) , 2009 , 35 : 733 - 740 Zhang G L , Chen W J , Qiu L M , Sun G R , Dai Q G , Zhang H C . Physiological response to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress of different rice genotypes in seedlings

Zhang G L

(张国良) , (陈文军) , (仇利民) , (孙国荣) , (戴其根) , (张洪程) . (不同基因型水稻苗期对1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应) . (作物学报) , 2009 , 35 : 733 - 740 Zhang G L

1College of Life Science and Chemistry Engineering,Huaiyin Institute of Technology,Huai'an 223001,China;2Key Laboratory for Genetics andPhysiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB) has pervaded in industrial and agricultural production. Because of a series of problems due to its longevity and amassment, TCB has been added into the environmental pollutant list. In order to know how TCB affects the rice seed germination, seedling growth and its physiological characteristics, the seed germination, seedling biomass, soluble protein, and malnodialdehyde (MDA) contents, as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves and roots of seedlings treated with TCB were investigated in a sand culture experiment using rice cultivars, Xiangjing 20-18 (TCB tolerant genotype)and Siyang 1382(TCB sensitive genotype). The results indicated that TCB had little effect on the seed germination rate and index, however caused the significant reduction of seedling biomass, withXiangjing 20-18 being more affected than Siyang 1382. With TCB stress degree strengthening, soluble protein content of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves and roots presented anincreasing tendency, while that of Siyang 1382 leaves decreased significantly, and that of its roots decreased too under treatment of high TCB concentration. O₂^? producing velocity of leaves in two genotypes decreased firstly, then increased with increasing TCB concentration. That of Xiangjing 20-18 roots presented thesame tendency, and significantly higher than the control at TCB ≥0.6 mmol kg^-1, while that of Siyang 1382 roots had no significant difference with that of the control. SOD activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves increased, and that of roots increased significantly. After TCB ≥0.2 mmol kg^-1, SOD activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves was significantly higher than that of the control, that of Siyang 1382 leaves and roots was not significantly different with that of the control. POD activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves increased firstly, then decreased, and that of roots was significantly higher than the control, while that of Siyang 1382 leaves and roots decreased significantly. CAT activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves was higher or significantly higher than that of the control, and that of Siyang 1382 was contrary to the result of Xiangjing 20-18. MDA content of leaves decreased firstly, then increased, being significantly higher than that of the control at high TCB concentration, and that of roots increased significantly in two genotype. In conclusion, lower reduction of seedling biomass, high protein content of leaves and roots, the better active oxygen’s elimination ability and lower MDA content in plants would be considered as the physiological traits in TCB-tolerant genotypes of rice.

利用沙培试验，研究了6种浓度(0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 mmol kg^-1沙)的1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)对两水稻品种香粳20-18(耐性基因型)和泗阳1382(敏感基因型)种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量以及叶片和根系的蛋白质含量、丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理指标的影响。结果表明，TCB胁迫下，水稻种子发芽率和发芽指数变化不明显，幼苗的生物量显著下降，香粳20-18下降幅度比泗阳1382小；随TCB胁迫程度的增强，香粳20-18叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量呈增加的趋势，泗阳1382叶片蛋白质含量显著下降，高浓度TCB胁迫下其根系蛋白质含量显著下降；两个基因型叶片的O₂^?产生速率先降后升，香粳20-18根系的O₂^?产生速率先降后升，高浓度TCB胁迫下显著高于对照，而泗阳1382与对照差异不显著；香粳20-18叶片SOD活性随TCB胁迫程度的增强呈上升趋势，低浓度TCB胁迫下就开始显著高于对照，根系SOD活性显著增强，而泗阳1382叶片和根系SOD活性与对照差异不显著；香粳20-18叶片POD活性先升后降，根系POD活性显著高于对照，而泗阳1382叶片和根系POD活性均显著下降；香粳20-18叶片CAT活性高于或显著高于对照，泗阳1382低于或显著低于对照；两个基因型叶片的MDA含量先降后升，高浓度TCB胁迫下MDA含量显著高于对照，根系MDA含量均随TCB胁迫程度的增强而显著增加。总之，生物量降低幅度小、叶片和根系的蛋白质含量高、抗氧化酶系统清除活性氧的能力强、MDA含量低是耐性基因型的主要生理特征。

... 高浓度TCB胁迫下, 水稻敏感品种幼苗的MDA含量显著增加, SOD、POD、CAT活性有所降低, 根系受到的伤害明显大于叶片^[5,25] ...

