施氮量对油菜氮素积累和运转及氮素利用率的影响

引用本文

左青松, 杨海燕, 冷锁虎, 曹石, 曾讲学, 吴江生, 周广生. 施氮量对油菜氮素积累和运转及氮素利用率的影响. 作物学报, 34(3): 511-518
ZUO Qing-Song, YANG Hai-Yan, LENG Suo-Hu, CAO Shi, ZENG Jiang-Xue, WU Jiang-Sheng, ZHOU Guang-Sheng. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Accumulation, Translocation and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) . 作物学报, 34(3): 511-518 复制到剪切板

Permissions

作物学报编辑部

施氮量对油菜氮素积累和运转及氮素利用率的影响

左青松^1,², 杨海燕¹, 冷锁虎², 曹石¹, 曾讲学¹, 吴江生¹, 周广生^1,^*

¹华中农业大学植物科学技术学院, 湖北武汉 430070

² 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 周广生, E-mail:zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn

收稿日期:2013-12-02

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31000685), 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目, 国家科技支撑计划项目(2010BAD01B09)和国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(nycytx-00510)资助。;

摘要

于2010—2012年度以5个不同油含量的常规油菜品种为材料, 设置120 (N1)、240 (N2)和360 kg hm^-2 (N3) 3个水平的氮肥处理, 在初花期和成熟期取样及定期捡拾田间落叶, 测定植株干物质积累量、氮素含量及油含量, 研究氮肥水平对油菜氮素积累、运转及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明, 随着氮肥用量增加, 产量和氮素积累总量增加, 氮素收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐降低。不同处理叶片氮素运转率变幅为76.6%~80.2%, 不同氮肥处理间无显著差异。不同处理茎枝氮素运转率变幅为36.0%~57.6%, 随着氮肥用量增加而降低。不同处理落叶氮占植株总氮积累量比例的变幅为14.9%~20.3%, 随着氮肥用量增加, 落叶氮比例逐渐增加。不同处理初花期氮积累量占植株总氮量的变幅为75.5%~90.5%, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 其比例逐渐增加。初花期积累氮素对后期产量形成作用较大, 注重前期施肥可促进花芽分化, 形成更多的有效角果, 有利于获得高产。

关键词: 甘蓝型油菜; 氮素积累; 落叶; 氮素运转率; 氮素利用率

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Accumulation, Translocation and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

ZUO Qing-Song^1,², YANG Hai-Yan¹, LENG Suo-Hu², CAO Shi¹, ZENG Jiang-Xue¹, WU Jiang-Sheng¹, ZHOU Guang-Sheng^1,^*

¹College of Plant Science and Technology of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

²Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:

Abstract

In this study, five conventional oilseed rape varieties with different oil contents, including Yangyou 6 (YY6), Suyou 211(SY211), Ningyou 20 (NY20), Zhongshuang 11 (ZS11), and Zheyou 50 (ZY50) were grown under three N (nitrogen) fertilizer levels: 120 (N1), 240 (N2), and 360 kg N ha^-1 (N3) from 2010 to 2012. The effects of N application on N accumulation, N translocation rate and N use efficiency were studied through plant sampling, picking deciduous leaf and measuring dry matter weight, N content and oil content. The results showed that with increasing N application rates yield and total N amount in whole plant increased, and N harvest index (NHI) and N use efficiency for grain production (NUEg) decreased. The N translocation rate in leaf ranged from 76.6% to 80.2%, and there were no significant differences among different N fertilizer levels. The nitrogen translocation rate in stem ranged from 36.0% to 57.6%, and decreased with increasing N application rates. The N proportion of deciduous leaf to whole plant ranged from 14.9% to 20.3%, and increased with increasing N application rates. The N proportion of the beginning of flowering stage to ripening stage was from 75.5% to 90.5%, and increased with increasing N application rates. The effect of N amount at the beginning of flowering stage on yield is significant. N application at earlier stage promotes flower bud differentiation and increases effective pods, resulting in higher yield.

Keyword: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.); N accumulation; Deciduous leaf; N translocation rate; N use efficiency

Show Figures

中国是世界第一大油菜生产国, 常年种植面积在700万公顷左右, 产量及面积约占世界的三分之一^{[ 1]}。实际生产中, 氮肥的施用是提高油菜产量的重要措施^{[ 2, 3, 4, 5]}。油菜在开花以前, 叶片是全株主要的光合器官, 是形成光合产物的主要场所。开花后叶片迅速脱落, 角果快速生长, 全株主要的光合器官由叶片很快转向角果。综合近年来的研究发现, 叶片的光合产物对最终籽粒产量的直接作用不大, 籽粒产量主要来自角果皮的光合产物^{[ 6, 7]}。因此, 叶片的光合产物主要是建成植株的营养体、形成适宜的角果数, 而角果的光合作用形成产量。所以生产上常常认为前期叶片的生长不宜过大, 只要维持一定的生长量即可。在油菜生产上推广秋发冬壮栽培技术时, 也曾有人持有异议, 认为苗期肥料施用量多, 生长量大, 大部分养分特别是氮素营养存在于叶片中, 并随叶片的脱落而损失, 造成氮素养分的极大浪费以及肥料的经济效益不高。但多年的生产实践表明, 秋发冬壮栽培也是油菜取得高产的一条有效途径, 在这种栽培条件下, 产量高而稳定, 其原因可能与叶片中营养元素的再度利用有关。氮素在植株体内移动性强, 再利用程度大^{[ 8]}, 关于植株体内氮素运转已有很多相关研究^{[ 9, 10]}, 然而在油菜产量形成过程中, 有关落叶氮素损失、氮素运转再利用及其与氮素利用率的关系相关研究较少。本研究探讨氮肥用量对油菜氮素积累、运转及氮素利用率的影响, 希望为油菜高产栽培中氮肥合理施用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

常规油菜品种扬油6号、苏油211、宁油20、中双11和浙油50, 由扬州市农业科学研究院、扬州大学、江苏省农业科学院、中国农业科学院油料作物研究所和浙江省农业科学院提供。

1.2 试验设计

试验于2010—2012年度在扬州大学试验农场同一块试验田进行, 文中分别以2011和2012表示2个年度的试验。试验田为油稻轮作, 油菜移栽前的土壤肥力如表1。设置3个氮肥处理, 分别为120 (N1)、240 (N2)和360 kg hm^-2(N3)。氮肥按基、苗、薹肥比5∶2∶3的方式施入。不同处理施P₂O₅、K₂O均为150 kg hm^-2, 磷肥全部基施, 钾肥1/2作基肥, 1/2作薹肥。采用育苗移栽方式, 9月24日播种, 10月28日移栽。行距40 cm, 株距20 cm, 小区长12 m, 宽2 m, 面积24 m², 折合密度每公顷1.25×10⁵株。以氮肥为主因素, 品种为副因素, 裂区设计, 3个重复。

表1 不同试验年份移栽前土壤肥力状况 Table 1 Chemical composition of the soil before transplanting in two years

1.3 测定内容与方法

1.3.1 土壤养分测定试验前取表层(0~20 cm)土壤样品, 用外加热重铬酸钾容量法测有机质, 用1.0 mol L^-1 NaOH扩散法测速效氮, 用0.5 mol L^-1 NaHCO₃浸提-钼锑抗比色法测有效磷, 用1.0 mol L^-1 NH₄OAc浸提-火焰光度法测速效钾^{[ 11]}。

