江淮下游地区水稻品种生产力纬向差异及其合理利用

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许轲, 杨海生, 张洪程, 龚金龙, 沈新平, 陶小军, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 高辉. 江淮下游地区水稻品种生产力纬向差异及其合理利用. 作物学报, 2014, 40(5): 871-890[XU Ke, YANG Hai-Sheng, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, GONG Jin-Long, SHEN Xin-Ping, TAO Xiao-Jun, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui. Latitudinal Difference of Rice Varieties Productivity in the Lower Yangtze and Huai Valleys and Its Rational Utilization. 作物学报, 2014, 40(5): 871-890] 复制到剪切板

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江淮下游地区水稻品种生产力纬向差异及其合理利用

许轲¹, 杨海生^1,², 张洪程^1,^*, 龚金龙¹, 沈新平¹, 陶小军¹, 戴其根¹, 霍中洋¹, 魏海燕¹, 高辉¹

¹扬州大学 / 农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

²农业部种子管理局, 北京 100125

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979220

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:xuke@yzu.edu.cn

收稿日期:2014-01-12

基金:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B03), 超级稻配套栽培技术开发与技术集成(农业部专项)和江苏省农业三新工程项目(SXGC[2012]397)资助;

摘要

以江苏种植的代表性水稻品种类型为材料, 在稻麦两熟制条件下, 于江苏沛县(34.7°N)、东海(34.5°N)、宿豫(34.0°N)、建湖(33.4°N)、扬州(32.4°N)、昆山(31.3°N) 6地分别设置5个播期试验, 系统研究了不同生育类型品种丰产性和稳产性的纬向差异, 并探讨了江苏水稻品种的合理布局。结果表明, 不同生育类型水稻品种产量在纬向与播期间存在极显著差异, 产量(Y)与播期(t)可用Y = at²+bt+c拟合, 因方程a、b取值不同, 产量与播期的关系可分为3种类型, 且在温光条件不同的地区或年份间转化。迟熟中粳类型品种丰产性和稳产性具有较强优势, 适宜种植区域较广。随着品种熟期的进一步推迟, 晚粳类型品种的丰产性指数(P_i)下降, 稳定性指数(S_i)上升, 丰产性与稳定性均有变差趋势。杂交中籼稻两优培九产量丰产性较好, 仅次于迟熟中粳类型品种, 但产量稳定性仅高于早熟中粳类型品种。与早熟类型品种相比, 偏晚熟类型品种在丰产性和稳产性方面均有明显优势。根据不同生育类型水稻品种丰产性和稳产性以及江苏省不同稻区常年温光气候条件, 划分为适宜种植区、亚适宜种植区、可种植区和不宜种植区来确定不同生育类型水稻品种的合理布局。苏北、苏中、苏南稻区分别以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳类型品种为主体, 兼作生育期相近的类型品种; 杂交中籼类型品种仅适宜于江苏西部丘陵稻区。江苏淮北稻区以早播为宜, 苏中、苏南稻区强调适期播种, 过早或过迟播种均不利于提高产量。在确保安全生育成熟的前提下, 选用偏迟熟类型品种及在籼粳同季兼作地区扩种粳稻均有利于提高水稻生产力。

关键词: 水稻; 生产力; 纬向差异; 布局

Latitudinal Difference of Rice Varieties Productivity in the Lower Yangtze and Huai Valleys and Its Rational Utilization

XU Ke¹, YANG Hai-Sheng^1,², ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,^*, GONG Jin-Long¹, SHEN Xin-Ping¹, TAO Xiao-Jun¹, DAI Qi-Gen¹, HUO Zhong-Yang¹, WEI Hai-Yan¹, GAO Hui¹

¹Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

²Seed Management Bureau of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China

Fund:

Abstract

Rice grain yield is affected significantly by the latitudinal environment factors. However, little is known about the latitudinal difference of prolificacy and stability of grain productivity in rice varieties with different growth durations in the downstream of Yangtze River and Huai River Valleys. In this study, under the condition of rice-wheat cropping rotation, a field experiment with five seeding dates using 11 rice varieties with different growth durations in Jiangsu Province was conducted to investigate the latitudinal difference of prolificacy and stability of grain productivity and the rational distribution of the varieties in Peixian (34.7° N), Donghai (34.5° N), Suyu (34.0° N), Jianhu (33.4° N), Yangzhou (32.4° N), and Kunshan (31.3° N) of Jiangsu Province in 1997-2000. Results showed that there was a highly significant difference in grain yield of rice varieties with different growth durations and different seeding dates in different latitudinal sites. The equationY = at²+bt+cwas used to describe the relationship between grain yield and seeding date for all varieties, according to the change of valuesa andb there were three types of parabola which might be transformed between each other due to the change of sites or years. Compared with other rice varieties the prolificacy and stability of grain productivity of late-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties were better, thereby their suitable planting zones were wider. But with the mature date prolonging unceasingly, the prolificacy index (P_i) decreased and the stability index (S_i) increased in late-maturityjaponica rice varieties, so the yield prolificacy and stability became poor. The prolificacy of Liangyoupeijiu (hybrid mid-maturityindica rice variety) was only less than that of late-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties but better than that of other rice varieties, while its yield stability was just better than that of early-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties. Compared with the early-maturity rice varieties, the late-maturity rice varieties had significantly better prolificacy and stability than other varieties. Based on the prolificacy and stability of varieties with different growth durations and the conditions of annual temperature and light in Jiangsu, we rationally regionalized planting area into suitable region, sub-suitable region, possible region and unsuitable region to confirm the distribution of rice varieties. Medium-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties, late-maturity mediumjaponica rice varieties and early-maturity latejaponica rice varieties were the main varieties suitable to plant in Subei, Suzhong and Sunan regions, also some varieties with closer growth duration could be planted as a supplement. However, hybrid mid-maturityindica rice varieties were only suitable to be planted in western hilly land of Jiangsu Province. In northern Huai River zone appropriately otherwise, earlier sowing was available and in Suzhong and Sunan regions the seeding date had to be suitable, otherwise, earlier or later sowing was not available to increase grain yield. On the premise of safely maturity accomplished, it is beneficial for increasing rice productivity to select partial late maturing varieties and plant morejaponica rice varieties in theindica-japonica region.

Keyword: Rice; Grain productivity; Latitudinal difference; Distribution

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水稻是江淮下游地区乃至全国第一大粮食作物。回顾我国稻作发展历程, 为了实现稻季温光资源的深度利用和品种生产潜力的充分挖掘, 以优化种植区划与品种布局为重点的水稻生产结构的合理调整, 对水稻增产作出了巨大贡献, 而且也是未来稻作可持续发展的战略性措施^{[ 1, 2, 3]}。区域温光条件及其季节性变化制约水稻的生育过程, 在很大程度上影响水稻产量及其形成过程^{[ 4]}, 水稻的温光反应特性在不同生育类型品种间的差异使产量和温光条件的关系更为复杂^{[ 5]}, 导致品种的丰产性与稳产性在地区间、年份间及播种期间产生不同结果。因此, 在水稻品种布局与栽培决策中, 除考虑区域性温光生态特征外, 更重要的是必须掌握不同生育类型品种产量对温光条件的反应特性。研究表明^{[ 6, 7, 8]}, 水稻产量对不同温光生态环境的反应存在敏感性(稳定性)差异, 且敏感性主要是源于温光条件的差异; 产生差异的原因, 既有不同地区间或年份间的差异, 如常规性品种区域试验, 结果主要是反映了水稻产量的区域性表现^{[ 9]}; 又包括了水稻栽培季节(播期)的差异, 结果是反映了水稻产量对不同栽培制度的适应性表现^{[ 10]}。上述二者既有区别又有联系, 主要表现在水稻栽培制度的改变(进)会不同程度影响水稻品种产量的区域性表现^{[ 11]}。江苏地处暖温带至亚热带季风气候过渡性区域, 水稻品种的利用呈现早、中、晚熟籼稻和粳稻兼有的格局。1949年以来, 江淮下游地区水稻品种类型及其区域布局经历了多次更替与调整, 品种类型繁多, 同时生产条件的改善与技术革新、全球气候变化等因素, 特别是机插、直播和抛秧等轻简栽培技术的发展应用以及“籼改粳”的推进, 原有水稻种植区划与品种布局已不能很好地适应目前水稻生产的需求。究竟种植何种类型品种、何时播种, 以协调保证水稻生育进程与区域温光资源的季节变化的高效同步, 充分发挥水稻品种的高产潜力, 是至今仍需系统明确而亟待解决的一个重要问题。本研究探析江苏不同生育类型水稻品种产量的纬向变化规律, 以期为江苏及同类生态地区水稻品种的利用、区域布局的优化以及改进稻麦(油)两熟种植制度提供重要的理论依据。为了研究方便, 笔者将在统一的最佳栽培管理体系中, 水稻品种在某一地点最大限度地发挥其增产潜力达到的最高产量定义为该品种的生产力。本研究主要工作虽始于20世纪末, 但进入21世纪后随着水稻栽培方式的多元化以及国家“籼改粳”工程的推进, 不同稻区大面积水稻品种利用更趋复杂化, 生产上品种未能合理利用的问题也越来越多, 更显得研明水稻品种的纬向区域变化规律与合理利用技术是从宏观尺度上促进水稻大面积稳定增产和优质的战略性措施。不仅对江苏稻作生产具有直接指导意义, 而且对我国南方同类地区亦有重要借鉴意义。同时, 至今未见已发表的同类较系统的研究文献, 且试验所采用品种至今仍在大面积生产上应用。我们将课题组近年来的有关试验结果系统整理成文, 以期为江淮下游地区水稻生产和品种利用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

1997—2000年, 在稻麦两熟制的江苏苏南地区昆山(31.3°N), 苏中地区扬州(32.4°N)、建湖(33.4°N)和苏北地区宿豫(34.0°N)、东海(34.5°N)、沛县(34.7°N)设置水稻不同生育类型品种播期试验, 供试品种、试验年份与地点见表1。统一设置各试验点品种和播期, 采用湿润育秧并于6月15日至16日移栽。第I期4月30日播种, 移栽时单株平均3个分蘖, 秧苗健壮; 第II期5月10日播种, 移栽时单株平均2个分蘖, 秧苗健壮; 第III期5月20日播种, 移栽时单株平均1个分蘖, 秧苗健壮; 第IV期5月30日播种, 移栽时不带分蘖, 秧苗正常; 第V期6月9日播种, 移栽时不带分蘖, 秧苗正常。采用裂区设计, 播期为主区, 品种为裂区。小区面积20 m²(5 m × 4 m), 重复3次。不同播期不同生育类型品种间作埂隔离, 用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 各小区间设约0.5 m间隔沟, 保证单独排灌。

表1 供试水稻品种及试验年份与地点 Table 1 The tested rice varieties and experimental years and sites

选择当地有代表性的高产田块, 排灌方便, 地力中等偏上, 肥力平衡一致, 前茬均为小麦(实收产量6.0~7.5 t hm^-2)。应用精确定量栽培原理进行设计, 秧田播种时, 第I、II、III、IV、V期播量依次为300、525、750、1500、3000 kg hm^-2, 杂交稻播量相应减半。常规粳稻栽插密度32.0万穴 hm^-2(26.7 cm × 11.7 cm), 常规粳稻二本栽插, 杂交稻单本栽插。总施氮量225 kg hm^-2, 基蘖肥﹕穗肥=6∶4, N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=3∶2∶4, P、K肥全部用做基肥。在有效分蘖临界叶龄的前一个叶龄, 当茎蘖数达预期穗数的80%时排水搁田, 轻搁、多搁; 拔节至成熟期采用湿润灌溉, 干干湿湿。其他栽培管理措施均按高产栽培要求实施。

1.2 测定内容与方法

成熟期在每个小区连续收获100穴熟相正常的稻株(即割方), 重复3次, 单独脱粒晾晒, 去除杂质, 测定水分, 折算实产。

收集试验所在地常年的基本气象资料和试验年份的逐日温、光、水等详细气象资料。并按照分析方法, 对温度与日照时数等要素数据进行逐日、逐旬、逐月、不同(季节)时段的平均与累计求和等统计整理。

1.3 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003进行数据处理与作图, 运用SPSS 10.0数据处理系统进行统计分析。

参照莫惠栋等^{[ 12, 14, 15]}的非参数度量方法, 分析供试品种的产量稳定性, 计算各品种的稳定性参数 S _i。其中, 非参数秩次变量 n _ij和分别表示第 j个环境( j= 1, 2, …, l)处理中产量低于和显著低于第 i个( i= 1, 2, …, v)品种 V _i的品种数目, 且 n _ij≥ 。相对丰产性指数 P _i和 P' _i分别表示产量低于和显著低于品种 V _i的品种出现概率(%); S _i为品种的稳定性指数, 表示品种 V _i在各环境处理中产量秩序的变异。为了消除不同品种产量基因型效应的影响, 在进行稳定性参数 S _i计算过程中, 将每个观察值( _ij)减去该观察值所对应品种的所有观察值的平均数( _i)与整个试验资料的观察值的平均数( )之差。

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同生育类型水稻品种产量的差异分析及纬向性变化

2.1.1 不同生育类型水稻品种年份、纬向与播期间的差异分析对供试水稻品种在不同温光条件处理(地区×年份×播期)下籽粒产量方差分析表明(表2), 江苏不同纬向地区水稻品种产量因播期所形成的不同温光条件而有极显著差异, 除1997年沛县点品种间差异未达显著水平外, 其余处理均达极显著水平。除1997年沛县点和1999年昆山点的互作效应未达显著水平外, 其余处理均达极显著水平。可见品种与播期间存在显著互作效应。因此, 要提高不同生育类型水稻品种的产量, 必须结合播期进行优化设计和确定。

表2 各年份、试验地水稻产量在播期与品种间的方差分析 Table 2 Analysis of variance ( F-value) of grain yield among seeding dates and varieties in different years and sites

多重比较表明(表3), 水稻不同生育类型品种产量在不同试验点、年份间存在显著差异, 其中淮北沛县、东海和宿豫点主要以中熟中粳或迟熟中粳类型品种产量最高, 苏中建湖点和扬州点主要以迟熟中粳类型品种产量最高, 苏南昆山点主要以早熟晚粳或迟熟中粳类型品种产量最高, 并随纬度南移, 早、中熟晚粳类型品种产量不断增加, 且显著高于早、中熟中粳类型品种。杂交中籼两优培九在各纬向地区均表现出较高产量潜力, 但在淮北不同年份间变异较大, 产量稳定性显著下降, 可能与淮北地区温光资源紧张及籼稻感温性较强有关。

表3 各试验点、年份间不同生育类型水稻产量多重比较分析 Table 3 Multiple comparison analysis of grain yield of varieties with different growth durations in different sites and years (t hm^-2)

由表4可知, 淮北沛县、东海和宿豫点产量随着播期推迟而不断下降, 适当提前播种利于提高产量。苏中建湖和扬州点和苏南昆山点早播和迟播产量均低于适中的2个播期(播期II和播期III), 尤其是早熟品种, 提早播种反而降低产量。因此合理确定适宜早播期对提高当地水稻产量十分重要。

表4 各试验点、年份不同播期水稻产量的多重比较分析 Table 4 Multiple comparison analysis of grain yield among seeding dates in different sites and years (t hm^-2)

