籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异

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龚金龙, 邢志鹏, 胡雅杰, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉. 籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异. 作物学报, 34(3): 497-510
GONG Jin-Long, XING Zhi-Peng, HU Ya-Jie, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui. Difference of Characteristics of Photosynthesis, Matter Production and Translocation betweenIndica andJaponica Super Rice . 作物学报, 34(3): 497-510 复制到剪切板

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籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异

龚金龙, 邢志鹏, 胡雅杰, 张洪程^*, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉

扬州大学 / 农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979220

收稿日期:2013-10-19

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”科技支撑计划重大项目(2011BAD16B03, BE2012301), 超级稻配套栽培技术开发与技术集成(农业部专项)和江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(CXZZ12_0903)资助。;

摘要

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异, 以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料, 对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明, 粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻, 而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻, 差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻, 但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积, 且随着生长发育的持续, 群体光合物质生产优势不断加大, 群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势, 而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出, 有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升缓降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产, 是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。

关键词: 超级稻; 籼稻; 粳稻; 干物质积累特征; 光合生产特征; 转运特征

Difference of Characteristics of Photosynthesis, Matter Production and Translocation betweenIndica andJaponica Super Rice

GONG Jin-Long, XING Zhi-Peng, HU Ya-Jie, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^*, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:

Abstract

This study was to reveal the difference of characteristics of dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic production betweenindica andjaponica super rice. Field experiments were conducted by using five representative super hybridindica combinations and five conventionaljaponica super rice varieties planted on a large scale in Jiangsu region with rice-wheat double cropping rotation. Dry matter accumulation, distribution and translocation, leaf area, leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), seedling quality and leaf type were analyzed systematically. Results showed that, dry matter accumulation, LAD, CGR, and NAR at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), leaf length, leaf base angle, angle between stem and leaf and drooping angle in top three leaves, leaf area decreasing per day after heading and harvest index ofjaponica rice were less than those ofindica rice significantly, while dry matter accumulation, LAD, CGR, and NAR at the middle and later growth stages (from jointing to maturity), ratio of leaf area of productive tillers, ratio of leaf area of top three leaves, grain-leaf ratio (spikelets per cm² leaf area, filled grains per cm² leaf area and grain weight per cm² leaf area), maximum leaf area index, total filling, grain yield, biological yield, maximum output and apparent output and their ratio were larger than those ofindica rice significantly. Although dry matter weight per stem ofjaponica rice at the main growth stages was lower than that ofindica rice, the superiority of population quantity suggested thatjaponica rice would possess higher dry matter accumulation and leaf area. With the advancement of growth and development, the superiority of photosynthesis and matter production ofjaponica rice was increasing, with a higher dry matter accumulation more than that ofindica rice 25 d after heading approximately. The growth potential ofjaponica rice remained strong at the late period of grain-filling (from milky stage to maturity), while stored matter kept in the stem and sheath exported appropriately at the early period of grain-filling (from heading to milky stage), ensuring the security of efficient photosynthetic layer and the enrichment of high accumulation yield sink. Therefore, balanced formation of high biological yield, stable-increasing-slow-decreasing tendency of leaf area, and the large amounts of high efficient photosynthate production from jointing to maturity are the important characteristics and causes for the efficient and sustainable output of photosynthetic systems, more grain-filling and high yield formation injaponica rice.

Keyword: Super rice; Indica rice; Japonica rice; Characteristics of dry matter accumulation; Characteristics of photosynthetic production; Characteristics of translocation

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水稻产量形成的过程实质上就是干物质积累与分配的过程, 水稻干物质生产的90%以上都来自于光合作用, 且产量的高低取决于光合物质的积累及其分配、运输和转化是否协调合理^{[ 1]}, 因此, 研究水稻干物质积累及光合生产特征对超级稻再高产有着重要的意义。关于水稻光合物质生产积累特征, 前人从籼、粳超级稻品种(组合)、(超)高产群体等不同方面和角度进行了大量研究, 并取得了令人瞩目的进展^{[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}。吴文革等^{[ 10]}研究表明, 5个超级杂交中籼品种(组合)具有显著的物质生产与积累优势, 集中体现在中期和后期, 抽穗期营养器官贮存了较多的结构物质但干物质表观输出量却低于常规杂交籼稻汕优63, 叶面积及光合势的显著提高则促进了群体生产率的提高。吴桂成等^{[ 11]}研究发现, 从高产到更高产再到超高产, 4个常规粳型超级稻生物学产量不断提高, 而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当, 显著高于高产水平; 较之更高产、高产群体, 超高产群体在生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量大, 抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优, 在生育后期(抽穗至成熟期), 光合能力强、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调。Zhang等^{[ 12]}研究报道, 超级杂交稻较普通杂交稻和常规稻生产潜力提高的重要原因是具有更大的物质生产量。史鸿儒等^{[ 13]}对北方粳型超级稻的研究表明, 超高产的主要原因是抽穗后新增同化物和抽穗前营养器官储存物质的二次利用量高。笔者等^{[ 14]}曾研究总结出南方粳型超级稻群体形成特征, 即高秧苗素质促进低位分蘖发生, 精确群体起点稳定提高穗数; 生育中期干物质积累高, 叶面积大, 株型直挺, 有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率高, 源库流畅; 生育后期茎鞘输出大, 二次增重高, 根群强健, 支撑着高光效灌浆结实层的安全充实。氮肥群体最高生产力(水稻品种在某一氮肥水平下最大限度地发挥其增产潜力, 达到的最高产量定义为该品种的氮肥群体最高生产力^{[ 15]})水平下, 超级稻穗多粒大, 群体颖花量大, 需氮量大, 产量潜力高; 生育中后期光合生产能力强, 充实量大; 群体株型改善, 抗倒支撑强, 适宜用作机插。综上不难发现, 前人主要以单个亚种为研究对象, 或比较研究亚种内杂交稻与常规稻的差异, 亦或两种类型品种仅用作试验重复, 而截至2013年农业部认定的101个超级稻品种中籼型超级稻以杂交稻组合为主, 粳型超级稻全部为常规稻^{[ 16]}。同时, 随着江苏以及整个南方稻区实施新一轮“籼改粳”, 粳稻种植面积将进一步扩大, 但关于两种类型品种的生产力差异及其形成机制尚不十分清楚。因此, 开展高产栽培条件下常规粳型超级稻与超级杂交籼稻光合物质生产与分配特征的系统比较研究, 具有重要的理论意义与生产实践价值。为此, 本研究立足苏中地区, 在稻麦两熟制籼、粳同季兼作条件下选用当地大面积适宜推广种植的籼、粳超级稻为试验材料, 并配套各自相应的高产栽培管理措施, 以充分发挥其产量水平。在此基础上, 系统深入分析籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与分配特征的差异及其与产量形成的关系, 以期为超级稻品种的合理利用以及增产潜力的挖掘提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点及供试材料

试验于2011—2012年在扬州大学农学院校外试验基地江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇科研基地(33°05'N, 119°57'E)进行。该区位于江淮之间, 江苏省里下河地区腹部, 属北亚热带湿润气候区, 年平均温度15℃左右, 年降水量1024.8 mm左右, 全年日照时数2305.6 h左右, 无霜期227 d左右。地势低洼, 平均地面海拔仅2.4 m, 境内湖泊众多, 河流纵横, 属水网圩区。试验地前茬均为小麦(实收产量6.1 t hm^-2)。土壤地力中等, 勤泥土, 质地黏性, 含有机质 22.3 g kg^-1、全氮1.54 g kg^-1、速效磷14.5 mg kg^-1、速效钾111.9 mg kg^-1, pH 7.2, 0~20 cm耕作层土壤容重1.29 g cm^-3。

供试籼型超级杂交稻组合为中熟中籼稻“扬两优6号”、“两优培九”、“新两优6380”、“II优084”、“丰两优1号”, 其全生育期在145~150 d之间; 常规粳型超级稻品种为早熟晚粳稻“南粳44”、“宁粳3号”、“扬粳4038”、“镇稻11”、“武运粳24”, 其全生育期在160~165 d之间。

1.2 试验设计与栽培管理

在长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下, 根据籼、粳超级稻高产特征和要求, 分别设置能充分发挥两种类型水稻品种产量潜力的密、肥、水等高产栽培管理技术措施。应用精确定量栽培原理设计, 5月15日将催好芽的稻种用旱育保姆拌种后均匀撒播, 旱育壮秧, 6月15日移栽, 栽插密度25.1万穴 hm^-2(13.3 cm × 30.0 cm), 常规粳稻每穴2苗, 杂交籼稻每穴1苗。总施氮量, 杂交籼稻225 kg hm^-2, 常规粳稻300 kg hm^-2, 氮肥运筹比例均为基蘖肥∶穗肥 = 5∶5, 基肥∶分蘖肥 = 6∶4, N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O = 1.0∶0.5∶1.0。分蘖肥于移栽后一个叶龄一次性施入, 穗肥于倒四叶和倒三叶分2次施用, 磷肥全作基肥, 钾肥分基肥和拔节肥等量施用。在有效分蘖临界叶龄的前一个叶龄, 当茎蘖数达到预期穗数的80%时, 自然断水搁田, 轻搁、多搁; 拔节至成熟期实行湿润灌溉, 干干湿湿, 直至成熟收获前一周断水。其他栽培管理措施均按照高产栽培要求实施。

试验重复3次, 共30个小区, 随机区组排布, 每个小区33.3 m²。不同类型和品种间作埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 各处理间设有间隔沟约0.5 m, 试验区四周设有排灌沟约1.0 m, 保证各小区单独排灌。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 秧苗素质栽插前1 d, 选择苗高与出叶情况表现平均水平的秧苗20株, 测量苗高、叶龄、单株茎蘖数和茎基粗。在秧盘上选择出苗均匀处切取秧块(10 cm × 10 cm) 3块, 剔除小苗(苗高在平均苗高1/2以下者), 洗去根部土壤, 细心剪去根系, 计算苗数, 置105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃下烘至恒重, 称取干重。

1.3.2 干物质及叶面积分别于移栽期、有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期(抽穗后20 d)、蜡熟期(抽穗后35 d)和成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均值取代表性植株5穴, 105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃下烘至恒重, 测定干物质重, 并采用比重法测定叶面积。抽穗期测定叶面积时, 将叶面积分为总叶面积(所有茎蘖的叶面积)、有效叶面积(有效茎蘖的叶面积)和高效叶面积(有效茎蘖顶三叶的叶面积)。

1.3.3 株型于抽穗期, 每小区分别随机选取20个有代表性的单茎, 保持不失水, 分别测定株高、叶长、叶基角(叶片基部与茎秆的夹角)、叶开角(叶尖与叶枕连成的直线与茎秆之间的夹角)、披垂度(叶开角与叶基角的差值)、上三叶比叶重。

1.3.4 割方测产成熟期每小区收割100穴, 测定水分, 去除杂质, 折算实产。

1.3.5 计算

单位苗高干重(mg cm^-1)＝干重/苗高;光合势(m² d m^-2)＝1/2(LAI₁+LAI₂)(t₂-t₁), 式中LAI₁和LAI₂为前后两次测定的叶面积指数(m² m^-2), t₁和t₂为前后两次测定的时间(d);群体生长率(g m^-2 d^-1)＝(W₂-W_l)/(t₂-t₁), 式中W₁和W₂为前后两次测定的干物质重, t₁和t₂为前后两次测定的时间(d);有效叶面积率(%)＝(有效LAI/最大LAI)×100;高效叶面积率(%)＝(高效LAI/最大LAI)×100;颖花/叶(cm^-2)＝总颖花数/孕穗期叶面积;实粒/叶(cm^-2)＝总实粒数/孕穗期叶面积;粒重/叶(mg cm^-2)＝籽粒产量/孕穗期叶面积;叶面积衰减率(LAI d^-1)＝(LAI₂-LAI₁)/(t₂-t₁), 式中LAI₁和LAI₂为前后两次测定的叶面积指数(m² m^-2), t₁和t₂为前后两次测定的时间(d);净同化率(g m² d^-1)＝[ln (LAI₂) - ln (LAI₁)]/ (LAI₂-LAI₁)×(W₂-W₁)/(t₂-t₁); 式中, LAI₁和LAI₂为前后两次测定的叶面积指数(m² m^-2), t₁和t₂为前后两次测定的时间(d);表观输出率(%)＝[(抽穗期单茎茎鞘重-成熟期单茎茎鞘重)/抽穗期单茎茎鞘重]×100;最大输出率(%)＝[(抽穗期单茎茎鞘重-乳熟期单茎茎鞘重)/抽穗期单茎茎鞘重]×100;总充实量(t hm^-2)＝群体颖花量×实际结实率×实际千粒糙米重。

1.4 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003进行数据的录入、计算与作图; 运用SPSS数据处理系统^{[ 17]}进行统计分析, 数据间的多重比较采用LSD法。两年试验结果趋势一致, 本文选取2012年试验数据进行分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 籼、粳超级稻籽粒产量的总体变异