1.3.2 植株取样初花期每小区取样5株, 从子叶节处剪掉根系, 分开叶片、茎枝和花蕾, 于105℃条件下杀青30 min, 再于80℃恒温条件下烘干后称重。成熟期在各小区的中心位置连续取样24株, 晾晒5 d, 剪掉根系, 分开茎枝、果壳和籽粒, 于80℃恒温条件下烘干后称重。

1.3.3 落叶收集移栽后每小区设置连续的4个行距, 在其表面铺上40目的尼龙网袋(规格为70 cm × 48 cm), 每2周收落叶一次, 遇有雨天提前收, 取回样品后80℃恒温72 h烘干, 所有收好的样品最终按初花前和初花后分开, 称重并粉碎。

1.3.4 氮素含量用元素分析仪(Vario MAX CN, Elementar Co., Germany)测全氮含量。

1.3.5 籽粒油含量用索氏抽提残余法测油含量。

1.4 数据处理与分析

叶片氮素运转率(%) = (初花期叶片氮素积累量-花后落叶氮素积累量)/初花期叶片氮素积累量×100, 其中初花期叶片氮素积累量不包括初花期前落叶氮素积累量; 茎枝氮素运转率(%) = (初花期茎枝氮素积累量-成熟期茎枝氮素积累量)/初花期茎枝氮素积累量×100; 收获指数=产量/成熟期生物量; 氮素收获指数 = 籽粒氮素积累量/植株氮素积累总量; 氮素籽粒生产效率(g g^-1) = 产量/植株氮素积累总量。其中成熟期生物量和植株氮素积累总量包括成熟期籽粒、果壳、茎枝和落叶总重量(包括初花前和初花后)及其积累氮素, 不包括根系和落花重量及其积累氮素。

利用DPS3.01数据处理系统统计分析数据。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同氮肥水平下油菜产量和油含量差异

如表2所示, 5个品种中宁油20产量平均值最

高, 为3052 kg hm^-2, 浙油50最低, 为2789 kg hm^-2, 宁油20与浙油50相比产量平均值增加9.4%。5个品种中浙油50油含量平均值最高, 为47.6%, 扬油6号最低, 为42.3%, 浙油50比扬油6号增加12.4%。随着氮肥用量增加, 产量增加, 油含量降低。方差分析(表3)表明, 氮肥、品种以及氮肥和品种的互作对产量和油含量的影响都达到显著或极显著水平。

2.2 不同氮肥水平下油菜氮素积累总量及损失率差异

表4显示不同处理油菜落叶氮素积累总量(包括花前和花后落叶)的变化范围在22.8~65.1 kg hm^-2之

表2 不同处理条件下产量和油含量差异 Table 2 Differences of yield and oil content under different treatments

表3 不同处理条件下主要性状的方差分析 Table 3 Variance analyses of main traits under different treatments

表4 不同处理条件下氮素积累总量和氮素损失率差异 Table 4 Differences of total amount of N accumulation and loss rate of nitrogen under different treatments

间, 其中苏油211不同处理落叶氮素积累总量平均值最高, 为44.9 kg hm^-2, 比宁油20增加17.16%。植株氮素积累总量(包括落叶)的变化范围为143.4~332.9 kg hm^-2, 其中苏油211平均值也是最高, 为248.1 kg hm^-2, 比最低的浙油50 (213.1 kg hm^-2)增加16.5%。随着氮肥水平增加, 落叶和植株氮素积累总量都增加, 其中落叶氮素积累总量增加幅度更大(N2、N3处理与N1处理相比落叶氮素总量平均增加58.4%和129.9%, 植株为43.0%和87.9%), 所以落叶氮占植株氮比例随着氮肥用量的增加而增加。

2.3 不同氮肥水平下油菜叶片和茎枝氮素运转率差异

表5的结果显示不同品种不同氮肥处理初花期叶片氮素积累量的变化范围在52.2~150.4 kg hm^-2之间, 花后落叶氮素积累量的变化范围在11.2~32.9 kg hm^-2之间。随着氮肥用量增加两者都增加, 处理N2、N3与N1相比初花期叶片氮素积累量平均增加64.2%和134.8%, 花后落叶氮素积累量增加60.9%和128.1%。叶片运转率扬油6号最小, 不同处理平均值为77.1%, 浙油50最大, 平均值为79.5%。不同氮肥处理间叶片氮素运转率差异不显著。方差分析(表3)表明除了品种以及氮肥与品种互作对叶片氮素运转率有显著影响外, 其余因素对其影响均未达到显著差异水平。

不同品种不同氮肥处理初花期茎枝氮素积累量的变化范围在42.3~108.3 kg hm^-2之间, 成熟期茎枝氮素积累量的变化范围在22.8~62.9 kg hm^-2之间。随着氮肥用量两者都增加, 两年试验中处理N2、N3与N1相比初花期茎枝氮素积累量平均增加44.41%和92.5%, 成熟期茎枝氮素积累量增加相对较大, 为55.1%和136.9%。方差分析(表3)表明氮肥和品种及其互作对茎枝氮素运转率有显著影响, 而年份以及年份与其他因素的互作对茎枝氮素运转率无显著影响。不同处理茎枝氮素运转率变化范围为36.0%~57.6% (表5), 茎枝氮素运转率平均值随着氮肥用量增加逐渐下降, 不同年份和品种受氮肥影响程度不同。

2.4 不同氮素水平下油菜收获指数和氮素利用率差异

表6显示不同处理收获指数的变幅为0.216~ 0.243, 氮素收获指数的变幅为0.451~0.582, 氮素籽粒生产效率的变幅为10.47~16.28 g g^-1。不同品种收获指数和氮素收获指数差异相对较小, 而氮素籽粒生产效率差异较大, 其中宁油20不同处理氮素籽粒生产效率最高, 平均值为14.0 g g^-1, 与最低的扬油6号相比(平均值为12.5 g g^-1)增加12.4%。不同品种收获指数N1和N2处理间无显著差异, N2处理都显著高于N3处理。随着氮肥用量增加, 氮素收获指数

表5 不同处理条件下叶片和茎枝氮素运转率差异 Table 5 Differences of N translocation rate of leaf and stem under different treatments