2.1.2 不同生育类型水稻品种产量与播期的关系及纬向性变化

仅从水稻产量变异的品种与播期主效分析不能完全反映各类型品种在不同温光条件下(地区×年份×播期)产量的真实差异, 应针对不同类型品种分析。以试验起始播期4月30日为零点计, 其他播期距零点天数( t)为自变量, 水稻产量( Y)为依变量, 采用回归分析法建立水稻产量( Y)与播期( t)方程, 其中一元二次方程 Y=at² +bt+c拟合产量与播期的关系效果最佳, 适用于所有试验品种、地点和年份, 且均达统计学上的极显著水平(表5)。

各生育类型水稻品种的产量( Y)与播期( t)间关系大致分为3种(表5): ①方程系数 a为负值, b为正值。产量随播期推迟先升后降, 且最高产量点在试验播期范围内。这一情况多在较早熟品种类型或温光条件较充裕(可安全生育成熟)的年份或苏南昆山点出现, 如苏中扬州和建湖点、苏南昆山点的中粳或杂交中籼类型品种。②方程系数 a、 b均为负值。产量随播期推迟而不断下降, 产量最高点不在播期范围内, 表明播期越早产量越高, 播期推迟愈多产量下降愈多。多出现于较早熟品种在温光资源不充足(有时不能安全生育成熟)的年份或苏北沛县、东海和宿豫点, 如沛县等点种植的中粳类型品种。③方程系数 a为正值、 b为负值。产量随播期推迟而不断下降, 不存在产量最高点, 播期越早产量越高, 但一定范围内产量下降速度减缓。偏晚熟类型品种在温光条件中等偏好(多数播期基本能完成安全生育成熟)的地区或年份出现, 如苏南昆山点的中熟晚粳、苏中扬州和建湖点的早熟晚粳、苏北沛县、东海和宿豫点的迟熟中粳类型品种。这可能因为生育期较长的偏晚熟类型品种群体协调能力较强, 播期推迟造成的减产不明显, 稳产性较好。

进一步分析表明, 不同生育类型品种产量依播期变化的上述3种趋势, 可在温光条件不同的地区或年份间转化。例如, 早、中熟中粳类型品种(如盐粳204和镇稻88等)由苏北沛县点南移至苏中或苏南地区时, 由②转化为①; 迟熟中粳类型品种(如武运粳8号等)由昆山或扬州点北移至沛县或东海点时, 由①转变为②或③; 早熟晚粳类型品种(如武育粳5号或武运粳7号等)由昆山点北移至扬州或建湖点时, 常由①转变为③; 杂交中籼两优培九由昆山或扬州点北移至东海或沛县点时, 由①转化为②。且上述转变还受当地当年温光条件影响, 在温光条件较好年份趋向于①或③; 若温光条件中等或较差时多表现为②, 有时也出现③。此外, 对水稻品种生育成熟安全性程度也产生较明显影响。

中粳或杂交中籼类型品种, 随试验地点纬度北移, 实际最高产量 Y_max一般呈逐渐增加趋势, 且能够安全生育成熟, 这可能与高纬度地区光照条件充裕有关; 播期间平均产量与实际最高产量比值有所降低, 说明合理确定北方地区的播期显得极为重要。晚粳类型品种北移后多表现为实际最高产量不断降低, 能否安全生育成熟是产量潜力发挥的主要限制因素, 若能安全生育成熟, 现实产量潜力仍有增长趋势, 如早熟晚粳类型品种(如武运粳7号等)在一定区域内产量潜力增加; 中熟晚粳申优1号全生育期最长, 由苏南北移后现实产量潜力降低, 生育成熟安全性最低。

表5 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations

地点 Site	年份 Year	Y= at²+ bt+ c				Y_mean (t hm^-2)	t_opt (d)	Y_max (t hm^-2)	Y_mean /Y_max (%)
地点 Site	年份 Year	A(×10^-4)	b	C(t hm^-2)	R²	Y_mean (t hm^-2)	t_opt (d)	Y_max (t hm^-2)	Y_mean /Y_max (%)
早熟中粳稻EMMJ, 盐粳204 Yanjing 204
沛县PX	1997	-4.050	-0.046	9.94	0.9970^**	8.77	0	9.94	88.3
	1998	-1.035	-0.029	9.06	0.9879^**	8.41	0	9.06	92.9
	2000	-3.525	-0.048	9.49	0.9948^**	8.31	0	9.49	87.6
东海DH	1998	-9.240	0.013	9.15	0.9362^**	8.84	6.8	9.19	96.2
	1999	-13.215	-0.016	9.30	0.9829^**	8.84	0	9.30	95.1
	2000	-8.925	-0.011	8.58	0.9311^**	7.83	0	8.58	91.3
宿豫SY	1998	-23.190	0.063	9.06	0.9510^**	8.93	13.6	9.49	94.1
宿豫SY	1999	-9.990	-0.014	9.28	0.9987^**	8.41	0	9.28	90.6
建湖JH	1998	-7.545	0.029	8.32	0.9483^**	8.41	19.5	8.61	97.6
	1999	-8.790	0.012	8.60	0.9837^**	8.32	6.9	8.65	96.2
	2000	-15.870	0.064	8.73	0.9953^**	9.05	20.0	9.37	96.6
扬州YZ	1997	-9.780	0.035	7.58	0.9300^**	7.66	17.7	7.89	97.1
	1998	-8.850	0.050	7.38	0.9189^**	7.83	28.1	8.08	96.9
	1999	-10.500	0.046	7.67	0.9206^**	7.95	21.8	8.17	97.4
	2000	-14.115	0.057	7.33	0.9171^**	7.59	20.3	7.91	95.9
中熟中粳稻MMMJ, 镇稻88 Zhendao 88
沛县PX	1997	-4.035	-0.049	9.95	0.9980^**	8.77	0	9.95	88.1
	1998	-13.125	0.004	10.20	0.9843^**	9.50	1.7	10.20	93.1
	2000	-15.885	-0.010	9.63	0.9979^**	8.48	0	9.63	88.1
东海DH	1997	-5.580	-0.032	9.96	0.9979^**	8.98	0	9.96	90.2
	1998	-2.490	-0.037	10.38	0.9988^**	9.48	0	10.38	91.4
	1999	-12.915	-0.032	10.26	0.9853^**	8.84	0	10.26	86.2
	2000	-11.520	-0.003	9.64	0.9847^**	8.88	0	9.64	92.1
宿豫SY	1997	-2.010	-0.040	9.44	0.9905^**	8.51	0	9.44	90.2
	1998	-12.510	0.001	9.90	0.9989^**	9.17	0.5	9.90	92.7
	1999	-10.395	-0.024	9.65	0.9989^**	8.54	0	9.65	88.5
建湖JH	1997	-9.735	-0.003	9.43	0.9833^**	8.78	0	9.43	93.1
	1998	-12.075	0.017	9.47	0.9814^**	9.09	7.1	9.54	95.4
	1999	-13.995	0.026	9.15	0.9649^**	8.84	9.4	9.28	95.3
	2000	-8.790	0.010	9.31	0.8097^**	8.99	5.9	9.34	96.2
扬州YZ	1997	-6.420	0.006	8.68	0.9206^**	8.41	4.7	8.69	96.8
	1998	-12.465	0.036	8.92	0.9212^**	8.87	14.5	9.18	96.6
	1999	-12.990	0.031	8.87	0.9907^**	8.70	11.8	9.05	96.2
	2000	-8.940	0.024	9.02	0.9251^**	8.92	13.3	9.18	97.2
昆山KS	1997	-4.275	0.005	8.24	0.9612^**	8.09	6.2	8.26	98.0
	1998	-13.380	0.059	7.53	0.9270^**	7.91	22.1	8.19	96.7
	1999	-8.055	0.024	8.09	0.9738^**	8.08	14.7	8.26	97.8
	2000	-13.950	0.053	8.07	0.9340^**	8.29	18.9	8.57	96.7

表5 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations

续表5-1 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5-1 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations

地点 Site	年份 Year	Y= at²+ bt+ c				Y_mean (t hm^-2)	t_opt (d)	Y_max (t hm^-2)	Y_mean /Y_max (%)
地点 Site	年份 Year	A(×10^-4)	b	C(t hm^-2)	R²	Y_mean (t hm^-2)	t_opt (d)	Y_max (t hm^-2)	Y_mean /Y_max (%)
中熟中粳稻MMMJ, 早丰9号 Zaofeng 9
东海DH	1997	-23.430	-0.010	10.01	0.9903^**	8.41	0	10.01	84.0
	1998	-19.500	0.024	10.65	0.9839^**	9.97	6.2	10.73	92.9
	1999	-5.610	-0.055	9.50	0.9915^**	8.09	0	9.50	85.2
	2000	-10.785	-0.005	9.58	0.9945^**	8.83	0	9.58	92.2
宿豫SY	1997	-5.025	-0.041	10.05	0.9973^**	8.94	0	10.05	88.9
迟熟中粳稻LMMJ, 武运粳8号 Wuyunjing 8
沛县PX	1998	-16.980	0.014	11.03	0.9966^**	10.30	4.2	11.06	93.1
沛县PX	2000	-1.530	-0.101	10.58	0.9852^**	8.47	0	10.58	80.0
东海DH	1998	-9.450	-0.041	11.03	0.9971^**	9.65	0	11.03	87.5
	1999	-13.380	-0.060	11.02	0.9904^**	9.00	0	11.02	81.7
	2000	-9.720	-0.045	10.18	0.9971^**	8.70	0	10.18	85.4
宿豫SY	1998	4.140	-0.095	11.17	0.9996^**	9.52	0	11.17	85.3
宿豫SY	1999	-8.640	-0.049	10.47	0.9781^**	8.98	0	10.47	85.8
建湖JH	1998	-4.875	-0.008	10.73	0.9270^**	10.27	0	10.73	95.7
	1999	-6.330	-0.005	9.99	0.9304^**	9.50	0	9.99	95.1
	2000	-10.905	-0.010	10.99	0.9902^**	10.15	0	10.99	92.3
扬州YZ	1997	-12.660	-0.010	10.91	0.9620^**	9.96	0	10.91	91.2
	1998	-23.055	0.072	10.37	0.9941^**	10.42	15.5	10.93	95.4
	1999	-11.070	0.002	10.21	0.9185^**	9.48	0.9	10.21	92.9
	2000	-16.860	0.035	10.47	0.9177^**	10.16	10.4	10.65	95.4
昆山KS	1998	-16.440	0.049	9.69	0.9242^**	9.75	14.8	10.05	97.0
	1999	-8.580	0.004	9.47	0.9174^**	9.03	2.3	9.47	95.3
	2000	-8.265	0.007	10.14	0.9394^**	9.93	4.0	10.16	97.8
迟熟中粳稻LMMJ, 武育粳3号 Wuyujing 3
沛县PX	1997	-2.490	-0.042	9.68	0.9983^**	8.69	0	9.68	89.7
建湖JH	1997	-2.775	-0.040	9.81	0.9976^**	8.84	0	9.81	90.1
扬州YZ	1997	-5.520	0.001	9.19	0.9176^**	8.88	1.0	9.19	96.6
昆山KS	1997	-8.400	0.015	8.89	0.9964^**	8.69	9.1	8.96	97.0
早熟晚粳稻EMLJ, 武育粳5号 Wuyujing 5
东海DH	1997	-8.295	0.025	8.82	0.9927^**	7.82	15.2	9.01	86.8
宿豫SY	1997	-3.915	-0.060	9.41	0.9970^**	7.99	0	9.41	84.8
建湖JH	1997	-9.720	-0.033	9.93	0.9910^**	8.68	0	9.93	87.4
扬州YZ	1997	2.340	-0.053	9.90	0.9957^**	8.97	0	9.90	90.6
	1998	2.265	-0.041	9.95	0.9951^**	9.26	0	9.95	93.1
	1999	-4.965	-0.011	9.52	0.9811^**	9.01	0	9.53	94.6
	2000	0.285	-0.045	10.34	0.9952^**	9.46	0	10.34	91.5
早熟晚粳稻EMLJ, 武运粳7号 Wuyunjing 7
东海DH	1997	-12.495	-0.064	9.46	0.9990^**	7.44	0	9.46	78.6
	1998	-1.890	-0.067	9.79	0.9806^**	8.34	0	9.79	85.2
	1999	-16.560	-0.033	9.69	0.9918^**	8.03	0	9.69	82.9
	2000	-4.980	-0.064	10.11	0.9824^**	8.53	0	10.11	84.4

续表5-1 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5-1 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations

续表5-2 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5-2 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations

地点 Site	年份 Year	Y= at²+ bt+ c				Y_mean (t hm^-2)	t_opt (d)	Y_max (t hm^-2)	Y_mean /Y_max (%)
地点 Site	年份 Year	A(×10^-4)	b	C(t hm^-2)	R²	Y_mean (t hm^-2)	t_opt (d)	Y_max (t hm^-2)	Y_mean /Y_max (%)
早熟晚粳稻EMLJ, 武运粳7号 Wuyunjing 7
宿豫SY	1997	9.750	-0.138	9.98	0.9894^**	7.82	0	9.98	78.3
	1998	-15.375	-0.031	10.45	0.9922^**	8.91	0	10.45	85.3
	1999	4.245	-0.096	9.95	0.9930^**	8.28	0	9.95	83.2
建湖JH	1998	-11.910	-0.035	11.05	0.9930^**	9.63	0	11.05	87.2
	1999	-0.615	-0.055	9.83	0.9767^**	8.68	0	9.83	88.4
	2000	-9.885	-0.039	10.62	0.9993^**	9.25	0	10.62	87.1
扬州YZ	1997	0.420	-0.051	10.15	0.9929^**	9.15	0	10.15	90.2
昆山KS	1997	-12.975	0.022	9.40	0.9778^**	9.07	8.7	9.49	95.5
	1998	-13.740	0.033	10.00	0.9553^**	9.83	11.9	10.20	96.4
	1999	-0.300	-0.040	9.53	0.9518^**	8.71	0	9.53	91.4
	2000	-18.285	0.041	9.77	0.9858^**	9.48	11.1	9.99	94.9
中熟晚粳稻MMLJ, 太湖粳2号 Taihujing 2
东海DH	1997	-6.360	-0.091	8.54	0.9537^**	6.34	0	8.54	74.2
宿豫SY	1997	-5.985	-0.057	8.57	0.9995^**	7.07	0	8.57	82.5
建湖JH	1997	-11.670	-0.038	9.28	0.9846^**	7.82	0	9.28	84.3
扬州YZ	1997	-15.930	-0.021	10.22	0.9875^**	8.84	0	10.22	86.5
昆山KS	1997	-13.245	-0.014	10.23	0.9876^**	9.16	0	10.23	89.6
中熟晚粳稻MMLJ, 苏香粳1号 Suxiangjing 1
扬州YZ	1998	-1.920	-0.020	9.93	0.9916^**	9.42	0	9.93	94.9
	1999	3.915	-0.068	9.85	0.9966^**	8.73	0	9.85	88.6
	2000	1.980	-0.055	10.15	0.9932^**	9.17	0	10.15	90.4
昆山KS	1998	-0.105	-0.036	10.01	0.9971^**	9.28	0	10.01	92.7
中熟晚粳稻MMLJ, 申优1号 Shenyou 1
扬州YZ	1999	-10.185	-0.050	9.98	0.9952^**	8.36	0	9.98	83.8
扬州YZ	2000	-15.345	-0.025	10.51	0.9910^**	9.09	0	10.52	86.4
昆山KS	1999	-2.340	-0.052	10.26	0.9977^**	9.09	0	10.26	88.5
杂交中籼稻HMI, 两优培九 Liangyoupeijiu
沛县PX	1998	-17.460	-0.004	10.56	0.9911^**	9.44	0	10.56	89.4
沛县PX	2000	-23.730	-0.045	10.64	0.9997^**	8.32	0	10.64	78.2
东海DH	1998	-17.220	-0.030	11.61	0.9866^**	9.97	0	11.46	87.0
	1999	-13.245	-0.102	10.49	0.9917^**	7.65	0	10.49	72.9
	2000	-27.270	-0.021	9.73	0.9919^**	7.67	0	9.73	78.9
宿豫SY	1998	-14.790	-0.028	11.23	0.9906^**	9.77	0	11.23	87.0
建湖JH	1998	-33.015	0.069	10.45	0.9964^**	9.84	10.5	10.81	91.1
	1999	-14.565	0.005	10.18	0.9933^**	9.40	1.6	10.19	92.3
	2000	-24.885	0.046	10.06	0.9778^**	9.48	9.2	10.27	92.3
扬州YZ	1998	-26.715	0.102	9.82	0.9642^**	10.26	19.1	10.80	95.0
	1999	-10.080	-0.018	9.81	0.9771^**	8.85	0	9.81	90.2
	2000	-21.525	0.049	9.75	0.9174^**	9.44	11.4	10.03	94.1
昆山KS	1998	-38.130	0.117	9.01	0.9590^**	9.66	19.3	10.04	96.3
	1999	-18.630	0.040	9.73	0.9938^**	9.42	10.8	9.95	94.7
	2000	-19.335	0.056	9.49	0.9270^**	9.45	18.4	10.00	94.6

