杂交籼稻机械化种植的分蘖特性

引用本文

雷小龙, 刘利, 刘波, 黄光忠, 马荣朝, 任万军. 杂交籼稻机械化种植的分蘖特性. 作物学报, 2014, 40(6): 1044-1055[LEI Xiao-Long, LIU Li, LIU Bo, HUANG Guang-Zhong, MA Rong-Chao, REN Wan-Jun. Tillering Characteristics ofIndica Hybrid Rice under Mechanized Planting . Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40(6): 1044-1055] 复制到剪切板

Permissions

作物学报编辑部

杂交籼稻机械化种植的分蘖特性

雷小龙¹, 刘利¹, 刘波¹, 黄光忠², 马荣朝^1,^*, 任万军^1,^*

¹四川农业大学 / 农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 四川温江 611130

²成都市郫县农村发展局, 四川郫县 611730

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 马荣朝, E-mail:marongcao@163.com; 任万军, E-mail:rwjun@126.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:leixl1989@163.com

收稿日期:2014-03-04

基金资助:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B05, 2013BAD07B13-2)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)资助;

摘要

为探明不同播期杂交籼稻机械化种植的分蘖特性及其与产量的关系, 以F优498为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 研究了早播与迟播2个处理下机直播、机插、手插3种种植方式的杂交籼稻分蘖发生与成穗特点及各分蘖穗的穗部性状。结果表明: (1)一次分蘖群对产量贡献大且稳定, 均在58.67%~63.82%之间; 主茎对产量贡献率以机直播最高, 手插最低; 机插和手插二次分蘖群占产量比例均显著高于机直播。(2)不同种植方式分蘖发生与成穗规律不同, 机直播与机插分蘖发生均属一次高峰型, 手插属二次高峰型。机直播分蘖发生早而快, 一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1~第8叶位, 其中第1~第4叶位分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖成穗以第1、第2叶位为主。机插分蘖发生晚、起点低, 但比较集中, 一次分蘖群以3/0~8/0发生为主, 3/0~6/0分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群成穗以第3~第5叶位为主。手插秧田与本田均发生分蘖, 分蘖发生叶位数多, 持续时间长, 一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1、第2、第4~第8叶位, 其中第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群发生与成穗主要在第1、第2叶位。分蘖成穗叶位数和产量均随播期延迟而减少。(3) 3种种植方式的主茎及中低叶位一次分蘖枝梗数和每穗粒数多, 粒大, 单穗重高; 高叶位一次分蘖和二次分蘖枝梗数和穗粒均较少, 稻穗小。机直播优势叶位为第1~第4叶位, 机插为第3~第6叶位, 手插为第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位, 对产量贡献率分别达70.51%、73.83%和76.81%。优势叶位分蘖发生与成穗率高, 稻穗大, 对产量贡献率高, 应优化农艺措施挖掘其增产潜力。

关键词: 杂交籼稻; 机械化种植; 分蘖特性; 优势叶位; 成穗率

Tillering Characteristics ofIndica Hybrid Rice under Mechanized Planting

LEI Xiao-Long¹, LIU Li¹, LIU Bo¹, HUANG Guang-Zhong², MA Rong-Chao^1,^*, REN Wan-Jun^1,^*

¹Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wen-jiang 611130, China

² Pixian Bureau of Rural Development, Pixian 611730, China

Fund:

Abstract

In order to explore tillering characteristics and its relationships with yield ofindica hybrid rice with mechanized planting and different sowing dates, a split plot field experiment was conducted using F you 498 with mechanized direct-seeding, mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting and two sowing date treatments. The main results are as follows: (1) The major and stable contribution to yield was from primary tillers group, ranging from 58.67% to 63.82% among different planting methods. The contribution to yield from main stem was significantly different, with the highest in mechanized direct-seeding and the lowest in artificial transplanting. Yield of secondary tillers group was much lower in mechanized direct-seeding than in mechanized and artificial transplanting. (2) The tillering and panicle formation pattern was different for different planting methods which had a changing trend with a single peak for mechanized direct-seeding and transplanting and with two peaks for artificial transplanting. Tillers of mechanized direct-seeding had early and fast emergence and its primary tillers group emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 8, among which tillers from leaf 1 to leaf 4 had higher percentage of emerging and earbearing, and secondary tillers group earbeared mainly in leaf 1 and leaf 2. Tillers of mechanized transplanting had relatively late, low and concentrated emergence, the primary tillers group mainly emerged from 3/0 to 8/0, among which leaf position of 3/0 to 6/0 had higher rate of panicle formation, and secondary tillers group emerged and earbeared mainly in leaf 3, leaf 4, and leaf 5. The number of tillering leaf positions of artificial transplanting was more and tillering time was longer in seeding bed and field. The primary tillers group mainly emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 8 besides leaf 3, among which the tillers of leaf 1, leaf 2, leaf 4, leaf 5, and leaf 6 had higher earbearing percentage, secondary tillers group emerged and earbeared mainly in leaf 1 and leaf 2. The number of tillering and earbearing leaf positions and yield decreased with delaying sowing date. (3) The main stem and primary tillers in low and middle earbearing leaf positions had larger number of earbearing tiller branches, spikelets per panicle, grain weight and grain weight per panicle among three planting methods. The number of earbearing tiller branches and spikelets per panicle of secondary tillers and primary tillers in high earbearing leaf positions were fewer, so their panicles were small. Leaf 1 to leaf 4 in mechanized direct-seeding, leaf 3 to leaf 6 in mechanized transplanting and leaf positions of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 in artificial transplanting were the superior leaf positions. Their contributions to yield were 70.51%, 73.83%, and 76.81%, respectively. The tillers group of superior leaf positions in each planting method had higher rates of tiller emerging and panicle formation, larger panicles and higher contribution to yield. Thus, we should optimize agronomic measures for tillers of superior leaf positions to increase yield potential.