对两年内两种类型品种籽粒产量的方差分析表明(表1), 年度、类型、品种间的差异达到显著或

极显著水平; 互作效应方面, 类型与品种二因子间差异达到极显著水平, 而年份与类型、年份与品种二因子间以及年份、类型与品种三因子间差异不显著, 说明两种类型品种间存在着极显著差异。由此可见, 本试验设计合理, 具有一定的准确性和代表性, 能真实反映籼、粳超级稻籽粒产量及其形成的差异。

表1 籼、粳超级稻实收产量在年度间、类型间及品种间的方差分析 Table 1 Analysis of variance ( F-value) of grain yield among years, types and cultivars between indica and japonica super rice

2.2 籼、粳超级稻群体叶面积动态特征的差异

从表2可以看出, 粳稻移栽期平均群体叶面积指数(LAI)仅0.14, 比籼稻(0.18)低26.67%, 差异极显著。这可能与籼稻叶片大、个体生长优势明显有关, 虽然粳稻栽插基本苗多, 但移栽期籼稻苗高、单株茎蘖数、茎基粗、单株干重和单位苗高干重均高于粳稻(表3), 其中苗高、单株茎蘖数、单株干重和单位苗高干重达到显著或极显著水平, 可见较高的地上部生长量保证籼稻具有较好的大田群体叶面积起点; 而根冠比方面, 籼稻(0.32)极显著低于粳稻(0.38), 群体根冠协调及质量不如粳稻, 这在移栽后群体叶面积动态上也有明显的反映。返青活棵后, 粳稻稳健地早发, 群体叶面积增长速度高于籼稻, 至有效分蘖临界叶龄期粳稻群体平均群体叶面积指数高出籼稻4.52%, 差异极显著; 有效分蘖临界叶龄至拔节期, 籼稻仍保持较高的生长速度和生长势, 至拔节期籼稻群体叶面积指数达3.68 (3.59~3.80), 较粳稻高17.00%, 差异极显著; 所有品种的最大叶面积指数均出现在孕穗期, 粳稻平均最大叶面积指数达7.55 (7.50~7.63), 籼稻平均最大叶面积指数为7.53 (7.43~7.64), 粳稻略高于籼稻, 差异不显著; 此后, 粳稻群体叶面积平缓消减, 至成熟期仍保持在较高的水平上(3.11~3.35), 极显著高于籼稻。粳稻群体叶面积指数较籼稻的增减幅度, 拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期和成熟期分别为-17.00%、0.22%、1.70%、22.92%、50.29%、56.20%, 可见粳稻生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)群体叶面积生长优势越来越大, 这为粳稻群体干物质积累和库容充实奠定了良好的叶源基础。再从品种间变异系数来看(表2), 粳稻移栽期、有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期和成熟期群体叶面积指数的变异系数分别为4.67%、1.40%、1.82%、0.66%、0.36%、1.96%、1.74%、3.49%, 均低于籼稻, 说明粳稻叶面积变化平稳, 易保持高质量光合生产能力。由此可见, “稳升缓降”的叶面积动态和较强的有效高效叶面积生长是粳稻高产形成的特点和优势之一。

2.3 籼、粳超级稻干物质生产积累特征的差异

籼、粳超级稻主要生育期单茎干物重和群体干物重存在明显差异(表4和表5)。粳稻移栽期平均群体干物质积累量为0.06 t hm^-2, 较籼稻高25.68%, 差异极显著, 而粳稻平均单茎干物重仅0.07 g 株^-1, 较籼稻低22.54%, 差异极显著, 说明超级杂交籼稻个体生长优势明显, 这与籼稻秧田期具有较高的地

表2 籼、粳超级稻群体叶面积指数的差异 Table 2 Difference of leaf area index between indica and japonica super rice (m² m^-2)

表3 籼、粳超级稻秧苗素质的差异 Table 3 Difference of seedling quality between indicaand japonicasuper rice

上部生长量是相一致的(表3), 但较高的栽插基本苗保证粳稻具有较好的群体物质起点。移栽后, 籼稻早生快长, 至有效分蘖临界叶龄期籼稻群体干物质积累量与粳稻的差距缩小至3.8%; 有效分蘖临界叶龄至拔节期, 籼稻继续保持较高的物质积累速度, 到拔节期籼稻群体干物质积累量达5.00~5.42 t hm^-2, 极显著高于粳稻; 拔节后, 粳稻群体干物质积累速度快于籼稻, 拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期和成熟期粳稻群体干物质积累量较籼稻的增减幅度分别为-16.47%、-4.46%、-3.56%、-0.29%、7.79%、14.07%, 说明随着水稻生长发育的持续, 粳稻群体干物质积累与籼稻的差距不断缩小, 并于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻, 最终粳稻成熟期群体平均干物质积累量达18.91 (18.24~19.72) t hm^-2, 极显著高于籼稻, 增长幅度达14.07%, 说明粳稻生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)物质积累优势明显, 且呈现逐渐加大的趋势。这可能与粳稻最终成穗数极显著高于籼稻有关^{[ 18]}, 虽然籼稻整个生育期单茎干物重均显著或极显著高于粳稻(表5), 但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和生物产量。粳稻平均收获指数为0.49, 显著低于籼稻(0.50)。从品种间变异系数来看(表4和表5), 粳稻各生育期单茎干物重和群体干物重及收获指数的变异系数均低于籼稻, 说明粳稻干物质积累动态平稳, 易积累较高的干物质积累量和生物产量, 这为库容的充实和高产的形成提供了良好的物质基础。由此可见, 群体稳定的干物质积累特性以及较高的生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)有效高效物质生产积累量和生物产量是粳稻获取高产的关键特征之一。

2.4 籼、粳超级稻生育前、中期光合物质生产与冠层结构的差异

表6表明, 粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)平均干物质积累量为4.36 (4.28~4.46) t hm^-2, 较籼稻低16.87%, 差异极显著。籼、粳稻移栽至拔节期干物质积累量占生物产量的比例、光合势、群体生长势和净同化率的差异均表现出类似的趋势, 其中前3项的差异达显著或极显著水平。粳稻生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均高于籼稻, 而其干物质积累量占生物学产量的比例较籼稻低6.01%, 这可能与粳稻具有较高的生物产量有关。

表4 籼、粳超级稻主要生育期群体干物质积累的差异 Table 4 Difference of dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages between indica and japonica super rice (t hm^-2)

表5 籼、粳超级稻主要生育期单茎干物重的差异 Table 5 Difference of dry matter weight per stem at the main growth stages between indica and japonica super rice (g)

表6 籼、粳超级稻生育前、中期干物质生产积累的差异 Table 6 Difference of production and accumulation of dry matter at early and middle stages between indica and japonica super rice

从表7可见, 粳稻抽穗期平均群体干物质重和叶面积指数分别为11.34 (11.08~11.63) t hm^-2、7.48 (7.46~7.52), 群体干物重较籼稻低3.56%, 叶面积指数较籼稻高1.70%, 差异均未达到显著水平。粳稻高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率的平均值分别达78.27% (75.96%~79.52%)、95.09% (94.77%~95.34%), 均极显著高于籼稻。本研究采用粒叶比表示库源比, 粳稻平均颖花/叶为0.597 (0.577~0.609) cm^-2、平均实粒/叶为0.545 (0.531~0.558) cm^-2、平均粒重/叶为14.437 (14.072~14.815) mg cm^-2, 分别较籼稻高2.96%、11.72%、12.98%, 其中实粒/叶和粒重/叶的差异达到极显著水平。

表7 籼、粳超级稻抽穗期干物质积累、叶面积组成与粒叶比的差异 Table 7 Difference of dry matter accumulation, components of leaf area and grain-leaf ratio at heading between indica and japonicasuper rice

与超级杂交籼稻组合相比, 常规粳型超级稻株高较矮(99.8~104.6 cm); 上三叶较短, 其平均值分别为28.3 (27.8~29.3)、40.3 (39.1~41.7)、35.6 (34.7~35.9) cm, 且叶基角、叶开角和披垂度均较小, 植株挺直、紧凑; 上三叶比叶重(3.599~3.712 mg cm^-2)较大。粳稻所有株型指标均极显著高于籼稻(表8)。

由此可见, 在精确较高群体数量与质量的起点基础上, 稳健地早发, 并控制无效生长, 拔节期形成适宜群体数量和高质群体结构; 生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)有效高效生长量大, 株型直挺, 抽穗期不仅群体干物质积累量和叶面积组成合理, 而且源库协调、群体质量优化, 为灌浆结实期高效光合层的拓建和生产积累的提高奠定群体生理基础, 这可能是粳稻具有较高的灌浆充实量和经济产量的重要特征和途径。

2.5 籼、粳超级稻生育后期光合物质生产与输出特征的差异

粳稻抽穗至成熟期平均干物质积累量达7.56 (7.16~8.08) t hm^-2, 极显著高于籼稻(4.81 t hm^-2), 其占生物学产量的比例、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率亦表现出类似的规律; 而粳稻抽穗后平均叶面积衰减率仅0.079 (0.074~0.083) LAI d^-1, 较籼稻低36.28%, 差异极显著, 说明粳稻抽穗后光合系统不仅“高产高效”, 而且功能持续时间长, 最终生产出

表8 籼、粳超级稻抽穗期株型的差异 Table 8 Difference of plant type at heading between indica and japonica super rice

较多的“高效充实物质”, 这在总充实量和实收产量上也有较好的反映。粳稻平均总充实量达9.67 (9.41~10.02) t hm^-2, 籼稻仅8.40 (8.11~8.68) t hm^-2, 粳稻高出籼稻15.15%, 差异极显著。实收产量表现趋势与总充实量一致(表9)。

从表10可见, 粳稻抽穗期、乳熟期、成熟期平均单茎茎鞘重分别为1.93、1.50、1.83 g, 分别较籼稻低17.96%、16.54%、9.48%, 随着籽粒灌浆的持续, 籼、粳稻单茎茎鞘重的差距越来越小, 粳稻个体生长劣势缩小、群体生长优势加大。再从阶段输出与转运来看, 粳稻抽穗至乳熟期单茎平均输出量为0.43 (0.39~0.48) g, 较籼稻(0.56 g)低22.52%, 差异显著; 粳稻抽穗至成熟期平均单茎输出量为0.10 (0.09~0.13) g, 较籼稻(0.33 g)低69.35%, 差异极显著; 粳稻乳熟至成熟期平均单茎再充实量为0.33 (0.29~0.39) g, 较籼稻(0.22 g)高47.02%。由此可见, 相对籼稻而言, 粳稻茎鞘最大输出少, 二次灌浆多, 表观输出则更少, 这可能也是粳稻发挥灌浆后期优势提高生物产量和经济产量以及具有较强的抗早衰和抗倒支撑能力的重要原因之一。最大输出率和表观输出率呈现的趋势与输出转运量一致(表10)。

综上所述, 在生育前中期(移栽至抽穗期)优化构建合理群体数量和结构的基础上, 抽穗后光合系统功能强、持续时间长、群体生产积累物质多、籽粒充实量大, 尤其是灌浆结实后期光合生产优势明显, 表现为光合作用依存型品种; 再加上灌浆初期茎鞘物质合理输出, 有效保障了高效光合层和高积累产量库的安全、流畅对接, 这可能也是粳稻不早衰、能够充分利用秋末温光自然资源、在稳定足量群体颖花量的同时能大幅提高结实率、灌浆充实量而提高产量的重要特征和原因。

3 讨论

3.1 关于籼、粳超级稻生物学产量及其阶段形成特征的差异

水稻生物学产量的形成是植株个体、群体干物

表9 籼、粳超级稻抽穗后干物质生产的差异 Table 9 Difference of production of dry matter after heading between indica and japonica super rice

表10 籼、粳超级稻抽穗后单茎茎鞘物质的输出与转运的差异 Table 10 Difference of production and translocation of dry matter per stem and sheath after heading between indica and japonica super rice

质积累、分配、运输与转化的结果。稻谷产量由生物学产量与经济系数共同决定, 从理论上讲提高生物学产量或经济系数均能增加产量。目前, 国内外学者较为一致地认为, 要进一步提高产量, 主要取决于生物学产量的提高, 而对于经济系数则说法不一^{[ 19, 20, 21]}。当然在保证生物产量的同时, 提高收获指数可以有效增加经济产量和肥水利用效率^{[ 22]}, 但无论哪个生态稻区, 即便技术有重大革新、品种改良有重大突破、产量水平有大幅提高, 水稻收获指数的提高可能也存在一个极限值。事实上, 收获指数过高反而容易加剧源库之间的矛盾, 引起倒伏, 至于水稻收获指数的极限值还有待进一步研究证实。也就是说, 目前要进一步提高水稻产量, 可能还是要培育株高更高、生物产量更高、群体结构更合理、综合性状协同优化的“大群体”品种(组合)。本研究结果表明, 粳稻平均收获指数为0.49, 显著低于籼稻(0.50), 而粳稻群体平均生物产量达18.91 (18.24~19.72) t hm^-2, 极显著高于籼稻, 增长幅度达14.07%, 说明提高生物学产量是粳稻高产的关键特征和途径之一。

