超级稻根系形态生理特征及其与产量形成的关系

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褚光, 刘洁, 张耗, 杨建昌. 超级稻根系形态生理特征及其与产量形成的关系. 作物学报, 2014, 40(5): 850-858[CHU Guang, LIU Jie, ZHANG Hao, YANG Jian-Chang. Morphology and Physiology of Roots and Their Relationships with Yield Formation in Super Rice. 作物学报, 2014, 40(5): 850-858] 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

超级稻根系形态生理特征及其与产量形成的关系

褚光, 刘洁, 张耗, 杨建昌^*

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 杨建昌, E-mail:jcyang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979317

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:chuguang19880210@163.com

收稿日期:2014-03-04

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271641, 31071360), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103003, 201203079), 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14, 2012BAD04B08, 2013BAD07B09), 江苏高校优势学科建设工程专项, 江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(CXZZ13_0902)和江苏省上新工程项目[SXGC(2012)S32180001-20]资助;

摘要

2011年与2012年于水培池种植超级稻品种两优培九(两系杂交籼稻)和扬粳4038 (粳稻)及常规高产品种扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻), 观察各生育期根系形态生理特征及其与产量形成的关系。结果表明, 与常规高产品种相比, 超级稻品种具有强大的产量潜力, 其高产潜力主要得益于较多的每穗颖花数与较大的总库容量(单位地面积颖花量)。超级稻品种在整个生育期较大的根量、生育早中期较高的单株根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积及根系中较高的玉米素与玉米素核苷含量是其产量库容大和产量高的重要原因。超级稻存在着结实率较低的问题, 这可能与其在灌浆期根系活性下降较快有关。提高超级稻灌浆期根系活性, 是提高其结实率、促进其产量进一步提高的重要途径。

关键词: 超级稻; 产量; 籽粒灌浆; 根系形态与生理

Morphology and Physiology of Roots and Their Relationships with Yield Formation in Super Rice

CHU Guang, LIU Jie, ZHANG Hao, YANG Jian-Chang^*

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:

Abstract

Two super rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu (indica-inclined two-line hybrid) and Yangjing 4038 (japonica), and two high-yielding rice cultivars, Yangdao 6 (indica) and Yangfujing 8 (japonica), were grown in nutrient solution in 2011 and 2012. Changes in morphological and physiological traits of roots at different growth stages and their relationships with growth and development were investigated. The results showed that both super rice varieties had greater yield potential and higher grain yield than the two elite check varieties, which was mainly due to the larger sink from the larger panicle in the super rice varieties. Root and shoot dry weight was significantly greater in super rice varieties than in check ones throughout the growth season. Root oxidation activity (ROA), total root absorbing surface area, active absorbing surface area and root zeatin (Z) plus zeatin riboside (ZR) content, on a single plant basis, were significantly greater in super rice than in check varieties at the early stage. The low percentage of filled grains was closely associated with a quickly decreased root activity during grain filling. These results suggest that the yield of super rice varieties could be further increased by increasing seed setting rate through enhancing root activity during the grain filling period.

Keyword: Super rice; Grain yield; Grain filling; Morphology and physiology of roots

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水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一, 约为半数以上人口提供了饮食能量^{[ 1]}。在我国, 以水稻为主食的人口约占45%。预测到2030年我国人口将达16亿, 届时即使耕地面积不减少, 粮食产量仍需提高55%才能满足人们对食品的需求。在新增粮食产量中, 水稻所占比率将高达40%以上^{[ 2]}。为了增强我国粮食科技储备能力, 促成水稻单产的再次飞跃, 农业部于1996年开始组织实施“中国超级稻育种与栽培体系研究”重大科技项目^{[ 3]}, 目前已育成多个超级稻品种并在生产上推广应用, 取得了显著的增产效果, 为我国水稻生产的发展作出了重要贡献。但是生产实践证明, 部分超级稻品种在年度间和地块间存在着结实率低和产量不稳定的问题^{[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}。近年来, 一些研究者从叶片光合性能、物质生产与运转、源库关系等方面研究超级稻产量形成的特点^{[ 9, 10]}, 但超级稻结实率较低的机制仍不清楚。

根系作为水稻植株的重要组成部分, 不仅能够吸收养分和水分, 同时也可合成许多重要的生理活性物质, 因而在水稻生长发育中起着十分重要的作用^{[ 11, 12, 13]}。水稻根系形态生理特征是根系质量的体现, 与地上部的生长发育、养分吸收、产量形成等关系非常密切。但有关超级稻根系形态生理特征及其与产量形成特别是与结实率关系的研究较少。本研究观察了超级稻整个生育期根系形态生理特征的变化, 包括根系生物量、根长、根直径、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积、根系中玉米素(Z)与玉米素核苷(ZR)含量、根系伤流液强度及其与产量形成的关系, 以明确超级稻品种根系形态生理特征, 为充分发挥超级稻产量潜力提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试品种与栽培情况

试验于2011—2012年在扬州大学农学院试验农场水培池进行。2个超级稻品种为两优培九(两系杂交籼稻)和扬粳4038 (粳稻), 以常规高产品种扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻)为对照。5月12日至14日播种于大田, 湿润育秧, 20 d后移栽到水泥池中, 株行距为15 cm × 18 cm, 2011年单本栽两优培九, 双本栽另3个品种; 2012年4个品种均为双本栽。水培液按国际水稻研究所标准Espino营养液配方, 移栽时用海绵固定。每天用1 mol L^-1 HCl或 1 mol L^-1 NaOH调节pH值至5.0, 每周更换一次营养液, 若遇大雨则翌日更换营养液。各处理(品种)小区的面积为6.0 m × 1.5 m, 重复3次。全生育期严格控制病虫害。各品种于8月18日至26日抽穗, 10月7日至14日收获。

1.2 测定内容与方法

1.2.1 叶片形态与生理特性分别于分蘖中期、穗分化始期、抽穗期、抽穗后10 d、20 d、30 d, 考察每个小区100穴植株的分蘖数, 按照平均茎蘖数取10穴植株, 分解为绿叶、枯叶、茎、鞘和穗(抽穗以后), 烘干测定干物质重。于以上时期从各小区取2个8穴, 采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-COR 3050型叶面积仪测定叶面积。并于上述相同时期, 选择晴朗上午, 于9:00采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合测定仪测定稻株最上展开叶的光合速率。叶室CO₂浓度为380 μmol mol^-1, 使用红蓝光源, 光量子通量密度(PFD)为1400 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 温度28~30℃, 各处理(品种)重复测定8张叶片。