Keyword: Indica hybrid rice; Mechanized planting; Tillering characteristics; Superior leaf position; Earbearing tiller percentage

Show Figures

0 引言

单位面积有效穗数是水稻产量构成中形成最早、最活跃的因素, 也是其后各因素形成的基础^{[ 1]}。张洪程等^{[ 2]}认为水稻高产栽培根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”, 扩库容有3种途径, 多穗适用于一般低产到中产水平; 穗粒兼顾适用于中产到高产; 超高产须依靠大穗扩库。适宜的穗数结合高的每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重, 将使水稻群体质量和产量得到进一步提高^{[ 3]}。因此, 提高成穗率和单位面积形成适宜穗数是水稻高产群体的综合指标^{[ 4]}。分蘖是影响水稻穗数进而决定单产的重要农艺性状^{[ 5, 6]}, 是遗传和环境条件互作的结果^{[ 7, 8]}。栽培措施显著影响水稻分蘖发生与成穗, 前人研究了肥水管理^{[ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]}、种植密度^{[ 9, 14, 15, 16]}、秧苗素质^{[ 17]}和化学调控^{[ 18]}等对分蘖特性及产量的影响。近些年, 随着经济快速发展及农业现代化需要, 劳动力大量向第二、三产业转移, 致使农村优质劳动力不足, 我国水稻种植迫切需要向轻简化、机械化方向发展。当前, 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^{[ 19, 20]}, 关于机械化种植对水稻分蘖发生与成穗影响的研究较少^{[ 15, 21]}。四川盆地周年种植模式以菜-稻、油(麦)-稻居多^{[ 22]}, 探讨适宜不同茬口的高产种植方式具有实际意义。为此, 本研究以手插为对照, 研究不同播期下机械穴直播、机插对杂交籼稻的分蘖发生与成穗规律、不同次级和叶位分蘖的穗部性状及对产量的影响, 以期明确不同种植方式杂交籼稻分蘖发生与成穗规律及优势叶位, 为机械化种植杂交籼稻合理利用分蘖、挖掘优势叶位增产潜力及调控群体提供理论和实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料与种植条件

2013年在成都市郫县古城镇花牌村基地(30°52′N, 103°55′ E)种植籼型杂交中稻F优498。该基地位于成都平原都江堰自流灌溉区, 属亚热带湿润性季风气候区。试验地前茬为蔬菜, 土壤属灰棕冲积土母质发育而成的水稻土, 质地为中壤。0~20 cm土层pH为5.85, 含有机质31.09 g kg^-1、全氮1.43 g kg^-1、全磷1.12 g kg^-1、全钾18.39 g kg^-1、碱解氮101.97 mg kg^-1、速效磷149.71 mg kg^-1、速效钾28.25 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计与田间管理

采用二因素裂区设计, 种植方式为主区, 设机械穴直播(MD)、机插(MT)、手插(AT) 3个处理; 以播期为副区, 分早播(ES)和迟播(LS) 2个处理, 机械穴直播(以下简称机直播)早播处理播期为4月20日, 迟播处理为5月10日; 机插和手插早播处理播期为3月21日, 迟播处理为4月10日, 秧龄均为30 d。机直播、机插和手插的行穴距分别为25 cm×20 cm、30 cm×16 cm和30 cm×16 cm, 各小区用塑料薄膜包埂隔离, 单独肥水管理。小区面积36 m², 重复3次。用穴距可调、播量可控的2BD-10精量穴直播机进行水直播, 三叶一心期间苗定苗, 机直播穴苗数为3苗穴^-1; 用VP6高速插秧机插秧, 穴苗数为2苗穴^-1, 早播叶龄4.0~4.9叶, 迟播叶龄为4.0~5.1叶; 手插旱育秧精量移栽以2苗栽插, 早播叶龄为4.7~5.7叶, 单株平均带分蘖1.6个, 迟播叶龄为4.3~6.5叶, 单株平均带分蘖2.1个。施纯氮180 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4, 其中基蘖肥以基肥∶分蘖肥=2∶1、穗肥以促花肥∶保花肥=5∶5施用。按N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=2∶1∶2确定磷、钾肥施用量, 磷肥作基肥一次性施用, 钾肥按基肥∶穗肥(促花肥) = 5∶5施用, 其他管理措施按当地高产栽培要求实施。

1.3 测定内容与方法

栽插后5 d (四叶期直播)从每小区选取长势比较一致的连续20株, 用红绳圈定并标记叶龄, 对水稻植株分蘖的发生情况挂牌追踪。在每个主茎和分蘖上挂标签, 在标签上写好分蘖的次级和叶位, 并做好记录, 每5 d标记叶龄、挂牌一次。0表示主茎, X/0分蘖指着生在主茎第X叶位上的一次分蘖, 成熟期根据标签统计成穗数。各叶位分蘖的发生率(%) = 该叶位分蘖的实际发生数量/观察株数×100; 各叶位分蘖的成穗率(%)=该叶位分蘖的成穗数/分蘖实际发生数×100。

与分蘖发生与成穗追踪同步调查茎蘖消长动态, 从每个小区另选长势比较一致的连续20穴, 栽插后5 d (机直播播种后25 d)到拔节前每5 d调查1次。

成熟期根据各分蘖的标签将各级分蘖分开, 单独收获和考种, 测定穗长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数、二次枝梗粒数、每穗粒数等穗部性状, 并测定结实率和粒重, 单独称重计算各茎蘖穗重和单株产量。调查每小区60穴计有效穗数, 并实收核产。二次枝梗率=二次枝梗数/一次枝梗数; 着粒密度(grain cm^-1)=每穗粒数/穗长(cm)。

1.4 统计分析

应用Microsoft Excel 2007处理数据, SAS 9.0软件进行其他统计分析。用LSD (least significant difference tests)比较样本平均数的差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 种植方式对分蘖发生及发生率的影响