大量研究^{[ 23, 24, 25]}指出, 在(超)高产水平条件下, 干物质阶段积累中拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期对生物产量具有正向作用, 而移栽至拔节期具有负向作用, 即产量与抽穗至成熟期和拔节至抽穗期干物质积累量呈显著或极显著的正相关, 与移栽至拔节期干物质积累量呈负相关, 与抽穗期群体干物质重呈二次抛物线关系。因此, 要适当控制生育前期(移栽至拔节期)物质生产以形成拔节期高质量的“小群体”, 并适当提高生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)有效、高效物质生产以形成抽穗期足够数量和结构优化的高质群体, 同时大幅提高生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)干物质积累量以形成“源库撑”协调的高产群体。本研究结果与前人研究结论^{[ 26, 27, 28]}基本一致, 虽然整个生育期粳稻单茎干物重不如籼稻, 但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量, 且随着水稻生长发育的持续, 粳稻群体干物重与籼稻的差距不断缩小, 并于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻, 最终生物学产量极显著高于籼稻, 说明平稳的群体干物质积累特性和较强的生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)有效高效物质生产特征是粳稻高产形成的特征和途径之一。而籼稻营养生长优势明显, 特别是在移栽至拔节期, 这种优势在土壤贫瘠、地力中下等的中低产田上具有较好的产量表现, 但要获得高产、更高产、甚至超高产还须力促生殖生长期光合物质的生产与积累, 这也是粳稻高产形成的重要特征和原因之一。

3.2 关于籼、粳超级稻干物质生产与转运特征的差异

水稻籽粒的灌浆物质一部分来自抽穗后的光合产物, 另一部分来自抽穗前叶茎鞘贮藏的非结构性碳水化合物的再分配。出穗前茎鞘贮藏物质一般占灌浆物质的20%~40%, 如灌浆结实期环境条件差, 不利于光合作用, 灌浆物质中来自出穗前贮藏物质的比例甚至会超过50%^{[ 29, 30]}。目前, 无论是不同产量水平上还是品种演进上, 已有多数研究较为一致地认为(超)高产水稻一般生育前中期叶茎鞘等器官贮藏的光合产物多, 生育后期光合产物分配于穗部的比例大, 且叶茎鞘的贮藏物质能较多地运转到穗部^{[ 31]}, 到灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)回升也较多, 二次增重多^{[ 32, 33, 34]}。关于籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异, 也有相关研究报道。李旭毅等^{[ 35]}研究发现, 大穗型粳稻品种辽星19茎鞘干物质的积累和转运能力更接近当地的籼稻品种, 有利于其籽粒的灌浆启动, 这可能也是该品种每穗粒数增加后结实特性仍得到显著改善的另一重要因素。本研究结果表明, 与籼稻相比, 粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)有效物质生长量多、无效物质生长量少, 生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)高效物质生长量大, 生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)物质生产积累多、充实量大, 而茎鞘输出转运量少, 最大输出率和表观输出率均低于籼稻, 有效保障了粳稻高效光合充实层的安全支撑, 这与粳稻籽粒灌浆启动慢、灌浆速度适中且稳定、灌浆持续时间长、灌浆后期弱势粒灌浆质量较高等灌浆特性^{[ 18]}一致。本研究还发现, 粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势, 这可能与粳稻不早衰、根系活力强、叶片光合功能持续时间长、生理生化活性强等^{[ 36]}有关, 还有待进一步研究证实。

3.3 关于籼、粳超级稻光合生产特征的差异

水稻产量主要来源于光合产物, 光合作用是水稻产量的源泉, 其中叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率等都是表征群体光合生产能力的重要指标。目前关于水稻光合生产特征的研究均较为一致地表明, 无论是品种演进上还是不同产量水平上, (超)高产水稻一般具有较高的最适叶面积及有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率, 以及生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)群体叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均较高等特点^{[ 37, 38, 39]}。而关于常规粳型超级稻品种与超级杂交籼稻组合之间光合生产特征的差异比较研究, 目前尚少见报道。本研究结果表明, 虽然粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)群体叶面积指数低于籼稻, 但粳稻生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)有效高效叶面积大、生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)叶面积消减平缓, 生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)群体叶源生长优势越来越大, 说明“稳升缓降”的叶面积动态和较强的有效高效叶面积生长是粳稻高产形成的特点和优势之一。本研究还发现, 粳稻移栽至拔节期粳稻光合势、群体生长势和净同化率均低于籼稻, 而拔节至成熟期粳稻则均高于籼稻; 粳稻抽穗期叶面积略高, 高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率均极显著高于籼稻; 株型方面, 粳稻表现为株高较矮、高效叶较短、叶角较小, 这为粳稻高效物质生产积累与库容充实奠定了群体优化冠层三维空间结构基础。至于籼、粳超级稻剑叶光合特性的差异还有待进一步深化研究。此外, 常规粳型超级稻净同化率并不高, 光合势的增加主要依靠生育期的延长, 光合效率与超级稻超高产育种的要求还有一定的距离, 这可能也是未来超级稻育种与改良的重要方向之一。

4 结论

随着水稻生长发育的持续, 群体干物质积累和光合生产优势越来越大, 高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升稳降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较高的有效高效光合物质生产, 是粳稻光合物质生产及高产形成的重要特征和途径。以群体数量优势稳健地早发, 通过有效无效生长精准对接构建拔节期适宜规模的高质群体; 拔节至抽穗期有效高效生长量大, 株型挺起, 抽穗期具备协调合理的群体冠层小气候、温光水气分布、干物质积累量、叶系组成和源库结构; 抽穗后光合系统高效持续产出、光合生产积累物质多、茎鞘二次增重大, 而出穗前贮藏器官非结构性碳水化合物输出转运量少, 有效保障了高库容的安全充实, 是粳稻光合物质生产与转运及高产形成的另一重要特征和途径。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[34]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13. 5 t hm^-2超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 Zhang H C, Wu G C, Li D J, Xiao Y C, Gong J L, Li J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Wang B J, Wu A G. Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13. 5 t ha^-1). Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[35]	李旭毅, 池忠志, 姜心禄, 郑家国. 成都平原两熟区籼粳稻品种籽粒灌浆特性. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 3256-3264 Li X Y, Chi Z Z, Jiang X L, Zheng J G. Analysis on grain filling characteristics of indica and japonica rice in rapeseed (wheat)-rice planting area in Chengdu basin. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 3256-3264 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[36]	焦德茂, 李霞, 黄雪清, 季本华. 不同高产水稻品种生育后期叶片光抑制、光氧化和早衰的关系. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35: 487-492 Jiao D M, Li X, Huang X Q, Ji B H. The relationship among photoinhibition, photooxidation and early aging at later developmental stages in different high yield varieties. Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35: 487-492 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[37]	张洪程, 郭保卫, 陈厚存, 周兴涛, 张军, 朱聪聪, 陈京都, 李桂云, 吴中华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 杨雄. 水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 463-475 Zhang H C, Guo B W, Chen H C, Zhou X T, Zhang J, Zhu C C, Chen J D, Li G Y, Wu Z H, Dai Q Q, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Yang X. Eco-physiological characteristics and super high yield formation mechanism of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 463-475 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[38]	张洪程, 张军, 龚金龙, 常勇, 李敏, 高辉, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. “籼改粳”的生产优势及其形成机理. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 686-704 Zhang H C, Zhang J, Gong J L, Chang Y, Li M, Gao H, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y. The productive advantages and formation mechanisms of “indica rice to japonica rice”. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 686-704 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[39]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]

2000

0.0

... 水稻产量形成的过程实质上就是干物质积累与分配的过程, 水稻干物质生产的90%以上都来自于光合作用, 且产量的高低取决于光合物质的积累及其分配、运输和转化是否协调合理^[1], 因此, 研究水稻干物质积累及光合生产特征对超级稻再高产有着重要的意义 ...

2003

2.474

0.0

... 关于水稻光合物质生产积累特征, 前人从籼、粳超级稻品种(组合)、(超)高产群体等不同方面和角度进行了大量研究, 并取得了令人瞩目的进展^{[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]} ...

2011

2.8

0.0

. 2011, 34:278-286 DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2011.02.005

No-tillage and direct seeding for super hybrid rice production in rice-oilseed rape cropping system

Abstract

No-tillage and direct seeding (NTDS) is an effective crop production method for reducing production costs and soil conservation. In order to understand performance of super hybrid rice under NTDS in rice–oilseed rape cropping system, a researcher-managed trail (2004–2010) and an on-farm research (2002–2005) were conducted to compare different tillage (conventional tillage or no-tillage) and rice establishment methods (transplanting or direct seeding) in super hybrid rice–oilseed rape cropping system. Under researcher-managed condition, grain yields of super hybrid rice under NTDS and conventional tillage and transplanting (CTTP) were equal. Compared with under CTTP, super hybrid rice under NTDS was characterized by more panicle number per m² but less spikelet number per panicle, and lower aboveground biomass production before heading but higher aboveground biomass accumulated during heading to maturity. Higher maximum tiller number per m² and lower spikelet production efficiency were responsible for the more panicle number per m² and less spikelet number per panicle under NTDS, respectively. Under farmer-managed condition, super hybrid rice under NTDS had more panicle number m² than under CTTP, which resulted in higher grain yield. Labor input under NTDS was lower than that under CTTP. Moreover, adoption of NTDS for super hybrid rice production had no significant impacts on seed yield and yield components of oilseed rape in rice–oilseed rape cropping system. Our study showed that CTTP could be replaced with NTDS to maintain yield and save labor for super hybrid rice production in rice–oilseed rape cropping system.

Highlights

? We compare different tillage and rice establishment methods in rice–rapeseed rotation. ? No-tillage and direct seeding has equal or higher yield than traditional method. ? No-tillage and direct seeding requires less labor input than traditional method. ? No-tillage and direct seeding for rice production has no impact on yield of rapeseed.

2011

0.0

1.667

. 2011, 37:1235-1248 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.01235

Characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of rice with different planting methods under high-yielding cultivation condition

(不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下的光合物质生产特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 1235 - 1248 Li J , Zhang H C , Chang Y , Gong J L , Guo Z H , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H . Characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of rice with different planting methods under high-yielding cultivation condition

Li J

(李杰) , (张洪程) , (常勇) , (龚金龙) , (郭振华) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) . (不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下的光合物质生产特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 1235 - 1248 Li J

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

To explore the characteristics of dry matter production and photosynthesis of rice under different planting methods in the rice-wheat cropping system in the lower Yangtze River, with early-maturing late japonica rice, late–maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (including japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as materials, we compared the dry matter accumulation, distribution, translocation and leaf area, photosynthetic potential (PP), crop growth rate(CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of rice by using precisionartificial transplanting with middle and strong seedlings grown in dry nursery (ATR), mechanical transplanting with small seedlings (MTR) and direct seeding (DSR). Results showed that: (1) Rice yield by using different planting methods was significantly positively correlated with totaldry matter accumulation at maturity, dry matter accumulationfrom headingto maturity, and dry matter accumulation from jointing to heading under the premise of ensuring the dry matter accumulation appropriate at heading, but not with dry matter accumulation from sowing to jointing and the harvest index. (2) For dry matter weight of population, there was no significant difference among the three planting methods before jointing, after jointing ATR was the highest, followed by MTR, DSR was the lowest, and the difference was increasing with the growing process. However, the dry matter weight per stem of ATR was the highest, while that of DSR was the lowest in the whole growth period. (3) For dry matter accumulation at different stages, there was no significant difference among the three planting methods from sowing to jointing, but ATR was significantly higher than MTR, MTR was significantly higher than DSR at the stages from jointingto headingand from heading tomaturity. The ratio to total dry matter weight increased in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR from sowing to jointing, there was no many difference among them from jointing to heading, and reduced in turn for them from heading to maturity. (4) For dry matter distribution, the dry matter weight ratio of panicle and stem to total plant at maturity reduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, and that of leaf and sheath increased in turn for them. However,the ratio ofleaf at booting, heading and waxy ripe stages reduced in turn for them. (5) For dry matter export and transformation, the export rate and transformation rate of leaf and stem reduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, and the matter was transportedback in stem after waxy stage, the amount of matter transportedback for ATR was most, while that for DSR was least. The export rate in sheath was no many difference in generally, but the transformation rate for ATR and MTR was lower than that for DSR. (6) For photosynthetic production, before jointing, the leaf area index was generally no many difference for three planting methods, the PPreduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, and the CGR and NAR increased in turn. From jointing to heading, the PP also reduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, but there was no significant difference for CGR and NAR. The leaf area rate of productive tillers at heading had no significant difference among different planting methods, but the leaf area rate from flag leaf to 3rd leaf of ATR was significantly higher than that of MTR, and MTR was significantly higher than that of DSR. After heading, the leaf area index, PP, CGR and NAR of ATR were the highest, while those of DSR were the lowest. The results suggested that dry matter and photosyntheticproduction of rice with different planting methods have their own characteristics. Compared to MTR and DSR, ATR has the advantages that the dry matter accumulation is appropriate in the early stage and significantly higher in the middle and late stage, so the total dry matter accumulation is significantly higher and its distribution is reasonable, the export and transformation rate is high, and the photosynthetic production capacity is great after heading.