1.2.2 根系形态与生理特性分别于上述时期, 从水泥池中取出8穴植株, 剪掉地上部分(用于测定地上部生物量与叶面积), 置70目筛网袋中, 用流水冲洗干净。各取2穴分别测定根长和根直径、根系氧化力、根系吸收表面积和根系激素。根长和根直径的测定方法为, 将根放入装有一薄层去离子水的玻璃皿中(30 cm × 30 cm), 用镊子调整根的位置以尽量避免交叉重叠, 先用扫描仪(Epson Expression 1680 Scanner, Seiko Epson Corp. Tokyo, Japan)进行图像扫描, 后用WinRHIZO根系分析系统(Regent Instruments Inc. Quebec, Canada)分析, 并于烘干后测干重。参照杨建昌等^{[ 14]}的方法测定根系氧化力。采用甲烯蓝蘸根法^{[ 15]}测定根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积。参照陈远平等^{[ 16]}的高效液相色谱法并作改进, 提取、纯化和定量分析根系激素。用石油醚萃取去除样品中的叶绿素和脂肪等物质, 经Sep-Pak C18柱过滤以减少样品中杂质; 色谱条件改用Dubhe C₁₈4.6×250, 5 μm, 流动相为5% (v/v)乙腈、50% (v/v)甲醇、0.6% (v/v)冰乙酸, 流速为0.8 mL min^-1, 采用梯度洗脱法, 检测波长254 nm; 柱温30℃, 进样量20 μL。样品回收率为85.5%±2.6%, 每一个样品至少重复4次。以外标法定量。

1.2.3 根系伤流强度分别于抽穗后0 d、14 d、28 d, 按各小区的平均茎蘖数选取代表性植株5穴, 于18:00在各茎离水泥板10 cm处剪去地上部分植株, 将预先称重的脱脂棉置于茎杆的剪口处, 包上塑料薄膜, 于第2天上午6:00取回带有伤流液的脱脂棉并称重, 计算伤流强度。

1.2.4 考种与计产取成熟期各小区50穴考察每穴穗数, 取10穴观察结实率(水漂法, 沉入水底者为饱粒)和千粒重。实收各小区计产。

1.3 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003、SPSS 16.0和SAS统计软件分析试验数据, 用SigmaPlot 10.0绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其构成因素

两个超级稻品种2年的产量均显著高于对照品种, 两优培九平均产量为9.86 t hm^-2; 扬粳4038为9.56 t hm^-2, 分别较对照品种高28.37%和17.63% (表1)。超级稻品种获得高产主要得益于其较高的总颖花数, 两优培九与扬粳4038两年的平均总颖花数分别较对照品种高60.10%和28.43%。但超级稻品种

表1 供试水稻品种产量及其构成因素 Table 1 Grain yield and yield components of rice cultivars tested

两年的结实率却显著低于对照品种, 分别为74.80%和79.40%, 较对照品种低14.4和11.1个百分点。

2.2 叶面积指数与叶片光合速率

两个超级稻品种2年抽穗期的总叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数、高效叶面积指数均显著高于各自对照品种, 分别平均高出19.15%、20.41%和29.72%。2个超级稻品种两年抽穗期颖花数/叶面积(粒叶比)显著性高于对照品种; 实粒数/叶面积与对照品种互有高低; 粒重/叶面积则与对照品种无显著差异(表2)。

表2 供试水稻品种抽穗期叶面积指数和粒叶比 Table 2 Leaf area index and grain-leaf ratio at heading stage of the tested rice cultivars

各品种剑叶净光合速率, 在各主要生育期呈现先增后降的趋势, 峰值出现在抽穗期(图1)。分蘖中期至抽穗期两年的剑叶净光合速率, 两优培九高于对照品种13.28%, 扬粳4038高于对照品种10.02%; 而在灌浆期则显著低于对照品种, 分别较对照品种低22.11%和22.87%。

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	图1 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期叶片光合速率MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 1 Leaf photosynthetic rate of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesMT: mid tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading period; EF: early grain filling; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

2.3 根干重与根系形态特征

在分蘖中期和穗分化始期, 4个供试品种地上部干物重无显著性差异; 在抽穗至成熟期, 超级稻品种的地上部干物重则显著高于对照品种(图2-A, B)。

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图2 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期地上部干物重(A, B)、根干重(C, D)和根-冠比(E, F)MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 2 Shoot dry weight (A, B), root dry weight (C, D), and root-shoot ratio (E, F) of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesMT: mid tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading period; EF: early grain filling; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

在整个生长阶段, 超级稻品种的根干重均显著高于对照品种, 两优培九和扬粳4038两年的平均根干重分别较对照品种高出15.01%和14.19% (图2-C, D)。在分蘖中期和穗分化始期, 超级稻品种的根-冠比显著高于对照品种, 在抽穗期和灌浆期, 4个供试品种的根-冠比无显著性差异(图2-E, F)。

在各主要生育期内, 两优培九和扬粳4038两年的根长显著高于对照品种, 其平均根长分别较对照品种高出15.42%和15.77% (图3-A, B); 2个超级稻品种的根直径在穗分化始期显著高于对照品种, 两优培九和扬粳4038分别较其对照品种高9.50%和8.96%, 而在其他生育期无显著性差异(图3-C, D); 各生育期的比根长2个超级稻品种与对照品种均无显著差异(图3-E, F)。

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图3 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期根长(A, B)、根直径(C, D)和比根长(E, F)MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 3 Root length(A, B), diameter of root (C, D), and special root length (E, F) of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesMT: mid tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading period; EF: early grain filling; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

2.4 根系代谢活性

两个超级稻品种以根干重为单位的根系氧化力

在分蘖中期、穗分化始期和抽穗期均略高于对照品种, 但差异不显著; 在整个灌浆期则显著低于对照品种(图4-A, B)。超级稻品种以单株为单位的根系氧化力在分蘖中期和穗分化始期显著高于对照品种, 但在灌浆中后期则显著低于对照品种(图4-C, D)。