Y_mean: 5个播期水稻产量的平均值; t_opt: 适宜播种时间, 在试验播期范围内水稻产量趋于最高的播种时间, 以4月30日为0计, 向后推为正, 向前推为负; Y_max为实际最高产量, 在试验播期范围内出现的最高产量。^*和^**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著。KS: 昆山; YZ: 扬州; JH: 建湖; SY: 宿豫; DH: 东海; PX: 沛县。

Y_mean: indicates the average value of grain yield of five seeding dates. t_opt is the appropriate sowing time with grain yield reaching the highest level in the range of experimental seeding dates, positive for backward time and negative for forward time with 30th April for 0. Y_max is the actual highest grain yield appeared during the scope of the experimental seeding dates.^* and^** indicate significant difference at P= 0.05 and P= 0.01, respectively. KS: Kunshan; YZ: Yangzhou; JH: Jianhu; SY: Suyu; DH: Donghai; PX: Peixian.

续表5-2 不同类型品种水稻产量与播期的关系及趋势方程 Table 5-2 Relationship between grain yield and seeding dates and their equations

采用多项式回归分析导出水稻品种(尤其是中粳稻或杂交中籼)的适宜播期, 但在不同年份间有较大差异, 这给合理确定当地不同生育类型品种常年的适宜播期带来一定偏差。因此, 必须辅助其他方法及相关研究结果, 共同确定最佳播栽方案。

2.2 不同生育类型水稻品种产量的变幅与稳定性分析

2.2.1 不同生育类型水稻品种播期间最高产量与最低产量及纬向性变化由表6可见, 播期间水稻最高产量在试验地区与年份间的平均值以迟熟中粳类型品种最高, 其余依次为杂交中籼、早熟晚粳、中熟中粳、早熟中粳, 变异系数为早熟中粳>中熟中粳>杂交中籼>迟熟中粳>早熟晚粳, 说明迟熟中粳、杂交中籼和早熟晚粳类型品种现实产量潜力较高且产量较稳定, 具有良好的丰产性; 早、中熟中粳类型品种最高产量较低且变异系数较大, 丰产性明显不及前几者。播期间最低产量平均值在中粳类型品种中以迟熟中粳类型品种较大, 晚粳类型品种及杂交中籼播期间最低产量因未安全生育成熟而大幅降低, 变异系数明显增大, 生育期较长品种表现更明显。

表6 各试验点、年份不同生育类型水稻品种最高产量( Y_max)与最低产量( Y_min)的比较 Table 6 Comparison of the maximum and minimum yield of varieties with different growth durations in different sites and years (t hm^-2)

地点 Site	年份 Year	早熟中粳稻 EMMJ		中熟中粳稻 MMMJ		迟熟中粳稻 LMMJ		早熟晚粳稻 EMLJ		中熟晚粳稻 MMLJ		杂交中籼稻 HMI
地点 Site	年份 Year	Y_max	Y_min	Y_max	Y_min	Y_max	Y_min	Y_max	Y_min	Y_max	Y_min	Y_max	Y_min
沛县 Peixian	1997	9.91	7.01	10.16	7.33	9.81	7.73	—	—	—	—	—	—
	1998	9.25	7.59	10.27	8.21	11.02	8.98	—	—	—	—	10.53	7.66
	2000	9.53	7.04	9.65	6.66	10.52	6.90	—	—	—	—	10.65	5.07
东海 Donghai	1997	—	—	9.99	7.76	—	—	9.43	4.92	8.40	4.15	—	—
	1998	9.33	8.24	10.36	8.49	11.08	7.87	9.68	6.89	—	—	11.43	7.56
	1999	9.23	6.65	10.31	6.81	10.95	6.44	9.60	5.79	—	—	10.45	4.21
	2000	8.71	6.81	9.69	7.59	10.23	6.79	9.87	6.64	—	—	9.77	4.58
宿豫 Suyu	1997	—	—	9.47	7.51	10.39	7.62	9.88	6.09	8.56	5.34	—	—
	1998	9.57	7.94	9.91	7.92	11.18	8.03	10.52	6.67	—	—	11.32	7.65
	1999	9.28	7.12	9.66	7.02	10.51	7.02	10.01	6.72	—	—	—	—
建湖 Jianhu	1997	—	—	9.43	7.79	9.90	7.92	9.98	6.97	9.28	5.97	—	—
	1998	8.65	8.28	9.64	8.27	10.87	9.65	11.01	7.82	—	—	10.89	7.92
	1999	8.68	7.72	9.42	7.98	10.02	8.85	9.89	7.52	—	—	10.20	8.00
	2000	9.35	8.72	9.51	8.53	11.00	8.82	10.61	7.51	—	—	10.01	7.89
扬州 Yangzhou	1997	7.96	7.42	8.81	7.95	10.80	8.62	10.19	8.13	10.26	6.86	—	—
	1998	8.26	7.41	9.29	8.43	10.75	9.58	10.09	8.83	9.91	8.81	10.93	9.23
	1999	8.21	7.71	9.08	8.04	10.41	8.63	9.85	8.13	9.88	8.03	9.81	7.42
	2000	8.02	7.35	9.28	8.58	10.86	9.30	10.34	8.61	10.11	8.31	10.35	8.58
昆山 Kunshan	1997	—	—	8.28	7.80	8.96	8.15	9.61	8.20	10.46	7.49	—	—
	1998	—	—	8.39	7.49	9.95	9.10	10.34	9.14	10.01	8.55	10.04	8.97
	1999	—	—	8.29	7.75	9.86	8.34	9.45	7.91	—	—	9.74	7.91
	2000	—	—	8.64	7.99	10.02	9.31	10.04	8.44	—	—	9.56	7.72
平均数 Y_mean		8.93	7.53	9.43	7.81	10.48	8.27	10.01	7.41	9.64	7.02	10.45	7.49
变异系数 CV (%)		6.90	7.73	6.74	6.79	5.35	11.44	4.23	14.86	7.48	22.61	5.96	21.75

中熟晚粳类型品种因试验地区与年份较少, Y_mean和 CV可能偏差较大, 故未列入作比较分析。EMMJ: 早熟中粳; MMMJ: 中熟中粳; LMMJ: 迟熟中粳; EMLJ: 早熟晚粳; MMLJ: 中熟晚粳; HMI: 杂交中籼。

Because of medium-maturity medium japonicarice planted in fewer sites and years, Y_mean and CVvaried too big to be analysed. EMMJ: early-maturity medium japonica rice; MMMJ: medium-maturity medium japonicarice; LMMJ: late-maturity medium japonica rice; EMLJ: early-maturity late japonica rice; MMLJ: medium-maturity late japonica rice; HMI: hybrid medium indicarice. CV: coefficient of variation.

随试验点纬度北移, 中粳类型品种播期间最高产量呈增加趋势, 最低产量差异较小。早熟晚粳类型品种播期间最高产量略有增加, 但至宿豫点以北时因不能安全生育成熟而减产, 尤其最低产量显著降低。中熟晚粳类型品种在建湖以北试点的播期间最高、最低产量均不断降低。杂交中籼两优培九播期间最高产量随纬度北移不断增加, 最低产量较大幅度降低, 产量稳定性显著降低。由此可知, 在苏北沛县、东海点的中、迟熟中粳类型及杂交中籼品种的现实产量潜力较高, 播期间产量变幅较大, 应注重合理选择适播期; 宿豫点以南至扬州点以北的地区以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳类型及杂交中籼品种的现实产量潜力较大, 播期间产量变幅较小; 苏南昆山点以早、中熟晚粳类型品种丰产性较好, 杂交中籼两优培九也有一定高产潜力。

2.2.2 不同生育类型水稻品种产量的稳定性分析

对水稻产量进行稳定性分析并计算丰产性指数( P _i, %), 结果表明(表7), 各品种产量对温光条件的反应存在显著差异, 其中迟熟中粳武运粳8号丰产性指数最大, 产量的标准差和变异系数中等, 但因平均产量最高, 故稳定性指数 S _i最小, 说明该品种在本试验条件下温光反应较稳定。中粳类型中, 熟期越早品种的产量稳定性指数越大、丰产性指数越小, 说明在本试验温光条件下早熟中粳类型品种产量对温光反应不稳定, 丰产性较差。换言之, 生育期较长的迟熟中粳类型品种的丰产性和产量稳定性具有较强优势。但随着品种熟期进一步推迟, 晚粳类型品种产量的丰产性指数下降, 稳定性指数上升, 丰产性与稳定性均有变差趋势。杂交中籼两优培九丰产性较好, 仅次于迟熟中粳类型品种, 但存在不能正常抽穗成熟的风险, 产量稳定性仅高于早熟中粳类型品种。

表7 不同生育类型品种产量的变化及其稳定性 Table 7 Diversification of grain yield and its stability in different growth durations of varieties

表8表明, 不同纬向地区各生育类型品种产量的丰产性与稳产性存在显著差异, 苏北东海点以迟熟中粳武运粳8号与中熟中粳镇稻88的丰产性和稳产性最佳; 苏中扬州点迟熟中粳武运粳8号和早熟晚粳武运粳7号具有良好的丰产性和稳产性; 苏南昆山点以早熟晚粳武运粳7号与中熟晚粳太湖粳2号的丰产性与稳产性较突出, 杂交中籼两优培九也有较好的产量表现。由此可见, 与早熟类型品种相比, 偏晚熟类型品种在丰产性和稳产性方面均具有明显优势。

表8 不同试验点水稻品种产量及其丰产性和稳定性差异 Table 8 Diversification of grain yield and its prolificacy index and stability index in different varieties

2.3 不同生育类型水稻品种的合理布局

在江苏水稻品种生产力纬向差异分析的基础上, 依据: ①在一定种植制度条件下, 水稻品种生育进程与温光季节协调同步; ②水稻品种安全生育成熟; ③水稻品种产量及其稳定性纬向变化等3个原则, 以及常年温光气候条件, 将江苏省水稻种植区域划分为适宜种植区(I)、亚适宜种植区(II)、可种植区(III)和不宜种植区(IV), 从而确定不同生育类型水稻品种的合理布局。

2.3.1 早熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布江苏水稻早熟中粳类型代表品种主要有盐粳204、盐粳1439、扬粳687、徐稻2号、豫粳8号等。根据不同稻区常年温光气候条件及上述水稻品种布局原则与方法, 其适宜种植区主要分布于徐州沛县、丰县等北部地区, 稻作5月至10月常年有效积温2440~ 2480℃、日照时数1335~1370 h, 若5月初播种, 品种生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数分别达2250℃和1150 h以上, 此时品种产量一般与有效积温和累计日照时数呈正相关, 即早播利于高产。纬度相近的东海生育期延长, 但有效积温和累计日照时数约2200℃和1100 h, 其他苏北多数地区稻作有效积温和日照时数增加, 但生育期内有效积温和日照时数均减少, 产量潜力为9.00~9.75 t hm^-2, 属亚适宜种植区域, 这可能与苏北连云港市受海洋性季风气候影响有关, 使得适宜种植区南部边界并非是实际有效积温等值线。宿迁、淮阴、盐城一线以南地区的产量潜力低于9.00 t hm^-2, 属可种植区, 一般不宜推广该类型品种(图1)。

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	图1 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下早熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区。Fig. 1 Planting regions of early-maturity medium japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region.

2.3.2 中熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布

江苏水稻中熟中粳类型的代表品种主要有镇稻88、早丰9号、泗稻9号、淮稻3号、淮稻6号、连粳1号、连粳2号、镇稻99、盐粳6号、扬粳186等, 其适宜种植区主要分布于连云港、徐州中南部以及淮阴与盐城北部等绝大部分苏北地区, 该区域常年5月至10月期间有效积温2400~2500℃、累计日照时数1300~1440 h, 若5月1日播种, 水稻生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数分别为2250~2350℃和1150~ 1300 h, 产量潜力9.75 t hm^-2以上。徐州北部沛县等地是江苏秋季(10月)降温最早地区, 加上受小麦茬限制难以进一步提早播期, 对品种产量及其稳定性带来一定影响, 产量潜力略低于9.75 t hm^-2, 故本文将包括该地区的常年10月份平均气温15℃等值线以北地区列为亚适宜种植区。此外, 由适宜种植区南界沿纬向南移约1°至位于扬州、泰州及南通北部2570℃有效积温等值线, 覆盖的大部分苏中地区也为亚适宜种植区, 该区域常年5月至10月期间有效积温2500~2570℃, 累计日照时数1230~1300 h, 5月1日播种时生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数分别为2170~2250℃、1050~1150 h, 产量潜力降至9.75 t hm^-2以下; 在2570℃有效积温等值线以南沿江及苏南地区, 稻作生长季有效积温和累计日照时数增加, 但品种生育期内有效积温和累计日照时数呈降低趋势, 产量潜力降至9.00 t hm^-2以下, 属可种植区(图2)。

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	图2 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下中熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区。Fig. 2 Planting regions of medium-maturity medium japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region.