2005

0.0

1.889

. 2005, 38:1113-1119

Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and naphthalene stress on photosynthetic characteristics of rice at heading period

(1,2,4-三氯苯和萘对水稻抽穗期叶片光合特性的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2005 , 38 : 1113 - 1119 Wang Z G , Luo J F , Gao H M , Wan D Z , Ge C L , Luo S S , Yang J C . Effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and naphthalene stress on photosynthetic characteristics of rice at heading period

Wang Z G

(王泽港) , (骆剑峰) , (高红明) , (万定珍) , (葛才林) , (罗时石) , (杨建昌) . (1,2,4-三氯苯和萘对水稻抽穗期叶片光合特性的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2005 , 38 : 1113 - 1119 Wang Z G

扬州大学农学院

The effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and naphthalene (NAP) on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves were studied. The results showed that chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo) and photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) decreased under TCB and NAP stress. The effects of TCB were more serious than that of NAP, while the sensitivity of Shanyou 63 was higher than that of Wuyunjing 7. Under low concentration of organic pollutants, stomatal limitation was a dominating factor for Pn decrease. Under high concentration of organic pollutants, the decrease of Pn was due mainly to stomatal limitation and the non-stomatal limitation. High concentration of pollutants suppressed the synthesis more strongly, and finally reduced the grain yield. Among all of the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of parameters, both Fv/Fo and qN are more sensitive to TCB and NAP than the other parameters. Therefore, both Fv/Fo and qN would be the sensitive reference indicator of harm of organic pollutants on rice.

研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)和萘（NAP）对抽穗期水稻叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明，随TCB和NAP胁迫浓度的增加，叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度( Gs)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、原初光能转换效率( Fv/Fm) 、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN) 均呈下降趋势；而且TCB对以上指标的影响明显大于NAP的影响，汕优63的敏感性要大于武运粳7号；有机污染胁迫下，光合速率下降的原因，在低浓度时主要由于气孔限制引起，而在较高浓度下由气孔限制和非气孔限制共同引起。较高浓度的有机污染物使光合作用受到明显抑制，最终导致水稻产量显著降低。在各叶绿素荧光动力学参数中，以PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)对有机污染胁迫最为敏感。建议将这两个参数作为衡量水稻发生有机污染伤害的参考指标。

... 王泽港等^[24,26]研究发现TCB的添加会导致水稻 ...

... 中高浓度的TCB胁迫使水稻光合器官受到伤害^[26], 对两品种分蘖盛期的叶绿素含量均有极显著的抑制作用, 从而引起光合作用减弱, 干物重降低 ...

2008

0.0

1.178

. 2008, 27:1003-1008

Screening of tolerant rice genotypes to 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene stress at seedling stage

(水稻耐1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫基因型的苗期筛选) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2008 , 27 : 1003 - 1008 Chen W J , Zhang G L , Sun G R , Dai Q G , Zhang H C , Tao J F , Sun J , Yan L F . Screening of tolerant rice genotypes to 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene stress at seedling stage

Chen W J

(陈文军) , (张国良) , (孙国荣) , (戴其根) , (张洪程) , (陶金飞) , (孙洁) , (严林锋) . (水稻耐1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫基因型的苗期筛选) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2008 , 27 : 1003 - 1008 Chen W J