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图4 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期单位干重根系氧化力(A, B)和单株根系氧化力(C, D)MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 4 Root oxidation activity on the basis of per unit dry weight (A, B) and per plant (C, D) of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesMT: mid tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading period; EF: early grain filling; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

两个超级稻品种的根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积在分蘖中期与对照品种无显著差异; 在穗分化始期和抽穗期均显著高于对照品种; 在整个灌浆期均显著低于对照品种(图5)。

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图5 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期根系总吸收表面积(A, B)和活跃吸收表面积(C, D)MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 5 Total absorbing surface area (A, B) and active absorbing surface area (C, D) of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesMT: mid tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading period; EF: early grain filling; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

4个供试品种根系中玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量随着生育进程, 呈先增后降趋势。根系中Z+ZR含量在穗分化始期和灌浆早期有2个高峰。2个超级稻品种根系中Z+ZR的含量, 从分蘖中期至抽穗期均显著高于对照品种; 但在灌浆中后期却显著低于对照品种(图6)。

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图6 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期根系中玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)含量MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 6 Zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) content in roots of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesMT: mid tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading period; EF: early grain filling; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

2个超级稻品种的根系伤流量强度在抽穗期显著高于对照品种, 两优培九与扬粳4038分别较对照品种高17.46%和12.90%; 但在灌浆中后期则显著低于对照品种, 在灌浆中期分别较对照品种低30.79%和27.06%, 在灌浆后期分别较对照品种低39.17%和35.47% (图7)。

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	图7 供试水稻品种在不同生育时期根系伤流液量HD: 抽穗期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆后期。Fig. 7 Root bleeding amount of the tested rice cultivars at different growth stagesHD: heading period; MF: mid grain filling; LF: late grain filling.

3 讨论

水稻根系的形态与生理特征及其与产量形成的关系一直是水稻生理研究的一个热点, 同时也是争论的一个焦点, 其核心问题是高产水稻品种应该具有怎样的根系形态与生理特征？有研究认为, 超高产水稻应有根系发达、发根力强、根数多、扎根深, 后期根系活力高、吸收面积广、吸收能力强、衰老较晚且缓慢, 对肥水等环境胁迫的缓冲能力强等特点^{[ 17, 18, 19]}。也有研究认为, 根系不仅可以吸收水分和养分, 同时也需要消耗地上部产生的光合同化产物以维持根系的生长。与地上部相比, 用于生产单位根干物质量的能量是地上部的2倍, 根-冠比过大或

根量过大会消耗大量的光合同化产物, 并与穗部竞争光合同化产物, 从而不利于高产的形成^{[ 20, 21, 22]}。以上两类不同的研究结果反映了根系形态生理特征与产量形成之间复杂的关系。我们观察到超级稻根系生物量在整个生育期均显著高于对照品种。超级稻品种发达的根系为地上部的生长提供了充足的养分、水分和植物激素, 优化了地上部结构, 改善了地上部生长, 为高产奠定了基础。叶片生长发育和光合作用所需要的无机养分大部分是由根系提供的, 根系所需的营养主要是由叶片光合作用所产生的。因此叶片的功能与根系生理活性是相互影响、相互制约的。超级稻在整个生育期具有较高的叶面积指数, 保证了充足的碳水化合物被运送至根部, 进而促进根系更好地生长。笔者认为超级稻强大的根系与地上部有着良好的互作效应, 这是超级稻获得高产的主要原因。

灌浆期超级稻根系生理活性的强弱也是争论的一个焦点。Cao等^{[ 23]}研究认为, 超级稻品种协优9308结实期根系伤流液强度和叶片中ABA含量显著低于对照品种, 而Z+ZR含量显著高于对照。许明等^{[ 24]}研究发现, 北方超级粳稻品种在生育中后期具有明显的根系生理优势, 其根系衰老缓慢、根系生理活性强。但也有学者观察到, 在灌浆中后期超级稻根系活性显著低于对照^{[ 25, 26, 27]}。我们观察到, 在灌浆中后期超级稻品种的剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力(以根干重和以单株为单位)、根系中Z+ZR含量、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积以及根系伤流液强度在生育早中期均显著高于对照品种, 而在生育中后期却显著低于对照品种。超级稻生育前中期较大的根量和根系活性促进其地上部生物产量与库容的形成, 为最终获得高产打下了重要的生理基础。

我们的试验结果证实了超级稻具有巨大的产量潜力的研究报道^{[ 9, 28, 29]}。但我们也观察到, 与对照品种相比, 超级稻品种的结实率较低。类似的结果也有不少报道^{[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}。超级稻结实率低有许多原因。一个原因可能是与较大的库容和相对较小的源供给有关; 在本试验中, 抽穗期2个超级稻品种的平均颖花数与地上部干物重之比(颖花数/g)为30.7, 对照品种为27.2。另一个重要原因可能与灌浆期的根系衰老较快有关。我们观察到, 灌浆中后期超级稻品种根系活性显著低于对照品种; 灌浆期平均根系氧化力、根中Z+ZR含量、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积以及根系伤流液强度与结实率呈极显著正相关( r = 0.83^**~0.96^**)。因此, 在灌浆期维持较高的根系活性(根系氧化力、根中Z+ZR含量、根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积以及根系伤流液强度), 可以促进超级稻籽粒灌浆, 提高结实率, 进而实现超级稻的高产潜力。

4 结论

与常规高产品种相比, 超级稻具有强大的产量潜力, 这主要得益于其较多的每穗颖花数和较大的总库容量。其整个生育期较大的根系和地上部生物量、生育早中期较高的单株根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积、根系中较高的玉米素(Z)与玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量是其产量潜力大的主要原因。但超级稻品种存在着结实率较低的问题, 这与其在灌浆中后期根系活性以及剑叶净光合速率下降较快有关。对其改进将是提高超级稻结实率和实现其产量潜力的重要途径。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2003

0.42

0.0

... 水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一, 约为半数以上人口提供了饮食能量^[1] ...

2007

0.0

0.55

... 在新增粮食产量中, 水稻所占比率将高达40%以上^[2] ...

2007

0.0

0.55

... 重大科技项目^[3], 目前已育成多个超级稻品种并在生产上推广应用, 取得了显著的增产效果, 为我国水稻生产的发展作出了重要贡献 ...