项目 Item	品种 Variety	2011			2012
项目 Item	品种 Variety	N1	N2	N3	N1	N2	N3
初花期叶片氮素积累量 N accumulation in leaf at the beginning of flowering stage (kg hm^-2)	扬油6号 YY6	58.9±0.6 c	95.1±2.3 b	138.5±2.3 a	57.1±2.0 c	100.5±2.7 b	138.6±3.1 a
	苏油211 SY211	61.6±1.1 c	101.1±1.7 b	148.4±3.3 a	61.0±0.9 c	104.4±1.6 b	150.4±2.4 a
	宁油20 NY20	53.2±0.5 c	84.2±2.0 b	126.2±1.8 a	55.0±0.7 c	86.3±2.2 b	132.5±2.3 a
	中双11 ZS11	57.9±0.7 c	93.8±2.3 b	130.4±2.6 a	60.9±0.8 c	98.5±2.4 b	129.5±2.2 a
	浙油50 ZY50	52.2±1.1 c	92.4±1.2 b	128.2±0.2 a	58.2±2.1 c	90.1±1.7 b	129.3±1.0 a
花后落叶氮素积累量 N accumulation in deciduous leaf after the beginning of flowering stage (kg hm^-2)	扬油6号 YY6	13.5±0.3 c	21.6±0.7 b	32.4±0.6 a	13.0±0.3 c	22.9±0.4 b	31.2±0.8 a
	苏油211 SY211	13.4±0.4 c	21.3±0.9 b	32.1±0.3 a	14.1±0.2 c	23.3±0.3 b	32.9±0.8 a
	宁油20 NY20	11.4±0.5 c	18.8±0.7 b	26.5±1.0 a	11.5±0.3 c	18.6±0.4 b	28.0±1.5 a
	中双11 ZS11	12.8±0.3 c	20.2±0.2 b	27.4±0.3 a	13.5±0.7 c	21.3±0.8 b	27.7±0.4 a
	浙油50 ZY50	11.2±0.7 c	18.5±0.8 b	25.3±1.0 a	12.6±0.7 c	17.9±0.4 b	25.9±0.8 a
叶片运转率 N translocation rate of leaf (%)	扬油6号 YY6	77.0±0.6 a	77.2±1.1 a	76.6±0.5 a	77.2±0.8 a	77.2±0.7 a	77.5±0.4 a
	苏油211 SY211	78.3±0.9 a	79.0±0.6 a	78.4±0.4 a	76.9±0.4 a	77.7±0.6 a	78.1±0.8 a
	宁油20 NY20	78.6±1.2 a	77.6±1.1 a	79.0±0.7 a	79.1±0.8 a	78.4±0.1 a	78.9±1.1 a
	中双11 ZS11	77.9±0.6 a	78.5±0.7 a	79.0±0.2 a	77.8±1.1 a	78.4±0.5 a	78.6±0.2 a
	浙油50 ZY50	78.6±1.0 a	80.0±1.1 a	80.2±0.7 a	78.4±1.5 a	80.1±0.3 a	80.0±0.5 a
初花期茎氮素积累量 N accumulation in stem at the beginning of flowering stage (kg hm^-2)	扬油6号 YY6	49.5±1.0 c	78.2±1.2 b	108.3±1.1 a	48.8±1.3 c	82.9±1.9 b	107.8±1.1 a
	苏油211 SY211	55.8±2.5 c	75.4±1.7 b	103.9±2.7 a	59.0±0.9 c	74.7±1.2 b	105.2±2.0 a
	宁油20 NY20	53.7±1.3 c	72.7±1.7 b	96.8±1.7 a	54.5±2.1 c	73.3±2.6 b	98.1±3.1 a
	中双11 ZS11	54.9±2.1 c	78.4±0.6 b	99.2±1.4 a	56.1±2.3 c	84.3±2.2 b	104.1±3.1 a
	浙油50 ZY50	42.3±0.3 c	65.0±2.0 b	85.7±1.3 a	44.8±0.2 c	62.1±0.8 b	86.2±2.3 a
成熟期茎氮积累量 N accumulation in stem at ripening stage (kg hm^-2)	扬油6号 YY6	24.1±0.9 c	38.7±0.5 b	59.3±0.8 a	24.2±0.8 c	41.1±0.4 b	59.4±0.8 a
	苏油211 SY211	23.9±1.4 c	37.1±0.6 b	60.0±1.8 a	25.0±1.0 c	37.1±1.2 b	62.9±0.8 a
	宁油20 NY20	24.6±0.2 c	36.3±0.5 b	56.3±2.3 a	24.9±0.3 c	35.9±1.2 b	58.6±1.4 a
	中双11 ZS11	26.9±0.5 c	41.1±0.4 b	60.1±1.4 a	27.4±0.9 c	41.7±0.2 b	62.4±2.7 a
	浙油50 ZY50	22.8±0.2 c	38.3±1.5 b	54.8±0.7 a	24.7±0.5 c	37.9±0.9 b	54.3±0.9 a
茎枝氮素运转率 N translocation rate of stem (%)	扬油6号 YY6	51.2±0.9 a	50.5±1.3 a	45.2±1.3 b	50.6±0.6 a	50.4±1.5 a	44.9±0.8 b
	苏油211 SY211	57.2±1.1 a	50.8±0.4 b	42.3±1.3 c	57.6±1.2 a	50.3±0.8 b	40.2±1.8 c
	宁油20 NY20	54.1±1.5 a	50.0±1.6 a	41.9±1.4 b	54.3±1.4 a	51.1±1.1 b	40.2±0.4 c
	中双11 ZS11	50.9±1.5 a	47.6±0.9 a	39.4±1.0 b	51.2±2.0 a	50.5±1.1 a	40.1±1.0 b
	浙油50 ZY50	46.1±0.9 a	41.0±1.5 b	36.0±1.8 b	44.9±0.9 a	39.0±1.7 b	36.9±1.3 b

表中数值后不同字母表示差异达0.05显著水平。

Values followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.

表5 不同处理条件下叶片和茎枝氮素运转率差异 Table 5 Differences of N translocation rate of leaf and stem under different treatments

和氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐降低, 处理N2、N3与N1相比氮素收获指数平均下降7.1%和17.4%, 氮素籽粒生产效率平均下降13.7%和26.7%。

3 讨论

3.1 施氮水平对油菜植株氮素再利用的影响

本研究以初花期为临界点, 研究初花期前营养生长阶段积累氮素对后期生长的影响, 从而了解油菜植株体内氮素再利用状况。结果显示不同氮肥处理条件下叶片氮素运转率差异较小, 成熟期高氮条件下茎枝中滞留的氮素相对更多, 所以茎枝氮素运转率在高氮肥水平下表现比较低。油菜在初花期之前营养生长占绝对优势, 初花期以后角果开始形成, 生殖生长逐渐明显, 盛花期以后生殖生长占绝对优势。油菜开花期内叶片大量脱落, 光合器官也逐渐由叶片转向角果。进一步分析相关数据(表7), 不同处理初花期氮素积累量(包括初花期前落叶氮)占植株总氮量的变幅为75.5%~90.5%, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 初花期氮素积累量占成熟期植株总氮量的比例逐渐增加, 由此说明初花期以后油菜氮代谢重点

表6 不同处理条件下收获指数、氮素收获指数和氮素利用效率差异 Table 6 Differences of harvest index, N harvest index, and N use efficiency under different treatments

表7 不同处理条件下初花期积累氮素占植株总氮量比例差异 Table 7 Differences of N proportion of the beginning of flowering stage to ripening stage in whole plant under different treatments (%)