由表1可知, 不同种植方式水稻分蘖发生叶位数及各叶位分蘖发生率差异明显。机直播没有移栽环节, 分蘖发生叶位低, 早播处理一次分蘖发生在第1~第8叶位, 其中1/0~6/0较高, 发生率均在90%以上; 迟播处理则是第1~第7叶位, 1/0~5/0发生率高达95%; 二次分蘖在第1~第4叶位均有发生, 集中于第1和第2叶位。机插用钵形毯状秧盘育秧, 育秧环节密度较大, 也受机械植伤的影响, 主茎第1叶位分蘖缺失, 分蘖发生起始于第2叶位, 但发生率很低; 早播处理4/0~8/0发生率较高, 均高于90%; 迟播处理发生率以3/0~7/0较高, 不低于88%; 早播处理二次分蘖主要发生在第4和第5叶位, 迟播处理为第3~第5叶位, 发生率50%以上。手插第1和第2叶位一次分蘖在秧田发生, 发生率80%以上, 第3叶位受移栽植伤的影响, 分蘖发生较少; 一次分蘖在第4~第9叶位均有发生, 但以第4~第8叶位为主, 第8和第9叶位一次分蘖发生率随播期延迟而降低; 二次分蘖发生主要是第1、第2、第4和第5叶位。综合来看, 3种种植方式中一、二级分蘖发生叶位数以手插最多, 机插次之, 机直播最低, 且一、二级分蘖叶位数随播期延迟而减少。

表1 不同种植方式分蘖发生叶位及发生率 Table 1 Tiller leaf position and emerging rate under different planting methods (%)

不同种植方式下分蘖发生数随叶位变化趋势不一致(图1), 机直播和机插均为一次高峰型, 手插为二次高峰型。机直播全生育期在本田, 分蘖发生数随叶位增加呈线性下降的趋势; 机插秧田期分蘖极少, 主要发生在本田, 分蘖发生数随叶位增加呈开口向下抛物线关系, 于第4叶达最高峰; 手插在秧田与本田均有分蘖发生, 在第1和第4 (或第5)叶位出现两个高峰。同一种植方式下, 不同播期间变化趋势一致, 播期延迟会明显减少分蘖发生叶位和分蘖发生数。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同种植方式各叶位分蘖发生数MD: 机直播; MT: 机插; AT: 手插; ES: 早播; LS: 迟播。Fig. 1 Emerging tiller number of each leaf position under different planting methodsMD: mechanized direct-seeding; MT: mechanized transplanting; AT: artificial transplanting; ES: early sowing treatment; LS: late sowing treatment.

2.2 不同种植方式的茎蘖动态与叶龄

不同种植方式下水稻群体的茎蘖动态差异明显(图2), 机直播分蘖发生早而快, 起点高, 持续时间短, 早播和迟播处理于播种后33~35 d和28~30 d群体茎蘖数即达到预期穗数值, 37 d和35 d左右到高峰苗期。机插受机械植伤影响且秧田期大都无分蘖发生, 约栽后10 d才缓苗, 较机直播和手插分蘖发生晚, 起点低, 早播和迟播处理分别于返青后23~ 25 d和15~17 d达到预期穗数值, 栽后39~41 d和31~33 d达到高峰苗期。手插秧田期有分蘖发生, 虽有植伤影响, 但起点较高, 早播和迟播处理分别于栽后20~22 d和17~19 d群体茎蘖数达穗数预期值, 之后平缓上升, 栽后31~33 d和28~30 d达高峰苗期, 分蘖持续时间长。不同种植方式下, 群体最终成穗数表现为手插>机直播>机插; 成穗数随播期延迟而降低。因此, 机直播、机插和手插3种种植方式早播处理成穗率分别为67.88%、70.67%和60.97%, 机直播、机插的迟播处理较早播分别低8.33和9.84个百分点, 手插反而高7.89个百分点, 原因可能是手插早播高峰苗显著高于迟播处理, 其中无效分蘖较多, 成穗率降低。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 不同种植方式群体的茎蘖动态缩写同图1。Abbreviations are the same as given in Fig. 1.Fig. 2 Dynamics of stems and tillers of rice population under different planting methods

从种植方式对水稻叶龄影响来看(图3), 机直播、机插、手插早播的总叶数分别为14.97、15.83和16.78, 机直播出叶早而快, 总叶数低; 机插受机械植伤影响, 出叶持续时间长; 手插总叶数最多, 出叶速度介于直播和机插之间。不同种植方式总叶数随播期延迟而降低, 迟播较早播分别减少0.98、0.92和1.16叶。从图4可知, 机直播不高于10叶时, 分蘖数及分蘖增长速率均高于机插和手插, 至10叶时大多数分蘖已发生, 但总分蘖数低于机插和手插; 机插分蘖叶龄期长, 分蘖增长速率低, 约到12叶时分蘖发生结束; 手插的分蘖增长速率高于机插, 且分蘖叶龄期长, 总分蘖数高。随播期延迟, 分蘖发生的叶龄降低, 分蘖数降低, 分蘖增长速率增加。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 不同种植方式的叶龄与播期的关系缩写同图1。Abbreviations are the same as given in Fig. 1.Fig. 3 Relationship between leaf age and seeding date of different planting methods

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图4 不同种植方式分蘖发生数与叶龄的关系缩写同表1。Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.Fig. 4 Relationship between leaf age and tiller emerging number of different planting methods

2.3 种植方式对分蘖成穗叶位及成穗率的影响

由表2可知, 一次分蘖成穗率表现为手插>机插>机直播, 二次分蘖成穗率呈机插>手插>机直播的趋势。机直播和手插一次分蘖成穗叶位数较发生叶位数均减少2.0个, 而机插迟播处理减少1.0个; 3种种植方式二次分蘖成穗叶位数较发生叶位数均减少。机直播早播处理一次分蘖成穗率29.2%~100.0%, 平均为79.9%, 以1/0~5/0为主, 成穗率75%以上; 迟播处理一次分蘖成穗主要依靠1/0~4/0; 机直播二次分蘖成穗率较低, 平均仅为18.5%, 主要集中于第1和第2叶位, 高叶位二次分蘖均未成穗。机插早播处理一次分蘖成穗率以2/0~6/0较高, 成穗率达95.0%; 迟播处理一次分蘖成穗率集中于第3~第6叶位; 机插二次分蘖成穗叶位主要为第3~第5叶位。手插早播处理一次分蘖成穗以1/0、2/0、4/0和5/0为主, 成穗率均在85%以上; 二次分蘖成穗主要是第1、第2叶位, 其余高叶位二次分蘖成穗率均较低; 一次分蘖迟播与早播处理规律一致, 二次分蘖较早播处理减小23.7%。

表2 不同种植方式分蘖成穗叶位及成穗率 Table 2 Panicle leaf position and earbearing tiller percentage under different planting methods (%)