2009

2.474

0.0

. 2009, 113:null-null

Morphological and physiological traits of roots and their relationships with shoot growth in #cod#x0201c;super#cod#x0201d; rice

... 但是生产实践证明, 部分超级稻品种在年度间和地块间存在着结实率低和产量不稳定的问题^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 类似的结果也有不少报道^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2010

5.242

0.0

... 但是生产实践证明, 部分超级稻品种在年度间和地块间存在着结实率低和产量不稳定的问题^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 类似的结果也有不少报道^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2011

2.474

0.0

. 2011, 123:null-null

Pre-anthesis non structural carbohydrate reserve in stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice

... 但是生产实践证明, 部分超级稻品种在年度间和地块间存在着结实率低和产量不稳定的问题^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 类似的结果也有不少报道^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2012

0.0

1.494

. 2012, 26:364-372 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2012.03.016

Post-anthesis changes in activities of the enzymes related to starch synthesis and contents of hormones in superior and inferior spikelets and their relations with grain filling of super rice

1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; 2 College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; 3 Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;

Longterm influences of sublethal dose of imidacloprid and pymetrozine on reproduction and biological fitness of the brown planthopper(BPH) were evaluated. Bioassay results showed that the LC50 values for imidacloprid and pymetrozine were 42.41 mg/L and 396.46 mg/L, respectively, suggesting imidacloprid was approximately 9.35 times more toxic than pymetrozine. The effects of the sublethal dose (LC30) of imidacloprid and pymetrozine on the fitness of the brown planthopper were evaluated by constructing and comparing the life tables. Results revealed that the biological fitness of BPH exposed to imidacloprid and pymetrozine had reduced to only 83.8% and 8.4% of the control, respectively. In imidacloprid treatment, there was only an obvious decline in emergence rate of adult. However, the emergence rate of adult, female adult ratio, female adult duration and eggs hatching rate were conspicuously reduced under pymetrozine treatment. In addition, the egg laying and fecundity fastigium of BPH exposed to sublethal pymetrozine were postponed compared to the control, which is probably correlated with the delayed development of genitalia caused by pymetrozine’s feeding inhibition effects.

全面评价了亚致死剂量吡虫啉和吡蚜酮对褐飞虱繁殖力和生存力的长期影响。毒力测定结果显示，吡虫啉和吡蚜酮对褐飞虱3龄若虫的LC50分别为42.41 mg/L和396.46 mg/L，吡虫啉毒力约是吡蚜酮毒力的9.35倍。通过建立褐飞虱在吡虫啉和吡蚜酮亚致死剂量（LC30）作用下的生命表，发现褐飞虱在两种药剂处理下生物适合度都有所下降，分别为对照试虫的83.8%和8.4%。吡虫啉处理试虫仅羽化率明显低于对照，而吡蚜酮处理试虫的羽化率、雌虫比例、雌成虫寿命和卵孵化率各参数都明显下降。亚致死剂量的吡蚜酮使褐飞虱日产卵节律和卵孵化高峰都有所推迟，这可能是吡蚜酮对褐飞虱产生取食抑制作用进而导致其生殖器官发育缓慢造成的。

... 但是生产实践证明, 部分超级稻品种在年度间和地块间存在着结实率低和产量不稳定的问题^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 类似的结果也有不少报道^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2013

5.242

0.0

... 但是生产实践证明, 部分超级稻品种在年度间和地块间存在着结实率低和产量不稳定的问题^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 类似的结果也有不少报道^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2007

2.474

0.0

. 2007, 103:null-null

Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a hybrid rice recently bred in China

... 近年来, 一些研究者从叶片光合性能、物质生产与运转、源库关系等方面研究超级稻产量形成的特点^[9,10], 但超级稻结实率较低的机制仍不清楚 ...

... 我们的试验结果证实了超级稻具有巨大的产量潜力的研究报道^[9,28,29] ...

2002

0.0

1.494

. 2002, 16:38-44

Physiological model of super hybrid rice Xieyou 9308

(Key Laboratory for Rice Biology; Ministry of Agriculture; China National Rice Research Institute; Hangzhou 310006; China)

Physiological traits of super high yielding hybrid rice Xieyou 9308 and high yielding hybrid rice Xieyou 63 were compared. It was observed that Xieyou 9308 has two apical dominance: one is "stem (tiller) growth apical dominance" during vegetative stage, and the other is "inter-grain apical dominance" during grain filling stage. This is the physiological characteristics and basis of high yield of Xieyou 9308. Based on the results, the "physiological model" for Xieyou 9308 is hypothesized. This "physiological model" includes "single stem (tiller) dry matter production superiority basis" with "two apical dominance" as a physiological frame of Xieyou 9308, i.e. (1) high dry matter productivity. Total dry weight of single plant is about 120 g. Plant maintains high productivity after heading, and the dry matter accumulated after heading contributes more than 40% of the total. (2) Stem apical dominance during vegetative stage. The apical dominance is obvious soon after transplanting . The effective tillering finished within two weeks after transplanting. The average panicle-forming rate is more than 65%. (3) Inter-grain apical dominance during grain filling stag. The vigorous spikelets have higher filling potential and reach peak value at two weeks after heading, and the higher filling potential will maintain for a certain period. Filling process of inferior spikelets is laggard, and have an increasing filling potential until maturity as the high transport intensity of the stem and the function leaf senesces slowly at yellow maturity. The yield target of this super hybrid rice model is 11-12 t/hm².

观察比较了超级杂交稻协优9308和高产杂交稻协优63的生理特性。与高产杂交稻协优63相比，超级杂交稻协优9308表现出两个明显的顶端优势，即营养生长期间的“茎蘖顶端优势”和灌浆成熟期间的“粒间顶端优势”。认为这两优势是协优9308超高产的生理特性和基础，据此提出以单茎（蘖）物质生产优势为基础，以“两个顶端优势”为中心的超级杂交稻协优9308的“生理模型”，即(1) 协优9308 干物质生产能力高，全生育期单株干物质生产量达120 g；抽穗后仍具有较高生产力，此间生物产量占总生物产量的40%。(2) 营养生长期“茎蘖顶端优势”显著，有效分蘖终止期较早，出现在移栽后2周左右，幼穗发育整齐，成穗率>65 %。(3) 灌浆成熟期“粒间顶端优势”显著，优势粒灌浆势高，齐穗后第2周便达到灌浆势的峰值，此后仍保持一定的灌浆能力；劣势粒灌浆进程比优势粒滞后，在临近成熟时，仍未出现灌浆势峰值；支撑劣势粒灌浆势不减的生理机制是：根系衰老迟缓，花后物质运转势较高，功能叶衰老迟缓。这一超级杂交稻“生理模型”的经济产量指标是11~12 t/hm2。

... 近年来, 一些研究者从叶片光合性能、物质生产与运转、源库关系等方面研究超级稻产量形成的特点^[9,10], 但超级稻结实率较低的机制仍不清楚 ...