是不同器官间的氮素运转和再利用, 而不是整株的氮素积累。

3.2 氮素再利用与收获指数及氮素利用率关系

收获指数、氮素收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是综合反映作物品种特性以及氮肥管理利用的通用指标。收获指数反映作物的生物产量转化为经济产量的效率。氮收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是反映作物对已吸收氮素利用效率的重要指标, 在许多作物上都有应用^{[ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]}。氮素收获指数越高, 表明植株积累的氮较多地分配到籽粒, 减少了氮在营养器官中无效积累引起的流失; 氮素籽粒生产效率越高, 表明吸收单位氮素形成的籽粒产量越高。本研究结果显示不同品种收获指数和氮素收获指数差异相对较小, 而氮素籽粒生产效率差异较大。高氮处理(N3)条件下收获指数较小, 说明适量的氮肥促进了生物体内干物质向籽粒中运转, 进一步增施氮肥可能会由于受植株本身库容量(总籽粒数, 即角果数和每角粒数的乘积)限制, 使得营养器官中积累干物质难以输出从而导致收获指数下降。结合表7数据可以看出, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 初花期前氮素积累量增加, 占整个生育期总积累量的比例也变大, 产量也随着增加。但随着氮肥用量增加, 会伴随着整个生育期落叶氮素积累量大, 即氮素损失量大, 氮素损失率增加(表4), 同时营养器官如茎枝中滞留的氮素更多, 茎枝氮素运转率降低(表5), 从而会导致当季油菜氮素收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率降低。随着氮素投入的增加, 氮素流失带来严重的环境污染^{[ 17, 18]}, 高产与高效(氮素利用率)往往存在矛盾, 以往在水稻和玉米上的研究结果显示增施氮肥使氮素吸收总量增加、产量增加, 而氮素利用效率下降^{[ 19, 20]}。有效减缓该问题的途径第一可以通过品种的筛选, 如本文中宁油20品种不同处理平均产量最高, 氮素籽粒生产效率也最高; 第二通过合理栽培措施调节, 由表7可以看出油菜初花期前积累氮素占的比例较高, 说明前期积累氮素对后期籽粒产量贡献比较大, 前期施肥促进花芽分化, 形成更多的有效角果以及分化更多的胚珠数, 从而增加了油菜后期源的光合能力(有效角果多, 后期的光合面积增加)和库容量, 有利于最终高产, 而如果前期长势差, 后期补施更多氮肥可能会由于植株本身库容量小而限制了氮素在籽粒中的再利用, 因此对油菜可能要更注重前期氮肥的合理施用。

4 结论

随着氮肥用量增加, 不同品种产量、成熟期氮素积累总量、落叶氮素损失量增加, 落叶氮占成熟期氮素积累总量比例逐渐增加。油菜在初花前吸收的氮素比例较大, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 初花期氮素积累量占成熟期氮素积累总量的比例逐渐增加。施氮水平对叶片氮素运转率的影响较小, 未达显著差异水平; 随着氮肥用量增加, 成熟期茎枝中滞留的氮素相对更多, 即茎枝氮素运转率逐渐降低。不同品种收获指数和氮素收获指数差异相对较小, 氮素籽粒生产效率差异较大。随着氮肥用量增加, 氮素收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐降低。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	王汉中. 我国油菜产需形势分析及产业发展对策. 中国油料作物学报, 2007, 29: 101-105 Wang H Z. Strategy for rapeseed industry development based on the analysis of rapeseed production and demand in China. Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2007, 29: 101-105 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.95]
[2]	冷锁虎, 单玉华, 周宝梅. 氮素营养对油菜成熟期生物产量的调控. 中国油料作物学报, 2000, 22(2): 53-56 Leng S H, Shan Y H, Zhou B M. Regulation of N nutrition to biomass of oilseed in ripening stage. Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2000, 22(2): 53-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.95]
[3]	Asare E, Scarisbrick D H. Rate of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ). Field Crops Res, 1995, 44: 41-46 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[4]	Dreccer M F, Schapendonk A H C M, Slafer G A, Rabbinge R. Comparative response of wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen supply: absorption and utilization efficiency of radiation and nitrogen during the reproductive stages determining yield. Plant Soil, 2000, 220: 189-205 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.638]
[5]	Rathke G W, Christen O, Diepenbrock W. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) grown in different crop rotations. Field Crops Res, 2005, 94: 103-113 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[6]	冷锁虎, 朱耕如, 邓秀兰. 油菜籽粒干物质来源的研究. 作物学报, 1992, 18: 250-257 Leng S H, Zhu G R, Deng X L. Studies on the sources of the dry matter in the seed of rapeseed. Acta Agron Sin, 1992, 18: 250-257 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[7]	胡会庆, 刘安国, 王维金. 油菜光合速率日变化的初步研究. 华中农业大学学报, 1998, 17: 430-433 Hu H Q, Liu A G, Wang W J. Study on daily change and midday depression of photosynthetic rate in rape leaves under field condition. J Huazhong Agric Univ, 1998, 17: 430-433 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.849]
[8]	时向东, 时映, 王瑞宝, 戴吉林, 夏开宝, 张庆刚. 稳定氮同位素示踪技术在烟草研究中的应用. 中国烟草学报, 2008, 14(1): 51-57 Shi X D, Shi Y, Wang R B, Dai J L, Xia K B, Zhang Q G. Applications of stable nitrogen isotope on tobacco research. Acta Tab Sin, 2008, 14(1): 51-57 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[9]	魏海燕, 张洪程, 杭杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 张胜飞, 马群, 张庆, 张军. 不同氮素利用效率基因型水稻氮素积累与转移的特性. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 119-125 Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Hang J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Zhang S F, Ma Q, Zhang Q, Zhang J. Characteristics of N accumulation and translocation in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 119-125 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[10]	郑成岩, 于振文, 王西芝, 武同华. 灌水量和时期对高产小麦氮素积累、分配和转运及土壤硝态氮含量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15: 1324-1332 Zheng C Y, Yu Z W, Wang X Z, Wu T H. Effects of irrigation amount and stage on nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and soil NO³--N content in high-yield wheat. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2009, 15: 1324-1332 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.883]
[11]	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000. pp30-107 Bao S D. Soil Agricultural-Chemical Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000. pp30-107(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[12]	单玉华, 王余龙, 山本由德, 黄建晔, 杨连新, 张传胜. 不同类型水稻在氮素吸收及利用上的差异. 扬州大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 4(3): 42-46 Shan Y H, Wang Y L, Yamamoto Y, Huang J Y, Yang L X, Zhang C S. Study on the differences of nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different types of rice. J Yangzhou Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 2001, 4(3): 42-46 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[13]	Rathke G W, Behrens T, Diepenbrock W. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ): a review. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 2006, 117: 80-108 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.859]
[14]	宁堂原, 焦念元, 张民, 郑延海, 赵春, 安艳艳, 李增嘉. 不同品种组合下春夏玉米套作的氮素利用特征研究. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1896-1901 Ning T Y, Jiao N Y, Zhang M, Zheng Y H, Zhao C, An Y Y, Li Z J. Nitrogen use characteristic in maize relay-cropping system of different cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33(11): 1896-1901 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[15]	Janaki P, Raja R A, Vadivel A. Effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on nitrogen use efficiency in cotton. Adv Plant Sci, 2008, 21: 513-516 [本文引用:1]
[16]	Nouriyani H, Majidi E, Seyyednejad S M, Siadat S A, Naderi A. Evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) as affected by nitrogen fertilizer and different levels of paclobutrazol. Res Crops, 2012, 13: 439-445 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[17]	曹仁林, 贾晓葵. 我国集约化农业中氮污染问题及防治对策. 土壤肥料, 2001, (3): 3-6 Cao R L, Jia X K. The problems and control countermeasures of nitrogen pollution in agriculture of China. Soils Fert, 2001, (3): 3-6 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	张维理, 田哲旭, 张宁, 李晓齐. 我国北方农用氮肥造成地下水硝酸盐污染的调查. 植物营养与肥料学报, 1995, 1: 80-87 Zhang W L, Tian Z X, Zhang N, Li X Q. Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 1995, 1: 80-87 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.883]
[19]	江立庚, 曹卫星, 甘秀芹, 韦善清, 徐建云, 董登峰, 陈念平, 陆福勇, 秦华东. 不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 490-496 Jiang L G, Cao W X, Gan X Q, Wei S Q, Xu J Y, Dong D F, Chen N P, Lu F Y, Qin H D. Nitrogen uptake and utilization under different nitrogen management and influence on grain yield and quality in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 490-496 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[20]	卢艳丽, 陆卫平, 王继丰, 刘萍, 刘小兵, 陆大雷, 苏辉. 不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究: I. 氮素吸收利用的基因型差异. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 321-326 Lu Y L, Lu W P, Wang J F, Liu P, Liu X B, Lu D L, Su H. The differences of nitrogen uptake and utilization in waxy corn: I. The difference genotypes in absorption and utilization of nitrogen. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 321-326 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.883]