由图5可见, 不同种植方式下成穗数和分蘖发生数与叶位的关系的趋势一致。机直播第1~第4叶位成穗数高, 机插为第3~第6叶位, 手插为第1、第2、第4和第5叶位, 各叶位成穗数均高于0.6个。3种种植方式高叶位成穗数随播期延迟而减少, 但主要成穗叶位的成穗数差异较小。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图5 不同种植方式各叶位分蘖成穗数缩写同图1。Abbreviations are the same as given in Fig. 1.Fig. 5 Panicle number of each leaf position under different planting methods

2.4 种植方式对产量及穗部性状的影响

种植方式对水稻群体和单株产量均有显著影响(表3), 机直播显著低于机插和手插, 机插与手插差异不显著, 机插略高于手插。产量随播期延迟显著降低, 3种种植方式迟播较早播处理分别减少14.20%、12.85%和12.52%。机直播单株成穗数显著低于机插和手插处理, 随播期延迟显著降低; 有效穗数表现为机直播>手插>机插, 但差异未达显著水平。从不同穗源对产量的贡献来看(表4), 主茎占产量的比例以机直播最大, 比机插和手插分别高26.92%和31.57%。主茎对产量贡献率随播期延迟显著增加, 不同种植方式迟播较早播处理分别高46.63%、11.07%和16.47%。种植方式间一次分蘖群对产量贡献的差异不显著, 但叶位间差异明显。种植方式对二次分蘖群占产量的比例影响显著, 表现为机插>手插>机直播, 机直播较机插和手插分别低55.99%和46.88%。机直播第1~第4叶位一次分蘖群占产量的63.61%, 加上二次分蘖共占70.51%; 机插第3~第6叶位分蘖占产量的73.83%, 这些叶位的一次分蘖群对产量的贡献达58.37%; 手插第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位分蘖对产量的贡献为76.81%, 以一次分蘖群贡献为主, 比例达63.82%。机直播和手插二次分蘖对产量的贡献主要是第1和第2叶位, 机插为第3~第5叶位。不同播期间各叶位对产量的贡献差异明显, 高贡献率叶位随播期延迟更集中; 早播处理二次分蘖群对产量的贡献较迟播处理分别高115.79%、81.26%和149.19%。

表3 不同种植方式的产量 Table 3 Grain yield under different planting methods

表4 不同种植方式各叶位茎蘖对产量的贡献率 Table 4 Contribution of stem and tillers in each leaf position to yield under different planting methods (%)

由表5可见, 不同种植方式各茎蘖穗部性状差异明显, 手插的穗长显著短于机直播和机插, 这可能因为不同种植方式生育进程不同, 手插抽穗期相对较早, 温度较低, 因此穗部发育速度较慢, 枝梗间距较小, 穗长较短。一次枝梗数和一次枝梗粒数均以机插最多, 机直播次之, 手插最低; 而主茎和分蘖的二次枝梗数分别表现为手插>机直播>机插和机插>手插>机直播, 二次枝梗粒数呈手插>机插>机直播的趋势; 二次枝梗率以手插最高, 说明手插单个一次枝梗上的二次枝梗数多。从粒重和结实率来看, 粒重差异不显著, 结实率表现为机直播显著低于机插和手插。每穗粒数和单穗重则表现为机插>手插>机直播。3种种植方式的稻穗均以主茎最大, 单穗重最高; 从一次分蘖来看, 机直播第1~第4叶位、机插第3~第6叶位和手插第1、第2、第4和第5叶位的枝梗数和每穗粒数多, 粒重大, 单穗重高; 与主茎和一次分蘖相比, 二次分蘖稻穗短, 枝梗数和每穗粒数少, 粒重较小, 单穗重低; 一、二次分蘖的大穗均集中在低叶位。随播期延迟, 大穗叶位数有所减少, 穗长和一次枝梗数显著增加, 着粒密度明显下降。综合来看, 3种种植方式的大穗主要来源于主茎和中低叶位一次分蘖, 高叶位一次分蘖及二次分蘖稻穗均较小。

表5 不同种植方式各叶位茎蘖的穗部性状 Table 5 Panicle traits of stem and tillers in each leaf position under different planting methods