2008

6.91

0.0

... 根系作为水稻植株的重要组成部分, 不仅能够吸收养分和水分, 同时也可合成许多重要的生理活性物质, 因而在水稻生长发育中起着十分重要的作用^[11,12,13] ...

2006

4.356

0.0

2009

0.0

. 2009, 47:195-204 DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.11.012

Hormones in the grains and roots in relation to post-anthesis development of inferior and superior spikelets in japonica/indica hybrid rice

Abstract

Grain filling is usually not adequate in later-flowering inferior spikelets in japonica/indica (J/I) hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) although it shows stronger hybrid vigor than indica/indica (I/I) hybrid. This study investigated the potential causes by examining changes in zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GAs, GA₁ + GA₄), and abscisic acid (ABA) in spikelets and roots during the grain filling period. The inferior spikelets of J/I hybrid exhibited low rate of endosperm cell division and slow grain filling. During the early grain filing period, they had less Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA, but more GAs, than the earlier-flowering superior spikelets. If compared to the inferior spikelets of the I/I hybrid, the J/I inferior spikelets also had less Z + ZR, IAA, and ABA. Rates of endosperm cell division and grain filling were positively and significantly correlated with Z + ZR and ABA contents in both grains and roots or IAA in grains, whereas not significantly correlated with GAs either in grains or roots or IAA in roots. Applications of kinetin, IAA, or ABA to spikelets, or kinetin and ABA to roots, enhanced cell division and grain filling in the inferior spikelets. Results suggest that low contents of cytokinins and ABA in both grains and roots and low contents of IAA in grains may result in the poor filling of inferior spikelets in the J/I hybrid.

1996

0.0

1.889

. 1996, 29:58-66

Effect of nitrogen nutrition on rice yield and its physiological mechanism under different status of soil moisture

山东农业大学农学系，泰安 271018

采用#+（14）C示踪方法对源库调节与晚播小麦籽粒灌浆期光合物质分配的关系进行了研究。晚播小麦在籽粒灌浆期旗叶的光合物质主要用于穗部籽粒生长；倒二叶光合物质亦主要供给籽粒，但向茎秆和根系中的分配增多；倒三叶是标记的三叶中光合物质向根系分配比例最大，向籽粒分配比例最小的叶片。研究表明，源库调节能影响到晚播小麦籽粒灌浆期的光合物质分配。穗库容降低，各叶片光合物质向穗部籽粒分配比例减少，向根系、茎叶中分配增多；叶源量减少，一般则向穗部籽粒分配比例增多。不同类型品种叶片光合物质在植株各器官间的分配受源库调节的影响程度不同。晚播小麦源库调节对穗粒数、粒重及其它穗部性状的影响因不同类型品种而异。相对减少源对鲁215953、鲁麦5号、鲁麦7号和鲁麦14号的穗粒数、粒重影响较小，但使鲁麦15号和辐63的穗粒数和粒重明显降低。

... 参照杨建昌等^[14]的方法测定根系氧化力 ...

2003

0.0

... 采用甲烯蓝蘸根法^[15]测定根系总吸收表面积与根系活跃吸收表面积 ...

2005

0.0

0.5

... 参照陈远平等^[16]的高效液相色谱法并作改进, 提取、纯化和定量分析根系激素 ...

2000

0.0

0.916

. 2000, 23:5-8

Characteristics of root distribution of super high-yielding rice varieties

利用不同类型水稻品种和组合,采用根箱钉板法研究了全量根系在土壤中纵向和横向的分布特征.结果表明,根系生物量的52%～63%分布在0～12 cm土层中,70%～79%分布在0～24 cm土层中.后期耐早衰的协优9308表现根系生物量大,深根系比例高.根系横向分布随土壤深度增加,趋向离开植株中心分布.根系重量密度以表层最高,并随深度增加逐渐下降.协优9308在表土层以下的根系重量密度比其他品种明显提高.

... 3 讨论水稻根系的形态与生理特征及其与产量形成的关系一直是水稻生理研究的一个热点, 同时也是争论的一个焦点, 其核心问题是高产水稻品种应该具有怎样的根系形态与生理特征？有研究认为, 超高产水稻应有根系发达、发根力强、根数多、扎根深, 后期根系活力高、吸收面积广、吸收能力强、衰老较晚且缓慢, 对肥水等环境胁迫的缓冲能力强等特点^[17,18,19] ...

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:1899-1908 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01899

Relationship between root morphological characteristics and yield components of major commercial indica rice in south China

<div style="line-height: 150%">Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding / Guangzhou Branch of National Rice Improvement Center, Guangzhou 510640, China</div>

Seven inbred and hybrid indica rice cultivars widely planted in recent years in South China were used in pot experiment in 2010–2011, and the root traits including root number, root length, root volume and root dry weight per plant, stem and single adventitious root were investigated at active tillering, heading and maturity stages, meanwhile, characteristics of root branching at heading stage was investigated by WinRhizo system. Furthermore, the correlation between root traits and yield was analyzed. Results were as follows: (1) The number of adventitious roots per plant (NARP), total length of adventitious roots per plant (TLRP), total length of adventitious roots per stem (TLRS) and length per adventitious root (LPAR) of the hybrid rice were significantly larger than those of the inbred rice at each stage. Volume of roots per plant (VRPP), volume of roots per stem (VRPS), dry weight of roots per plant (DWRP) and dry weight of roots per stem (DWRS) showed no significant difference between hybrid rice and inbred rice. However, the root quality such as volume per adventitious root (VPAR), dry weight per adventitious root (DWAR) and dry weight per unit length of root (DWPL) of inbred rice was better than that of hybrid rice. (2) The total surface area and volume of branched roots at heading stage were adventitious root > coarse branched root > fine branched root with significant difference. Total root length of hybrid rice was coarse branched roots > adventitious roots > fine branched roots, and that of inbred rice was adventitious roots > coarse branched roots > fine branched roots. Moreover, the total length of branched roots, total length, surface area, volume of coarse branched roots and fine branched roots of hybrid rice were very significantly higher than those of inbred rice. But the average root diameter of inbred rice was very significantly higher than that of hybrid rice. (3) The difference of root characteristics between hybrid rice and inbred rice was mainly come from number of adventitious roots per plant and root length, which was caused by the difference of tiller number and single root length between hybrid rice and inbred rice. (4) Twelve root traits showed a significantly positive correlation with yield per plant. Number of adventitious roots per plant (NARP) and total surface area of branched roots (SABR) were major factor influencing the yield. The results above provide some informations for genetic improvement of rice roots and super rice breeding and cultivation.