为了评定不同水稻基凶型对1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)的耐性强弱,确定合适的筛选指标和筛选浓度,在人工气候箱条件下,采用发芽试验和砂培水稻幼苗的方法,对幼苗期水稻基凶型耐TCB胁迫的差异性进行了鉴定,并确定了水稻基因型耐TGB胁迫合适的筛选指标和筛选环境.结果表明,以0.35 mmol·kg-1沙浓度TCB更适合用于水稻基因型的耐性鉴定.以发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、根数、株高、地上部干重、根干重和总干重的性状相对值(处理测定值/对照测定值×100%)作为幼苗耐性指数(tolerance index,TI),其中相对最长根长、相对株高、相对地上部分干重、相对根干重和总干重是评价水稻对TCB胁迫耐性强弱的较好指标.基于耐性指数对各基因型进行聚类分析,将50个水稻基因型聚为耐性、较耐、较敏感和敏感4类.

... 本文在前期筛选出的耐TCB胁迫代表品种^[27]的基础上, 研究水稻分蘖盛期对TCB胁迫的生态毒性与生理响应, 以期为分蘖盛期水稻抗逆栽培管理提供依据 ...

... 1 试验材料供试品种宁粳1号(NJ, 敏感基因型)和扬辐粳8号(YFJ, 耐性基因型), 为前期筛选出的代表品种^[27] ...

0.0

... -萘胺法测定根系活力^[28], 单位为#cod#x003bc ...

... 采用考马斯亮蓝法测定叶片和根系的蛋白质含量^[28], 以mg g^-1 FW为单位 ...

... 采用愈创木酚法测定过氧化物酶(POD)的活性^[28], 以每分钟A₄₇₀值变化0 ...

2000

0.0

... 采用氮蓝四唑(NBT)光还原法^[29]测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性, 以抑制反应50%的酶量为一个酶活性单位(U), 酶活性单位以U mg^-1 Protein表示 ...

2006

0.0

... 采用碘量法测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性^[30], 以每分钟分解H₂O₂的毫克数表示酶活性大小, 单位为mg H₂O₂ min^-1 mg^-1 Protein ...

2007

0.0

... 采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量^[31], 单位为nmol g^-1 FW ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 27:211-216

Improvement of measurement method for superoxide anion radical in plant

(植物中超氧阴离子自由基测定方法的改进) . (云南植物研究) , 2005 , 27 : 211 - 216 Li Z G , Gong M . Improvement of measurement method for superoxide anion radical in plant

Li Z G

(李忠光) , (龚明) . (植物中超氧阴离子自由基测定方法的改进) . (云南植物研究) , 2005 , 27 : 211 - 216 Li Z G

通过对植物超氧阴离子自由基测定反应中动力学曲线的分析,确定了最佳的反应介质、反应参数和羟胺浓度,以三氯甲烷代替乙醚作为植物色素萃取试剂,克服了植物超氧阴离子测定中存在的诸多问题,提高了测定结果的准确性、重复性和可比性.

... 用羟氨氧化法^[32]测定超氧阴离子自由基( )产生速率, 以#cod#x00394 ...

1994

3.137

0.0

... 而CBs可通过多种途径进入农田, 被作物吸收后, 在体内积累、迁移、转化或释放^[33,34,35] ...

1996

3.137

0.0

... 而CBs可通过多种途径进入农田, 被作物吸收后, 在体内积累、迁移、转化或释放^[33,34,35] ...