处理 Treatment		叶位 LP	穗长 Panicle length (cm)	一次枝梗数 No. of PB	二次枝梗数 No. of SB	二次枝梗率 Rate of SB	一次枝梗粒数 NSPB	二次枝梗粒数 NSSB	每穗粒数 NSP	着粒密度 GD (grain cm^-1)	粒重 GW (mg)	结实率 Seed- setting rate (%)	单穗重 GWP (g)
主茎 Main stem
机直播MD	ES	0	23.17	12.1	29.7	2.46	71.8	98.3	170.1	7.35	31.28	96.20	5.12
机直播MD	LS	0	28.50	12.0	36.8	3.06	66.6	137.3	204.0	7.01	28.55	83.38	4.82
机插MT	ES	0	22.90	12.5	34.4	2.76	70.5	124.5	195.0	8.52	29.39	94.71	5.42
机插MT	LS	0	23.83	13.1	30.5	2.32	86.5	101.3	187.7	7.88	30.96	97.00	5.64
手插AT	ES	0	20.46	10.6	38.5	3.61	59.2	143.0	202.2	9.94	27.70	90.93	5.09
手插AT	LS	0	25.53	11.7	29.7	2.54	64.6	108.2	172.8	6.77	30.67	94.69	5.02
平均值 Mean
机直播MD			25.84 a	12.03 b	33.2	2.76 ab	69.2	117.8	185.4	7.18 b	29.92	89.79 b	4.97
机插MT			23.87 b	12.76 a	32.4	2.54 b	78.5	112.9	191.4	8.20 a	30.17	95.86 a	5.53
手插AT			22.99 b	11.18 c	34.1	3.07 a	61.9	125.8	187.5	8.35 a	29.18	92.81 ab	5.05
F值 F-value
播期P			11.00^**	19.93^**	0.39	7.75^*	1.48	0.93	0.10	5.16^*	0.89	5.62^*	1.26
种植方式D			49.27^**	7.24^*	1.96	7.52^*	0.47	0.69	0.03	18.38^**	0.92	2.33	0.08
P×D			7.00^*	2.76	8.87^*	19.67^**	0.59	8.96^*	2.55	7.70^*	7.46^*	12.86^**	0.23
一次分蘖 Primary tiller
机直播MD	ES	1/0	24.87	11.8	28.2	2.39	72.2	93.6	165.8	6.67	31.37	94.85	4.93
		2/0	24.96	11.8	29.7	2.52	65.6	99.2	164.8	6.60	31.31	93.80	4.84
		3/0	22.75	10.4	18.7	1.79	57.4	61.1	118.5	5.21	31.31	95.71	3.55
		4/0	23.32	10.2	17.5	1.72	60.1	59.1	119.2	5.11	30.80	93.73	3.44
		5/0	22.69	9.7	15.5	1.60	67.5	49.7	117.3	5.17	30.99	95.82	3.48
		6/0	20.53	9.6	14.6	1.55	59.3	47.0	106.3	5.17	30.69	95.47	3.14
	LS	1/0	27.93	11.1	32.3	2.90	55.0	118.5	173.5	6.20	28.15	81.27	3.97
		2/0	27.16	10.8	31.4	2.90	52.3	116.8	169.1	6.23	28.37	80.05	3.84
		3/0	25.27	9.8	23.3	2.38	48.8	82.2	131.0	5.18	28.03	79.52	2.90
		4/0	24.93	9.5	23.1	2.44	59.7	81.5	141.2	5.67	28.40	77.35	3.10
		5/0	21.17	9.0	13.0	1.44	47.0	50.0	97.0	4.58	24.58	91.75	2.19
机插MT	ES	2/0	24.90	11.7	29.0	2.64	66.0	100.0	166.0	6.51	27.04	96.39	4.33
		3/0	25.81	12.2	31.7	2.60	68.8	105.1	173.9	6.73	29.16	97.45	4.93
		4/0	26.36	12.0	31.2	2.61	70.9	109.8	180.7	6.86	28.98	91.64	4.80
		5/0	25.91	11.7	31.3	2.64	71.9	108.0	179.9	6.94	28.68	94.04	4.85
		6/0	24.72	10.6	25.4	2.27	81.1	88.0	169.1	6.85	28.47	92.87	4.02
		7/0	23.76	10.5	20.5	1.97	61.4	67.2	128.6	5.41	28.05	93.41	3.36
		8/0	26.60	12.0	28.0	2.33	74.0	84.0	158.0	8.98	29.08	98.74	4.71
	LS	2/0	25.63	12.8	25.7	2.00	96.2	70.9	167.1	6.48	31.38	96.87	5.09
		3/0	25.60	12.9	29.9	2.33	80.2	103.8	184.0	7.19	30.91	96.30	5.48
		4/0	25.16	12.5	27.7	2.22	77.3	90.2	167.5	6.65	30.98	95.90	4.98
		5/0	24.73	11.5	22.9	1.98	80.6	73.6	154.2	6.24	31.23	96.52	4.65
		6/0	23.23	11.3	16.6	1.47	73.2	54.0	127.2	5.48	31.02	95.14	3.75
		7/0	24.15	11.7	22.7	1.92	77.3	71.0	148.3	6.09	30.47	95.92	4.33
手插AT	ES	1/0	24.50	10.5	28.2	2.67	61.4	109.5	170.9	6.97	28.34	89.90	4.35
		2/0	24.95	10.3	31.5	3.03	60.5	120.5	181.0	7.23	28.63	93.41	4.86
		4/0	24.43	10.5	28.8	2.79	59.8	103.5	163.3	6.69	29.08	90.15	4.28
		5/0	24.83	9.8	30.3	2.94	63.8	113.0	176.8	7.13	28.38	91.63	4.60
		6/0	23.80	8.4	25.4	2.77	45.8	98.8	144.6	6.07	26.69	92.86	3.57
		7/0	22.23	9.0	19.5	2.36	46.5	72.3	118.8	5.34	27.86	94.04	3.10
	LS	1/0	24.62	11.4	24.6	2.16	63.7	90.7	154.5	6.27	30.58	93.74	4.42
		2/0	24.11	11.2	22.3	1.99	68.8	79.3	148.2	6.15	30.73	93.33	4.25
		3/0	24.53	10.9	24.3	2.25	67.0	85.2	152.2	6.21	30.79	94.38	4.42
		4/0	23.68	10.7	22.7	2.12	56.4	76.6	133.0	5.62	30.49	92.69	3.76
		5/0	22.99	9.8	16.8	1.71	60.9	56.1	117.0	5.09	30.08	93.45	3.29
		6/0	22.96	10.3	19.7	1.93	55.4	67.3	122.7	5.35	30.16	93.73	3.47
		7/0	21.42	7.6	11.5	1.51	43.7	35.3	79.0	3.72	29.03	92.79	2.13

表5 不同种植方式各叶位茎蘖的穗部性状 Table 5 Panicle traits of stem and tillers in each leaf position under different planting methods

续表5 不同种植方式各叶位茎蘖的穗部性状 Table 5 Panicle traits of stem and tillers in each leaf position under different planting methods