为探明不同类型高产籼稻的根系形态特征差异及其与产量的关系，以7个目前在华南地区大面积推广应用的主导品种(组合)合美占、桂农占、玉香油占、粤晶丝苗2号、五优308、天优998、天优122为材料，在2010—2011年进行两年盆栽试验，分别考查分蘖盛期、抽穗期及成熟期的单株、单茎及单条不定根形态性状，利用WinRhizo根系分析系统分析抽穗期的根系分枝特征，并计算根系形态特征与产量的相关性。结果表明: (1)杂交籼稻组合各生育时期的单株根数、单株根长、单茎根长及单条根长均显著大于常规籼稻品种；单株和单茎的根体积与干重差异不明显；常规稻单条根质量则普遍高于杂交稻。(2)抽穗期不同级别根的表面积和体积均为不定根>粗分枝根>细分枝根，杂交稻不同级别根的总长度为粗分枝根>不定根>细分枝根，常规稻则为不定根>粗分枝根>细分枝根；杂交稻的分枝根总长度及粗分枝根和细分枝根的长度、表面积、体积都显著大于常规稻；常规稻的平均根直径则显著大于杂交稻。(3)杂交稻与常规稻根系特征的主要差异是单株根数和长度的差异，分蘖数和单条根长度的差异是两者根系特征差异的重要原因。(4)单株不定根数、不定根总长、根干重等12个根系性状分别与产量显著或极显著正相关；单株不定根数和分枝根总表面积分别是影响产量的主要因素。这些结果为水稻根系遗传改良和超高产育种及栽培提供了参考。

2010

0.0

1.889

. 2010, 43:2859-2868

Root characteristics of high-yield C Liangyou rice combinations of two-line hybrid rice

(湖南农业大学水稻科学研究所)

【Objective】 The root characteristics of C Liangyou rice combinations and the correlation between root characteristics and yield were studied. 【Method】 The root morphology, root physiology as well as the correlation between root characteristics and yield were studied by using seven C Liangyou rice combinations as experimental materials and Shanyou 63 as a control. 【Result】 The results showed that root dry weight, number of adventitious root , total length of adventitious root, total root volume, root growth abilities, total root absorption area,root active absorption area and root oxidation ability of the combination were significantly higher than those of the control Shanyou 63. Root dry weight, number of adventitious root , total length of adventitious root, total root absorption area,and root oxidation ability at the heading stage, and root growth abilities at the grain filling stage and the milking stage had a significant positive correlation with yield per plant. Stepwise regression indicated that the number of adventitious root and root oxidation ability at the heading stage were the main influencing factors of high yield of rice and could be regarded as reliable indicators for cultivation and management and genetic inprovement of rice. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that root morphology is good and the root is vigorous in C Liangyou rice combinations at all stages, its morphological and physiological characteristics ensure the efficient absorption of nutrient and water in the whole growing period, which is the base leading to high yield of C Liangyou rice combinations. Strong root vigor at the late growing stage, and proper ratio of root to shoot and the harmonious growth of root and shoot are also the main causes leading to high yield of C Liangyou rice combinations.

【目的】揭示两系杂交水稻C两优系列组合的高产根系特征及根系与产量之间的关系。【方法】用两用核不育系C815S配制7个杂交组合,以汕优63为对照,对其根系形态和生理特性及其与产量的关系进行了研究。【结果】C两优系列组合的根系干重、不定根条数、不定根总长、根系总体积、发根力、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积和根系a-NA氧化量显著高于对照汕优63。相关分析表明,抽穗期根系干重、不定根条数、不定根总长、根系总吸收面积、根系a-NA氧化量及灌浆期和乳熟期的发根力与单株产量呈极显著或显著正相关。逐步回归表明,抽穗期的不定根数量和根系a-NA氧化量是影响水稻高产的主要因素,可作为水稻高产栽培和水稻品种遗传改良的可靠指标。【结论】C两优系列杂交组合在整个生育期内比汕优63具有发达的根系和较强的根系活力,保证了其营养元素和水分的吸收,从而为高产奠定了基础。尤其是在生育后期仍保持较强的根系活力及地下部与地上部的和谐关系是其高产的重要原因。

2003

0.0

. 2003, 23:1109-1116

The response of the rice root system to nitrogen conditions under-root confinement

通过大田试验对10个水稻品种根系与产量的关系研究表明,抽穗期和成熟期根冠比与产量呈极显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.8616和-0.8889.随之在大田试验基础上选择根冠比大的品种粳籼89,设计水分和养分能自由通过,而根系不能穿过的根袋,根袋从小到大不同,以便产生不同大小的水稻植株根冠比.通过水培实验研究在根袋处理后对不同养分条件的反应.水培液设3种氮素养分水平,即20mg/kg,40mg/kg,60mg/kg.结果表明,在不同氮素养分条件下,经过根袋处理后在抽穗期根系干重都有下降趋势,根冠比显著降低,而根系活性吸收面积在抽穗期有不同程度的增加,茎鞘贮存性碳水化合物含量明显增加,叶绿素含量则无明显影响.在抽穗期较大的根袋处理根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积及所占比例与对照相比增加效果较为明显,而较小的根袋处理根系吸收的能力降低,根系吸收能力大小顺序为:大袋>中袋>对照>小袋.随养分浓度的增加,不同根袋处理在抽穗期的根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积有下降的趋势.较大的根袋处理在20mg/kg和60mg/kg氮素养分条件下能适当减少根系直径,增强根系的活性吸收比例,从而提高根系的活力;但在成熟期根袋处理对根系的活性吸收无明显影响.