为探明不同种植方式水稻在长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下的干物质及光合生产特征，以早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳3种类型水稻品种(含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻两种)为材料，对旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，(1)不同种植方式水稻产量与总干物质积累量和抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量呈极显著正相关，与拔节至抽穗期的干物质积累量(在确保抽穗期干物质积累量适宜的前提下)也呈极显著正相关，与播种至拔节期干物质积累量和收获指数相关不显著；(2)群体干物重拔节前无明显差异，拔节后均是手栽稻最高，机插稻次之，直播稻最小，并随生育进程差异越来越大，而单茎干物重整个生育期都是手栽稻最大，直播稻最小；(3)阶段干物质积累上，播种至拔节期差异较小，拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期都是手栽稻极显著高于机插稻，机插稻极显著高于直播稻，占总干物重的比例播种至拔节期手栽、机插、直播依次增大，拔节至抽穗期大体相当，抽穗至成熟期依次降低；(4)干物质分配上，成熟期穗和茎干物重占总干物重的比例手栽、机插、直播依次降低，而叶和鞘的比例依次增大，但叶的比例在孕穗、抽穗、蜡熟3个时期手栽、机插、直播依次降低；(5)物质输出和转化上，叶、茎物质输出率和转化率手栽、机插、直播依次降低，且蜡熟期后茎都有物质回运现象，手栽回运的最多，直播最少；鞘物质输出率相当，转化率手栽和机插低于直播；(6)光合生产上，拔节前不同种植方式水稻叶面积指数相当，光合势手栽、机插、直播依次降低，群体生长率和净同化率依次增大；拔节至抽穗期，光合势也是依次降低，群体生长率和净同化率差异较小；抽穗期有效叶面积率不同种植方式水稻间没有明显差异，而高效叶面积率手栽极显著高于机插，机插又极显著高于直播；抽穗以后，叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均是手栽最大，直播最小。说明不同种植方式水稻干物质和光合生产有各自特征，与机插稻和直播稻相比，手栽稻前期物质积累量适宜，中后期物质积累量显著高，干物质总量大而且分配合理，运输转化效率高，抽穗后光合生产能力强。

2011

0.0

1.889

. 2011, 44:4159-4169 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.20.004

Studies on the characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation of rice varieties with different productivity levels

(不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的物质生产积累) . (中国农业科学) , 2011 , 44 : 4159 - 4169 Ma Q , Yang X , Li M , Li G Y , Zhang H C , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H . Studies on the characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation of rice varieties with different productivity levels

Ma Q

(马群) , (杨雄) , (李敏) , (李国业) , (张洪程) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) . (不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的物质生产积累) . (中国农业科学) , 2011 , 44 : 4159 - 4169 Ma Q

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室

【Objective】 The characteristics of dry matter and photosynthetic production of different rice varieties under their best-fit nitrogen levels were studied. 【Method】 The field experiment was carried out with 50 early-maturing late Japonica rice varieties, adopted in the region of Yangtze River, under seven nitrogen levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5 kg•hm-2) to investigate the difference of dry matter accumulation. The highest value of dry matter accumulation under different nitrogen levels was defined as the most productivity of N fertilizer group (MPNG). Then according to MPNG, rice varieties could be classified into four types including low type, middle type, high type and top type. On this basis, the dry matter accumulation, LAI, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of the four types rice varieties were studied. 【Result】 The main results were as follows: In the range of 0-337.5 kg•hm-2 nitrogen application, the dry matter accumulation at jointing and heading of 50 rice varieties were significantly increased, while the dry matter accumulation at maturity increased firstly and reduced afterward with the nitrogen application increasing. Population dry matter accumulation at jointing stage decreased as the productivity level increasing, for the dry matter accumulation of top and high levels were increasing much greater than middle and low levels after jointing, there was a little difference among the 4 productivity levels at heading stage. The dry matter accumulation of top productivity level was significantly higher than the other three productivity level varieties at maturity. There was a significant negative correlation between dry matter accumulation and MPNG at early growth stages, while there was a significant positive correlation between them at the middle and later stages of rice growth. The dry matter accumulation at sowing-jointing stage decreased as the productivity level increasing, while it was increased at jointing-heading and heading-maturity stage. The ratio at each stage changed accordantly with the dry matter accumulation. The economic coefficient of different productivity level varieties significantly increased as the productivity level increasing. Before jointing, the differences of leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of 4 productivity level varieties were tiny, while the population growth rate and the net assimilation rate had a significant degressive tendency; at Jointing-heading and heading-maturity stage, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, the population growth rate and the net assimilation rate were all increased as productivity level increasing. 【Conclusion】 The dry matter production of top level varieties at heading-maturity stage have obvious advantages, they have high leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, population growth rate and net assimilation rate.

【目的】研究不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种间物质生产积累特性之间的差异。【方法】以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种为供试材料，设置7个氮肥群体（0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg•hm-2），得出各品种在这7个氮肥群体下出现的最高生产力及其对应施氮水平，将该最高生产力定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。根据各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力将50个供试材料分成4个生产力等级：低层水平（氮肥群体最高生产力≤9.00 t•hm-2）、中层水平（9.00 t•hm-2≤氮肥群体最高生产力≤9.75 t•hm-2）、高层水平（9.75 t•hm-2≤氮肥群体最高生产力≤10.50 t•hm-2）、顶层水平（氮肥群体最高生产力≥10.50 t•hm-2）。在此基础上，对各类型品种间的干物质积累量、叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率等方面进行系统的比较研究。【结果】（1）在总施氮量0—337.5 kg•hm-2范围内，随着氮肥群体的增加，50个粳稻品种在拔节、抽穗期干物质积累量均显著增加，而成熟期则表现为先增后减的变化趋势。（2）拔节期群体干物质积累量随着生产力等级的增加而减小，抽穗期4个生产力等级间的干物质积累量差异较小，成熟期干物质积累量则随着生产力等级的增加而显著增加。（3）水稻生育前期（播种至拔节阶段）干物质积累量与氮肥群体最高生产力呈显著负相关，表现为随生产力等级增加而减小；而生育中、后期（拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段）干物质积累量与氮肥群体最高生产力呈显著正相关，表现为随生产力等级增加而增加。各生育阶段干物质积累量占总干物重的比例变化规律与阶段干物质积累量一致。（4）不同生产力等级水稻品种的经济系数随着生产力等级的增加而显著增加。（5）拔节前4个生产力等级品种间叶面积指数和光合势差异较小，而群体生长率和净同化率则随着生产力等级的递增呈显著递减趋势；拔节至抽穗及抽穗至成熟阶段，叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均随着生产力等级的递增呈增加趋势。【结论】氮肥群体最高生产力处于顶层水平品种干物质生产在抽穗至成熟阶段优势明显，具有较高的叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率。

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:101-109 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00101

Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation in rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency

(水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性) . (作物学报) , 2013 , 39 : 101 - 109 Li M , Zhang H C , Yang X , Ge M J , Ma Q , Wei H Y , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K . Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation in rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency

Li M

(李敏) , (张洪程) , (杨雄) , (葛梦婕) , (马群) , (魏海燕) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) . (水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性) . (作物学报) , 2013 , 39 : 101 - 109 Li M

1 Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Technology in Yangtze Rice Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

The difference of dry matter production and translocation characteristics in low-yielding and low N-efficiency, high-yielding and medium N-efficiency, high-yielding and high N-efficiency rice cultivars was investigated using six representative japonica varieties under their optimum N supply levels, respectively. The results indicated that: with the increase of rice productivity, the total dry matter production amount significantly increased by 20.29% on average, and the dry matter accumulation amount and population growth rate increased on average by 15.05%, 27.04%, 24.75% and 15.05%, 28.38%, 23.00%, during the period before N-n (critical stage of productive tillering),from jointing to heading, and from heading to maturing, respectively, and decreased during the period from N-n to the jointing. Among the high-yielding varieties, with the nitrogen use efficiency increased, the tiller number per unit area at each growth stage showed a downward trend, and significantly reduced on average by 5.76%, 11.61%, 7.01%, and 5.70% at N-n, jointing, heading and maturing, respectively, but ratio of productive tillers to total tillers significantly increased. At each growth stage, the dry matter accumulation amount showed a declined tendency, and reduced on average by 12.18%, 10.54%, 8.29%, and 5.01% at N-n, jointing, heading and maturity, respectively, but harvest index significantly increased. During the period from heading to maturing, dry matter accumulation rate increased on average by 5.40%, the population growth rate increased on average by 5.19%. The results above showed that proper control for population growth before heading, maintaining a high growth rate after heading and a higher harvest index were the important dry matter accumulation characteristics of the cultivars with high-yielding and high nitrogen use efficiency.

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种，在各自最适氮素水平下，研究了干物质积累与转运特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明，较之低产类型品种，高产类型品种物质生产总量提高20.29%，差异达显著水平。其中在够苗前、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量和群体生长率分别提高15.05%、27.04%、24.75%和15.05%、28.38%、23.00%，够苗至拔节阶段则互有高低。同为高产类型品种，因氮利用率的差异物质积累与转运特性不同。较之高产氮中效型，高产氮高效型品种各生育时期的单位面积茎蘖数均呈下降趋势，其中够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期平均分别降低5.76%、11.61%、7.01%和5.70%，差异均达显著水平，而成穗率显著提高。各生育时期的干物质积累量均有所下降，其中，够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期分别降低12.18%、10.54%、8.29%和5.01%，收获指数却显著提高。抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累率提高5.40%，群体生长率提高5.19%。说明抽穗前适当控制群体生长，抽穗后保持较高的群体生长水平及较高的收获指数是高产氮高效型品种的重要物质生产特性。

2011

0.802

0.0

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:2217-2228 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.02217

High yield formation and its eco-physiological characteristics of cast transplanting rice

(抛栽稻高产形成及生态生理特征) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 2217 - 2228 Zhang J , Zhang H C , Guo B W , Ge M J , Zhou X T , Zhu C C , Dong X B , Chen J D , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H . High yield formation and its eco-physiological characteristics of cast transplanting rice

Zhang J

(张军) , (张洪程) , (郭保卫) , (葛梦婕) , (周兴涛) , (朱聪聪) , (董啸波) , (陈京都) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) . (抛栽稻高产形成及生态生理特征) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 2217 - 2228 Zhang J

张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

Cast-Transplanting rice has a low cast, easy operation, high and stable yield potential advantage, Depth study of the seedings throwing is very important to develop the light and simple cultivation of rice. The purpose of this study is to explore the high yield formation and its eco-physiological characteristics of cast-transplanting rice. Under the rice-wheat cropping systems, conventional japonica cultivar “Nanjing 44” and japonica hybrid rice cultivar “Yongyou 8” were used to investigate the characteristics of high yield formation including tillering dynamic, LAI, photosynthetic potential, dry matter production and the eco-physiological basis, such as post-root activity, photosynthetic characteristics, material accumulation and translocation, with three cast-transplanting methods of transplanted seedlings (TS), pointed seedlings (PS), and broadcasted seedlings (BS) in contrast with the manually transplanting of seedlings with roots washed beforehand (MTS), which could provide the theoretical and practical basis for the high and stable yield of the cast-transplanting rice. The results showed that the yields of three methods were 21.9%, 18.3%, and 13.2% higher than MTS for “Yongyou 8”, and 18.3%, 14.1%, and 9.87% higher than MTS for “Nanjing 44”, respectively. The yields of two cultivars both showed the trend of TS > PS > BS > MTS. Though the filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight of cast-transplanting rice were significantly or very significantly lower than those of MTS, the total number of spikelets of cast-transplanting rice was conformably higher than that of MTS at a significant or very significant degree. The increased yield was mainly due to the higher total spikelet number. Compared to MTS, the cast-transplanting rice had more peak seedling tillers, higher or equivalent ratios of productive tillers to total tillers, an enough number of ultimate effective panicles, higher LAI and LAD, and thus a more robust population quality. According to these results, we could give the conclusion of the eco-physiological basis of high and stable yield of cast-transplanting rice. After transplantation, there were earlier tillering, more leaf tillering positions, stronger tillering capability, and higher quality and enough quantity of tillering. At the heading stage, they had suitable plant height, stouter stems and sheaths, efficient leaf configurations, preferable air ventilation and light transmission conditions, higher biomass accumulation, a more coordinated sink-source relationship, and hence a higher yield potential. In the late growth period, the cast-transplanting rice had stronger roots, slower senescence of leaves, more powerful photosynthesis, more coordinated dry matter accumulation and translocation of stem and sheath, higher filling ratios, being more conducive to the higher yield. TS and PS have evident advantages than MTS, and are more favorable in achieving higher yield.