处理 Treatment			穗长 Panicle length (cm)		二次枝梗数 No. of SB	二次枝梗率 Rate of SB	一次枝梗粒数 NSPB	二次枝梗粒数 NSSB			粒重 GW (mg)	结实率 Seed- setting rate (%)
平均值 Mean
机直播MD			24.67 a	10.41 b	23.9	2.27	58.22 b	83.5	141.8 b	5.71 b	29.21	87.46 b	3.66 b
机插MT			25.09 a	11.83 a	26.2	2.21	75.72 a	86.2	163.9 a	6.50 a	29.84	95.11 a	4.57 a
手插AT			23.64 b	10.02 c	23.8	2.36	57.86 b	86.5	144.4 b	6.03 ab	29.21	92.72 a	3.90 b
F值 F-value
播期P			8.04^*	322.45^**	3.37	1.11	5.01^*	0.19	5.81^*	5.78^*	0.47	13.05^**	14.79^**
种植方式D			3.63	13.99^**	4.13	6.01^*	0.09	3.11	1.63	4.68	0.87	9.08^*	2.26
P×D			11.24^**	30.00^**	19.47^**	26.76^**	1.48	17.02^**	5.39^*	3.32	10.64^*	19.15^**	4.32
二次分蘖Secondary tiller
机直播MD	ES	1	21.69	9.1	11.2	1.20	51.2	35.7	86.9	3.98	30.43	93.91	2.46
	ES	2	22.76	7.3	8.4	1.52	49.1	50.7	99.8	4.35	30.75	95.18	3.41
	LS	1	24.62	8.4	15.7	1.74	37.5	71.4	108.9	4.44	27.15	90.36	2.56
	LS	2	24.27	9.0	14.3	1.59	53.8	54.5	108.3	4.44	26.66	93.13	2.71
机插MT	ES	3	23.00	9.8	17.6	1.79	55.3	55.8	111.1	4.78	28.14	90.77	2.92
		4	23.28	9.3	19.8	2.09	56.3	62.5	118.8	4.90	27.93	92.05	3.07
		5	23.20	9.4	15.4	1.62	61.7	44.5	106.2	4.58	28.23	94.56	2.57
	LS	2	20.00	14.0	29.0	2.07	78.0	89.0	167.0	8.35	30.26	97.01	4.90
		3	21.72	9.9	10.5	1.02	54.2	31.8	86.05	3.94	30.57	95.86	2.53
		4	20.49	8.6	10.5	0.92	64.7	28.8	93.53	4.64	29.22	94.31	2.37
		5	21.70	11.0	10.5	0.93	54.0	31.5	85.5	2.78	29.84	95.98	2.95
手插AT	ES	1	21.22	7.1	12.6	1.70	43.4	41.2	84.6	4.35	27.32	91.91	2.12
		2	24.20	9.0	20.5	2.16	56.0	79.8	135.8	5.61	28.34	94.39	3.63
		4	21.10	9.0	16.9	1.89	52.5	52.0	104.5	4.98	26.43	89.12	2.46
	LS	1	21.87	9.7	16.5	1.68	56.39	57.3	113.7	5.18	29.46	91.87	3.10
		2	21.18	8.3	11.3	1.29	47.38	33.8	81.2	3.72	28.27	89.07	2.08
		4	16.20	7.0	5.0	0.71	37.0	15.0	52.0	3.21	28.02	90.38	1.32
平均值 Mean
机直播MD			22.93	8.51 b	12.6	1.45	47.64 b	48.7	96.3	4.18	28.96	91.11	2.53
机插MT			22.52	9.85 a	15.4	2.46	60.59 a	47.1	107.5	4.63	29.05	93.54	2.86
手插AT			21.08	8.31 b	14.2	1.64	49.31 b	47.7	97.0	4.57	28.00	90.99	2.50
F值 F-value
播期P			2.78	7.58^*	2.50	1.70	11.00^**	0.08	2.55	2.55	0.81	0.37	0.85
种植方式D			0.18	0.68	3.36	13.41	0.22	1.43	4.53	2.27	0.00	0.21	0.77
P×D			4.98	0.77	10.30^*	14.84	0.57	15.33	12.29^**	3.15	5.26^*	0.84	0.18

同列中标以不同小写字母的值差异达0.05显著水平。^*,^**分别表示方差分析在0.05和0.01水平上显著。LP: 叶位; PB: 一次枝梗; SB: 二次枝梗; NSPB: 一次枝梗粒数; NSSB: 二次枝梗粒数; NSP: 每穗粒数; GW: 粒重。其他缩写同表1和表3。

Values within a colum followed by a different small letter are significantly different at P<0.05.^*,^** denote significance of variance analysis at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. LP: leaf position; PB: primary branches; SB: secondary branches; NSPB: No. of spikelets on primary branches; NSSB: No. of spikelets on secondary branches; NSP: No. of spikelets per panicle; GD: grain density; GW: grain weight; GWP: grain weight per panicle. Other abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1 and Table 3.

续表5 不同种植方式各叶位茎蘖的穗部性状 Table 5 Panicle traits of stem and tillers in each leaf position under different planting methods

3 讨论

3.1 不同种植方式的分蘖发生与成穗特点

适宜的单位面积有效穗数是高产群体的显著特征^{[ 23]}, 但与分蘖发生叶位数、分蘖发生率及成穗率密切相关。凌启鸿等^{[ 24]}认为主茎最大理论分蘖叶位数为N-n-1个, 遵循N-3的叶蘖同伸规律。水稻分蘖发生叶位数与主茎总叶数及伸长节间数密切相关, 受品种、生态条件及栽培技术的影响^{[ 25]}。本研究通过叶龄标记及株型特征测定, 机直播、机插、手插早播处理的主茎总叶数和伸长节间数分别为15.0、15.8、16.8和6.0、6.0、6.0, 迟播处理分别为14.0、14.9、15.6和6.0、6.0、6.0。根据N-n-1计算, 机直播、机插、手插早播和迟播处理主茎最大理论叶位数分别为8.0、8.8、9.8个和7.0、7.9、8.6个, 机直播实际分蘖叶位数与最大理论叶位数一致, 机插早播和迟播实际分蘖叶位数比最大理论叶位数分别减少0.8个和0.9个, 手插早播和迟播处理实际分蘖叶位数较最大理论叶位数减少0.8个和0.6个。说明机直播能够有效利用主茎有效分蘖叶位, 机插可能受机械植伤和秧田密度影响使低位分蘖叶位缺失, 手插总叶数大、伸长节间数未增加, 第N-n-1叶位分蘖易缺失。二次分蘖高发生率叶位数表现为手插>机插>机直播, 手插以第1、第2和第4叶, 机插以第3~第5叶和机直播以第1~第2叶为主。该结果与李杰等^{[ 26]}的研究结果不尽一致, 可能因品种和直播方式不同所致。不同种植方式各叶位分蘖大小不同, 机直播第1~第5叶位、机插第3~第7叶位和手插第1、第2、第4、第5、第6和第7叶位分蘖发生数较高, 其余分蘖发生叶位因植伤或叶位高影响致分蘖数较低。