2.3.3 迟熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布

江苏水稻迟熟中粳类型的代表品种主要有武运粳8号、武育粳3号、泗稻10号、盐粳5号、南粳39、南粳40、华粳3号、扬粳9538、镇稻4号等, 是江苏种植面积最大的品种类型。该类型品种4月30日播期时的安全临界纬度为N35°, 其经向中部地区常年5月至10月期间有效积温约为2420℃, 由其有效积温等值线表明该类型品种的不宜种植区主要分布于连云港的赣榆和灌云县北部等少数地区, 即该类型品种在上述地区4月30日早播不能安全生育成熟。按相同方法, 可得到该类型品种5月20日播种时安全生育成熟的临界有效积温等值线(2480℃)。位于上述两条等值线之间主要为徐州和连云港中南部以及宿迁和盐城的北部等地区, 温光条件较好的年份或早播条件下可安全抽穗成熟且产量较高, 但在不同年份与播期间变异较大, 对提早播期要求较严格, 属亚适宜种植区。通过不同纬度产量潜力内插值算法, 分别得到该类型品种温光产量潜力为9.75 t hm^-2和9.00 t hm^-2的两条有效积温(分别为2600℃和2640℃)等值线, 其中有效积温2600℃和2480℃等值线之间地区主要为沿江以北的苏中地区及苏北的南部地区, 属适宜种植区, 该区域内有20 d以上的安全(成熟)播期范围, 且适当早播产量潜力均在9.75 t hm^-2以上, 同时此适宜区分布较广, 约占全省面积的一半, 说明该类型品种对江苏稻作气候的适应性较优。位于2600℃和2640℃有效积温等值线之间的镇江、南京和苏南其他各市中北部等地区, 品种生育期缩短, 生育期内有效积温与累计日照时数减少, 产量潜力9.00~9.75 t hm^-2, 属于亚适宜种植区。在2640℃有效积温等值线以南的高淳、溧水、溧阳、宜兴及苏州吴县和吴江等地区产量潜力下降至9.00 t hm^-2以下, 属可种植区, 该区域内品种产量因生育期进一步缩短导致生育期有效积温和累计日照时数减少而降低, 同时生育进程与温光季节分布不同步加剧产量下降(图3)。

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图3 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下迟熟中粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区; IV: 不宜种植区。Fig. 3 Planting regions of late-maturity medium japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region; IV: unsuitable planting region.

2.3.4 早熟晚粳类型品种的种植区域分布

江苏水稻早熟晚粳稻类型代表性品种主要有武运粳7号、武育粳2号、武育粳5号、武育粳9号、镇稻7号、苏盐粳6号等, 其不宜种植区为江苏常年5月至10月期间有效积温2510℃等值线以北地区, 主要分布于苏北徐州、连云港、宿迁以及盐城中北部等地。适宜种植区位于江苏常年5月至10月期间有效积温2560℃和2650℃两条等值线之间, 主要分布在沿江两岸0.6~0.8个纬度以内的苏中和苏南部分地区。江苏常年5月至10月期间有效积温2650℃等值线以南的苏南南部地区以及有效积温2510℃和2560℃两条等值线之间的淮安、盐城的南部和扬州、泰州的北部等地区属亚适宜种植区(图4)。

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图4 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下早熟晚粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区; IV: 不宜种植区。Fig. 4 Planting regions of early-maturity late japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region; IV: unsuitable planting region.

2.3.5 中熟晚粳类型品种的种植区域分布

江苏水稻中熟晚粳稻类型代表品种主要有苏香粳1号、太湖粳2号、苏丰粳1号、常农粳1号、秀水122、申优1号等, 其不宜种植区位于江苏常年5月至10月期间有效积温2580℃等值线以北地区, 即大约32.5°N以北的苏北和大部分苏中地区, 该区域面积约占全省总面积的2/3; 位于江苏常年5月至10月期间有效积温2580℃和2630℃两条等值线之间的沿江两岸一带为亚适宜种植区; 江苏常年5月至10月期间有效积温2630℃等值线以南地区, 即从昆山、金坛到江浦一线以南直至江苏最南端的广大地区均为适宜种植区(图5)。

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	图5 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下中熟晚粳类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; IV: 不宜种植区。Fig. 5 Planting regions of medium-maturity late japonica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; IV: unsuitable planting region.

2.3.6 杂交中籼类型品种的种植区域分布江苏水稻杂交中籼类型代表品种主要有两优培九、丰优香占、南京16、扬稻6号等, 在苏北地区4月30日播种可安全生育成熟, 无不宜种植区。从5月至10月温光条件分析, 该类型品种的适宜种植区位于2490℃和2600℃两条有效积温等值线之间, 主要分布于苏北灌溉总渠(约33.5°N)以南至沿江以北的大部分苏中地区。该类型品种灌浆结实期受环境条件影响较粳稻品种敏感, 对温度要求较严格, 生育中后期易受低温、台风等危害而使产量稳定性下降, 将东部沿海稻区也列为亚适宜种植区, 还包括常年5月至10月期间有效积温2490℃等值线以北的淮北地区以及2600℃和2645℃有效积温等值线之间的大部分苏南地区(沿江以南)等, 2645℃有效积温等值线以南地区为可种植区(图6)。鉴于苏南太湖稻区是我国传统优质粳稻种植区域, 江苏纬度32°以南地区除西部部分丘陵地区外, 一般宜以粳稻品种为主, 杂交中籼类型品种在该区域不宜推广。

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	图6 江苏稻麦(小麦)两熟制下杂交中籼类型品种的种植区域分布I: 适宜种植区; II: 亚适宜种植区; III: 可种植区。Fig. 6 Planting regions of hybrid medium i n dica rice varieties in rice-wheat cropping areas of Jiangsu ProvinceI: suitable planting region; II: sub-suitable planting region; III: possible planting region.

3 讨论

3.1 关于不同生育类型水稻品种产量的纬向性变化

水稻产量是水稻生长发育过程中一系列生理生化及对生态反应的最终结果, 不仅是水稻自身基因遗传表达的产物, 还受温光等环境因子以及播期、品种选用等栽培措施的影响^{[ 16, 17, 18]}。江苏不同纬度地区稻作温光条件的区域性差异带来了不同生育类型水稻品种产量的显著差异, 产量变化程度取决于品种产量特性及所处的温光生态条件。根据中国水稻种植区划^{[ 19]}, 江苏淮河以南属长江中下游平原双单季稻亚区, 淮河以北属黄淮平原丘陵中晚熟亚区, 同时根据江苏不同区域温光水等资源条件将水稻种植区域划分为六大区域, 20世纪80年代以后, 以稻麦(油)两熟制为主, 兼顾周年生产, 水稻品种选用原则是苏南地区以晚熟品种为主, 苏中和淮北地区以中熟品种为主, 一般认为沿江是麦(油)茬上可部分种植迟熟中稻的界线^{[ 20]}。本研究表明, 综合考虑品种稳定性和产量表现, 淮北地区宜种植中熟中粳或迟熟中粳类型品种, 苏中地区宜种植迟熟中粳或早熟晚粳类型品种, 苏南地区宜种植早熟晚粳或中熟晚粳类型品种, 杂交中籼类型品种仅适宜于江苏西部丘陵地区, 结果进一步丰富了前人研究结果。近年来, 随着农村经济和社会的发展, 水稻种植方式由单一传统手栽发展为手栽、机插、直播、抛秧等多种种植方式并存局面。在稻麦两熟制下, 水稻机插、直播等轻简栽培方式因秧龄缩短或没有秧龄以及前作让茬的限制, 不得不推迟水稻播期, 使水稻生育期间的温光资源利用和产量均发生了较大变化, 品种类型和栽培技术需作相应调整。因此, 应根据上述研究方法或结果, 合理选用水稻品种类型, 确保高产稳产。

3.2 关于不同生育类型水稻品种的优化布局

3.2.1 不同种植制度条件下水稻品种的合理布局

充分利用水稻生长季的有效温光资源可最大限度挖掘优良品种高产潜力、形成足量壮秆大穗、提高结实率和千粒重, 从而提高产量^{[ 2, 21]}。根据不同生育类型水稻品种安全生育及品种生产力纬向变化特征所做的种植区域规划(图1~图6), 可进一步在江苏不同生态稻区对各类水稻品种适宜种植区进行整合和优化, 在2个(或多个)类型品种适宜种植的重叠区域, 在安全生育成熟条件下优选产量潜力和稳定性表现均较好的偏迟熟类型品种, 如在同属于早、中熟中粳类型品种适宜种植区的地区选择中熟中粳类型品种, 即由此确定江苏不同生态稻区主体品种类型; 同时, 根据其他品种的适宜种植区和亚适宜种植区分布确定兼作(搭配种植)的品种类型, 并由此得到江苏稻麦两熟制下各地区不同生育类型水稻品种的温光优化布局方案。苏北常年5月至10月有效积温2480℃等值线以北(大约34°N以北)地区, 以中熟中粳类型品种为主, 同时徐州和连云港北部地区可搭早熟中粳类型品种, 以早播(4月底至5月初)为宜, 沛县等地以早熟中粳类型品种为主。位于2480℃和2560℃有效积温等值线之间的苏北南部和苏中北部地区, 以迟熟中粳类型品种为主体类型且宜适当早播, 该区域东部沿海和北部地区可搭配中熟中粳类型品种, 中西部地区尤其是传统籼稻种植区可兼作部分杂交中籼类型品种。有效积温2560℃和2630℃等值线之间的沿江两岸地区, 选择早熟晚粳类型品种为主体且宜早播, 东部沿海及长江以北地区可适当搭配部分迟熟中粳类型品种, 西部丘陵和中部里下河地区(传统籼稻种植区)可兼作部分杂交中籼类型品种。有效积温2630℃等值线以南地区, 宜以中熟晚粳类型品种为主体, 同时还可搭配部分早熟中粳类型品种。关于江苏稻油(大麦)两熟制大、中、小苗抛秧、机插和直播等栽培下不同生育类型水稻品种的合理布局, 将作另文报道与探讨。

3.2.2 偏迟熟水稻品种的北移

根据水稻的生态要求和地区生态环境特点, 因地制宜地划分水稻适宜种植区域^{[ 22, 23]}, 其中水稻安全生育性是品种布局的前提, 能满足水稻品种安全生育成熟的地区为该品种的可种植区域。在此基础上, 按水稻丰产性和稳产性及品质、生育期等, 区划水稻品种的适宜种植区、亚适宜种植区、可种植区和不宜种植区。但对于不同种植制度或栽培方式, 可种植区域界限(临界纬度)并不是一成不变的。合理的品种布局, 除考虑生态环境条件外, 还必须结合具体栽培制度。在一定条件下, 通过改革原有栽培体制, 可使一些水稻品种能突破原有可种植区域界限并获得安全生育成熟, 或在不降低水稻品种生育安全性的前提下扩大适宜种植区, 也是有效利用当地温光资源条件提高水稻产量潜力的重要途径之一, 本课题组“七五”、“八五”期间研究提出了偏迟熟粳稻北移(适于太湖稻区种植的粳稻品种北移至苏中与淮北地区种植)高产栽培技术^{[ 11]}, 进一步拓宽了江苏水稻品种开发利用的内涵, 适应了水稻品种区域优化布局的要求, 具有重要应用价值和实践意义。已有研究表明, 不同生育类型水稻品种在群体生长与产量形成等方面存在显著差异, 生育期较长的偏晚熟类型品种具有生物和经济产量优势^{[ 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]}。本研究结果表明, 随着纬度北移, 早、中熟晚粳类型品种产量不断增加, 且显著高于早、中熟中粳类型品种, 安全生育的偏迟熟水稻具有更高产量潜力。

随着全球气温的升高和栽培技术的快速发展, 选用偏迟熟水稻品种来提高产量成为可能, 苏北大多数地区将逐渐发展成为以迟熟中粳和中熟中粳类型品种为主体, 兼作部分早熟中粳和早熟晚粳(需强化配套栽培技术)类型品种的水稻高产区; 苏中地区逐渐转变为迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳类型品种并重, 兼作中熟中籼或中粳类型品种的另一个水稻高产区; 苏南地区可适当增加产量潜力更高的中熟晚粳类型品种。因此, 在水稻安全生育期内, 合理地向前或向后延长水稻生育期长度, 可充分利用区域内温光自然资源, 显著提高水稻生产力。

3.2.3 “籼改粳”

近年来, 随着我国经济和社会的快速发展, 米质较佳、口感较好的粳米越来越受到消费者的青睐^{[ 30]}。我国稻作分布区域辽阔, 栽培历史悠久, 形成了“南籼北粳”的种植格局, 籼亚种和粳亚种特征上存在明显差异^{[ 31]}。20世纪80年代以来, 江苏、浙江、安徽等原以籼稻为主的产区, 经逐步推行“籼改粳”, 粳稻比例大幅提升, 其中以江苏“籼改粳”成绩最显著; 本课题组进行了针对性的探索研究, 并取得了重要进展^{[ 32]}。近年来, 江西、湖北、湖南等双季稻作区也进行了将生育期较短的晚季籼稻改为生育期较长的粳稻试验与实践研究。与籼稻相比, 粳稻更能充分利用深秋温光资源, 生育后期仍保持强劲生长优势, 产量高、品质优、效益好, 生育安全性好, 利于轻简化、机械化栽植, 对我国水稻品种布局的优化和生产的可持续发展具有重要现实意义。在籼粳同季兼作地区, 优先选种粳稻品种, 将是优化我国水稻耕作制度和实现水稻全程机械化的实用途径之一。《全国种植业发展第十二个五年规划》明确提出将“籼改粳”列为中国水稻生产发展的重点。同时, 近年来气候的显著变化已对农作物种植结构及水稻的分布界限、物候期、产量等产生了重要影响^{[ 33, 34]}, 粮食生产安全性受到国内外高度重视。因此, 在新形势下, 在不同稻作区针对不同类型品种进行纬向生产力差异的研究, 依据粳稻的生物学规律和区域生态、生产条件等提高稻作产业的综合生产能力和综合效益就显得尤为重要, 可为改进水稻的生产布局及其应对气候变化的适应性及制定管理技术等提供参考。

4 结论

在江苏稻麦两熟制条件下, 不同纬向地域不同生育类型水稻品种生产力及其在播期处理间存在极显著差异, 其中苏北、苏中、苏南地区分别以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳类型品种为主体, 兼作部分生育期相近的类型品种, 杂交中籼类型品种仅适宜于江苏西部丘陵稻区。江苏淮北稻区以早播为宜, 在苏中、苏南稻区强调适期播种。在保证安全生育成熟前提下, 适当推迟水稻成熟、延长生育期是提高水稻品种生产力的重要途径之一, 如选用确保安全成熟的偏迟熟高产品种, 是实施“籼改粳”获得显著增产和优质的重要措施。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Reference