2010

0.0

1.178

. 2010, 29:1702-1705

Transport processes of trichloroethylene and trichlorobenzene across the water-corn-air interface

(三氯乙烯和三氯苯在水-玉米- 空气系统中的传输过程研究) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2010 , 29 : 1702 - 1705 Yu K Y , Su Y H , Liu T , Liang Y C . Transport processes of trichloroethylene and trichlorobenzene across the water-corn-air interface

Yu K Y

(于开源) , (苏玉红) , (刘涛) , (梁永超) . (三氯乙烯和三氯苯在水-玉米- 空气系统中的传输过程研究) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2010 , 29 : 1702 - 1705 Yu K Y

采用水培实验及光照培养箱培养方法,通过测量玉米木质部伤流液及露珠中三氯乙烯(TCE)和1,2,3-三氯苯(TCB)两种有机污染物的浓度,对比探讨了两种有机污染物在水-玉米-空气系统中的传输过程和机制.结果表明,露珠中TCE与TCB均主要来源于随水蒸气的叶面挥发过程;水培条件下TCB在玉米木质部伤流液中的浓度与根外部水溶液中TCB浓度呈正相关,而露珠中TCB浓度与外部水溶液浓度呈负相关,蒸腾流浓缩系数(TSCF)值南暴露时间决定.实验条件下,根外部溶液浓度较低时,露珠中TCB浓度远大于木质部伤流液中TCB浓度;而高浓度时,木质部伤流液中TCB浓度远大于露珠中浓度.露珠中TCE浓度远大于木质部伤流液中TCE浓度,且与根外部水溶液浓度呈正相关;而木质部伤流液中TCE浓度随营养液中TCE浓度增加而减小.

... 而CBs可通过多种途径进入农田, 被作物吸收后, 在体内积累、迁移、转化或释放^[33,34,35] ...

2007

0.0

1.667

. 2007, 33:1991-2000

Response of rice roots to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress

Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

The responses of rice roots to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) stress were investigated by proteomic analysis, electron micrograph observation, and lipid peroxide estimation. The results showed that TCB stress inhibited root growth, led to water deficit in rice seedlings, affected cell structure and caused lipid peroxidation in rice roots. Moreover, TCB stress had significant effect on global proteome in rice roots. The analysis of the category and function of TCB stress inducible proteins showed that different groups of proteins were induced by 5 mg L^-1 TCB stress. They are detoxification enzymes (including esterase, aldo/keto reductases, and glutathione S-transferase), cell wall compound metabolism related enzymes (including UDP-glucose protein transglucosylase and GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase 1), phytohormone metabolism and regulation related enzymes or proteins (including aci-reductone dioxygenase 4, beta-glucosidase, two members of pathogenesis-related proteins from family 10), primary and secondary metabolism regulative enzymes (including translational elongation factor Tu, cytosolic orthophosphate dikinase, triosephosphate isomerases, alanine aminotransferase, and isoflavone reductase). Compared the TCB stress inducible proteins between two cultivars, β-glucosidase and PR10 proteins were particularly induced in Aizizhan roots, and glutathione S-transferase and aci-reductone dioxygenase 4 were induced in Shanyou 63 roots. This might be one of the important mechanisms for Shanyou 63 having higher tolerance to TCB stress than Aizizhan.

应用蛋白质组学、电镜观察、脂质过氧化物测定等方法研究了二个不同类型水稻品种的根系对有机污染物1,2,4-三氯苯（TCB）胁迫的应答。结果表明，TCB胁迫抑制水稻根系生长，影响根细胞结构，导致脂质过氧化。TCB胁迫对水稻根系蛋白质组也有显著影响。TCB胁迫能诱导根系内不同类型蛋白质的表达，它们是：解毒酶（包括脂酶、醛/酮还原酶、谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶），细胞壁物质代谢相关酶（包括蛋白转葡萄糖基酶、GDP-甘露糖-3,5-异构酶1），激素代谢或调节相关酶（包括酸式-还原酮二加氧酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、病程相关蛋白家族10中的2个不同蛋白），原初或次生代谢相关酶（包括转录延长因子、细胞质磷酸丙酮酸双激酶、磷酸丙糖异构酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶和异黄酮还原酶）。TCB胁迫诱导矮仔占根系中β-葡萄糖苷酶和病程相关蛋白家族10蛋白的表达，及汕优63根系中谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和酸式-还原酮二加氧酶的表达，这种诱导蛋白的差异可能是汕优63较矮仔占对TCB胁迫有较高耐性的机理之一。

... 以往研究认为TCB胁迫使水稻幼苗的根系伸长受到抑制, 细胞异常如细胞间隙加大、细胞壁显著加厚等, 根系活力也有所降低^[5,24,36] ...