抛栽稻成本低, 易操作, 高产稳产潜力大, 深入研究抛栽稻对我国水稻生产的轻简化栽培具有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨抛栽稻高产形成及生态生理特征。稻麦两熟制下, 以常规粳稻南粳44和杂交粳稻甬优8号为材料, 以洗根手插为对照, 从摆栽、点抛和撒拋3种抛栽方式下水稻产量形成的茎蘖动态、LAI、光合势、物质生产等方面的特性, 并从株型特征、后期根系活力、光合特性、物质积累与转运等方面探讨抛栽稻高产形成的生态生理基础。结果表明, 甬优8号摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种抛栽方式的2年平均产量分别较对照(洗根手插)高21.9%、18.3%和13.2%, 南粳44分别较对照高18.3%、14.1%和9.87%, 两品种产量均为摆栽>点抛>撒抛>洗根手插, 差异显著或极显著。抛栽稻的结实率和千粒重显著或极显著低于对照, 但总颖花量均显著或极显著高于对照, 产量提高的原因主要是总颖花量较高。抛栽稻较对照, 高峰苗数多, 成穗率高或与其相当, 最终有效穗数足, 叶面积指数和光合势高, 群体质量较对照更稳健。抛栽稻高产稳产的生态生理基础为: 秧苗移栽大田后分蘖早, 分蘖叶位多, 分蘖性强, 分蘖质量高、数量足; 抽穗期株高适中, 茎鞘粗壮, 叶系配置好, 通风透光强, 物质积累量高, 库源协调, 产量潜力更高; 后期根系发达, 叶片衰老慢, 光合生产能力强, 群体茎鞘物质输出与运转协调, 籽粒充实度高。就不同抛栽方式而言, 精确摆栽和点抛生长优势显著高于撒抛, 更易于实现高产稳产。

2013

0.889

0.0

2007

0.0

1.494

. 2007, 21:287-293

Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of middle-season indica super hybrid rice

(超级杂交中籼水稻物质生产特性分析) . (中国水稻科学) , 2007 , 21 : 287 - 293 Wu W G , Zhang H C , Qian Y F , Chen Y , Xu J , Wu G C , Zhai C Q , Huo Z Y , Dai Q G . Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of middle-season indica super hybrid rice

Wu W G

(吴文革) , (张洪程) , (钱银飞) , (陈烨) , (徐军) , (吴桂成) , (翟超群) , (霍中洋) , (戴其根) . (超级杂交中籼水稻物质生产特性分析) . (中国水稻科学) , 2007 , 21 : 287 - 293 Wu W G

Six middle-season indica hybrid rice combinations(Shanyou 63 as CK) were used as experimental materials to study dry matter production characteristics of super hybrid rice.There were great advantages for super rice in dry matter production and accumulation and its yield rose as the increase of dry matter accumulation.Grain yield was not significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation before elongation stage,while significantly positively correlated(P<0.05) from elongation to heading stage and significantly positively correlated(P<0.01) from heading to maturity stage.There were more dry matter in vegetative organs at the heading stage in super rice but its contribution to yield was less than 148.5 kg/hm2 averagely(apparent translocation percentage was 2.5% lower than that of the control Shanyou 63).Along with the increase in leaf area index and leaf area duration,the crop growth rate rose.The mean of crop growth rate in super rice was 4542(m2·d)/hm2,higher than that of CK after transplanting.

以具代表性的5个籼型超级稻为材料, 用汕优63作对照, 比较研究了超级中籼杂交稻物质生产与分配的特性。超级稻具有显著的物质生产与积累优势, 产量随成熟期物质积累量的增加而提高。超级稻的物质生产优势集中在中期和后期, 产量与拔节前的干物质积累量相关不显著, 与拔节至抽穗期的积累量呈显著正相关, 与抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量呈极显著正相关; 超级稻抽穗期营养器官贮存了较多的结构物质但干物质表观输出量均低于对照, 平均少148.5 kg/hm2, 表观输出率也低, 平均低2.5个百分点。超级稻的叶面积及光合势的显著提高促进了群体生产率的提高, 大田期平均群体生产率比对照高4542 (m2·d)/hm2。

... 吴文革等^[10]研究表明, 5个超级杂交中籼品种(组合)具有显著的物质生产与积累优势, 集中体现在中期和后期, 抽穗期营养器官贮存了较多的结构物质但干物质表观输出量却低于常规杂交籼稻汕优63, 叶面积及光合势的显著提高则促进了群体生产率的提高 ...

2010

0.0

1.667

. 2010, 36:1921-1930 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01921

Characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation and super-high yield of japonica super rice in South China

(南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究) . (作物学报) , 2010 , 36 : 1921 - 1930 Wu G C , Zhang H C , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Gao H , Wei H Y , Sha A Q , Xu Z J , Qian Z H , Sun J Y . Characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation and super-high yield of japonica super rice in South China

Wu G C

(吴桂成) , (张洪程) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (高辉) , (魏海燕) , (沙安勤) , (徐宗进) , (钱宗华) , (孙菊英) . (南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究) . (作物学报) , 2010 , 36 : 1921 - 1930 Wu G C

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

The relationship between dry matter production and yield, dynamics of dry matter accumulation and output and translocation in middle and last stages of three types of populations (High Yield: 8.25–9.75 t ha^-1; Higher Yield: 9.75-11.25 t ha^-1; Super High Yield:＞11.25 t ha^-1) in four japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. The results showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with weight of dry matter at maturity and the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, there were parabolic relationships between yield and weight of dry matter at heading in high yield, higher yield and super-high yield populations. Weight of dry matter from jointing to heading was significantly positively correlated with yield from high yield population to higher yield population and from higher yield population to super-high yield population. Super-high yield population had more biomass at maturity than higher yield and high yield populations, and the harvest index was not significantly higher than that of higher yield population, but was significantly higher than that of high yield population. Weight of dry matter, LAI in heading, rate of leaf area of productive tillers, rate of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, spikelets of population and spikelets per square centimeter leaf area in middle stage (from jointing to heading) were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area decreasing per day of super-high yield population from heading to maturity was significantly less than that of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass and grain-leaf ratio (filled grains per square centimeter leaf area, grain weight per square centimeter leaf area) from heading to maturity were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Output and translocation of dry matter in super-high yield population from heading to milky stages were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations, while these from heading to maturity were significantly lower than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Weight per stem and sheath and total filling in maturity of super-high yield population were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations.

以超级粳稻品种武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号为材料，对高产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、更高产(9.75~11.25 t hm^-2)和超高产(＞11.25 t hm^-2) 3个产量等级群体的物质生产与产量的关系、干物质积累、输出与转运等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，4个超级稻品种成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关，抽穗期干物质重均与产量呈抛物线关系，拔节至抽穗期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关(高产—更高产、更高产—超高产以及将3个产量等级综合起来)；从高产到更高产再到超高产，4个超级稻品种的生物学产量不断提高(差异显著)，而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当(0.5000以上)，显著高于高产水平；较之更高产、高产群体，超高产群体在生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量大，抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优[有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、总颖花量与颖花/叶(cm²)、基部节间粗、单茎茎鞘重均高]，在生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)，光合能力强(叶面积衰减率小，光合势、群体生长率、净同化率高)、干物质积累量高(占生物学产量的40.0%以上)、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调[实粒/叶(cm²)、粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)均高]。

... 吴桂成等^[11]研究发现, 从高产到更高产再到超高产, 4个常规粳型超级稻生物学产量不断提高, 而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当, 显著高于高产水平 ...

2009

2.474

0.0

... Zhang等^[12]研究报道, 超级杂交稻较普通杂交稻和常规稻生产潜力提高的重要原因是具有更大的物质生产量 ...

2008

0.0

1.667

. 2008, 34:1985-1993 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.01985

Analysis of matter production characteristics under different nitrogen application patterns of japonica super rice in north China

(不同氮肥施用模式下北方粳型超级稻物质生产特性分析) . (作物学报) , 2008 , 34 : 1985 - 1993 Shi H R , Zhang W Z , Xie W X , Yang Q , Zhang Z Y , Han Y D , Xu Z J , Chen W F . Analysis of matter production characteristics under different nitrogen application patterns of japonica super rice in north China

Shi H R

(史鸿儒) , (张文忠) , (解文孝) , (杨庆) , (张振宇) , (韩亚东) , (徐正进) , (陈温福) . (不同氮肥施用模式下北方粳型超级稻物质生产特性分析) . (作物学报) , 2008 , 34 : 1985 - 1993 Shi H R

Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Breeding of Liaoning / Rice Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China

The japonica super rice in North China ‘Shennong 265’ was used to study the tiller dynamics, the LAI dynamics, matter production characteristics, yield component characteristics and the effects of matter production characteristics on yield under four different nitrogen application patterns. The results showed that for each nitrogen application pattern, the yield under high nitrogen application (14.5 kg 667 m^-2) was significantly higher than that under low nitrogen level (12.5 kg 667 m^-2). On yield component, the high yields under high nitrogen application patterns lay in the increase of factors “outside panicles” (number of panicles, number of spikelet per square meter, filled grains per square meter) and the decrease of factors “inside panicles” (weight per panicle, 1 000-grain weight, seed setting rate, total number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle). On the same nitrogen application level, the yields of “Five-time application in three periods” (FTATP) pattern and “Stable application at early stage large application at middle stage and satisfied application at late stage” (SELMSL) pattern were significantly higher than those of “All application at early stage” (AAES) pattern and “Slow-release fertilizer applied once at early stage” (SRFAOES) pattern. But the yield components of FTATP and SELMSL were different. FTATP increased yield by improving factors “outside panicles”, while SELMSL reached high yield by improving factors “inside panicles”, The yields of FTATP and SELMSL were significantly higher than those of AAES and SRFAOES, which lay in the increase new assimilate after heading (assimilate supplying directly) and the secondary utilization of the matter accumulated in nutritorium before heading (assimilate supplying indirectly) under FTATP and SELMSL. And the matter output rate and contribution rate to the yield from nutritorium were higher than those under AAES and SRFAOES. Besides, with the two nitrogen application levels, FTATP and SELMSL had significantly higher Agronomic N use efficiency, Apparent N recovery efficiency, total N per square meter than the other patterns. Under 14.5 kg 667 m^-2 of nitrogen application, FTATP and SELMSL reached the super high yield (>11 t ha^-1).

以北方粳型超级稻品种沈农265为试材，分析了4种不同施氮模式的群体叶蘖建成动态、物质生产特性及产量构成特点，探讨了不同施氮模式下物质生产特性对产量形成的影响。结果表明，各施氮模式均表现14.5 kg 667 m^-2施氮水平产量显著高于12.5 kg 667 m^-2施氮水平的产量，且14.5 kg 667 m^-2施氮水平各施氮模式增产都是因为增加了穗外因素(穗数、单位面积颖花数和单位面积实粒数)，降低了穗内因素(穗重、千粒重、结实率、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数)。在相同施氮总量下，“三段五次”和“稳前、攻中、优后”施氮模式产量显著高于“一头轰”和“长效一次性”施氮模式，但“三段五次”模式以提高单位面积穗数、单位面积实粒数等穗外因素来增产，而“稳前、攻中、优后”模式以增加穗重、千粒重等穗内因素来获得高产，前两者产量都显著高于后两者，主要是因为前两者抽穗后新增同化产物(同化物直接供应量)和抽穗前营养器官储存物质的二次利用量(同化物间接供应量)均高，营养器官的物质输出率和对产量的贡献率均高。此外，在2种施氮水平下，前两者的氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率和单位土地面积上的总吸氮量均显著高于其他施氮模式。在14.5 kg 667 m^-2施氮水平下，前两施氮模式都获得了超高产量(>11 t hm^-2)。

... 史鸿儒等^[13]对北方粳型超级稻的研究表明, 超高产的主要原因是抽穗后新增同化物和抽穗前营养器官储存物质的二次利用量高 ...

2012

0.0

1.237

. 2012, 26:558-527

The highest population productivity of N fertilization and its formation characteristics on japonica super rice in south China

(南方粳型超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力及其形成特征的研究) . (核农学报) , 2012 , 26 : 558 - 527 Gong J L , Hu Y J , Ge M J , Long H Y , Chang Y , Ma Q , Yang X , Zhang H C , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y . The highest population productivity of N fertilization and its formation characteristics on japonica super rice in south China

Gong J L

(龚金龙) , (胡雅杰) , (葛梦婕) , (龙厚元) , (常勇) , (马群) , (杨雄) , (张洪程) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) . (南方粳型超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力及其形成特征的研究) . (核农学报) , 2012 , 26 : 558 - 527 Gong J L

Agronomy College of Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009

A field experiment was conducted using five japonica super rice cultivars in south China (Nanjing44, Ningjin1, Ningjing3, Yangjing4038, Wujing15) as materials and a conventional japonica rice cultivar Wuyunjing7 which had the same growing period as CK to achieve the highest productivity of all cultivars under seven nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5kg穐m^-2). Meanwhile, the grain yield and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, dry matter weight, root-shoot ratio and weight of dry matter of root, plant type, lodging characteristics were studied systematically. Results showed that the highest population productivity of N fertilization in super rice was 10.51 (10.30~10.68) t穐m^-2, significantly higher than CK (9.77~9.82t穐m^-2), with the increasing range of 5.2%~8.7%. Compared with CK, more panicles per unit area, spikelets per panicle and population spikelets (42442.11~44873.23?10⁴穐m^-2) were observed under the highest population productivity of N fertilization in super rice, with the roughly same level of seed-setting rate and 10³-grain weight. In comparison with CK, number of stems and tillers rose faster to a suitable case with super rice at the highest population productivity of N fertilization, slightly higher than expected number of panicles at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers stage, and then increased slowly to the peak with an appropriate number (1.4~1.5 folds of expected panicle number). After that, it decreased gently and ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers/total tillers (66.9%~70.4%). Dynamics of leaf area index at the highest population productivity of N fertilization in super rice developed the same tendency as dynamics of population stems and tillers, and the maximal leaf area index (7.72~7.97) appeared at the booting stage, and then decreased stably to a high level of 3.30~3.74 at maturity stage. As for the dry matter accumulation, the highest population productivity of N fertilization in super rice showed more advantages than CK from transplanting to critical leaf-age for productive tillers and lower accumulation from critical leaf-age for productive tillers to jointing, and then accumulated fast to 10.80~11.08t穐m^-2 at heading stage and 17.58~18.29t穐m^-2 at maturity stage (6.78~7.22t穐m^-2 from heading to maturity), significantly higher than CK. Root-shoot ratio and weight of dry matter of root at the highest population productivity of N fertilization in super rice were significantly higher than CK. As the advancement of growth and development stage, the advantages went larger and larger, additionally with strong activity (root exudates 3.53~3.74g穖^-2穐^-1 from heading to waxy stage) at the later period. The formation characteristics were as follows. Firstly, low leaf position tillers came out quickly on the basis of high seedling quality so that panicles increased stably at the precise population starting point. Secondly, source coordinated with sink smoothly with the help of high ratio of leaf area of productive tillers and ratio of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, as well as straight and erect plant type, in the context of high dry matter accumulation and leaf area. Finally, grain-filling layer of high use efficiency of solar energy was supported by large output of stems and sheaths, high second weightening and strong root. At the highest population productivity of N fertilization, due to possessing more panicles, spikelets per panicle, population spikelets, N uptake and grain yield, super rice was suitable for mechanical transplanting based on owning strong photosynthetic production capacity and large total filling, improved plant type and strong resistance lodging.