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[18]	龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 常勇, 李杰, 张洪程, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 邓张泽, 明庆龙. 大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 Gong J L, Hu Y J, Long H Y, Chang Y, Li J, Zhang H C, Ma R R, Wang X Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Deng Z Z, Ming Q L. Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[19]	中国水稻研究所. 中国水稻种植区划. 杭州: 浙江科学技术出版社, 1988. pp1-84 China National Rice Research Institute. Rice Cropping Regionalization in China. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology Press, 1989. pp1-84(in Chinese) [Cited within: 1]
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[21]	Katsura K, Maeda S, Lubis I, Horie T, Cao W X, Shiraiwa T. The high yield of irrigated rice in Yunnan, China ‘a cross-location analysis’. Field Crops Res, 2008, 107: 1-11 [Cited within: 1] [JCR: 2.474]
[22]	龚金龙, 张洪程, 常勇, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 李德剑, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超. 稻麦“双迟”栽培模式及其周年生产力的综合评价. 中国水稻科学, 2011, 25: 629-638 Gong J L, Zhang H C, Chang Y, Hu Y J, Long H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Li D J, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Luo X C. “Double late” cultivation model for rice and wheat and its comprehensive evaluation on annual productivity. Chin J Rice Sci, 2011, 25: 629-638 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[23]	Sun H Y, Zhang X Y, Chen S Y, Pei D, Liu C M. Effects of harvest and sowing time on the performance of the rotation of winter wheat-summer maize in the north China plain. Ind Crop Prod, 2007, 25: 239-247 [Cited within: 1] [JCR: 2.468]
[24]	殷春渊, 张庆, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 杭杰, 张胜飞. 不同产量类型水稻基因型氮素吸收、利用效率的差异. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 39-50 Yin C Y, Zhang Q, Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Ma Q, Hang J, Zhang S F. Differences in nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in rice genotypes with different yield performance. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 39-50 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[25]	张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98 Zhang H C, Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Ge M J, Li G Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Liu Y Y. The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[26]	李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 马群, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 101-109 Li M, Zhang H C, Yang X, Ge M J, Ma Q, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K. Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation in rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 101-109 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[27]	吴桂成, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英. 南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1921-1930 Wu G C, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Sha A Q, Xu Z J, Qian Z H, Sun J Y. Characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation and super-high yield of Japonica super rice in south China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1921-1930 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[28]	霍中洋, 姚义, 张洪程, 夏炎, 倪晓诚, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕. 播期对直播稻光合物质生产特征的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2592-2606 Huo Z Y, Yao Y, Zhang H C, Xia Y, Ni X C, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y. Effect of sowing date on characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of direct seeding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2592-2606 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[29]	张耗, 谈桂露, 薛亚光, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 江苏省粳稻品种近60年演进过程中产量与形态生理特征的变化. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 133-140 Zhang H, Tan G L, Xue Y G, Wang Z Q, Liu L J, Yang J C. Changes in grain yield and morphological and physiological characteristics during 60-year evolution of japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 133-140 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[30]	陈温福, 潘文博, 徐正进. 我国粳稻生产现状及发展趋势. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2006, 37: 801-805 Chen W F, Pan W B, Xu Z J. Current Situation and trends in production of japonica rice in China. J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2006, 37: 801-805 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 0.55]
[31]	杨文钰, 屠乃美. 作物栽培学各论. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2003. pp8-9 Yang W Y, Tu N M. Individual Dissertations of Crop Cultivation. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003. pp8-9(in Chinese) [Cited within: 1]
[32]	张洪程, 张军, 龚金龙, 常勇, 李敏, 高辉, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. “籼改粳”的生产优势及其形成机理. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 686-704 Zhang H C, Zhang J, Gong J L, Chang Y, Li M, Gao H, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y. The productive advantages and formation mechanisms of “indica rice to japonica rice”. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 686-704 (in Chinese with English abstract) [Cited within: 1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[33]	Tao F L, Yokozawa M, Xu Y L, Hayashi Y, Zhang Z. Climate changes and trends in phenology and yields of field crops in China, 1981-2000. Agric For Meteorol, 2006, 138: 82-92 [Cited within: 1]
[34]	Welch J R, Vincent J R, Auffhammer M, Moya P F, Dobbermann A, Dawe D. Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107: 14562-14567 [Cited within: 1] [JCR: 9.737]

2008

0.0

张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 中国抛秧稻作技术体系及其特征. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 43-52

Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

. Cultivation technical system of rice seedling broadcasting and its characteristics. Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 43-52 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: A series of research and applications for broadcasting-seedling of rice was conducted by agriculture technical extending departments, institutes and universities from 1980’s. The remarkable advance was obtained. The cultivation technical system of broadcasting-seedling of rice, which integrated labor saving and hardship lessening with high-yielding and greater efficiency, was adapted to crop and planting systems and rural economics of China, has being established. The system was composed of 6 parts as follows.1. The mechanism was clarified for standing and establishing of seedling after transplanting on broadcasting-seedling of rice. The standing and establishing of seedling behave three sequential mutual processes included physical, physiological and morphological aspects through rooting rapidly anchored to soil and basal stem bending up coinstantaneous. Because seedling with soil and its root integrality, the recovering time from injury was shortened in contrast to the manual transplantation in the same seedling but washing root. The standing of non-upright seedling needed 2~5 days for young seedling, 5~6 days for middle and 7~10 days for large. During standing and establishing, because injury slightly, status of water, nutrient, photosynthetic and so on in plant of broadcasting-seedling of rice are superior to the manual transplantation and growing of root, leaf, tiller in quantity and quality are so. The orders of recovering from injury accelerate or increase rooting, leaf emergence, plant nutrient content, matter cumulating during standing. The standing and establishing of broadcasting-seedling of rice is influenced indirect or direct by seedling self included quality, age, with soil or no, posture after transplanting and by environment included light, temperature, air and so on.2. Spatial distribution of plant positions and its eco-physiological effects were analyzed on broadcasting-seedling of rice. The spatial distribution, primordial foundational characteristics, differenced from the manual transplantation. The planting depth is characterized with shallow and variously in the perpendicular (-0.5~2.5cm). So crown (tiller nodes) inserts into the soil shallowly and variously in depth, resulted in diversities seedling posture after transplanting. The environment around tiller node or stem in soil was changed remarkably. In general, some ecological factors around crown included temperature, nutrient, air, bind force of soil and so on are improved. But these factors fluctuate notably because the crown lies on soil-water-air boundary layer. So stress chances of rice growth may be underwent increasingly from these factors. The depth of tiller nodes in soil strongly influence the growing of organ included leaf, tiller and root and the developing of population included uniformity, lodging and yield. The optimal depth of crown is about 1.5cm. Distribution of plant positions is characterized by quasi-even random on level. It determines mainly the spatial distribution of plant. Additional relative uneven effect of growing was intensified in the perpendicular, canopy height. The main elements of canopy micro climate included light, temperature, humidity and wind are improved.3. The foundational characteristics of growth and development and yield formation were discovered on broadcasting-seedling of rice. There were 4 superiorities as follows.①The population grew rapidly at the beginning and produced more tillers. Plant-type was radial. The intensity of growth appeared strong. ②Light is well-distributed intra-plant. Canopy of population is well-proportioned vertically. Green leaf area per unit of land area is more. Photosynthetic regime, which structure was better and scale was larger, was formed.③Ears and grains per unit of land area may be contained more. Photosynthetic layer of population is thicker during grain filling stage. The source is sufficient and sink is larger during late period. So capacity of cumulative matter is exuberant. ④Root system is strong and vigorous and benefits absorbing of nutrient and water. But there were 3 inferiorities as follows.①The percentage of productive tillers to total is slightly low.②The proportion of ear under low is high slightly. So size of ear is small slightly. ③The capacity of root lodging resistance becomes weaker under the sodden and soft soil,4. The formation of high-yielding and its regulating way were elucidated on the broadcasting-seedling of rice. In contrast to the manual transplantation, there were characteristics on high-yielding as follows. ①The seedling are well distributed.②The growth and development of population is well-harmonious.③The percentage of productive tillers to total is at the high-level. ④The uniformity of population is well-kept. The main growth indexes for 600kg per mu grain are as follows. ①The seedlings stands during 1 leaf age after transplanting and tillers appear at 2 leaf age according to the occurrence

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室

自20世纪80年代以来，中国对抛秧稻作进行了大量的研究与示范推广工作，使抛秧稻作获得了惊人的进展，逐渐形成了集省工省力与高效于一体、能适应各种稻作体制和中国农村经济状况的抛秧稻作技术体系。该体系主要由以下6个方面构成：（1）阐明了抛秧立苗过程；（2）剖析了田间分布格局及其生态生理效应；（3）揭示了生长发育与产量形成的基本特征；（4）研明了高产形成规律及调控途径；（5）创立了多样化实用育秧方法；（6）研究并集成了大田培管配套技术。该技术体系的4个主要特征：（1）是一个内涵极为丰富的多元结构技术体系；（2）具有在实事中求“是”的科学基础；（3）实用性强、应用性广、推广速度快；（4）紧扣现代稻作发展实际，不断破旧创新。

... 回顾我国稻作发展历程, 为了实现稻季温光资源的深度利用和品种生产潜力的充分挖掘, 以优化种植区划与品种布局为重点的水稻生产结构的合理调整, 对水稻增产作出了巨大贡献, 而且也是未来稻作可持续发展的战略性措施^[1,2,3] ...

2011

0.0

1.889

李杰, 张洪程, 董洋阳, 倪晓诚, 杨波, 龚金龙, 常勇, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 不同生态区栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 2661-2672

, Zhang

H C

, Dong

Y Y

, Ni

X C

, Yang

, Gong

J L

, Chang

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

. Effects of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice in different ecological regions. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 2661-2672 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of various types of rice in different ecological regions under the rice-wheat cropping systems. It will provide a theoretical basis for scientific use and division layout of cultivation methods and its supporting variety type.【Method】With medium-maturing late japonica rice, early-maturing late japonica rice, late-maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (including japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as materials, using three cultivation methods of artificial transplanting (AT), mechanical transplanting (MT) and direct seeding (DS), a comparative study of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice was conducted in the following three different ecological regions: Taihu rice district in Changshu (Sunan, 31.4°N), Lixiahe rice district in Jiangyan (Suzhong, 32.3°N) and Xinghua (Suzhong, 32.6°N) and Huaibei rice district in Donghai (Subei, 34.5°N). 【Result】Yield of rice with different cultivation methods was significantly different, and that of AT was the highest, while DS was the lowest. Compared with the AT, the yield of MT and DS reduced by 20-50 kg and 80-180 kg/667 m
2, respectively. And it demonstrated the law that the reducing extent was greater with latitude increasing. The yield of MT and DS reduced by 20-30 kg and 80-100 kg, 30-40 kg and 90-110 kg, 40-50 kg and 160-180 kg in Sunan, Suzhong and Subei, respectively. In the same region, the reducing extent of late-maturing varieties was greater than that of early-maturing varieties, and conventional rice greater than hybrid rice. The growth process of MT and DS delayed and growth stage shortened than that of AT. The shortening number of days of MT than that of AT was 11-14, and DS was 25-30, and it showed a trend of the higher the latitude the more the shortening number of days. Each growth duration would be shortened, and from sowing to jointing was the most which accounted for over 60% of the total shortening days. For the same type of varieties, the date of jointing, heading and maturity delayed, and the number of days of the growth stage increased with latitude increasing. In the same region, the shortening number of days of late-maturing varieties was more than that of early-maturing varieties. The accumulated temperature and illumination hours of MT and DS significantly reduced, and in particular, the utilization efficiency of accumulated temperature and illumination hours of DS was only 81.8% and 77.4% in Subei. The utilization efficiency of accumulated temperature and illumination hours was different because of variety types in different regions. The utilization efficiency of early-maturing late japonica rice was higher in Sunan, while that of late-maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice in Suzhong and Subei, respectively. 【Conclusion】Cultivation methods had great effects on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice. According to the large area yield target of 600 kg/667 m2 in Jiangsu Province, a preliminary division for the suitable range and its supporting suitable variety types of different cultivation methods was made, in order to provide reference for the production of the large area. The preliminary division is that the AT and MT are all suitable in Sunan, Suzhong and Subei, but the DS is suitable in Sunan and sub-suitable in Suzhong while unsuitable in Subei. And each cultivation method has its supporting suitable variety types for different region, respectively.

扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室

【目的】研究稻麦两熟制下，不同生态区栽培方式对不同类型品种水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响，为栽培方式及配套品种的科学选用与区划布局提供理论依据。【方法】以中熟晚粳、早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳4种类型品种（含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻两种）为材料，采用手栽、机插和直播3种栽培方式，在苏南太湖稻区常熟（31.4°N）、苏中里下河稻区姜堰（32.3°N）与兴化（32.6°N）和苏北淮北稻区东海（34.5°N）3个不同生态区，比较研究不同栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】不同栽培方式水稻产量差异极显著，手栽最高，直播最低；与手栽相比，机插和直播每667 m2分别减产20—50 kg和80—180 kg，且表现出随纬度升高，减产幅度加大的规律，苏南、苏中、苏北，分别减产20—30 kg和80—100 kg、30—40 kg和90—110 kg、40—50 kg和160—180 kg；同一地区，减产幅度晚熟品种大于早熟品种，常规稻大于杂交稻。机插和直播生育进程延迟，生育期缩短，机插缩短11—14 d，直播缩短25—30 d，并呈纬度越高缩短天数越多的趋势；各生育阶段均有缩短，播种至拔节缩短最多，占总缩短天数的60%以上；同一类型品种，随纬度升高，拔节、抽穗、成熟依次延迟，全生育期天数增多；同一地区，缩短天数晚熟品种比早熟品种多。机插和直播全生育期积温和光照时数极显著减少，尤其是直播对积温和光照时数的利用率在苏北只有81.8%和77.4%；不同地区，机插和直播对积温和光照时数的利用率因品种类型而异，苏南以早熟晚粳较高，苏中为迟熟中粳，苏北为中熟中粳。【结论】不同栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用有较大影响，据此按照江苏大面积水稻单产600 kg的目标，对不同栽培方式的适宜范围与配套的适宜品种类型做了初步区划，即手栽、机插在苏南、苏中、苏北都是适宜的，而直播在苏南适宜、苏中次适宜、苏北不适宜，并且各栽培方式在各地分别有其配套的适宜品种类型，以供大面积生产参考。

... 充分利用水稻生长季的有效温光资源可最大限度挖掘优良品种高产潜力、形成足量壮秆大穗、提高结实率和千粒重, 从而提高产量^[2,21] ...

2011

0.0

1.889

姚义, 霍中洋, 张洪程, 夏炎, 倪晓诚, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 肖跃成, 王显. 播期对麦茬直播粳稻产量及品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 3098-3107

Yao

, Huo

Z Y

, Zhang

H C

, Xia

, Ni

X C

, Dai

Q G

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Xiao

Y C

, Wang

. Effects of sowing date on yield and quality of direct seeding rice of different types and varieties. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 3098-3107 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of sowing date on grain yield and its quality of direct seeding rice. 【Method】 Taking six representative rice cultivars of three types as experimental materials, the yield formation and main rice quality traits of direct seeding rice growing under the conditions of different sowing date were analyzed.【Result】The results showed that along with the delayed sowing date, the yields of three types of rice cultivars were all significantly decreased, and the changing degree was different; the yield decreasing caused by the decline of spikelets per panicle and filled grain percentage, panicles and 1000-grain weight had a little change. The law of changing of main direct seeding rice quality traits between different types under the conditions of different sowing date showed some similarities and differences. Along with the delayed sowing date, the appearance quality and cooking and eating quality had the same effect, but the trend was different, appearance quality became better while cooking and eating quality became worse. Milling quality and nutrient quality had different effects, milling quality of the type of medium-maturing and late-maturing medium japonica rice became better but worse the nutrient quality, milling quality of the type of early-maturing late japonica rice became worse but better the nutrient quality. 【Conclusion】 The direct seeding rice should be sowed as early as the time for harvesting the previous crop allows to attain high yield and improve cooking and eating quality, but reduce the appearance quality. Effects of sowing date on milling quality and nutrient quality were different because of types and varieties.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 2 江苏省姜堰市农业局

【目的】探讨麦后直播条件下播期对不同熟期类型水稻品种产量及品质的影响。【方法】以3种熟期类型的6个水稻品种为材料，通过分期播种试验，对不同播期条件下直播稻产量形成及品质性状进行分析。【结果】随着播期的推迟，3种熟期类型水稻品种产量均显著下降，且变化程度不一；产量的下降主要在于每穗颖花数和结实率的降低，穗数和千粒重变化不大。不同播期条件下直播稻的主要品质性状的变化规律在品种类型间有所异同：随着播期的推迟，产生相同效应的是外观品质和蒸煮与食味品质，但变化趋势不一，外观品质均呈变优的趋势，蒸煮与食味品质则呈变劣的趋势；产生不同效应的是加工品质和营养品质，推迟播期使中熟中粳和迟熟中粳类型品种的加工品质变优而营养品质变劣，早熟晚粳类型品种的加工品质变劣而营养品质变优。【结论】直播稻在前茬腾茬时间允许的条件下尽可能早播易取得高产，且可以改善稻米的蒸煮与食味品质，但降低了外观品质，播期对加工品质和营养品质的影响因品种熟期类型而异。

1986

0.0

... 区域温光条件及其季节性变化制约水稻的生育过程, 在很大程度上影响水稻产量及其形成过程^[4], 水稻的温光反应特性在不同生育类型品种间的差异使产量和温光条件的关系更为复杂^[5], 导致品种的丰产性与稳产性在地区间、年份间及播种期间产生不同结果 ...