提高成穗率是优化群体质量的重要途径^{[ 3]}, 研究表明成穗率以手插最高, 机插其次, 直播最低^{[ 26]}, 机插高成穗率叶位为第4~第7叶位。本试验中, 机直播一次分蘖成穗叶位数较分蘖发生数减少0.5个, 机插和手插分别减少2.0个, 而一次分蘖成穗率表现为手插>机插>机直播, 机直播、机插、手插的高成穗率叶位分别为1/0~4/0、3/0~6/0和1/0、2/0、4/0、5/0。二次分蘖成穗叶位数以机插最高, 手插次之, 机直播最低, 机直播和手插的高成穗率叶位为第1和第2叶位, 机插为第3和第4叶位, 与前人的结论基本吻合^{[ 21, 26]}。综合来看, 机直播第1~第4、机插第3~第6和手插第1、第2、第4和第5叶位分蘖发生率、发生数和成穗率高, 生产中应充分利用有效分蘖叶位, 在保证一次分蘖发生基础上提高二次分蘖发生率, 增加成穗数。

3.2 机械化种植的穗部性状与利用优势叶位的途径

水稻高产群体需充分利用和调控分蘖, 从而实现足穗和大穗的统一^{[ 3]}。本研究中3种种植方式主茎均能成穗, 且稻穗长, 粒多而大, 单穗重高; 中低叶位一次分蘖枝梗数和每穗粒数多, 稻穗较大; 高叶位一次分蘖和二次分蘖每穗粒数和粒重低, 稻穗小。机直播第1~第4叶位分蘖成穗率高、穗子大, 对产量的贡献为70.51%; 机插分蘖发生与成穗主要是第3~第6叶位一次分蘖和第3、第4叶位二次分蘖, 这些叶位分蘖对产量的贡献达73.83%, 因此机插的优势叶位为第3~第6叶位, 与乔晶等^{[ 15]}、袁奇等^{[ 21]}和李刚华等^{[ 25]}的研究结果不尽一致, 他们发现机插优势叶位为第4~第7叶位, 这可能与选用品种及秧龄不同有关; 手插第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位由于成穗率高, 穗子大, 分蘖占产量的比例高达75%, 这些叶位可作为优势叶位, 与李杰等^{[ 26]}的结论不同, 其原因可能是选用品种分蘖力、栽插秧龄及叶片总叶数不同。因此, 机直播优势叶位为第1~第4叶位, 机插为第3~第6叶位, 手插为第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位, 这些叶位分蘖发生率及成穗率高、稻穗大, 对产量贡献率高, 优化农艺措施充分利用优势叶位有助于获得高产。

不同种植方式分蘖发生成穗规律不同, 应根据杂交籼稻水稻机械化种植分蘖发生与成穗特点采取相应的栽培措施调控分蘖发生和提高成穗率。(1)确定合理的基本苗^{[ 3]}。机直播以每穴3~4苗^{[ 27]}和机插以每穴2~3苗^{[ 15, 21, 25]}为宜, 有利于分蘖在有效分蘖叶龄期充分发生, 但植株分蘖发生叶位随播期延迟而降低, 应适当增加单穴苗数。(2)提高播栽质量。机直播应提高播种均匀度^{[ 26]}, 有利于通风透光, 使植株分蘖均匀, 从而提高个体质量; 机插通过适宜的稀播、匀播以提高秧苗素质, 并在适宜秧龄(27 d左右)移栽^{[ 28]}, 栽插时应注意降低机械植伤和保证栽插均匀度, 使低叶位分蘖早发多发^{[ 15]}。(3)适度搁田抑制低效蘖位分蘖发生。本研究中根据叶龄与成穗叶位的关系发现, 机直播和机插分别于8.0叶和9.5叶左右时开始搁田为宜, 且随着播期延迟, 搁田的叶龄需提前。也可按群体茎蘖数达预期穗数80%时搁田, 降低高峰苗且不影响穗数, 提高成穗率^{[ 3]}。同时, 机械化种植杂交籼稻应根据实际土壤肥力进行肥料运筹^{[ 3, 26]}, 促进大穗形成。