... 但由于耐性基因型根系抗氧化酶、谷胱甘肽- S-转移酶和顺式还原酮加双氧酶等解毒酶^[36]受到 ...

... (1)植株的解毒系统适应性强, 抗氧化酶活性有所提高、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和顺式还原酮加双氧酶(ARD)受到诱导表达^[36], 有利于清除活性氧和有毒物质、维持细胞结构的稳定, 进而增强植株的抗逆能力 ...

2003

0.0

... TCB对水稻苗期株高^[24]、地上部生物量^[24]和成熟期有效分蘖数^[37]抑制作用显著, 本研究显示TCB对分蘖盛期水稻的地上部也有明显的影响 ...

2010

0.0

... 杜青平、张波等^[5,38]发现水稻和小麦幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、b和叶绿素总含量均随TCB浓度的增加而呈降低趋势 ...

2008

0.0

2010

0.0

. 2010, 32:1018-1030 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1005.2010.01018

Advances in plant microRNA and stresses response

Xu Z H

(许振华) , (谢传晓) . (植物microRNA与逆境响应研究进展. 遗传) , 2010 , 32 : 1018 - 1030 Xu Z H

National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous 16?29 nt non-coding small RNAs that were are generally found in species and typically encoded by endogenous genes. They play an important regulatory role at post-transcription level by targeting mRNA cleavage and translation repression. More and more plant miRNAs had been predicted and identified along with the development of bioinformatics and experimental techniques. At stress conditions, plant miRNAs also play a role in adaptation by up-regulating or down-regulating the miRNA expression. The biogenesis, action mode with target genes, bio-logical functions of plant miRNAs, as well as the stress-responsive miRNAs, were reviewed and the methodologies of miRNA study were also briefly summarized in this paper.

MicroRNA (miRNA)是一类在生物体内普遍存在的非编码、长度约16~29 nt的小分子RNA, 由内源基因编码, 于转录后水平通过介导靶mRNA降解或翻译抑制调控基因表达, 是真核细胞基因表达的重要调控因子。随着生物信息学与研究技术的发展, 越来越多的植物miRNA得到预测和验证。逆境胁迫下, 植物体诱导或下调相关miRNA表达, 参与植物逆境生理调节与适应。文章综述了植物miRNA生物合成、与靶基因的作用方式、生物功能以及逆境胁迫响应miRNA, 概要介绍了目前常用的miRNA研究方法。

... (2) MicroRNA是一类与植物适应逆境胁迫有关的调控基因表达的小分子RNA^[40], CB等有机污染胁迫可能诱导或下调水稻相关MicroRNA的表达, 从而调节植株的代谢过程 ...

1996

0.0

1.742

. 1996, 7:429-434

Degradation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) in soil

(1,2,4-三氯苯在土壤中的降解) . (应用生态学报) , 1996 , 7 : 429 - 434 He Y W , Sun T H , Ou Z Q . Degradation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) in soil

He Y W

(何耀武) , (孙铁琦) , (区自清) . (1,2,4-三氯苯在土壤中的降解) . (应用生态学报) , 1996 , 7 : 429 - 434 He Y W

Institute of Applied Ecology, Academia Sinica, Shenyang 110015

Degradation of 1,2,4-TCB in soil was studied under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results show that both aerobic and anaelxibic degradation of 1,2,4-TCB obeys the first order dynamics. Under same water content, temperature and initial concentration, the aerobic degradation is rapider than anaerobic one with half-lives of 1.89～5.86 and 5.07～19.08 days respectively. Initial concentration of 1,2,4-TCB significantly affected the degradation rate, with initial concentration ranging from 0 to 100μg·g^-1,higher concentration promotes the degradation. Higher temperature within the range of 10～30℃ accelerates the degradation due to the activation of microbial enzyme at high temperature.