1983

0.0

2001

0.0

1.889

王夫玉, 张洪程, 戴其根, 赵新华, 段祥茂, 徐军, 霍中洋, 许轲. 水稻品种生境敏感性研究. 中国农业科学, 2001, 34: 35-39

Wang

F Y

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Zhao

X H

, Duan

X M

, Xu

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

. Study on environmental sensitivity of rice variety. Sci Agric Sin, 2001, 34: 35-39 (in Chinese with English abstract)

扬州大学农学院!江苏扬州225009

依据水稻品种生境敏感性 ,将水稻品种分为生境敏感型品种、生境弱感型品种和生境钝感型品种。运用于评价水稻品种对生境反应敏感性的基本方法 ,评价了供试品种的生境敏感性 ,结果是 :(1)籼粳杂交稻生境敏感性大于粳稻品种 ;(2 )不同粳型品种对生境敏感性的表现是中熟晚粳 >早熟晚粳 >晚熟中粳 >中熟中粳 ;(3)在相同粳型的品种中 ,其生境敏感性表现也有较明显差别。文中还就偏迟熟水稻品种北移种植的原则等问题进行了讨论。

... 研究表明^[6,7,8], 水稻产量对不同温光生态环境的反应存在敏感性(稳定性)差异, 且敏感性主要是源于温光条件的差异 ...

2011

0.527

0.4431

Huang

, Zou

Y B

, Jiang

, Xia

, Md

, Ao

H J

. Relationship between grain yield and yield components in super hybrid rice. Agric Sci China, 2011, 10(10): 1537-1544

Chinese super hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties with great yield potential. It is controversial which yield component should be emphasized in super hybrid rice production. The present study was conducted to compare super hybrid rice with common hybrid and super inbred rice and analyze contributions of yield components to grain yield of super hybrid rice under experimental conditions, and evaluate relationships between grain yield and yield components of super hybrid rice in farmer’s paddy fields. Field experiments were done in Changsha, Guidong, and Nanxian, Hunan Province, China, from 2007 to 2009. Eight super hybrid varieties, one common hybrid variety, and one super inbred variety were grown in each location and year. Rice production investigation was undertaken in high-yielding (Guidong), moderate-yielding (Nanxian), and low-yielding (Ningxiang) regions of Hunan Province, China, in 2009. Grain yield and yield components were measured in both the field experiments and rice production investigation. Super hybrid rice varieties outyielded common hybrid and super inbred varieties across three locations and years. Yield potential has been increased by 11.4% in super hybrid rice varieties compared with common and super inbred varieties. The higher yield of super hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in panicle size. Panicles per m2 had the highest positive contribution to grain yield with the exception under yield level of 10.0 to 12.0 t ha-1, and was positively related to grain yield in farmer’s field at all of the high-, moderate-, and low-yielding regions. Our study suggests that panicle per m2 ought to be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.

1.College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University

... 研究表明^[6,7,8], 水稻产量对不同温光生态环境的反应存在敏感性(稳定性)差异, 且敏感性主要是源于温光条件的差异 ...

1997

1.513

0.0

... 研究表明^[6,7,8], 水稻产量对不同温光生态环境的反应存在敏感性(稳定性)差异, 且敏感性主要是源于温光条件的差异 ...

2000

0.0

1.494

沈希宏, 杨仕华, 谢芙贤, 王磊. 水稻品种区域试验的品种×环境互作及其与气候因子的关系. 中国水稻科学, 2000, 14: 31-36

Shen

X H

, Yang

S H

, Xie

F X

, Wang

. Genotype×environment interaction and its relationship to climate factors. Chin J Rice Sci, 2000, 14: 31-36 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The data of South China early maturity group of indica rice in China's southern rice regional trial in 1997 was analyzed with AMMI models and corresponding biplots. The genotypes and environments(G×E) interaction correlation analysis with external climate factors were given, and the varieties with large positive interaction were identified. The findings indicated that location main effect are significantly positively correlated with radiation during rice seedling stage and rainfall during heading and filling stage. Temperature was the leading climate factor, while rainfall in July was the second one, affecting G×E interaction.

利用AMMI 模型分析了1997 年南方水稻区试华南早籼组的数据, 并着重探讨了G×E 互作与气候的相互关系,解释气候对G×E 互作的影响, 以鉴别并利用具有有利G×E 互作的品种。分析结果表明, 气候因子中主要是秧田期的日照和抽穗灌浆期的降雨影响参试地点的产量水平; 而影响G×E 互作的主要气候因子是气温, 其次是7 月成熟期的降雨量。

... 产生差异的原因, 既有不同地区间或年份间的差异, 如常规性品种区域试验, 结果主要是反映了水稻产量的区域性表现^[9] ...

2012

0.0

1.889

姚义, 霍中洋, 张洪程, 夏炎, 倪晓诚, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕. 不同生态区播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 633-647

Yao

, Huo

Z Y

, Zhang

H C

, Xia

, Ni

X C

, Dai

Q G

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

. Effects of sowing date on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice in different ecological regions. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 633-647 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of sowing date on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice of different varieties in different ecological regions, and to provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the scientific division and distribution of different varieties and its possible sowing date.【Method】Taking late-maturing medium japonica rice, early-maturing late japonica rice and medium-maturing late japonica rice in Taihu rice-growing district in Changshu (Sunan, N31.4°), medium-maturing medium japonica rice, late-maturing medium japonica rice and early-maturing late japonica rice in Lixiahe rice-growing district in Jiangyan (Suzhong, N 32.3°),early-maturing medium japonica rice, medium-maturing medium japonica rice and late-maturing medium japonica rice in Huaibei rice-growing district in Donghai (Subei, N 34.5°) as experimental materials, the effect of sowing date on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice was comparatively Studied.【Result】The results showed that along with the delayed sowing date, the date of jointing, heading and maturity of all varieties were correspondingly delayed, growth stages significantly reduced that the growth stages reduced by 0.6 days when the sowing date delayed one day. For the same type varieties, the date of jointing, heading and maturity gradually delayed and the growth stages gradually increased with latitude increasing. In the same site, the number of days of growth stages of late japonica rice reduced slightly more than the medium japonica rice with the delayed sowing date. Growth stages reduced with the delayed sowing date because of the vegetative growth period and the vegetative and reproductive growth period reduced which in a range of 2 to 24 days, the reproductive growth period was relatively stable which in a range of -2 to 1 days. The accumulated temperature and illumination hours at growth stages of all varieties reduced significantly or very significantly, which because of the accumulated temperature and illumination hours before heading, especially before jointing, the difference was significant or very significant.In the same site, the accumulated temperature and illumination hours at growth stages of late japonica rice were more than the medium japonica rice. For the same type varieties, with latitude increased, the accumulated temperature reduced, illumination hours reduced except for japonica hybrid rice. The utilization of temperature and illumination of all varieties reduced significantly or very significantly with the delayed sowing date.The number of days from sowing to heading and growth stages increased linearly with the increase of the accumulated temperature and decreased linearly with the increase of illumination hours. The number of days from heading to maturity was different between different treatments with the increase of the accumulated temperature or illumination hours. 【Conclusion】 Sowing date had great effects on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice. Accordingly, a preliminary division for the direct seeding rice of different variety types was made for providing a reference for the production in the large area.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009

【目的】探讨不同生态区直播条件下播期对不同类型水稻品种生育期及温光利用的影响，为品种及其适宜播期的科学区划布局提供初步理论依据。【方法】苏南太湖稻区常熟（N 31.4°）以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳为材料，苏中里下河稻区姜堰（N 32.3°）以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳为材料，苏北淮北稻区东海（N 34.5°）以早熟中粳、中熟中粳和迟熟中粳为材料，通过分期播种试验，比较研究不同播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】随着播期的推迟，各类型品种的拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期相应推迟，生育期明显缩短，总体表现为播期每推迟1 d，生育期缩短0.6 d左右。同一品种类型，随纬度的升高，拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期逐渐延迟，生育期依次变长。同一试验点，随播期的推迟一般晚粳品种较中粳品种生育期天数缩短略多。生育期随播期推迟而缩短主要表现在营养生长期和营养生长与生殖生长并进期，变化范围为2—24 d，生殖生长阶段则相对稳定，变化范围仅为-2—1 d。各类型品种生育期积温和光照时数均表现出随播期的推迟呈显著或极显著的减少趋势，其差异主要源于抽穗前积温与光照时数的不同，其中尤以拔节前的差异最为明显，达到显著或极显著水平。同一试验点，各类型品种间生育期的积温与光照时数均表现为晚粳品种大于中粳品种；同一类型品种，随试验点纬度升高，积温呈依次减少的趋势，光照时数除杂交品种以外均呈依次增加的趋势。随播期的推迟，各类型品种的温光利用率均呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。播种至抽穗阶段和生育期的天数随积温的升高而线性增加，随日照时数的增加而线性减小；抽穗至成熟阶段的天数随积温的升高或日照时数的增加不同处理间表现不尽一致。【结论】播期对直播稻生育期及温光的利用有较大的影响。据此，对不同类型水稻品种直播适宜布局范围进行了初步区划，并综合分析后给出其能够安全成熟的可能播期，为大面积生产提供参考。

... 又包括了水稻栽培季节(播期)的差异, 结果是反映了水稻产量对不同栽培制度的适应性表现^[10] ...

1996

0.0

... 上述二者既有区别又有联系, 主要表现在水稻栽培制度的改变(进)会不同程度影响水稻品种产量的区域性表现^[11] ...

... 期间研究提出了偏迟熟粳稻北移(适于太湖稻区种植的粳稻品种北移至苏中与淮北地区种植)高产栽培技术^[11], 进一步拓宽了江苏水稻品种开发利用的内涵, 适应了水稻品种区域优化布局的要求, 具有重要应用价值和实践意义 ...

1999

0.0

1.889

莫惠栋, 曹桂英. 作物品种区试资料的非参数度量. 中国农业科学, 1999, 32(4): 85-91

H D

, Cao

G Y

. Nonparametric measures for regional trial data of crop varieties. Sci Agric Sin, 1999, 32(4): 85-91 (in Chinese with English abstract)

扬州大学农学院数量遗传研究室，江苏扬州 225009

应用秩次变量n#-(ij)和n′#-(ij)，非参数统计量Pi、p′I、Si和Dj描述作物品种区域试验资料的基本特征。Pi和P′I是品种Vi的丰产性指数，分别表示产量低于和显著低于Vi的品种的出现率。Si是品种稳定性指数，表示Vi在各种环境中的产量秩次的变异。Dj是环境或试验的鉴别力指数，表示环境Lj中品种间的显著差数的出现率。以一个有9个品种10个地点的区试实例说明上述非参数统计方法。

... 参照莫惠栋等^[12,14,15]的非参数度量方法, 分析供试品种的产量稳定性, 计算各品种的稳定性参数S_i ...

2003

0.0

1990

1.643

0.0

... 参照莫惠栋等^[12,14,15]的非参数度量方法, 分析供试品种的产量稳定性, 计算各品种的稳定性参数S_i ...

1990

1.643

0.0

... 参照莫惠栋等^[12,14,15]的非参数度量方法, 分析供试品种的产量稳定性, 计算各品种的稳定性参数S_i ...

2010

0.0

1.889

张洪程, 吴桂成, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 黄幸福, 龚金龙. 水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2645-2660

Zhang

H C

, Wu

G C

, Wu

W G

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Huang

X F

, Gong

J L

. The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 (in Chinese with English Abstract)

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

（扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

... 1 关于不同生育类型水稻品种产量的纬向性变化水稻产量是水稻生长发育过程中一系列生理生化及对生态反应的最终结果, 不仅是水稻自身基因遗传表达的产物, 还受温光等环境因子以及播期、品种选用等栽培措施的影响^[16,17,18] ...

2010

0.0

1.889

吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276

G C

, Zhang

H C

, Qian

Y F

, Li

D J

, Zhou

Y Y

, Xu

, Wu

W G

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Xu

Z J

, Qian

Z H

, Sun

J Y

, Zhao

P H

. Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. 【Method】 The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations (High Yield: 8 250-9 750 kg?hm-2; Higher Yield: 9 750-11 250 kg?hm-2; Super High Yield:＞11 250 kg?hm-2) in four Japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. 【Result】 Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice (The difference among them was significant). There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. 【Conclusion】 The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种（武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号）为材料,对高产（8 250—9 750 kg?hm-2）、更高产（9 750—11 250 kg?hm-2）和超高产（＞11 250 kg?hm-2）3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高（差异显著）,而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减（差异不显著）。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容（安全成熟的群体高颖花量）,通过保持正常的充实度（即保证常年的结实率与千粒重）,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

2012

0.0

1.889

龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 常勇, 李杰, 张洪程, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 邓张泽, 明庆龙. 大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2147-2158

Gong

J L

, Hu

Y J

, Long

H Y

, Chang

, Li

, Zhang

H C

, Ma

R R

, Wang

X Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Deng

Z Z

, Ming

Q L

. Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to reveal sink components characteristics and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice and explore approaches to increase group productivity of it. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with eight representative large panicle hybrid japonica rice varieties (A18/F7562, A2/F7563, A20/F7501, A5/F9249, A2/F7513, A20/F7503, Yongyou 8 and Yongyou 13) and two medium panicle conventional japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing 7 and Wujing 15) as materials. Grain yield components characteristics, total spikelets, sink and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were analyzed systematically. 【Result】Grain yield, total spikelets, sink, panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were higher than medium panicle conventional japonica rice significantly, while No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, seed-setting rate of primary branches and seed-setting rate of secondary branches followed an opposite tendency accordingly. With the increasing spikelets per panicle, grain yield, total spikelets, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches of large panicle hybrid japonica rice increased firstly and then decreased, while panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle followed a growing trend and No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, ratio of No. of branches of primary branches to No. of branches of secondary branches, ratio of total grains of primary branches to total grains of secondary branches and seed-setting rate of primary branches did with a declining tendency accordingly. The others and spikelets per panicle were significantly correlated with the exception of grain yield, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches. In order to enlarge spikelets per panicle, it was almost contributed by primary branches from medium panicle to prejudiced large panicle, and secondary branches were the major factors from prejudiced large panicle to large panicle (from large panicle to extra large panicle or from extra large panicle to super large panicle). The increase of 1000-grain-weight was the key point of harvesting super high yield of large panicle hybrid japonica rice on the basis of certain No. of panicles and stabilized seed-setting rate. Increase of total spikelets was the basis of increase of grain yield, while the emphasis was to increase sink. Therefore, stable 1000-grain-weight was needed for increasing total spikelets. 【Conclusion】 Under the experimental conditions, the applicable spikelets per panicle (250 or so) was the best choice for ideal grain yield and its components with high total spikelets and sink filling for large panicle hybrid japonica rice. With the advancement of breeding and techniques, its optimum would be higher.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州225009 2.江苏省作物栽培技术指导站，南京210036 3.浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所，浙江宁波315040 4.浙江省宁波市种子公司，浙江宁波315012