2007

0.0

0.95

. 2007, 29:101-105

Strategy for rapeseed industry development based on the analysis of rapeseed production and demand in China

(我国油菜产需形势分析及产业发展对策) . (中国油料作物学报) , 2007 , 29 : 101 - 105 Wang H Z . Strategy for rapeseed industry development based on the analysis of rapeseed production and demand in China

Wang H Z

(王汉中) . (我国油菜产需形势分析及产业发展对策) . (中国油料作物学报) , 2007 , 29 : 101 - 105 Wang H Z

分析了我国及世界油菜生产、菜籽及其制品消费和进出口贸易等现状，在此基础上，展望了我国油菜产业发展的前景和潜力，认为植物油产需缺口扩大、生物柴油产业发展、区域优势利用、冬闲土地开发、科技进步及外资进驻等都将促进我国油菜产业的未来发展。同时，面对当前形势，也提出了我国油菜产业发展的一些建议和对策。

... 中国是世界第一大油菜生产国, 常年种植面积在700万公顷左右, 产量及面积约占世界的三分之一^[1] ...

2000

0.0

0.95

... 实际生产中, 氮肥的施用是提高油菜产量的重要措施^[2,3,4,5] ...

1995

2.474

0.0

... 实际生产中, 氮肥的施用是提高油菜产量的重要措施^[2,3,4,5] ...

2000

2.638

0.0

. 2000, 220:189-205 DOI:10.1023/A:1004757124939

Comparative response of wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen supply: absorption and utilization efficiency of radiation and nitrogen during the reproductive stages determining yield

We investigated the response of spring wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen (N) supply, focusing on the critical period for grain number definition and grain filling. Crops were grown in containers under a shelter and treated with five combinations of applied N. Wheat and oilseed rape produced comparable amounts of biomass and yield when corrected for the costs of biomass synthesis (SC). From the responses of biomass and yield to late N applications and the apparent contribution of mobilised biomass to yield, it seems that the yield of oilseed rape was more source-limited during grain filling than that of wheat, particularly at the medium and high N levels. Both species recovered equal amounts of N from the total available N in the soil and had similar N use efficiencies, expressed as yield per unit of N absorbed. However, oilseed rape had higher efficiency to convert absorbed N in biomass, but lower harvest index of N than wheat. Oilseed rape had similar or lower root biomass than wheat, depending on N level, but higher root length per unit soil volume and specific root length. The specific uptake rate of N per unit root dry weight during the critical period for grain number determination was higher in oilseed rape than in wheat. In wheat, N limitation affected growth through a similar or lower reduction in radiation use efficiency corrected for synthesis costs (RUE_SC) than in the cumulative amount of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPARc). In oilseed rape, lower growth due to N shortage was associated more with RUE_SC than IPARc, during flowering while during grain filling both components contributed similarly to decreased growth. RUE_SC and the concentration of N in leaves and inflorescence (LIN%) decreased from flowering to maturity and were curvilinearly related. Oilseed rape tended to have higher RUE_SC than wheat at high N supply during the critical period for grain number determination, and generally lower during grain filling. The reasons for these differences and possibilities to increase yield potential are discussed in terms of the photosynthetic efficiency of the different organs and changes in source–sink ratio during reproductive stages.

... 实际生产中, 氮肥的施用是提高油菜产量的重要措施^[2,3,4,5] ...

2005

2.474

0.0

... 实际生产中, 氮肥的施用是提高油菜产量的重要措施^[2,3,4,5] ...

1992

0.0

1.667

. 1992, 18:250-257

Studies on the sources of the dry matter in the seed of rapeseed

(油菜籽粒干物质来源的研究) . (作物学报) , 1992 , 18 : 250 - 257 Leng S H , Zhu G R , Deng X L . Studies on the sources of the dry matter in the seed of rapeseed

Leng S H

(冷锁虎) , (朱耕如) , (邓秀兰) . (油菜籽粒干物质来源的研究) . (作物学报) , 1992 , 18 : 250 - 257 Leng S H

Jiangsu Agricultural College

Treatments of partial removal of leaves, shading and circumferential cutting ofpedicals were carried out and the accumulation of the dry matter in the stem andbranches of rapeseed plant was measured in order to study the influence of thephotosynthates and storage matter of different plant parts on t

本试验采用分部位去叶、遮光、环割果柄和测定茎枝的干物质积累等方法,研究了油菜的光合产物和贮藏物质对籽粒产量的影响,结果表明:(1)角果的光合产物是籽粒产量的主要来源,占2/3左右,其中果喙的光合产物约占籽粒产量的8％。(2)茎枝的光合产物对产量的贡献占13.5％,其中花序轴供给约5％。(3)茎枝中的贮藏物质对籽粒的灌浆结实

... 综合近年来的研究发现, 叶片的光合产物对最终籽粒产量的直接作用不大, 籽粒产量主要来自角果皮的光合产物^[6,7] ...

1998

0.0

0.849

... 综合近年来的研究发现, 叶片的光合产物对最终籽粒产量的直接作用不大, 籽粒产量主要来自角果皮的光合产物^[6,7] ...

2008

0.0

... 氮素在植株体内移动性强, 再利用程度大^[8], 关于植株体内氮素运转已有很多相关研究^[9,10], 然而在油菜产量形成过程中, 有关落叶氮素损失、氮素运转再利用及其与氮素利用率的关系相关研究较少 ...

2008

0.0

1.667

. 2008, 34:119-125 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00119

Characteristics of N accumulation and translocation in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies

(不同氮素利用效率基因型水稻氮素积累与转移的特性) . (作物学报) , 2008 , 34 : 119 - 125 Wei H Y , Zhang H C , Hang J , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Zhang S F , Ma Q , Zhang Q , Zhang J . Characteristics of N accumulation and translocation in rice genotypes with different N use efficiencies

Wei H Y

(魏海燕) , (张洪程) , (杭杰) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (张胜飞) , (马群) , (张庆) , (张军) . (不同氮素利用效率基因型水稻氮素积累与转移的特性) . (作物学报) , 2008 , 34 : 119 - 125 Wei H Y

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture; 3 Yangzhou Resource and Environment Professional Technology College, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