... 根量过大会消耗大量的光合同化产物, 并与穗部竞争光合同化产物, 从而不利于高产的形成^[20,21,22] ...

2004

0.0

1.494

. 2004, 18:437-442

Effect of root cutting on rice yield by shifting normal paddy to upland cultivation

1College of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou 510642; 2 Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science; Christian Albrechts University; Kiel; Germany;

Field experiment was conducted to investigate rice yield response to the distribution of carbon-hydrates under waterlogged (paddy) conditions and upland conditions with soil surface mulched by rice-straw (upland) for the same rice variety, and to test the influence of upland cultivation on rice yield by cutting off rice root. Grain yield of upland rice (5850.9 kg/hm² ) was significantly lower than that of paddy rice (6685.7 kg/hm² ). However, straw yield of the former (5735.5 kg/hm² ) was higher than that of the latter (5489.5 kg/hm²). Percentage of filled grains per tiller of paddy on an average was significantly higher than that of upland. Nevertheless, the percentages of leaves, sheaths and unfilled grains of upland were greater than those of paddy. Root to shoot ratio of upland rice (0.116) was remarkably bigger than that of paddy rice(0 087). Root respiration rate of the former was 2.7 times of the latter. There was a trend of grain yield increase by root-cutting under upland conditions, but to the contrary under paddy conditions. Grain yield of rice with 1/4, 2/4 and 3/4 of root cut off per hill on average decreased by 23%, 15% and 20% compared to rice without root-cutting under normal paddy conditions. However, under upland conditions, the grain yield of rice with 1/4, 2/4 and 3/4 of root cut off increased by 20%, 7% and 3% compared to that without root-cutting respectively. It could be concluded that upland conditions might block the translocation of carbon-hydrates and accumulate a lot of carbon-hydrates in leaves and sheaths, which resulted in unfilled grains. Root biomass increased under upland conditions and the redundant root growth might also consume more carbon-hydrates and decrease yield of rice under upland conditions.

通过大田对比试验研究了常规水稻与覆草旱作水稻的产量构成、根系呼吸强度以及断根对产量的影响。结果表明，覆草旱作水稻籽粒产量(5850.9 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])明显低于常规水稻（6685.7 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup]），但前者的秸秆产量(5735.5 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])高于常规水稻(5489.5 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])。常规水稻实粒占平均单蘖总量的百分数远大于覆草旱作水稻，覆草旱作水稻叶、鞘、秕粒的比例大于常规水稻。覆草旱作的根冠比（0.116）显著大于常规水稻（0.087），前者的根系呼吸强度是常规水稻的2.7倍。旱作水稻断根后普遍有增产的趋势，而常规水稻则有减产的趋势。常规水稻断1/4、2/4和3/4根系时，平均每穴籽粒产量较不断根的分别下降23％、15％和20％。然而，旱作条件下，断1/4、2/4和3/4根系的水稻较全根的分别增产20％、7％和3％。由此可见，水稻旱作抑制了同化产物向籽粒的转运，叶和鞘中积累了较多的同化产物；旱作水稻根系冗余生长，消耗了大量碳水化合物，可能导致水稻籽粒产量下降。

... 根量过大会消耗大量的光合同化产物, 并与穗部竞争光合同化产物, 从而不利于高产的形成^[20,21,22] ...

2000

0.0

1.494

. 2000, 14:219-224

Effect of rice cultivated under paddy and upland condition on photosynthesis and senescence of flag leaf and activity of root system after heading

(Department of Biotechnology; Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei 230036; China)

Under paddy and plastic film upland condition, the senescence of rice and some physiological activities were studied. The results showed that upland cultivation of rice obviously affected the senescence. For the upland cultivation mode, rice was subjected to water stress, and the decrease rate of the physiological activity speeded up, then the rate accumulation of dry weight in grain slowed down and seed setting percentage reduced. As a result, the output reduced. Paddy of rice improved the factors of flag leaf photosynthesis and increased the rate of photosynthesis. Besides, the slow decrease of respiration rate of flag leaf, the slow increase of relative conductivity of flag leaf, the high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the low malondialdehyde (MDA) content of flag leaf suggested the slow senescence of flag leaf, so the output of paddy rice was higher. The accumulation of dry weight, the high activity and vigorous metablism of root system of upland rice during later growing stage had a negative influence on grain filling, but the high activity of root system during flowering filling stage and the fast decline of physiological activity of root system during later growing stage promoted grain filling.

对水稻水作与旱作栽培模式下水稻衰老和后期一些生理活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明，由于水分的影响，水稻旱作不同程度加速了水稻生理机能的衰退，使籽粒干物质积累受阻，粒重下降而减产。水稻水作不仅改善了水稻剑叶光合因子，提高了光合效率，而且剑叶呼吸速率下降缓慢，相对电导率上升缓慢，SOD酶活性较高，MDA含量低，表明剑叶后期衰老进程慢，促进籽粒增重，产量高。此外，旱作水稻生育末期根系干物质积累、活力高及代谢旺盛的优势对籽粒增重也是一种负向影响；而水稻水作开花-灌浆期根系活力高，生育末期根系生理活性迅速衰退，保证了籽粒的充实

... 根量过大会消耗大量的光合同化产物, 并与穗部竞争光合同化产物, 从而不利于高产的形成^[20,21,22] ...

2004

2.151

0.0

. 2004, 190(1):73-80

The Involvement of Cytokinin and Abscisic Acid Levels in Roots in the Regulation of Photosynthesis Function in Flag Leaves during Grain Filling in Super High-yielding Rice (Oryza sativa)

C. Shu-Qing,Z. Rong-Xian,L. Wei,D. Zhi-Rui andZ. Qi-Ming

Authors’ addresses: Dr C. Shu-Qing, Prof. Z. Rong-Xian (corresponding author; e-mail: <a href="mailto:rxzhang@mail.njau.edu.cn" title="Link to email address" shape="rect">rxzhang@mail.njau.edu.cn</a>), Dr L. Wei, Dr D. Zhi-Rui and Z. Qi-Ming, Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China *Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China