【目的】旨在探讨大穗型杂交粳稻库容构成特征及其穗部性状，探索其群体生产力增长途径。【方法】采用大田试验，以具有代表性的8个大穗型杂交粳稻品种（A18/F7562、A2/F7563、A20/F7501、A5/F9249、A2/F7513、A20/F7503、甬优8号和甬优13号）和2个中等穗型常规粳稻品种（武运粳7号和武粳15）为材料，对大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成特征、群体颖花量、库容量、穗部性状等进行系统的研究。【结果】大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量、穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数显著或极显著高于中等穗型常规粳稻，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗结实率和二次枝梗结实率极显著低于中等穗型常规粳稻。随着每穗粒数的增加，大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率先增后减，穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数不断增加，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一、二次枝梗数比值、一、二次枝梗总粒数比值和一次枝梗结实率不断降低，除产量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率外其它与每穗粒数的相关均达到显著或极显著水平。每穗粒数的提高由中等穗型到偏大穗型，主要依靠一次枝梗的贡献，而由偏大穗型到大穗型以及特大穗型和超大穗型，则主要依靠二次枝梗的贡献。在满足一定穗数和具备稳定的结实率的基础上，提高千粒重，是充分利用大穗型杂交粳稻获取超高产的关键；提高群体颖花量是增加产量的基础，而提高库容量是增加产量的重点，在提高群体颖花量的同时还需兼顾千粒重的稳定。【结论】在本试验条件下，大穗型杂交粳稻每穗粒数250左右时穗粒结构合理，群体颖花量高，库容充实足，产量最理想。随着水稻品种和栽培技术的不断进步，其最适值还将可能更高。

1988

0.0

... 根据中国水稻种植区划^[19], 江苏淮河以南属长江中下游平原双单季稻亚区, 淮河以北属黄淮平原丘陵中晚熟亚区, 同时根据江苏不同区域温光水等资源条件将水稻种植区域划分为六大区域, 20世纪80年代以后, 以稻麦(油)两熟制为主, 兼顾周年生产, 水稻品种选用原则是苏南地区以晚熟品种为主, 苏中和淮北地区以中熟品种为主, 一般认为沿江是麦(油)茬上可部分种植迟熟中稻的界线^[20] ...

1990

0.0

2008

2.474

0.0

... 充分利用水稻生长季的有效温光资源可最大限度挖掘优良品种高产潜力、形成足量壮秆大穗、提高结实率和千粒重, 从而提高产量^[2,21] ...

2011

0.0

1.494

龚金龙, 张洪程, 常勇, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 李德剑, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超. 稻麦“双迟”栽培模式及其周年生产力的综合评价. 中国水稻科学, 2011, 25: 629-638

Gong

J L

, Zhang

H C

, Chang

, Hu

Y J

, Long

H Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Li

D J

, Sha

A Q

, Zhou

Y Y

, Luo

X C

. “Double late” cultivation model for rice and wheat and its comprehensive evaluation on annual productivity. Chin J Rice Sci, 2011, 25: 629-638 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of “double late” (latematurity rice and latesowing wheat) cultivation model on annual productivity of rice and wheat were systematically studied in a field experiment with four cultivation model treatments. Results showed that with the crop rotation being delayed, annual grain yield of rice and wheat increased. Grain yield of rice increased, whereas the grain yield of wheat increased firstly and then decreased with the highest yield under latematurity medium japonica rice+wheat model (LMW). Moreover, prolonging rice growth duration and developing large panicles improved annual grain yield of rice and wheat. With maturity being prolonged, productivity with respect to the key inputs of rice increased. But for wheat, productivity per unit of seed decreased and others increased firstly and then decreased with the best performance under LMW model. Appropriate sowing date helped improve productivity with respect to key inputs, while appropriately delayed crop rotation was awarding to annual economic productivity of rice and wheat. Additionally, the concept of “double late” cultivation model and its regulation approaches were discussed.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Agricultural Bureau of Xinghua County, Jiangsu Province, Xinghua 225700, China;

采用大田试验，通过设置4种栽培模式，探讨了“双迟”（迟熟水稻+迟播小麦）栽培模式对稻麦周年生产力的影响。结果表明，随着换茬时间的推迟，稻麦周年生产力不断增加，其中，水稻产量呈增长趋势，而小麦产量先增后减，迟熟中粳茬小麦产量最高。延长水稻生育期和攻取大穗是稻麦周年高产的关键。水稻一些关键性投入的生产力随着熟期的推迟而不断增加；小麦方面，除种子生产力呈降低趋势外，其他因子生产力先增后减，迟熟中粳水稻+小麦模式下表现最高。适期播种有利于提高稻麦周年的一些关键性投入的生产力，适当延迟稻麦换茬时间可以提高稻麦周年经济生产力。就稻麦“双迟”栽培模式的概念和调控途径进行了探讨。

... 根据水稻的生态要求和地区生态环境特点, 因地制宜地划分水稻适宜种植区域^[22,23], 其中水稻安全生育性是品种布局的前提, 能满足水稻品种安全生育成熟的地区为该品种的可种植区域 ...

2007

2.468

0.0

2010

0.0

1.889

殷春渊, 张庆, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 杭杰, 张胜飞. 不同产量类型水稻基因型氮素吸收、利用效率的差异. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 39-50

Yin

C Y

, Zhang

, Wei

H Y

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Ma

, Hang

, Zhang

S F

. Differences in nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in rice genotypes with different yield performance. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 39-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to identify the differences in N absorption and use efficiency in rice genotypes with different yield performances. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted with 20 rice genotypes(10 high-yielding and 10 low-yielding performance) selected from 108 rice genotypes including early (125-135 d, growth duration), medium (136-145 d) and late-maturing (146-155 d) medium japonica and early (156-165 d) and medium-maturing (166-175 d) late japonica rice under 225 kg?hm-2 N fertilizer application in 2006 and 2007 on the farm of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. Yield, N accumulation, N uptake rate, N use efficiency and their relationship were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that the mean yields of high-yielding rice genotypes were 31.6%, 31.94%, 39.47%, 26.21%,and 21.82% higher than those of low-yielding rice genotypes, respectively, with the extension of the growth duration. N accumulation and use efficiency increased with the extension of the growth duration, and which of high-yielding genotypes was significantly higher than those of low-yielding genotypes. N accumulation and uptake rate of high-yielding genotypes were higher than those of low-yielding during the growth phases from transplanting to elongation and from elongation to heading, while it showed a reversed trend during the growth phase from heading to maturing for some genotypes. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significant or highly significant positive correlations between yield and N accumulation, N use efficiency, N uptake rate during the growth phase from transplanting to elongation.【Conclusion】 Compared with the low-yielding rice genotypes, N accumulation in various growing stages, N uptake rate before heading and N use efficiency of high-yielding rice genotypes were higher. It was obvious that high yield and increasing N accumulation and use efficiency could be coordinated development on improving genotype.

（扬州大学农学院/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室/农业部长江中下游作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室）

【目的】明确不同产量基因型水稻氮素营养吸收、利用差异。【方法】采用大田试验,以长江中下游地区5种生育期类型中相对高产和低产的20个粳稻品种为材料,研究施氮量为225 kg?hm-2水平下两种产量类型水稻的产量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收速率和氮素利用效率的差异及其之间的相互关系。【结果】随着生育期的延长,高产水稻类型的平均产量分别比低产类型高31.62%、31.94%、39.47%、26.21%和21.82%;氮素生育期累积量和氮素利用率随着生育期的延长呈逐渐增加的趋势,高产类型明显高于低产类型;氮素阶段性积累量和阶段性吸收速率的变化为：移栽至拔节和拔节至抽穗阶段为高产类型高于低产类型;抽穗至成熟阶段部分基因型表现为低产类型高于高产类型,但差异不大。相关分析表明,水稻产量与氮素积累量、氮素利用率呈显著或极显著正相关,与各阶段的氮素吸收速率亦呈正相关关系,其中移栽至拔节阶段达极显著水平,其余阶段未达显著水平。【结论】相对于低产基因型水稻,高产基因型在各个生育阶段的氮素积累量、抽穗前的氮素吸收速率及氮素利用效率均较高。可见,高产与提高氮素的积累和利用在品种本身的改良上可得到统一。

... 已有研究表明, 不同生育类型水稻品种在群体生长与产量形成等方面存在显著差异, 生育期较长的偏晚熟类型品种具有生物和经济产量优势^{[24,25,26,27,28,29]} ...

2012

0.0

1.667

张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98

Zhang

H C

, Ma

, Yang

, Li

, Ge

M J

, Li

G Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

, Gao

, Liu

Y Y

. The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the concept of the highest population productivity of N fertilization, we carried out a field experiments with 50 early-maturing late japonica rice varieties which were the representativein the region of Yangtze River, using seven nitrogen applying levels (0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300, 337.5 kg ha^-1), to investigate the difference of the most population productivity of N fertilization in varieties. Its relationships with yield components, plant-type characteristics and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were also analyzed. The main results were as follows. (1)With the basic yield capacity of sandy loam being 6 t ha^-1, optimum N levels of 50 tested varieties which were corresponding to their highest population yield converged in the range of 225–300 kg ha^-1, while the highest grain yield showed significant differences, varying from 7.42 to 11.02 t ha^-1.(2) There was significantly positive correlation between the highest productivity of N fertilization and the total spikelet number, with the correlation coefficient of 0.865. The top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significantly larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. (3) The highest productivity of N fertilizer rose as the high-efficiency leaf area and the weight per panicle increased. Compared with middle- and low-level yielding cultivars, top- and high-level yielding cultivars performed superior plant type characteristics: the plant height ranged from 105–110 cm, the width of basal internodes was circa 0.65 cm, the high-efficiency leaf area index was higher than 5, and panicles were big. (4) Generally speaking, the theoretical highest population productivity of N fertilization increased with the increasing of corresponding applied N amount. But within each group of similar optimum N level, various rice cultivars produced significantly different grain yields. (5) Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, six varieties with high yield and high efficiency were selected and recommended.

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China?

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1)在基础地力产量为6 t hm^-2的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在225~300 kg hm^-2, 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异, 变动在7.42~11.02 t hm^-2, 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关(r = 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5), 穗型较大。(4)品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。(5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm^-2)与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。

2013

0.0

1.667

李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 马群, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 101-109

, Zhang

H C

, Yang

, Ge

M J

, Ma

, Wei

H Y

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

. Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation in rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 101-109 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The difference of dry matter production and translocation characteristics in low-yielding and low N-efficiency, high-yielding and medium N-efficiency, high-yielding and high N-efficiency rice cultivars was investigated using six representative japonica varieties under their optimum N supply levels, respectively. The results indicated that: with the increase of rice productivity, the total dry matter production amount significantly increased by 20.29% on average, and the dry matter accumulation amount and population growth rate increased on average by 15.05%, 27.04%, 24.75% and 15.05%, 28.38%, 23.00%, during the period before N-n (critical stage of productive tillering),from jointing to heading, and from heading to maturing, respectively, and decreased during the period from N-n to the jointing. Among the high-yielding varieties, with the nitrogen use efficiency increased, the tiller number per unit area at each growth stage showed a downward trend, and significantly reduced on average by 5.76%, 11.61%, 7.01%, and 5.70% at N-n, jointing, heading and maturing, respectively, but ratio of productive tillers to total tillers significantly increased. At each growth stage, the dry matter accumulation amount showed a declined tendency, and reduced on average by 12.18%, 10.54%, 8.29%, and 5.01% at N-n, jointing, heading and maturity, respectively, but harvest index significantly increased. During the period from heading to maturing, dry matter accumulation rate increased on average by 5.40%, the population growth rate increased on average by 5.19%. The results above showed that proper control for population growth before heading, maintaining a high growth rate after heading and a higher harvest index were the important dry matter accumulation characteristics of the cultivars with high-yielding and high nitrogen use efficiency.

1 Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550006, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Technology in Yangtze Rice Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

选用低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型具有代表性的6个粳稻品种，在各自最适氮素水平下，研究了干物质积累与转运特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明，较之低产类型品种，高产类型品种物质生产总量提高20.29%，差异达显著水平。其中在够苗前、拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量和群体生长率分别提高15.05%、27.04%、24.75%和15.05%、28.38%、23.00%，够苗至拔节阶段则互有高低。同为高产类型品种，因氮利用率的差异物质积累与转运特性不同。较之高产氮中效型，高产氮高效型品种各生育时期的单位面积茎蘖数均呈下降趋势，其中够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期平均分别降低5.76%、11.61%、7.01%和5.70%，差异均达显著水平，而成穗率显著提高。各生育时期的干物质积累量均有所下降，其中，够苗、拔节、抽穗和成熟期分别降低12.18%、10.54%、8.29%和5.01%，收获指数却显著提高。抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累率提高5.40%，群体生长率提高5.19%。说明抽穗前适当控制群体生长，抽穗后保持较高的群体生长水平及较高的收获指数是高产氮高效型品种的重要物质生产特性。

2010

0.0

1.667

吴桂成, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英. 南方粳型超级稻物质生产积累及超高产特征的研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1921-1930

G C

, Zhang

H C

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei

H Y

, Sha

A Q

, Xu

Z J

, Qian

Z H

, Sun

J Y

. Characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation and super-high yield of Japonica super rice in south China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1921-1930 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The relationship between dry matter production and yield, dynamics of dry matter accumulation and output and translocation in middle and last stages of three types of populations (High Yield: 8.25–9.75 t ha^-1; Higher Yield: 9.75-11.25 t ha^-1; Super High Yield:＞11.25 t ha^-1) in four japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. The results showed that yield was significantly positively correlated with weight of dry matter at maturity and the dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, there were parabolic relationships between yield and weight of dry matter at heading in high yield, higher yield and super-high yield populations. Weight of dry matter from jointing to heading was significantly positively correlated with yield from high yield population to higher yield population and from higher yield population to super-high yield population. Super-high yield population had more biomass at maturity than higher yield and high yield populations, and the harvest index was not significantly higher than that of higher yield population, but was significantly higher than that of high yield population. Weight of dry matter, LAI in heading, rate of leaf area of productive tillers, rate of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, spikelets of population and spikelets per square centimeter leaf area in middle stage (from jointing to heading) were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area decreasing per day of super-high yield population from heading to maturity was significantly less than that of higher yield and high yield populations. Leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, biomass and grain-leaf ratio (filled grains per square centimeter leaf area, grain weight per square centimeter leaf area) from heading to maturity were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Output and translocation of dry matter in super-high yield population from heading to milky stages were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations, while these from heading to maturity were significantly lower than these of higher yield and high yield populations. Weight per stem and sheath and total filling in maturity of super-high yield population were significantly higher than these of higher yield and high yield populations.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以超级粳稻品种武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号为材料，对高产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、更高产(9.75~11.25 t hm^-2)和超高产(＞11.25 t hm^-2) 3个产量等级群体的物质生产与产量的关系、干物质积累、输出与转运等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，4个超级稻品种成熟期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关，抽穗期干物质重均与产量呈抛物线关系，拔节至抽穗期的干物质重与产量呈极显著正相关(高产—更高产、更高产—超高产以及将3个产量等级综合起来)；从高产到更高产再到超高产，4个超级稻品种的生物学产量不断提高(差异显著)，而超高产群体的经济系数则与更高产水平相当(0.5000以上)，显著高于高产水平；较之更高产、高产群体，超高产群体在生育中期(拔节至抽穗期)干物质积累量大，抽穗期叶面积指数高、株型挺拔、群体质量优[有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、总颖花量与颖花/叶(cm²)、基部节间粗、单茎茎鞘重均高]，在生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)，光合能力强(叶面积衰减率小，光合势、群体生长率、净同化率高)、干物质积累量高(占生物学产量的40.0%以上)、茎鞘物质的输出与转运协调[实粒/叶(cm²)、粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)均高]。