N is yet the most important and largest input required in rice production although over use of N causes so many environment problems. N use efficiency is varied in different rice genotypes. Therefore it is necessary to identify the physiological mechanism of N absorption and utilization in different rice genotypes in order to increase N use efficiency through rice cultivar improvement. In this research, field experiment with 225 kg ha^-1 N fertilizer application and twelve rice genotypes (6 N-efficient and 6 N-low-efficient ) selected from 120 rice cultivars grown in Yangzhou during 2004 and 2005 were carried out in 2006 on the farm of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. Relationship between N use efficiency and indexes of rice N accumulation and translocation was analyzed. At the three growth stages including critical stage of productive tillering, heading, and maturing, the amount of N accumulation of N-efficient rice was obviously higher than that of N-low-efficient genotypes while at the stage of elongating, there was no significant difference in N accumulation between the two rice genotypes. In order to analyze the N accumulation progress of rice genotypes with different N use efficiency, the growth was also divided into four phases including from transplanting to critical stage of productive tillering, from critical stage of productive tillering to elongating, from elongating to heading and from heading to maturing. Results revealed that the amount of N accumulation of N-efficient genotypes was significantly higher than that of N-low-efficient genotypes during all growth phases except the phase from critical stage of productive tillering to elongating, at which the amount of N accumulation of N-efficient genotypes was significantly lower than that of N-low-efficient genotypes. The percentage in N accumulation of N-efficient genotypes was higher than that of N-low-efficient genotypes during the growth phases from elongating to heading and from heading to maturing while it showed the reversed trend during the phases from transplanting to critical stage of productive tillering and from the critical stage of productive tillering to elongating. The amount and the efficiency of N translocation before heading were obviously higher in N-efficient genotypes than those in N-low-efficient genotypes. On the contrary, the contribution rate of transferred N to the total N of rice grain at maturity was significantly lower in N-efficient genotypes than that in N-low-efficient genotypes. For N efficient genotypes, the amount of N accumulation before the critical stage of productive tillering was modest. And during the phase from the critical stage of productive tillering to heading, its N accumulation of usefulness was large while the N accumulation of uselessness was few. Therefore, till the stage of rice heading, the amount of N accumulation of N-efficient genotypes was obviously higher than that of N-low-efficient genotypes. And the amount and the efficiency of N translocation before heading of N-efficient genotypes were also higher than that of N-low-efficient genotypes. Because of the strong ability of N accumulation of N-efficient genotypes after heading, its contribution rate of transferred N to the total N of rice grain at maturity was relatively lower than that of N-low-efficient genotypes before heading.

选用氮素利用高效型和低效型具有代表性的12个粳稻基因型, 研究水稻氮素积累、转移特性的差异及其与氮素利用效率的相互关系。结果表明, 有效分蘖临界叶龄(N-n)、抽穗和成熟期, 氮高效类型水稻的氮素积累量极显著高于氮低效类型, 而拔节期差异不明显。水稻氮素的阶段性积累量, 除(N-n)至拔节阶段, 氮高效类型水稻极显著低于氮低效类型外, 其余各阶段氮高效类型水稻的氮积累量均极显著高于氮低效类型。水稻氮素的阶段性积累率, 移栽至(N-n)和(N-n)至拔节阶段氮低效类型水稻显著大于氮高效类型, 而在拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段则表现出相反的趋势。抽穗前的氮素转移量和转移率, 氮高效类型水稻显著或极显著大于氮低效类型, 而抽穗前氮对籽粒的贡献率, 氮高效类型极显著低于氮低效类型。氮高效类型水稻具有在(N-n)前氮素适度积累, (N-n)后至抽穗阶段, 氮素的有效积累高而无效积累弱的特点。因此至抽穗期, 氮高效类型水稻的氮素积累量大于氮低效类型, 具有较高的氮素转移量和转移率。但由于氮高效类型水稻在抽穗以后仍具有较强的氮素积累能力, 因此其抽穗前氮对籽粒的贡献率相对低于氮低效类型。

2009

0.0

1.883

. 2009, 15:1324-1332 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2009.0612

Effects of irrigation amount and stage on nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and soil NO³--N content in high-yield wheat

(灌水量和时期对高产小麦氮素积累、分配和转运及土壤硝态氮含量的影响) . (植物营养与肥料学报) , 2009 , 15 : 1324 - 1332 Zheng C Y , Yu Z W , Wang X Z , Wu T H . Effects of irrigation amount and stage on nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and soil NO 3 --N content in high-yield wheat

Zheng C Y

(郑成岩) , (于振文) , (王西芝) , (武同华) . (灌水量和时期对高产小麦氮素积累、分配和转运及土壤硝态氮含量的影响) . (植物营养与肥料学报) , 2009 , 15 : 1324 - 1332 Zheng C Y

1 Key Laboratory of Wheat Cultivation Physiology and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/ Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China; 2 Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Yanzhou City, Yanzhou, Shandong 272000, China

Irrigation is one of the most important measures to regulate plant metabolism in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, unsuitable irrigation will cause the decline of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield. To determine the effects of irrigation amount and stage on nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and soil NO₃^--N content under the condition of high yield at the level of 9000 kg per hectare, the field experiment was carried out on high fertility soil with organic matter 15.20 g/kg, alkali-hydrolysable N 77.13 mg/kg, available P 29.70 mg/kg, and available K 121.58 mg/kg in Shiwang village, Yanzhou city, Shandong province, China, using the wheat cultivar Jimai 22 which has high yield and medium gluten potential. Five treatments were set with no irrigation (W0)， irrigated before sowing (W1)， irrigated before sowing and at jointing stage, respectively (W2)，irrigated before sowing, at jointing and anthesis stages, respectively (W3)，irrigated before sowing and at anthesis stage, respectively (W4). The irrigation amount each time was 60 mm. There were three replicates for each treatment. The plot area was 2

m×6 m and a 1 m wide protective belt was left between every two adjacent experimental plots. The basic seedling number was 180 plant/m².

The results indicated that，the nitrogen accumulation amount in plant and grain and the nitrogen translocation amount (nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at anthesis stage－nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at maturity, NTA) from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis in treatments which irrigation were supplied were significantly higher than those of treatment W0. With the increasing of irrigation amount, the nitrogen accumulation amount of wheat plant, NTA and nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTA/nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at anthesis stage, TE) from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis were increased at first then decreased, and those of treatment W2 were the highest. The soil NO₃^--N content in 0–200 cm soil layer decreased first, increased then, and decreased again as wheat growth process progress, and reached its lowest content at jointing stage. At maturity stage, the soil NO₃^--N content in 0–40 cm soil layer of treatment W0 was significantly higher than that of treatments which irrigation were supplied. With the increasing of irrigation amount, the soil NO₃^--N content in 100–160 cm soil layer was increased, that of treatment W2 was significantly lower than treatment W3 and W4, and there were no significant differences in 160–200 cm soil layer among these treatments. With the increasing of irrigation amount, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen fertilizer productive efficiency were increased at first then decreased, and those of treatment W2 were the highest. But nitrogen use efficiency was gradually decreased, and that of treatment W0 was the highest while there was no significant difference among treatment W2, W3 and W4. Based on a comprehensive consideration of nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and soil NO₃^--N content, the irrigation amount and stage recommended under the condition of this research was the treatment W2 which irrigated before sowing and at jointing stage respectively, the irrigation amount each time was 60 mm.

在每公顷产9000 kg小麦的高产条件下，以济麦22为试验材料，设置全生育期不灌水（W0）、底墒水（W1）、底墒水+拔节水（W2）、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W3)、底墒水+开花水 (W4) 5个灌溉处理，每次灌水60 mm，研究了灌水量和时期对高产小麦氮素积累、分配和转运及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明：1）与不灌水处理（W0）相比较，灌水处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、子粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向子粒的转移量；随着灌水量的增加，成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量、开花后营养器官积累的氮素向小麦子粒转移量和转移率均呈现先增加后降低的趋势，以W2处理最高。2）随着小麦生育进程的推进，0—200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量先降低后回升再降低，在拔节期最低。成熟期，W0处理0—40 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于灌水处理；随灌水量的增加，100—160 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量增加，W2处理显著低于W3和W4处理；160—200 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量无显著差异。3）随灌水量的增加，氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数和氮肥生产效率先增加后降低，W2处理最高；而氮素利用效率则呈逐渐降低趋势，其中W0处理的氮素利用效率显著高于其他处理，W2、W3、W4处理间无显著差异。在本试验条件下，综合考虑氮素利用、子粒产量和土壤中硝态氮的淋溶，底墒水和拔节水各灌60 mm的W2为最佳处理，可供生产中参考。

2000

0.0

... 0 mol L^-1 NH₄OAc浸提-火焰光度法测速效钾^[11] ...