在大田机插条件下,以南方稻区5个粳型超级稻(南粳44、宁粳1号、宁粳3号、扬粳4038、武粳15)为材料,同生育期常规粳稻武运粳7号为对照,在其他栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0和337.5kg·hm^-2),从中得出各品种在这7个氮肥水平下出现的最高生产力,并将其定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。对5个超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力及其构成、群体生长发育动态、株型以及倒伏性状等方面进行系统的比较研究。结果表明,超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力为10.51(10.30~10.68)t·hm^-2,极显著高于对照(9.77~9.82t·hm^-2),增产幅度达5.2%~8.7%。与对照相比,超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力群体穗数多,穗型大,群体颖花量高(42442.11~44873.23×10⁴·hm^-2),结实率和千粒重与之相当;群体茎蘖机插后早发快长,有效分蘖临界叶龄期苗数略高于预期穗数,有效分蘖临界叶龄到拔节期茎蘖增长平缓,高峰苗出现在拔节期,数量适中,为预期穗数的1.4~1.5倍,此后群体平缓下降,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率高(66.9%~70.4%);其群体叶面积动态与茎蘖动态基本一致,最大叶面积指数出现在孕穗期,为7.72~7.97,此后平缓下降,成熟期保持在较高的水平上(3.30~3.74);干物重积累方面,移栽到有效分蘖临界叶龄期较对照高,有效分蘖临界叶龄到拔节期较对照低,拔节后积累速度较快,至抽穗期为10.80~11.08t·hm^-2,抽穗到成熟期干物质积累量6.78~7.22t·hm^-2,成熟期总干物重17.58~18.29t·hm^-2,显著或极显著高于对照;根冠比和根系干重均高于对照,随着生育期的推移,超级稻优势更为明显,生育后期根系活力强(抽穗到蜡熟期平均伤流量3.53~3.74g·m^-2·h^-1)。超级稻群体形成特征:高秧苗素质促进低位分蘖发生,精确群体起点稳定提高穗数;生育中期干物质积累高,叶面积大,株型直挺,有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率高,源库流畅;生育后期茎鞘输出大,2次增重高,根群强健,支撑着高光效灌浆结实层的安全充实。氮肥群体最高生产力水平下,超级稻穗多粒大,群体颖花量大,需氮量大,产量潜力高;生育中后期光合生产能力强,充实量大;群体株型改善,抗倒支撑强,适宜用作机插。

... 笔者等^[14]曾研究总结出南方粳型超级稻群体形成特征, 即高秧苗素质促进低位分蘖发生, 精确群体起点稳定提高穗数 ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:86-98 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00086

The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars

(水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 86 - 98 Zhang H C , Ma Q , Yang X , Li M , Ge M J , Li G Y , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H , Liu Y Y . The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (马群) , (杨雄) , (李敏) , (葛梦婕) , (李国业) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) , (刘艳阳) . (水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 86 - 98 Zhang H C

Based on the concept of the highest population productivity of N fertilization, we carried out a field experiments with 50 early-maturing late japonica rice varieties which were the representativein the region of Yangtze River, using seven nitrogen applying levels (0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300, 337.5 kg ha^-1), to investigate the difference of the most population productivity of N fertilization in varieties. Its relationships with yield components, plant-type characteristics and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were also analyzed. The main results were as follows. (1)With the basic yield capacity of sandy loam being 6 t ha^-1, optimum N levels of 50 tested varieties which were corresponding to their highest population yield converged in the range of 225–300 kg ha^-1, while the highest grain yield showed significant differences, varying from 7.42 to 11.02 t ha^-1.(2) There was significantly positive correlation between the highest productivity of N fertilization and the total spikelet number, with the correlation coefficient of 0.865. The top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significantly larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. (3) The highest productivity of N fertilizer rose as the high-efficiency leaf area and the weight per panicle increased. Compared with middle- and low-level yielding cultivars, top- and high-level yielding cultivars performed superior plant type characteristics: the plant height ranged from 105–110 cm, the width of basal internodes was circa 0.65 cm, the high-efficiency leaf area index was higher than 5, and panicles were big. (4) Generally speaking, the theoretical highest population productivity of N fertilization increased with the increasing of corresponding applied N amount. But within each group of similar optimum N level, various rice cultivars produced significantly different grain yields. (5) Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, six varieties with high yield and high efficiency were selected and recommended.

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1)在基础地力产量为6 t hm^-2的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在225~300 kg hm^-2, 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异, 变动在7.42~11.02 t hm^-2, 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关(r = 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5), 穗型较大。(4)品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。(5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm^-2)与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。

... 氮肥群体最高生产力(水稻品种在某一氮肥水平下最大限度地发挥其增产潜力, 达到的最高产量定义为该品种的氮肥群体最高生产力^[15])水平下, 超级稻穗多粒大, 群体颖花量大, 需氮量大, 产量潜力高 ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 13(1):25-33

Research progress on ecological breeding and cultivation characteristics of super rice and approaches of super high yield

(超级稻生态育种及超高产栽培特征与途径的研究进展) . (中国农业科技导报) , 2011 , 13 ( 1 ): 25 - 33 Gong J L , Zhang H C , Li J , Chang Y , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Li D J , Li B W , Sha A Q , Zhou Y Y , Luo X C , Liu G L . Research progress on ecological breeding and cultivation characteristics of super rice and approaches of super high yield

Gong J L

(龚金龙) , (张洪程) , (李杰) , (常勇) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (李德剑) , (李邴维) , (沙安勤) , (周有炎) , (罗学超) , (刘国林) . (超级稻生态育种及超高产栽培特征与途径的研究进展) . (中国农业科技导报) , 2011 , 13 ( 1 ): 25 - 33 Gong J L

超级稻是目前作物生产领域的研究热点.围绕超级稻,回顾了超级稻育种的发展,并重点介绍了几种典型生态稻区株型模式,进而分析了超级稻的一些栽培特征,最后展望了超级稻的未来和发展方向.超级稻穗大粒多、叶片直挺、株型紧凑、茎秆粗壮、根系健壮,抽穗后干物质生产积累优势明显,超级稻栽培根本途径在于"强支撑、扩库容、促充实".

... 综上不难发现, 前人主要以单个亚种为研究对象, 或比较研究亚种内杂交稻与常规稻的差异, 亦或两种类型品种仅用作试验重复, 而截至2013年农业部认定的101个超级稻品种中籼型超级稻以杂交稻组合为主, 粳型超级稻全部为常规稻^[16] ...

2009

0.0

... 运用SPSS数据处理系统^[17]进行统计分析, 数据间的多重比较采用LSD法 ...

0.0

... 这可能与粳稻最终成穗数极显著高于籼稻有关^[18], 虽然籼稻整个生育期单茎干物重均显著或极显著高于粳稻(表5), 但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和生物产量 ...

... 本研究结果表明, 与籼稻相比, 粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)有效物质生长量多、无效物质生长量少, 生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)高效物质生长量大, 生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)物质生产积累多、充实量大, 而茎鞘输出转运量少, 最大输出率和表观输出率均低于籼稻, 有效保障了粳稻高效光合充实层的安全支撑, 这与粳稻籽粒灌浆启动慢、灌浆速度适中且稳定、灌浆持续时间长、灌浆后期弱势粒灌浆质量较高等灌浆特性^[18]一致 ...

2002

0.0

0.7902

. 2002, 17:199-203

Determination factor for super-high yield of rice

(水稻超高产的决定因素) . (福建农业学报) , 2002 , 17 : 199 - 203 Yang H J , Yang R C , Li Y Z , Zheng J S , Jiang Z W . Determination factor for super-high yield of rice

Yang H J

(杨惠杰) , (杨仁崔) , (李义珍) , (郑景生) , (姜照伟) . (水稻超高产的决定因素) . (福建农业学报) , 2002 , 17 : 199 - 203 Yang H J

在云南省涛源乡和福建省龙海市追踪观察了一批我国新近育成的水稻超高产品种. 分析结果表明, ①产量与单个构成因素一般无显著相关,与穗数、每穗粒数、粒重三者乘积--库容量呈极显著正相关.超高产水稻因品种类型不同表现出多样性的产量构成,但都具有库容量大的共同特点.②产量与收获指数无显著相关,与生物产量呈极显著正相关.超高产水稻的生物产量积累优势在中、后期,中、后期具有较高的群体生长率,是生物产量高的主要原因.说明库容量大和生物产量高是超高产的决定因素.

... 目前, 国内外学者较为一致地认为, 要进一步提高产量, 主要取决于生物学产量的提高, 而对于经济系数则说法不一^[19,20,21] ...

1998

2.474

0.0

... 目前, 国内外学者较为一致地认为, 要进一步提高产量, 主要取决于生物学产量的提高, 而对于经济系数则说法不一^[19,20,21] ...

2003

0.0

0.7902

. 2003, 18:201-204

The characteristics of super high-yielding hybrid rice

(杂交水稻超高产特性研究) . (福建农业学报) , 2003 , 18 : 201 - 204 Xie H A , Wang W Q , Yang H J , Yang G Q , Li Y Z . The characteristics of super high-yielding hybrid rice

Xie H A

(谢华安) , (王乌齐) , (杨惠杰) , (杨高群) , (李义珍) . (杂交水稻超高产特性研究) . (福建农业学报) , 2003 , 18 : 201 - 204 Xie H A

2001年在云南省永胜县涛源乡种植的特优175和Ⅱ优明86超高产展示田,最高产量田块的产量分别达到17.78 t@hm-2和17.95 t@hm-2,创造世界水稻单产最高纪录.研究结果表明,获得杂交水稻超高产的主要原因是库容量大和生物产量高;大库容量主要靠培育大穗;干物质生产优势表现在中、后期,特优175和Ⅱ优明86中、后期群体生长率分别较汕优63高34.5%～37.2%和31.4%～33.7%.

... 目前, 国内外学者较为一致地认为, 要进一步提高产量, 主要取决于生物学产量的提高, 而对于经济系数则说法不一^[19,20,21] ...

2010

5.242

0.0

... 当然在保证生物产量的同时, 提高收获指数可以有效增加经济产量和肥水利用效率^[22], 但无论哪个生态稻区, 即便技术有重大革新、品种改良有重大突破、产量水平有大幅提高, 水稻收获指数的提高可能也存在一个极限值 ...

2010

0.0

1.889

. 2010, 43:2645-2660

The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice

(水稻#cod#x0201c;精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后#cod#x0201d;超高产定量化栽培模式) . (中国农业科学) , 2010 , 43 : 2645 - 2660 Zhang H C , Wu G C , Wu W G , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Gao H , Wei H Y , Huang X F , Gong J L . The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (吴桂成) , (吴文革) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (高辉) , (魏海燕) , (黄幸福) , (龚金龙) . (水稻#cod#x0201c;精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后#cod#x0201d;超高产定量化栽培模式) . (中国农业科学) , 2010 , 43 : 2645 - 2660 Zhang H C

（扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

... 大量研究^[23,24,25]指出, 在(超)高产水平条件下, 干物质阶段积累中拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期对生物产量具有正向作用, 而移栽至拔节期具有负向作用, 即产量与抽穗至成熟期和拔节至抽穗期干物质积累量呈显著或极显著的正相关, 与移栽至拔节期干物质积累量呈负相关, 与抽穗期群体干物质重呈二次抛物线关系 ...