2012

0.0

1.889

霍中洋, 姚义, 张洪程, 夏炎, 倪晓诚, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕. 播期对直播稻光合物质生产特征的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2592-2606

Huo

Z Y

, Yao

, Zhang

H C

, Xia

, Ni

X C

, Dai

Q G

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

. Effect of sowing date on characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of direct seeding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2592-2606 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of sowing date on characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of direct seeding rice.【Method】Taking four representative rice cultivars of three types of early-maturing late japonica rice, late-maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (including japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as experimental materials, the dry matter accumulation, distribution, translocation and leaf area, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate of direct seeding rice were studied.【Result】Along with the delayed sowing date, dry matter weight of single stem and population at jointing, booting, heading, waxy stages and maturity both showed a apparent downward trend, and the difference was increasing with the growing process. Along with the delayed sowing date, the proportion of dry matter accumulation from sowing to jointing and from jointing to heading increased, but from heading to maturity decreased, while the dry matter accumulation of every stage reduced significantly or very significantly. With the growing process, leaf weight per stem and sheath weight per stem decreased, stem weight per stem firstly increased and then decreased, and panicle weight per stem increased. Along with the delayed sowing date, leaf weight per stem and sheath weight per stem decreased significantly or very significantly at booting and heading, little difference at waxy stage and increased a little at maturity, stem weight per stem and panicle weight per stem decreased significantly or very significantly at all stages. With the growing process, the proportion of leaf, stem, sheath and panicle in the later growth period had the same changes as the dry matter weight. Along with the delayed sowing date, the ratio of leaf and sheath decreased a little at booting, little difference at heading and increased significantly or very significantly at waxy stage and maturity, the ratio of stem decreased a little at booting and heading, increased a little at waxy stage and decreased at maturity, the ratio of panicle increased a little at booting, little difference at heading and decreased significantly or very significantly at waxy stage and maturity. Along with the delayed sowing date, the exportation, export rate and transformation rate of leaf, stem and sheath decreased significantly or very significantly. Along with the delayed sowing date, the leaf area index had a little difference at jointing, decreased significantly or very significantly at booting, heading and waxy stages, and decreased a little at maturity, the photosynthetic potential from sowing to jointing, jointing to heading and the whole growth period decreased significantly or very significantly, and decreased from heading to maturity, but the difference was little not significant. Along with the delayed sowing date, the crop growth rate from sowing to jointing increased significantly, little difference from jointing to heading and decreased significantly from heading to maturity, the net assimilation rate from sowing to jointing and from jointing to heading increased obviously, but decreased obviously from heading to maturity.【Conclusion】Sowing date had a great effect on characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of direct seeding rice. Compared to sowing late, sowing early has the advantages that the dry matter accumulation is appropriate in the early stage and significantly higher in the middle and late stages, so the total dry matter accumulation is significantly higher and its distribution is reasonable, the export and transformation rate is high, and the photosynthetic production capacity is great after heading.

扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009

【目的】探讨播期对直播稻干物质生产特征和光合生产特征的影响。【方法】以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳3 种类型具有代表性的4个水稻品种（含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻两种）为材料，通过分期播种试验，对直播稻干物质的积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率等方面进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】（1）无论是从单茎还是群体来看，拔节、孕穗、抽穗、蜡熟和成熟期的干物重均随播期的推迟呈明显的下降趋势，且随着生育进程的推进，差异愈加明显。（2）随着播期的推迟，播种期至拔节期和拔节期至抽穗期的干物质积累量占成熟期总干物质积累量的比例呈一定的上升趋势，抽穗至成熟期则呈一定的下降趋势，各阶段的干物质积累量随播期的推迟呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。（3）随着生育进程的推进，单茎叶重和单茎鞘重均呈逐渐下降的趋势，单茎茎重呈先增后减再增的趋势，单茎穗重则呈逐渐增加的趋势；随着播期的推迟，单茎叶重和单茎鞘重在孕穗期和抽穗期呈显著或极显著的下降趋势，蜡熟期差异很小，成熟期呈略微增加的趋势，单茎茎重和单茎穗重在各时期均呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。（4）随着生育进程的推进，生育中后期的叶、茎、鞘、穗各部分所占的比例与其干物重的变化趋势一致；随着播期的推迟，叶比例和鞘比例在孕穗期呈略微的下降趋势，抽穗期变化不大，蜡熟期和成熟期均呈显著或极显著的上升趋势，茎比例在孕穗期和抽穗期呈略微的下降趋势，蜡熟期呈略微的增加趋势，成熟期呈一定的下降趋势，穗比例在孕穗期呈略微的增加趋势，抽穗期变化不大，到蜡熟期和成熟期则呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。（5）随着播期的推迟，叶、茎和鞘的输出量、输出率和输出物质转化率均呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。（6）随着播期的推迟，叶面积指数拔节期相当，孕穗期、抽穗期和蜡熟期呈显著或极显著的下降趋势，成熟期略微下降，播种期到拔节期、拔节期到抽穗期和全生育期的的光合势均呈显著或极显著的下降，抽穗期到成熟期有所下降，差异不显著。（7）随着播期的推迟，群体生长率播种期至拔节期呈极显著的上升趋势，拔节期至抽穗期差异不显著，抽穗期至成熟期呈极显著的下降趋势，净同化率播种期至拔节期和拔节期至抽穗期呈明显的上升趋势，抽穗期至成熟期呈明显的下降趋势。【结论】播期对直播稻光合物质生产特征具有较大的影响。较迟播而言，早播具有前期物质生产量适宜，中后期积累旺盛，干物质总量大且分配合理，运输转化效率高，抽穗后光合生产能力强的特点。

2010

0.0

1.667

张耗, 谈桂露, 薛亚光, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 江苏省粳稻品种近60年演进过程中产量与形态生理特征的变化. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 133-140

Zhang

, Tan

G L

, Xue

Y G

, Wang

Z Q

, Liu

L J

, Yang

J C

. Changes in grain yield and morphological and physiological characteristics during 60-year evolution of japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 133-140 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Great progress has been made in japonica rice breeding. However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement. In this study, 12 typical japonica rice cultivars (including super rice) applied in the production in Jiangsu province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s in the 20th century and since 2000 according to their application times. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships, morphology and physiology were investigated. Results showed that the grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. The percentage of filled grains was increased for cultivars from 1950s to 1980s in 20th century, whereas it was decreased for those at 1990s in 20th century and since 2000. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. With the improvement of rice cultivars, biomass, especially after heading, and harvest index were simultaneously increased. At main growth stages, with the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight, root-shoot ratio, root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate were increased significantly, but root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate during grain filing for super rice were declined rapidly. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly increased total, effective, high-effective leaf areas and grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area) at heading, and increased panicle length, number of primary and secondary panicle branches greatly. From 1950s to 1990s in the 20th century, plant height was reduced, while it was increased significantly for super rice since 2000, with a plant height of about 120 cm. The leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems were significantly decreased with the improvement of rice cultivars. The results indicate that agronomical and physiological characteristics of japonica cultivars are improved during the evolution, and low percentage of filled grains limits grain yield potential in super rice cultivars.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China

以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的12个粳稻品种(含超级稻)为材料，依据种植推广年代结合株型和基因型将其分为20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代、90年代和2000年以后6个类型，研究了品种演进过程中产量和形态生理的变化特征。结果表明，随着品种演进产量逐步提高，其原因主要是总颖花量的增加，而这又主要由于每穗粒数的显著增多。自早期的50年代品种，结实率逐步提高，但90年代品种和2000年以后的超级稻品种，结实率有下降的趋势，穗数和千粒重无明显变化。随着品种演进，生物产量和收获指数同步提高，以抽穗后增加的量尤为明显，主要生育期根干重、根冠比、根系氧化力和叶片光合速率显著增加，但现代超级稻品种的根系活力和叶片光合速率在结实期下降较快。品种改良提高了抽穗期总叶面积、有效叶面积、高效叶面积和粒叶比，还增加了穗长、着粒密度、一次和二次枝梗数目。由20世纪50年代到90年代品种，植株高度降低，而2000年以后的超级稻品种显著上升，升至120 cm左右。抽穗期顶三叶叶片角度则随品种更替显著降低。上述结果说明随品种演进，粳稻的农艺、生理性状和产量均有明显改良，但超级稻较低的结实率限制了其产量潜力的发挥。

2006

0.0

0.55

... 近年来, 随着我国经济和社会的快速发展, 米质较佳、口感较好的粳米越来越受到消费者的青睐^[30] ...

2003

0.0

... 的种植格局, 籼亚种和粳亚种特征上存在明显差异^[31] ...

2013

0.0

1.889

张洪程, 张军, 龚金龙, 常勇, 李敏, 高辉, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. “籼改粳”的生产优势及其形成机理. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 686-704

Zhang

H C

, Zhang

, Gong

J L

, Chang

, Li

, Gao

, Dai

Q G

, Huo

Z Y

, Xu

, Wei

H Y

. The productive advantages and formation mechanisms of “indica rice to japonica rice”. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 686-704 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to reveal the productive advantages of “indica rice to japonica rice” and summarize its physiological ecological mechanisms systematically from the viewpoint of cultivation. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted with representative japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing24, Xudao3, Lianjing7, Xuyou733, etc.) and indica rice varieties (Liangyoupeijiu, Ⅱyou084, Xinliangyou6380, Yangliangyou6, etc.) as materials in rice-wheat cropping areas (Yangzhou, Xinghua, Donghai of Jiangsu) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2010-2011. Difference of growth security, grain yield, quality, utilization of temperature and solar radiation, dynamics of population growth, plant type and lodging characteristics between japonica rice and indica rice were studied systematically. 【Result】 Under the simplified cultivation conditions of mechanical and swing transplanting, the growth security of japonica rice was better than indica rice, for japonica rice possessed longer milky stage and the resistance to low temperature at the later period compared to indica rice. The average yields of japonica rice in both years were, 10.90 and 10.87 t•hm-2 in Yangzhou, 10.93 and 10.65 t•hm-2 in Xinghua, 10.49 and 10.41 t•hm-2 in Donghai, higher than indica rice significantly. Grain filling characteristics of japonica rice exceeded indica rice, which was the key point of harvesting high yield of japonica rice, with the roughly same level of population spikelets or slightly less. Milling quality and cooking and eating quality of japonica rice were better than indica rice significantly, while the appearance and nutritional quality followed an opposite tendency accordingly. The physiological ecological characteristics of productive advantages of “indica rice to japonica rice” were as follows. Firstly, growth duration of japonica rice was longer than indica rice significantly and japonica rice was more adapted to cool weather at the later period of grain filling, increasing utilization of temperature and solar radiation and ensuring japonica rice maturing safely. Secondly, strong photosynthetic capacity of japonica rice at the later period increased dry matter weight and total filling. Thirdly, japonica rice improved the resistance to cold and premature senescence, and lodging due to strong root, stem and sheath, guaranteeing the enrichment and support of large sink. 【Conclusion】 Under the mechanizing simplified cultivation conditions, japonica rice, not only matured safely with strong growth advantages at the later period, but also achieved high grain yield, quality, efficiency and comprehensive productivity because of making full use of temperature and solar radiation in comparison to indica rice.

College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu

【目的】旨在阐明“籼改粳”的生产优势，并从栽培角度系统研究其优势形成的生理生态机理。【方法】2010—2011年，在长江下游稻麦两熟制地区（江苏扬州、兴化、东海），以当地代表性的粳稻品种（武运粳24号、徐稻3号、连粳7号、徐优733等）和籼稻品种（两优培九、Ⅱ优084、新两优6380、扬两优6号等）为材料，系统比较研究籼粳稻的生育安全性、产量、品质、温光资源利用、群体生长发育动态、株型和倒伏性状等方面的差异。【结果】在机插和摆栽两种轻简栽培条件下，粳稻生育安全性优于籼稻，后期耐低温，灌浆持续时间长。两年粳稻的平均产量，扬州分别为10.90和10.87 t•hm-2，兴化分别为10.93和10.65 t•hm-2，东海分别为10.49和10.41 t•hm-2，显著或极显著高于籼稻。粳稻群体颖花量与籼稻相当或略少于籼稻，但籽粒的充实性状优于籼稻，这也是粳稻获得较高产量的关键。粳稻加工品质和蒸煮食味品质显著或极显著优于籼稻，外观品质和营养品质稍逊于籼稻。“籼改粳”生产优势形成的生理生态特征为：粳稻全生育期较籼稻明显延长，灌浆后期粳稻更能适应温凉天气，增加水稻对温光资源的利用，使得粳稻能够安全成熟；粳稻后期具有较高的光合生产能力，能够增加群体光合物质积累量，提高群体库容总充实量；同时，粳稻后期能够适应低温天气而不早衰，维持强壮根系和较高的茎鞘强度，增强群体抗倒伏能力，保证较大库容的安全充实与支撑。【结论】在机械化轻简化栽培条件下，粳稻更能充分利用温光资源，生育后期仍保持强劲生长优势，不仅能够安全成熟，而且产量高、品质优、效益好，综合生产力高。

... 本课题组进行了针对性的探索研究, 并取得了重要进展^[32] ...

2006

0.0

... 同时, 近年来气候的显著变化已对农作物种植结构及水稻的分布界限、物候期、产量等产生了重要影响^[33,34], 粮食生产安全性受到国内外高度重视 ...

2010

9.737

0.0

Welch

J R

, Vincent

J R

, Auffhammer

, Moya

P F

, Dobbermann

, Dawe

. Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107: 14562-14567

Department of Economics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Data from farmer-managed fields have not been used previously to disentangle the impacts of daily minimum and maximum temperatures and solar radiation on rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia. We used a multiple regression model to analyze data from 227 intensively managed irrigated rice farms in six important rice-producing countries. The farm-level detail, observed over multiple growing seasons, enabled us to construct farm-specific weather variables, control for unobserved factors that either were unique to each farm but did not vary over time or were common to all farms at a given site but varied by season and year, and obtain more precise estimates by including farm- and site-specific economic variables. Temperature and radiation had statistically significant impacts during both the vegetative and ripening phases of the rice plant. Higher minimum temperature reduced yield, whereas higher maximum temperature raised it; radiation impact varied by growth phase. Combined, these effects imply that yield at most sites would have grown more rapidly during the high-yielding season but less rapidly during the low-yielding season if observed temperature and radiation trends at the end of the 20th century had not occurred, with temperature trends being more influential. Looking ahead, they imply a net negative impact on yield from moderate warming in coming decades. Beyond that, the impact would likely become more negative, because prior research indicates that the impact of maximum temperature becomes negative at higher levels. Diurnal temperature variation must be considered when investigating the impacts of climate change on irrigated rice in Asia.

PMID: 20696908

... 同时, 近年来气候的显著变化已对农作物种植结构及水稻的分布界限、物候期、产量等产生了重要影响^[33,34], 粮食生产安全性受到国内外高度重视 ...