2001

0.0

. 2001, 4(3):42-46

Study on the differences of nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different types of rice

(不同类型水稻在氮素吸收及利用上的差异) . (扬州大学学报(自然科学版) ), 2001 , 4 ( 3 ): 42 - 46 Shan Y H , Wang Y L , Yamamoto Y , Huang J Y , Yang L X , Zhang C S . Study on the differences of nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different types of rice

Shan Y H

(单玉华) , (王余龙) , (山本由德) , (黄建晔) , (杨连新) , (张传胜) . (不同类型水稻在氮素吸收及利用上的差异) . (扬州大学学报(自然科学版) ), 2001 , 4 ( 3 ): 42 - 46 Shan Y H

在群体水培条件下,测定了95个水稻材料抽穗期及成熟期植株的含氮率及干物质积累量,并分常规粳稻、常规籼稻、广亲和品种、杂交粳稻、杂交籼稻及两系杂交稻6种类型,研究了供试水稻材料在氮素吸收及利用上的差异. 结果表明:①籼稻植株的含氮率明显高于粳稻及广亲和品种,杂交籼稻的含氮率高于常规籼稻,而杂交粳稻的含氮率与常规粳稻无显著差异. ②籼稻植株总吸氮量平均比粳稻高14.1%;与常规籼稻及常规粳稻相比,杂交籼稻及杂交粳稻的总吸氮量分别高22.8%和16.4%. ③植株总吸氮量在器官中的分配比例以根、叶片的变异幅度较大,而穗及茎鞘的变异幅度则较小;根中氮的分配比例以广亲和品种最高,常规籼稻显著高于杂交籼稻,而常规粳稻与杂交粳稻间无显著差异. ④从氮的利用效率看,粳稻及广亲和品种氮的干物质生产效率高于籼稻,而氮的籽粒生产效率低于籼稻;氮收获指数以广亲和品种最低,其他类型间差异未达显著水平.

... 氮收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是反映作物对已吸收氮素利用效率的重要指标, 在许多作物上都有应用^{[12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2006

2.859

0.0

... 氮收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是反映作物对已吸收氮素利用效率的重要指标, 在许多作物上都有应用^{[12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2007

0.0

1.667

. 2007, 33(11):1896-1901

Nitrogen use characteristic in maize relay-cropping system of different cultivars

(不同品种组合下春夏玉米套作的氮素利用特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2007 , 33 : 1896 - 1901 Ning T Y , Jiao N Y , Zhang M , Zheng Y H , Zhao C , An Y Y , Li Z J . Nitrogen use characteristic in maize relay-cropping system of different cultivars

Ning T Y

(宁堂原) , (焦念元) , (张民) , (郑延海) , (赵春) , (安艳艳) , (李增嘉) . (不同品种组合下春夏玉米套作的氮素利用特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2007 , 33 : 1896 - 1901 Ning T Y

1 State Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong; 2 College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan; 3 Dongying Vocation College, Dongying 257091, Shandong; 4 Qufu No.2 Middle School, Qufu 273100, Shandong, China

Three different cultivars, premature cultivars Luyuandan 14, medium cultivars Yedan 22 and late maturing cultivars Yedan 13, were chosen to study the effects of different maize cultivars on nitrogen (N) use characteristic and yield of relay-planted spring-sown and summer-sown maize compared with those of mono-planted. The results indicated that the N uptake of spring-sown maize was increased with longer growth duration. But when the longer growth duration cultivars of spring-sown maize with highest N uptake ability were used in relay-cropping, the N uptake by summer-sown maize were decreased obviously, which was not benefit to increase the annual yield. The N uptake efficiency (N accumulation in plant /N supplied, NUPE), N use efficiency (grain yield/N accumulation in plant, NUE) and N harvest index (N accumulation in grain/N accumulation in plant, NHI) were higher under relay-cropping than under sole cropping, while the N production efficiency (grain yield/N supplied, NPE) of relay cropping was between the range of spring-sown maize and summer-sown maize under sole cropping. Relay cropping of spring-sown maize with suitable N uptake ability and summer-sown maize with highest N uptake ability could enhance the advantages of the cropping system. The average land equivalent ratio for N yield of cropping system relay-planted with spring-sown maize of Luyuandan 14, Yedan 22, and Yedan 13 were 2.46, 1.63, and 2.04, respectively. While those for biomass yield were 1.91, 1.60, and 1.78, respectively. The relay cropping modes with higher N yield and biomass yield were Yedan 13/Yedan 22, Yedan 13/Yedan 13, and Luyuandan 14/Yedan 13. Compared with sole cropping maize, the relay-cropping system can get higher N productive ability and biomass yield by using more suitable cultivars.

选用玉米早熟品种鲁原单14、中熟品种掖单22和晚熟品种掖单13，以单作为对照，研究了品种对套作和单作条件下春、夏玉米氮素利用特征以及产量的影响。结果表明，单作和套作条件下，春玉米生长期的延长有利于其吸氮量的增加，但不利于夏玉米的氮素利用。套作处理的氮素吸收效率、氮肥生产效率和氮收获指数均高于单作，但氮素利用效率介于单作春玉米和单作夏玉米之间。当春玉米对氮素的竞争能力适中，夏玉米竞争能力强时，更利于套作体系氮素优势的充分发挥。与早熟、中熟、晚熟春玉米套作组合的氮吸收土地当量比平均分别为2.46、1.63和2.04；生物产量的土地当量比平均分别为1.91、1.603和1.78。但从全年氮素利用和生物产量看，较好的套作组合是掖单13/掖单22、掖单13/掖单13和鲁原单14/掖单13。与单作相比，春夏玉米套作显著提高了全年氮素生产力和生物产量，合理的品种选择有利于套作条件下玉米高产优质潜力的充分发挥。

... 氮收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是反映作物对已吸收氮素利用效率的重要指标, 在许多作物上都有应用^{[12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2008

0.0

... 氮收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是反映作物对已吸收氮素利用效率的重要指标, 在许多作物上都有应用^{[12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2012

2.474

0.0

... 氮收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率是反映作物对已吸收氮素利用效率的重要指标, 在许多作物上都有应用^{[12,13,14,15,16]} ...

2001

0.0

. 2001, (3):3-6

The problems and control countermeasures of nitrogen pollution in agriculture of China

(我国集约化农业中氮污染问题及防治对策) . (土壤肥料) , 2001 , ( 3 ): 3 - 6 Cao R L , Jia X K . The problems and control countermeasures of nitrogen pollution in agriculture of China

Cao R L

(曹仁林) , (贾晓葵) . (我国集约化农业中氮污染问题及防治对策) . (土壤肥料) , 2001 , ( 3 ): 3 - 6 Cao R L

概述了我国部分地区因过量施用化肥氮而导致对地面水、地下水及蔬菜造成硝酸盐污染的现状；提出了制定《农田施肥污染防治管理规定》等防止农业生态环境氮污染的对策意见。

Abstract：

The paper summarized the present situation of nitrate pollution in some area of our country where the surface water, underground water and vegetable crop were polluted by using nitrogen excessively, put forward some proposals and control countermeasures to prevent the nitrogen pollution in agriculture ecology environment such as draw up the "pollution prevention administrative stipulate for farm land fertilizer application".