2011

0.0

1.667

. 2011, 37:1837-1851 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.01837

Precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism in rice

(水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 1837 - 1851 Zhang H C , Wu G C , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Gao H , Wei H Y , L#cod#x000fc; X T , Wan L J , Huang Y Z . Precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism in rice

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (吴桂成) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (高辉) , (魏海燕) , (吕修涛) , (万靓军) , (黄银忠) . (水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 1837 - 1851 Zhang H C

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiansu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 3 Bureau of Agriculture of Kunshan County, Kunshan 225300, China

Leaf ages of nitrogen application for high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency were specified through applying nitrogen fertilizer once in middle stage of growth and development using early-maturing and late japonica rice—Wuyunjing 7, Wuxiangjing 14, Changyou 1 as materials. Based on this, we studied precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism. Results showed that leaf ages of nitrogen application to high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency were 3rd leaf and fourth leaf from the top in early-maturing and late japonica rice. Using nitrogen in 3rd and 4th leaf from the top, made more panicles and spikelets per panicle, larger total spikelets and stable filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight, and lower max number of stems and tillers, higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, higher nitrogen accumulation, max LAI, LAD and dry matter weight in population growth and development. Yield with “PPM” (precise promoting in the middle phase) of nitrogen was significantly more than that of CK. Compared to CK, there were more significant apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and yield of ear nitrogen, but lower nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grain in “PPM” of nitrogen. Mechanism of high yield and apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency in “PPM” of nitrogne was that high ratio of productive tillers to total tillers and enough population panicles were formed through consolidating population panicles and controlling non productive tillering and low effective tillering; high grain-leaf ratio (filled grains per cm² leaf area, grain weight per cm² leaf area), enough quantity and good quality of dry matter in heading were obtained through forming large population spikeletes, high and appropriate LAI and fine canopy structure; intense source and smooth translocation, effective sink-filling alility were enlarged through enriching dry matter accumulation after heading and coordinating producton and translocation of dry matter from population stems and sheaths.

以早熟晚粳品种武运粳7号、武香粳14、常优1号为供试材料，通过搁田后一次性追肥试验来精确确定高产高效的氮肥后移施用叶龄期；在此基础之上，对氮肥精确后移施用模式进行了研究，并探讨了其高产高效机理。结果表明: (1)倒四、倒三叶是早熟晚粳稻最利于高产高效的追肥叶龄期。从产量构成因素看，倒四、倒三叶追肥群体穗数足、穗型大，群体颖花量高，且结实率与千粒重均可稳定在正常水平；从群体生长发育来看，倒四、倒三叶追肥群体茎蘖消长平缓，高峰苗适中，成穗率高(80%左右)，生育中、后期氮肥累积量大，适宜叶面积指数高，群体光合势强，干物质积累多，最终产量高，氮素当季利用率亦高。(2)较之常规施氮模式，氮肥精确后移模式产量显著高，氮素当季利用率、生理利用率、施氮增产力以及表观生产力均显著高，百公斤籽粒需氮量则略低，在大面积生产上应用表现显著增产增效。其高产高效机理为，既能巩固穗数，又能有效控制无效(低效)分蘖，获取高成穗率，形成足量的群体有效穗数；既能攻取大穗，又能防止群体叶面积过度增长，于生育中期形成较高且适宜的叶面积指数与配置良好的冠层结构，具有较高粒叶比，使抽穗期群体干物质数量足且质量优；既能提高抽穗后群体干物质积累量，又能协调群体茎鞘物质输出与运转，以强源畅流促进群体库容的有效充实。

2012

0.0

1.299

2006

2.474

0.0

... 本研究结果与前人研究结论^[26,27,28]基本一致, 虽然整个生育期粳稻单茎干物重不如籼稻, 但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量, 且随着水稻生长发育的持续, 粳稻群体干物重与籼稻的差距不断缩小, 并于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻, 最终生物学产量极显著高于籼稻, 说明平稳的群体干物质积累特性和较强的生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)有效高效物质生产特征是粳稻高产形成的特征和途径之一 ...

1995

0.0

2002

0.0

0.468

. 2002, 18(2):32-37

Study on production characteristics and high-yield control techniques of direct seeding rice

(直播水稻物质生产特点及其高产调控技术研究) . (上海农业学报) , 2002 , 18 ( 2 ): 32 - 37 Wang G Z , Peng B , Lu Z R , Wang Y L . Study on production characteristics and high-yield control techniques of direct seeding rice

Wang G Z

(王国忠) , (彭斌) , (陆峥嵘) , (王余龙) . (直播水稻物质生产特点及其高产调控技术研究) . (上海农业学报) , 2002 , 18 ( 2 ): 32 - 37 Wang G Z

以粳稻9516为材料,对上海地区直播单季水稻物质生产特点进行了分析研究.结果表明:(1)生物产量与经济产量相关密切,抽穗前干物质生产量与谷物产量呈二次曲线相关,抽穗后干物质生产量与谷物产量呈极显著线性正相关.(2)抽穗期干物重与单位面积穗数呈显著正相关;抽穗前各阶段对干物质生产速率的影响:播种至够苗和够苗至拔节以平均LAI的作用较大,拔节至抽穗期以NAR的作用较大.(3)抽穗后干物质生产量与拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟吸N量显著相关,与抽穗后单茎干物质生产量显著相关,与单位面积颖花量显著相关,与抽穗后NAR显著相关;抽穗后NAR与抽穗期单茎叶面积、抽穗后叶面积衰退、粒叶比、抽穗期叶片含N率、成穗率相关密切.

1994

0.0

... 出穗前茎鞘贮藏物质一般占灌浆物质的20%~40%, 如灌浆结实期环境条件差, 不利于光合作用, 灌浆物质中来自出穗前贮藏物质的比例甚至会超过50% ^[29,30] ...

2007

0.0

1998

0.0

... 目前, 无论是不同产量水平上还是品种演进上, 已有多数研究较为一致地认为(超)高产水稻一般生育前中期叶茎鞘等器官贮藏的光合产物多, 生育后期光合产物分配于穗部的比例大, 且叶茎鞘的贮藏物质能较多地运转到穗部^[31], 到灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)回升也较多, 二次增重多^[32,33,34] ...

2001

0.0

1.889

. 2001, 34:304-310

Relations between canopy apparent photosynthesis and store matter in stem and sheath between and yield and nitrogen regulations in rice

(水稻群体光合速率和茎鞘贮藏物质与产量关系的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2001 , 34 : 304 - 310 Zhao Q Z , Huang P S , Ling Q H . Relations between canopy apparent photosynthesis and store matter in stem and sheath between and yield and nitrogen regulations in rice

Zhao Q Z

(赵全志) , (黄丕生) , (凌启鸿) . (水稻群体光合速率和茎鞘贮藏物质与产量关系的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2001 , 34 : 304 - 310 Zhao Q Z

南京农业大学农学院

采用汕优６３和盐粳１８７品种（组合），通过设置前后期不同氮素配比，对水稻群体光合速率（ＣＡＰ）和茎鞘贮藏物质与产量的关系进行了研究。结果表明，在抽穗后ＣＡＰ随生育进程而逐渐降低。汕优６３以６：４配比ＣＡＰ较高。上３茎鞘物质干重变化呈“Ｖ”字型，在穗后２３ｄ左右达最低值，其中以顶三茎鞘物质输出最多。ＣＡＰ与群体质量指标、穗后物质生产和产量的关系除穗后２３ｄ左右外比较密切，穗后２３ｄ茎鞘贮藏物质大量输出。

1997

0.0

1.667

. 1997, 23:82-88

Photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and its translocation in intersubspecific hybrid rice

(亚种间杂交稻光合特性及物质积累与运转的研究) . (作物学报) , 1997 , 23 : 82 - 88 Yang J C , Zhu Q S , Wang Z Q , Lang Y Z . Photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and its translocation in intersubspecific hybrid rice

Yang J C

(杨建昌) , (朱庆森) , (王志琴) , (郎有忠) . (亚种间杂交稻光合特性及物质积累与运转的研究) . (作物学报) , 1997 , 23 : 82 - 88 Yang J C

Agronomy Dept., College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiansu 225009

2010

0.0

1.667

. 2010, 36:1547-1558 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.01547

Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha^-1)

(杂交粳稻13.5 t hm -2 超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨) . (作物学报) , 2010 , 36 : 1547 - 1558 Zhang H C , Wu G C , Li D J , Xiao Y C , Gong J L , Li J , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Gao H , Wei H Y , Sha A Q , Zhou Y Y , Wang B J , Wu A G . Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha -1 )

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (吴桂成) , (李德剑) , (肖跃成) , (龚金龙) , (李杰) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (高辉) , (魏海燕) , (沙安勤) , (周有炎) , (王宝金) , (吴爱国) . (杂交粳稻13.5 t hm -2 超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨) . (作物学报) , 2010 , 36 : 1547 - 1558 Zhang H C

1Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation technology in Yangtze Valley,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009, China;2 Rice Research Institute of xianghua, Fengyuan,Xinghua 22570,China;3Bureau of Agriculture of Xing hua County, Xinghua 225700,China;4 Bureau of Agriculture of Jiangyan County,Jiangyan 225500,China

Population characteristics of super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha^-1) were studied and its formation mechanism was explored using Yongyou 8 as material in Xinghua and Jiangyan. Results showed that population of 13.5 t ha^-1 had more spikelets per panicle and total spikelets than population of 12.0 t ha^-1. There was no significant difference in panicles, filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight between populations of 13.5 t ha^-1 and 12.0 t ha^-1. Population of 13.5 t ha^-1 exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved excepted number of stems and tillers at critical leaf-age for productive tillers, whose max number of stems and tillers was at jointing stage and was about 1.3 times of excepted number. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, which achieved expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of 13.5 t ha^-1population was more than 75%, which was higher than that of population of 12.0 t ha^-1.The leaf area index of 13.5 t ha^-1 population was lower than that of 12.0 t ha^-1 population at the early growth stage, and the max leaf area index was about 8.5 at booting, which decreased stably and was above 4.0 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of population with 13.5 t ha^-1 was small at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total photosynthetic potential was above 6.75×10⁶ m² d ha^-1, of which most than 45.0% was from heading to maturity. The dry matter accumulation was smaller compared with population with 12.0 t ha^-1before jointing, and the weight of it was above 60 kg ha^-1 at heading, which was significantly higher than that of population with 12.0 t ha^-1. The total weight of dry matter was above 23.25 t ha^-1, of which above 9.75 t ha^-1 was accumulated from heading to maturity. Formation mechanism of super-high yielding population (13.5 t ha^-1) was that: population quality was enhanced at critical leaf-age for productive tillers through cultivating strong seedlings, germinating low positiontillers and achieved expected number of stems and tillers in time, which formed the biological foundation for high quality population at middle stage; in order to form high photosynthetic efficiency of population structure with strong lodging-resistance and large population spikeletes at heading, suitable number of strong stems and large panicles was cultivated through establishing suitable dynamic and size of population; in order to enlarge sink-filling and keep strength of stems and sheaths, dry matter accumulation was enriched after heading through photosynthetic system smooth and steady fade away.

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号，以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0 hm²连片与6.67 hm²连片超高产攻关方为依托，研究了13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体特征，并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明，较之12.0 t hm^-2左右群体，13.5 t hm^-2群体的穗型大，群体颖花量多(60 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上)，有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当；群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长，至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数，高峰苗出现在拔节期，数量少，为预期穗数的1.3倍左右，此后群体平缓下降，至抽穗期达适宜穗数，成穗率高(＞75%)；群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢，最大值出现在孕穗期，为8.5左右，此后下降缓慢，成熟期仍保持在4.0以上；群体光合势生育前期较小，中、后期较大，总光合势为6.75×10⁶ m² d hm^-2以上，抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上；群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低，拔节后积累速度较快，至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5 t hm^-2以上，抽穗后积累量亦高，一般为9.75 t hm^-2以上, 总干物重高23.25 t hm^-2以上。13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体形成机制为，依靠精苗，发大蘖，及时够苗，提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期)，为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础；依靠合理的群体动态及其规模，培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗，于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体；依靠平稳消退的光合系统，提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力，增大群体库容的总充实量，并维持较大的茎鞘强度，增强群体的安全抗倒力。

2012

0.0

1.889

. 2012, 45:3256-3264 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.16.004

Analysis on grain filling characteristics of indica and japonica rice in rapeseed (wheat)-rice planting area in Chengdu basin

(成都平原两熟区籼粳稻品种籽粒灌浆特性) . (中国农业科学) , 2012 , 45 : 3256 - 3264 Li X Y , Chi Z Z , Jiang X L , Zheng J G . Analysis on grain filling characteristics of indica and japonica rice in rapeseed (wheat)-rice planting area in Chengdu basin

Li X Y

(李旭毅) , (池忠志) , (姜心禄) , (郑家国) . (成都平原两熟区籼粳稻品种籽粒灌浆特性) . (中国农业科学) , 2012 , 45 : 3256 - 3264 Li X Y

1.四川省农业科学院作物研究所，成都 610066 2. 德阳市水稻专家大院，四川广汉 618300

【Objective】In order to provide a scientific basis for planting japonica rice in Chengdu basin, the difference in grain filling characteristics and yield formation between indica and japonica rice was studied in rapeseed (wheat) - rice planting area in Chengdu basin.【Method】A field experiment was conducted with indica rice varieties Fuyou 838 and Luyou 578, japonica rice varieties Liaoxing 15 and Liaoxing 19. The grain-filling processes of superior and inferior grains of different varieties were studied with Richards equation. On that basis, the relationship between grain filling characteristics with dry matter accumulation and transformation after heading and yield formation was analyzed in different varieties.【Result】With bigger sink potential and higher seed setting rate, the grain yield of Liaoxing 19 was significantly higher than Liaoxing 15 in japonica rice, even achieved the level of indica rice (Fuyou 838 and Luyou 578).The types of indica and japonica rice initiated their grain filling for superior and inferior grains were synchronous type and asynchronous type, respectively, and the effects of panicle size on grain filling and seed setting were also different between indica and japonica rice. The ability of dry matter transformation after heading for Liaoxing 19 was closer to local indica rice, so it was beneficial to start its grain-filling. Although grains per spike of Liaoxing 19 were significantly higher than Liaoxing 15, the grain filling rate of its inferior grains was not decreased, and the grain filling rate declined slower after reaching peak, grain filling time was also prolonged to some extent, at last the seed setting rate was improved significantly.【Conclusion】 The japonica rice varieties of Liaoxing 19 had more grains per spike, but with the improved dry matter transformation after heading, it still gained higher seed setting rate by better grain-filling. So it has the high yield potentiality for planting in Chengdu basin.