在好氧和厌氧两种条件下研究了1,2,4-三氯苯的降解,结果表明,1,2,4-三氯苯的好氧降解和厌氧降解均遵循一级反应动力学在同样水分、温度及初始浓度条件下,1,2,4-三氯苯的好氧降解比厌氧降解迅速,其半衰期分别为1.89～5.86和5.07～19.08d土壤中1,2,4-三氯苯的初始浓度对于其降解也有显着影响,在0～100μg·g^-1的范围内,浓度增高时,其降解加快,说明污染物浓度对降解的影响;在10～30℃范围内,温度增高导致降解过程加快,归因于温度升高对微生物酶活性的激活作用.

... (3) 低浓度TCB能增加以其为碳源的微生物数量, 提高土壤肥力^[41,42], 而扬辐粳8号对TCB胁迫有一定耐受限度, 在低浓度TCB下仍能正常吸收与利用养分 ...

2009

0.0

1.178

. 2009, 28:2241-2245

Effects of heavy metals lead and cadmium on Zea mays L. growth and the soil microorganism

(重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2009 , 28 : 2241 - 2245 Li Y , Huang Z B , Wang W P , Huang Z , Yan B L , Cao Y , Wang S Y . Effects of heavy metals lead and cadmium on Zea mays L. growth and the soil microorganism

Li Y

(李勇) , (黄占斌) , (王文萍) , (黄震) , (颜丙磊) , (曹杨) , (王诗宇) . (重金属铅镉对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响) . (农业环境科学学报) , 2009 , 28 : 2241 - 2245 Li Y

采用温室盆栽土培方法.研究了土壤中不同浓度重金属铅(Pb,0-800 mg·kg~(-1))、镉(Cd,0-50 mg·kg~(-1))单一及其复合处理对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长及土壤微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量的影响.结果表明,在重金属Pb、Cd单一及其复合处理下,玉米的株高、干重均低于对照,重金属Pb、Cd处理对玉米的生长存在负面影响.重金属Pb、Cd单一处理抑制细菌、真菌的生长,中低浓度Pb(<300mg·kg~(-1))、Cd(≤10mg·kg~(-1))单一处理促进放线菌数量的增加,高浓度(Pb≥800mg·kg~(-1)、Cd≥50mg·kg~(-1))则呈现抑制效应;Pb、Cd复合在高中低浓度下都抑制土壤微生物生长,减少微生物数量.玉米株高同土壤微生物之间相关性不显著;玉米干重同土壤细菌、真菌显著相关,同土壤放线菌之间相关性不显著.

Abstract：

Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations of lead (Pb, 0-800 mg·kg~(-1)), cadmium (Cd,0～50 mg·kg~(-1)) single and their compound treatments on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and soil microbe quantity including bacteria, actino-mycetes, fungi. The results showed that the heavy metals Pb and Cd treatment have the negative influence on maize growth, plant height and drymass of maize were significantly lower than that of the control under Pb、Cd single and compound treatments. The Pb、Cd single treatment inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi; Actinomycetes was increasing under middle and low concentration of Pb (blow 300 mg·kg~(-1))、Cd (blow 10 mg·kg~(-1)), while the high-concentration (Pb above 800 mg·kg~(-1)、Cd above 50 mg·kg~(-1)) presented the inhibitory effect; Growth of Soil microorganism was inhibited under the high 、 middle and low concentration of Pb and Cd compound treatments, and caused the microbe quantity decreased. The relationship between maize plant height and the soil microorganism wasn't related significantly; There was significant correlation among maize drymass and soil bacteria 、fungi, but not and the soil actinomycetes.

... (3) 低浓度TCB能增加以其为碳源的微生物数量, 提高土壤肥力^[41,42], 而扬辐粳8号对TCB胁迫有一定耐受限度, 在低浓度TCB下仍能正常吸收与利用养分 ...