... 随着氮素投入的增加, 氮素流失带来严重的环境污染^[17,18], 高产与高效(氮素利用率)往往存在矛盾, 以往在水稻和玉米上的研究结果显示增施氮肥使氮素吸收总量增加、产量增加, 而氮素利用效率下降^[19,20] ...

1995

0.0

1.883

. 1995, 1:80-87 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.1995.0212

Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China

(我国北方农用氮肥造成地下水硝酸盐污染的调查) . (植物营养与肥料学报) , 1995 , 1 : 80 - 87 Zhang W L , Tian Z X , Zhang N , Li X Q . Investigation of nitrate pollution in ground water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture in North China

Zhang W L

(张维理) , (田哲旭) , (张宁) , (李晓齐) . (我国北方农用氮肥造成地下水硝酸盐污染的调查) . (植物营养与肥料学报) , 1995 , 1 : 80 - 87 Zhang W L

Soil and Fertilizer Institute;CAAS. 100081

Results obtained from Investigation in 14 cities and counties in North China demonstrate that in countryside, small cities and towns of certain regions of North China nitrate pollution of ground water and drinking water due to nitrogen fertilization in agriculture has becoming a serious problem. At over half of the 69 investigated locations nitrate contents in ground water and drinking water exceed 50 mg/L, the allowable limit for nitrate content in drinking water. In some locations the nitrate content in ground water and drinking water reaches 300 mg/L. Analysis of nitrogen fertilizer development in China shows that doubled increase of nitrogen fertilizer application since eighties is one of the main responsible reasons for nitrate pollution of ground water in North China. Moreover, with the further raise of nitrogen fertilizer application in the next 30 years in China, the situation of nitrate pollution in ground water and drinking water will become more severe. Based on investigations and analysis.some concrete solutions for solving the problems have been suggested in the paper.

对我国北方14个县市的调查结果显示:北方一些地区的农村和小城镇由于农用氮肥的大量施用而引起的地下水、饮用水硝酸盐污染的问题已十分严重。在调查的69个地点中有半数以上超过饮用水硝酸盐含量的最大允许量(50毫克/升)。其中最高者达300毫克/升。对于氮肥使用状况的分析结果表明,我国北方地下水的硝酸盐污染主要与80年代以来化学氮肥用量的成倍增长有关。而随着今后化学氮肥用量的进一步增加,农用氮肥引起地下水、饮用水硝酸盐污染的情况将较目前更为严峻。在调查和分析的基础上本文还提出了解决这一问题的几点具体意见及措施。

2004

0.0

1.889

. 2004, 37:490-496

Nitrogen uptake and utilization under different nitrogen management and influence on grain yield and quality in rice

(不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2004 , 37 : 490 - 496 Jiang L G , Cao W X , Gan X Q , Wei S Q , Xu J Y , Dong D F , Chen N P , Lu F Y , Qin H D . Nitrogen uptake and utilization under different nitrogen management and influence on grain yield and quality in rice

Jiang L G

(江立庚) , (曹卫星) , (甘秀芹) , (韦善清) , (徐建云) , (董登峰) , (陈念平) , (陆福勇) , (秦华东) . (不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2004 , 37 : 490 - 496 Jiang L G

@江立庚$南京农业大学/农业部作物生长调控重点开放实验室!南京210095;广西大学作物栽培学与耕作学省级重点开放实验室,南宁530005 @曹卫星$南京农业大学/农业部作物生长调控重点开放实验室!南京210095 @甘秀芹$广西大学作物栽培学与耕作学省级重点开放实验室!南宁530005 @韦善清$广西大学作物栽培学与耕作学省级重点开放实验室!南宁530005 @徐建云$广西大学作物栽培学与耕作学省级重点开放实验室!南宁530005 @董登峰$广西大学作物栽培学与耕作学省级重点开放实验室!南宁5

在大田不同施氮条件下,研究了3个水稻品种的氮素吸收利用效率及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素的生产效率和收获指数下降。相同施氮量条件下提高穗肥比率,氮素积累量及其回收效率和运转效率增加,而氮素生产效率下降。不同施氮条件下水稻氮素吸收利用效率的变化对产量和品质性状产生重要影响,稻米蛋白质含量随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素生产效率提高而极显著下降;垩白米率及面积随氮素收获指数增加而显著提高。穗数随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率增加而显著下降;结

2006

0.0

1.883

. 2006, 12:321-326 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2006.0306

The differences of nitrogen uptake and utilization in waxy corn: I. The difference genotypes in absorption and utilization of nitrogen

(不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究: I. 氮素吸收利用的基因型差异) . (植物营养与肥料学报) , 2006 , 12 : 321 - 326 Lu Y L , Lu W P , Wang J F , Liu P , Liu X B , Lu D L , Su H . The differences of nitrogen uptake and utilization in waxy corn: I. The difference genotypes in absorption and utilization of nitrogen

Lu Y L

(卢艳丽) , (陆卫平) , (王继丰) , (刘萍) , (刘小兵) , (陆大雷) , (苏辉) . (不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究: I. 氮素吸收利用的基因型差异) . (植物营养与肥料学报) , 2006 , 12 : 321 - 326 Lu Y L

Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab.of Crop Genetics and Physiology;Yangzhou Univ.;Yangzhou 225009;China

In order to understand the characteristic of nitrogen uptake and utilization and provide guidance for fertilization in accordance with varieties and high nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUE),31 waxy corn(Zea mays L.ceratina Kulesh)varieties released in recent years in China were selected to analyze their genotype differences of NUE under the same(nitrogen) fertilization condition.The results showed that the NUE variation of fresh ear,fresh grain and maturity grain(among) varieties were 57.82—98.65,39.43—61.31 and 31.70—53.70 kg/kg,respectively.Through cluster analysis,6 varieties of Feng nuo 2146,Jing ke nuo 267,Hu yu nuo 3,Jing ke nuo 218,Qian nuo 668 and Jing ke nuo 2000 were regarded as high yield and high NUE,no matter their harvest product being as fresh ear,fresh grain or maturity grain of the produce.In addition,their average N absorption per 100 kg fresh ear,fresh grain and maturity grain was 1.244,1.844 and 2.091 kg,respectively.Through path analysis,it was found that the total N uptake had a dominant effect on fresh ear yield and fresh grain yield,while the total N uptake and NUE had a similar effect on maturity grain yield.So the improvement of total N uptake was the crucial for improving the fresh ear and fresh grain yield of waxy corns.However,the improvement of both the total N uptake and NUE together was important for the purpose of improving the maturity grain yield of waxy corns.

为明确糯玉米的氮素吸收利用特性及为因种施肥和氮素高效利用提供依据,开展了同一氮素供应水平下31个糯玉米品种氮素吸收利用的基因型差异研究。结果表明,生产鲜穗、鲜子粒和成熟子粒糯玉米的氮素利用效率品种间变异范围分别为57.82～98.65、39.43～61.31和31.70～53.70.kg/kg。聚类分析指出,无论其收获产品是鲜穗、鲜子粒还是成熟子粒,均属于高产、氮素高效吸收利用的品种有6个,其百公斤鲜穗、鲜子粒及成熟子粒需氮量平均值分别为1.244、1.884和2.091.kg。通径分析表明,提高品种鲜穗和鲜子粒产量,改良吸氮总量起主导作用;提高成熟期子粒产量,改良吸氮总量和氮素利用效率并重。