【目的】研究成都平原两熟区籼、粳稻品种籽粒灌浆特性及产量形成的差异，为成都平原种植粳稻提供依据。【方法】以籼稻品种辐优838、泸优578及粳稻品种辽星15、辽星19为材料进行田间试验，利用Richards方程对不同品种强、弱势粒的灌浆过程进行比较，进而分析不同品种灌浆特性与抽穗后物质积累和转运及产量形成的关系。【结果】粳稻品种中辽星19不仅库容量大，结实率也高，其产量显著高于辽星15，且与籼稻品种辐优838、泸优578相当。籼、粳稻稻品种籽粒灌浆类型分别为强、弱势粒同步灌浆型和异步灌浆型，并且穗型大小对籼、粳稻灌浆结实的影响也存在差异。辽星19抽穗后干物质转运能力更接近当地的籼稻品种，有利于籽粒灌浆的启动；其每穗粒数虽显著高于辽星15，但弱势粒的灌浆速度并未降低，且达到灌浆峰值后下降减缓，灌浆时间也有所延长，最终结实率得到显著提高。【结论】粳稻品种辽星19每穗粒数虽多，但其抽穗后干物质转运能力得到加强，籽粒灌浆得到改善，仍能实现较高的结实率，因此在成都平原仍表现出较好的产量潜力。

... 李旭毅等^[35]研究发现, 大穗型粳稻品种辽星19茎鞘干物质的积累和转运能力更接近当地的籼稻品种, 有利于其籽粒的灌浆启动, 这可能也是该品种每穗粒数增加后结实特性仍得到显著改善的另一重要因素 ...

2002

0.0

1.889

. 2002, 35:487-492

The relationship among photoinhibition, photooxidation and early aging at later developmental stages in different high yield varieties

(不同高产水稻品种生育后期叶片光抑制、光氧化和早衰的关系) . (中国农业科学) , 2002 , 35 : 487 - 492 Jiao D M , Li X , Huang X Q , Ji B H . The relationship among photoinhibition, photooxidation and early aging at later developmental stages in different high yield varieties

Jiao D M

(焦德茂) , (李霞) , (黄雪清) , (季本华) . (不同高产水稻品种生育后期叶片光抑制、光氧化和早衰的关系) . (中国农业科学) , 2002 , 35 : 487 - 492 Jiao D M

江苏省农业科学院农业生物遗传生理研究所

比较了我国不同地区的 6个高产水稻品种在生育后期 (抽穗—成熟 )自然条件下剑叶的叶绿素荧光参数和膜脂过氧化产物及叶绿素 (Chl)衰减的表现 ,结果表明 ,水稻剑叶在衰老过程中叶片的Fv/Fm逐渐下降 ,过剩的光能形成活性氧O2 ·-、H2 O2 和膜脂过氧化产物MDA的积累 ,导致叶绿素衰减 ,发生光氧化早衰。这种现象在品种间有明显差异 ,与耐光氧化的粳稻相比 ,对光氧化敏感的籼稻汕优 6 3剑叶的Fv/Fm明显下降 ,活性氧积累多 ,Chl急剧衰减而表现“黄化”早衰 ,影响水稻灌浆结实。籼稻易于早衰机理与灌浆期温光条件有关。在适温 (2 5℃以上 )晴天 ,PSⅡ反应中心表现可逆失活的动态变化 ,中午强光下籼稻PSⅡ功能有明显的下调和光抑制 ;在低温强光下PSⅡ遭受光破坏 ,表现早衰。这与PSⅡ D1蛋白的降解及内源保护系统叶黄素循环和活性氧清除酶受抑有关

... 本研究还发现, 粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势, 这可能与粳稻不早衰、根系活力强、叶片光合功能持续时间长、生理生化活性强等^[36]有关, 还有待进一步研究证实 ...

2013

0.0

1.889

. 2013, 46:463-475 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.03.003

Eco-physiological characteristics and super high yield formation mechanism of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice

(水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制) . (中国农业科学) , 2013 , 46 : 463 - 475 Zhang H C , Guo B W , Chen H C , Zhou X T , Zhang J , Zhu C C , Chen J D , Li G Y , Wu Z H , Dai Q Q , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H , Yang X . Eco-physiological characteristics and super high yield formation mechanism of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (郭保卫) , (陈厚存) , (周兴涛) , (张军) , (朱聪聪) , (陈京都) , (李桂云) , (吴中华) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) , (杨雄) . (水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制) . (中国农业科学) , 2013 , 46 : 463 - 475 Zhang H C

1.College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu 2.Crop Cultural Station, Haian County, Haian 226600, Jiangsu

【Objective】The eco-physiological characteristics and mechanisms of ordered transplanting and broadcasting rice were studied to explore the means of super high yield for rice. 【Method】Three planting methods including ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT) using dry-raising seedlings in plastic plates with mechanical transplanting (MT) were compared to investigate the eco-physiological characteristics and the super high yield formation mechanism in respects of seedling establishment, tillering, matter production and accumulation, root characteristics at late stages, population light transmittance characteristics, and stem lodging resistance. 【Result】Ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice had better population starting point quality and earlier seedling establishment, and their LAI, leaf area duration, grain-leaf ratio, matter production, accumulation and translocation at each stage were all significantly or highly significantly superior to cast transplanting. Moreover, at late stages, they showed better population light transmittance and slower senescence, and maintained higher matter production and lodging resistance as well. 【Conclusion】With their higher population start point, earlier seedling establishment, and obvious growth superiority, ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice are capable of serving as the basis of rice super high cultivation.

【目的】研究水稻有序摆栽和点抛超高产形成的生理生态特征及机制，探索水稻超高产轻简化栽培途径。【方法】本试验通过塑盘旱育摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种栽插方式及与机插稻产量形成的生理生态特征比较，从活棵发苗、分蘖发生、光合物质生产、后期根系活性、群体透光率和抗倒伏性等方面，探究了水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产机制。【结果】有序摆栽和点抛群体起点质量好，发棵快，各生育时期群体叶面积、光合势、粒叶比、物质生产积累与转运均显著或极显著优于撒抛，且后期通风透光性好，群体衰老慢，保持较强的物质生产能力，抗倒伏性强，产量高。【结论】有序摆、抛栽群体起点质量高，活棵快，各时期生长优势显著，产量潜力大，是实现水稻超高产轻简化栽培的精良基础。

... 目前关于水稻光合生产特征的研究均较为一致地表明, 无论是品种演进上还是不同产量水平上, (超)高产水稻一般具有较高的最适叶面积及有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率, 以及生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)群体叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均较高等特点^[37,38,39] ...

2013

0.0

1.889

. 2013, 46:686-704 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.04.004

The productive advantages and formation mechanisms of #cod#x0201c;indica rice to japonica rice#cod#x0201d;

(#cod#x0201c;籼改粳#cod#x0201d;的生产优势及其形成机理) . (中国农业科学) , 2013 , 46 : 686 - 704 Zhang H C , Zhang J , Gong J L , Chang Y , Li M , Gao H , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y . The productive advantages and formation mechanisms of #cod#x0201c;indica rice to japonica rice#cod#x0201d;

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (张军) , (龚金龙) , (常勇) , (李敏) , (高辉) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) . (#cod#x0201c;籼改粳#cod#x0201d;的生产优势及其形成机理) . (中国农业科学) , 2013 , 46 : 686 - 704 Zhang H C

College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to reveal the productive advantages of “indica rice to japonica rice” and summarize its physiological ecological mechanisms systematically from the viewpoint of cultivation. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted with representative japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing24, Xudao3, Lianjing7, Xuyou733, etc.) and indica rice varieties (Liangyoupeijiu, Ⅱyou084, Xinliangyou6380, Yangliangyou6, etc.) as materials in rice-wheat cropping areas (Yangzhou, Xinghua, Donghai of Jiangsu) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2010-2011. Difference of growth security, grain yield, quality, utilization of temperature and solar radiation, dynamics of population growth, plant type and lodging characteristics between japonica rice and indica rice were studied systematically. 【Result】 Under the simplified cultivation conditions of mechanical and swing transplanting, the growth security of japonica rice was better than indica rice, for japonica rice possessed longer milky stage and the resistance to low temperature at the later period compared to indica rice. The average yields of japonica rice in both years were, 10.90 and 10.87 t•hm-2 in Yangzhou, 10.93 and 10.65 t•hm-2 in Xinghua, 10.49 and 10.41 t•hm-2 in Donghai, higher than indica rice significantly. Grain filling characteristics of japonica rice exceeded indica rice, which was the key point of harvesting high yield of japonica rice, with the roughly same level of population spikelets or slightly less. Milling quality and cooking and eating quality of japonica rice were better than indica rice significantly, while the appearance and nutritional quality followed an opposite tendency accordingly. The physiological ecological characteristics of productive advantages of “indica rice to japonica rice” were as follows. Firstly, growth duration of japonica rice was longer than indica rice significantly and japonica rice was more adapted to cool weather at the later period of grain filling, increasing utilization of temperature and solar radiation and ensuring japonica rice maturing safely. Secondly, strong photosynthetic capacity of japonica rice at the later period increased dry matter weight and total filling. Thirdly, japonica rice improved the resistance to cold and premature senescence, and lodging due to strong root, stem and sheath, guaranteeing the enrichment and support of large sink. 【Conclusion】 Under the mechanizing simplified cultivation conditions, japonica rice, not only matured safely with strong growth advantages at the later period, but also achieved high grain yield, quality, efficiency and comprehensive productivity because of making full use of temperature and solar radiation in comparison to indica rice.

【目的】旨在阐明“籼改粳”的生产优势，并从栽培角度系统研究其优势形成的生理生态机理。【方法】2010—2011年，在长江下游稻麦两熟制地区（江苏扬州、兴化、东海），以当地代表性的粳稻品种（武运粳24号、徐稻3号、连粳7号、徐优733等）和籼稻品种（两优培九、Ⅱ优084、新两优6380、扬两优6号等）为材料，系统比较研究籼粳稻的生育安全性、产量、品质、温光资源利用、群体生长发育动态、株型和倒伏性状等方面的差异。【结果】在机插和摆栽两种轻简栽培条件下，粳稻生育安全性优于籼稻，后期耐低温，灌浆持续时间长。两年粳稻的平均产量，扬州分别为10.90和10.87 t•hm-2，兴化分别为10.93和10.65 t•hm-2，东海分别为10.49和10.41 t•hm-2，显著或极显著高于籼稻。粳稻群体颖花量与籼稻相当或略少于籼稻，但籽粒的充实性状优于籼稻，这也是粳稻获得较高产量的关键。粳稻加工品质和蒸煮食味品质显著或极显著优于籼稻，外观品质和营养品质稍逊于籼稻。“籼改粳”生产优势形成的生理生态特征为：粳稻全生育期较籼稻明显延长，灌浆后期粳稻更能适应温凉天气，增加水稻对温光资源的利用，使得粳稻能够安全成熟；粳稻后期具有较高的光合生产能力，能够增加群体光合物质积累量，提高群体库容总充实量；同时，粳稻后期能够适应低温天气而不早衰，维持强壮根系和较高的茎鞘强度，增强群体抗倒伏能力，保证较大库容的安全充实与支撑。【结论】在机械化轻简化栽培条件下，粳稻更能充分利用温光资源，生育后期仍保持强劲生长优势，不仅能够安全成熟，而且产量高、品质优、效益好，综合生产力高。

2006

0.0

1.889

. 2006, 39:1336-1345

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice

(超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2006 , 39 : 1336 - 1345 Yang J C , Du Y , Wu C F , Liu L J , Wang Z Q , Zhu Q S . Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice

Yang J C

(杨建昌) , (杜永) , (吴长付) , (刘立军) , (王志琴) , (朱庆森) . (超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2006 , 39 : 1336 - 1345 Yang J C

扬州大学农学院

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。