A few rice cultivars with super high-yielding potential have successfully been released. However, little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying the formation of super high yield in rice. Here, we report changes of cytokinin (zeatin + zeatin riboside, ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents in roots and leaves during grain filling and their relation to declining photosynthesis function of leaves in super high-yielding rice cv. Xieyou 9308 and standard rice cv. Shanyou 63, as a control. ZR contents in roots and leaves decreased in a time-dependent manner, while their ABA contents were relatively stable at earlier grain filling stage and rapidly increased at later grain filling stage in both cultivars. A rapid decrease in ZR content and a rapid increase in ABA content were observed earlier in roots than in leaves for both cultivars. Declining instantaneous photosynthesis rate (IAPS) of leaves in both cultivars coincided with decreasing ZR contents and increasing ABA contents in both roots and leaves. Leaves with 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA) treatment exhibited increased IAPS and extended active photosynthesis duration (APD), and the result was reversed in leaves with ABA treatment. A rapid decrease in ZR contents and a rapid increase in ABA contents of roots and leaves in Xieyou 9308 obviously lagged behind those in Shanyou 63. These results suggest that decreased ZR content and increased ABA content in roots cause the decline of photosynthetic function during grain filling stage. The highly efficient photosynthetic function of Xieyou 9308 is due to the delayed change of ZR and ABA contents in its roots.

... Cao等^[23]研究认为, 超级稻品种协优9308结实期根系伤流液强度和叶片中ABA含量显著低于对照品种, 而Z+ZR含量显著高于对照 ...

2010

0.0

1.667

... 许明等^[24]研究发现, 北方超级粳稻品种在生育中后期具有明显的根系生理优势, 其根系衰老缓慢、根系生理活性强 ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:1264-1276 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01264

Relationship of leaf photosynthetic characteristics and root physiological traits with grain yield in super rice

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

The success in super rice breeding has been considered as a great progress in rice production in China. This study aimed to understand the mechanism underlying the yield formation of super rice. Four super rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu and IIyou 084 (indica hybrids), Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15 (japonica), and two elite check cultivars, Shanyou 63 (indica hybrids) and Yangfujing 8 (japonica), were grown in field. Leaf photosynthetic characteristics and root physiological traits were investigated at different growth stages. The results showed that average total spikelet number and grain yield of the four super rice cultivars were 43.5% and 16.1%, respectively, more than those of two elite check cultivars, but the seed-setting rate of the four super rice cultivars was low 15.3% than that of the two elite check cultivars. The contents of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoid, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of leaves, and specific root oxidation activity, root oxidation activity per plant, total root absorption area per plant, root active absorption area, specific surface area were higher in super rice than in elite check cultivars at earlier growth stages, while those traits decreased more quickly in super rice cultivars than in check cultivars at latter growth stages, and lower in super rice than in check cultivars up to 20 days after full heading. The results suggest that stronger leaf photosynthetic capacity and root activity during the early and mid-growth periods contribute to greater yield sink capacity of super rice, while the rapid decline of leaf photosynthetic capacity and root physiological activity at the late growth stage results in poor grain filling, and consequently, limits yield potential of super rice. Enhancing root physiological activity at late growth stage, especially during the grain filling period would be an important approach for super rice to further increase grain yield.

为阐明超级稻产量形成机理, 以4个超级稻品种[两优培九和II优084 (杂交籼稻)、淮稻9号和武粳15 (粳稻)]为材料, 2个高产品种[汕优63 (杂交籼稻)和扬辐粳8号(粳稻)]为对照, 观测了不同生育时期叶片光合性状和根系生理性状的变化特点。结果表明, 4个超级稻品种的平均总颖花量和产量较两个对照品种分别高出43.5%和16.1%, 但超级稻的结实率较对照品种低15.3个百分点。超级稻品种在生育前期叶片中叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、总叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和根系中单位干重根系活力、每株根系活力、总根系吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和比表面积均高于对照品种, 而在生育后期以上性状下降速率大于各自对照品种, 直至齐穗后20 d前以上性状指标均小于各自对照品种。说明超级稻强大的产量库容与其生育前中期较强的叶片光合能力和较好的根系生理性状密切相关, 生育后期叶片光合能力和根系生理活性下降快导致其结实率下降, 从而限制了其产量潜力的发挥。提高生育后期特别是结实后期根系生理活性是进一步提高超级稻产量的重要途径。

... 但也有学者观察到, 在灌浆中后期超级稻根系活性显著低于对照^[25,26,27] ...

2012

0.0

1.507

... 但也有学者观察到, 在灌浆中后期超级稻根系活性显著低于对照^[25,26,27] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 12:57-66 DOI:10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60205-1

Performance in grain yield and physiological traits of rice in the Yangtze river basin of China during the last 60 yr

1.Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Education Department of Jiangsu Province/College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R.China 2.School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R.China

Knowledge on the performance in grain yield and physiological traits is essential to understand the main yield-limiting factor and make strategies for breeding and crop management in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study investigated the changes in grain yield and associated physiological traits of rice in the Yangtze River Basin of China during the last 60 yr. Thirteen mid-season indica and 12 japonica rice cultivars that were popularly used were grown in the field in 2008 and 2009. The grain yield and yield components, biomass, leaf area, leaf photosynthesis, root oxidation activity, and harvest index were examined. The results showed that grain yield and grain yield per day have progressively increased during the years and such increases are mainly attributed to the expanded sink size as a result of more spikelets per panicle, especially for the case of super rice. Both biomass and harvest index were increased with the improvement of cultivars. Increase in biomass for modern rice cultivars was associated with an enhancement of leaf area and photosynthesis, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity, although the indica super rice cultivars showed a lower leaf photosynthetic rate and root oxidation activity than the semi-dwarf cultivars during the grain filling period. Both indica and japonica super rice cultivars exhibited a low percentage of filled grains, which may limit their great yield potential. All the data suggested that grain yield have been substantially improved during the 60 yr of rice breeding in the Yangtze River Basin. Expanded sink size, increased dry matter production and harvest index, and enhanced leaf area and photosynthesis, root dry weight, and root oxidation activity contribute to the improvement in grain yield. Increase in filling efficiency could realize the great yield potential in super rice.

... 但也有学者观察到, 在灌浆中后期超级稻根系活性显著低于对照^[25,26,27] ...

2007

3.449

0.0

... 我们的试验结果证实了超级稻具有巨大的产量潜力的研究报道^[9,28,29] ...

2008

2.474

0.0

. 2008, 108:null-null

Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential

... 我们的试验结果证实了超级稻具有巨大的产量潜力的研究报道^[9,28,29] ...