4 结论

不同种植方式下分蘖发生与成穗规律不同, 机直播与机插分蘖发生均属一次高峰型, 手插属二次高峰型。机直播分蘖发生早而快、起点高、持续时间较短, 一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1~第8叶位, 其中第1~第4叶位分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖成穗以第1、第2叶位为主。机插分蘖发生晚、起点低, 但比较集中, 一次分蘖群以3/0~8/0发生为主, 3/0~6/0分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群主要发生在第3~第5叶位, 但主要依靠第3、第4叶位成穗。手插秧田与本田均发生分蘖, 分蘖发生叶位数多、持续时间长, 一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1、第2和第4~第8叶位, 其中第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群发生以第1、第2、第4叶位为主。分蘖成穗叶位数随播期延迟而减少。一次分蘖群对产量贡献大而稳定, 均在58.67%~63.82%之间; 主茎对产量贡献以机直播最高, 手插最低; 机插和手插二次分蘖群占产量比例均显著高于机直播; 机直播优势叶位为第1~第4叶位, 机插为第3~第6叶位, 手插为第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位, 对产量贡献率分别达70.51%、73.83%和76.81%。优势叶位的分蘖发生率与成穗率高, 稻穗大, 对产量贡献率高。机械化种植可通过控制基本苗、提高播栽质量和适时搁田等措施促进优势叶位分蘖早发、多发和抑制低效蘖位分蘖发生, 并结合足穗与大穗来构建高质量群体。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	杨文钰, 屠乃美. 作物栽培学各论. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2003. p19 Yang W Y, Tu N M. Individual Introduction to Crop Production. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003. p19 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[2]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 黄幸福, 龚金龙. 水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 Zhang H C, Wu G C, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Huang X F, Gong J L. The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[3]	凌启鸿, 苏祖芳, 张海泉. 水稻成穗率与群体质量的关系及其影响因素的研究. 作物学报, 1995, 21: 463-469 Ling Q H, Su Z F, Zhang H Q. Relationship between ear bearing tiller percentage and population quality and its influential factors in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 1995, 21: 463-469 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:6] [CJCR: 1.667]
[4]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 蔡建中, 苏祖芳, 凌励. 水稻高产群体质量及其优化控制探讨. 中国农业科学, 1993, 26(6): 1-11 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Cai J Z, Su Z F, Ling L. Investigation on the population quality of high yield and its optimizing control programme in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 1993, 26(6): 1-11 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[5]	Li X Y, Qian Q, Fu Z M, Wang Y H, Xiong G S, Zeng D L, Wang X Q, Liu X F, Teng S, Hiroshi F, Yuan M, Luo D, Han B, Li J Y. Control of tillering in rice. Nature, 2003, 422: 618-621 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 38.597]
[6]	Ao H J, Peng S B, Zou Y B, Tang Q Y, Visperas R M. Reduction of unproductive tillers did not increase the grain yield of irrigated rice. Field Crops Res, 2010, 116: 108-115 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[7]	李荣田, 崔成焕, 姜廷波, 秋太权, 龚振平. 水稻品种分蘖特性对产量影响分析. 东北农业大学学报, 1996, 27(1): 9-14 Li R T, Cui C H, Jiang T B, Qiu T Q, Gong Z P. Analysis of effect of tillering traits on yielding among rice varieties. J Northeast Agric Univ, 1996, 27(1): 9-14 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.1053]
[8]	詹可, 邹应斌. 水稻分蘖特性及成穗规律研究进展. 作物研究, 2007, 21: 588-592 Zhan K, Zou Y B. Research progress in tillering characteristics and panicle laws of rice. Crop Res, 2007, 21: 588-592 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.7044]
[9]	汪秀志, 钱永德, 吕艳东, 刘丽华, 郑桂萍. 施肥和密度对寒地水稻分蘖状况及产量的影响. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2011, 37(1): 69-76 Wang X Z, Qian Y D, Lü Y D, Liu L H, Zheng G P. Effects of N-fertilizer application and density on tiller and yield of rice in cold area. J Zhejiang Univ (Agric & Life Sci), 2011, 37(1): 69-76 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[10]	丁艳锋, 黄丕生, 凌启鸿. 水稻分蘖发生及与特定部位叶片叶鞘含氮率的关系. 南京农业大学学报, 1995, 18(4): 14-18 Ding Y F, Huang P S, Ling Q H. Relationship between emergence of tiller and nitrogen concentration of leaf blade or leaf sheath on specific node of rice. J Nanjing Agric Univ, 1995, 18(4): 14-18 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.916]
[11]	郑永美, 丁艳锋, 王强盛, 李刚华, 王惠芝, 王绍华. 起身肥对水稻分蘖和氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 513-519 Zheng Y M, Ding Y F, Wang Q S, Li G H, Wang H Z, Wang S H. Effect of nitrogen applied before transplanting on tillering and nitrogen utilization in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 513-519 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[12]	苏祖芳, 周兴安, 张亚洁, 李国生, 姚志发, 沈富荣, 姚友权. 搁田始期对水稻成穗率、产量形成和群体质量的影响. 中国水稻科学, 1996, 10: 95-102 Su Z F, Zhou X A, Zhang Y J, Li G S, Yao Z F, Shen F R, Yao Y Q. Effect of the beginning period of draining paddy field on the percentage of effective tillers, yield formation and population quality in rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 1996, 10: 95-102 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[13]	俞爱英, 林贤青, 曾孝元, 吴增琪, 朱贵平. 不同灌溉方式对水稻分蘖成穗规律及产量影响研究. 灌溉排水学报, 2007, 26(1): 66-68 Yu A Y, Lin X Q, Zeng X Y, Wu Z Q, Zhu G P. Studies of different water managements on tillers and panicles and mechanism of high-yield of rice. J Irrig Drainage, 2007, 26(1): 66-68 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.126]
[14]	陈慧哲, 朱德峰, 林贤青, 张玉屏. 稀植条件下杂交稻分蘖成穗规律和穗粒结构研究. 杂交水稻, 2004, 19(6): 51-54 Chen H Z, Zhu D F, Lin X Q, Zhang Y P. Studies on the tillering dynamics, panicle formation and composition of panicles of hybrid rice under sparse transplanting density. Hybrid Rice, 2004, 19(6): 51-54 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.605]
[15]	乔晶, 王强盛, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 郝建华, 丁艳锋. 机插杂交粳稻基本苗数对分蘖发生与成穗的影响. 南京农业大学学报, 2010, 33(1): 6-10 Qiao J, Wang Q S, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Hao J H, Ding Y F. Effects of basic seedlings on tiller emerging and earbearing of machine-transplanted hybrid japonica rice. J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2010, 33(1): 6-10 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:5] [CJCR: 0.916]
[16]	苏昌龙, 杨桂兰, 黄姚英, 吴文和, 李佳林. 不同分蘖苗移栽与氮肥运筹对超高产杂交水稻产量的影响. 贵州农业科学, 2013, 41(3): 19-22 Su C L, Yang G L, Huang Y Y, Wu W H, Li J L. Effects of transplantation of tillering seedlings and nitrogen management on super high-yield hybrid rice yield. GuizhouAgric Sci, 2013, 41(3): 19-22 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.796]
[17]	廖学群, 隗溟, 朱自均. 秧田秧苗分蘖结构对水稻生长发育的影响. 西南农业大学学报, 2005, 27(1): 9-13 Liao X Q, Wei M, Zhu Z J. Effects of tillering components of seedlings on the growth and development of rice. J Southwest Agric Univ, 2005, 27(1): 9-13 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.45]
[18]	周美兰, 周连玉, 李小勇, 唐启源, 邹应斌. 早稻分蘖化学控制的研究. 湖南农业大学学报, 2001, 27: 425-427 Zhou M L, Zhou L Y, Li X Y, Tang Q Y, Zou Y B. Chemical control of rice tillering of early rice. J Hunan Agric Univ, 2001, 27: 425-427 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	袁钊和, 陈巧敏, 杨新春. 论我国水稻抛秧、插秧、直播机械化技术的发展. 农业机械学报, 1998, 29(3): 181-183 Yuan Z H, Chen Q M, Yang X C. Development of mechanized cast-transplanting, transplanting and seeding in China. Trans CSAM, 1998, 29(3): 181-183 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[20]	顾建清, 徐嘉梁, 戴鼎, 朱阿多, 袁继栋. 不同水稻机械化种植方案技术经济分析. 中国农机化, 2012, (5): 37-40 Gu J Q, Xu J L, Dai D, Zhu A D, Yuan J D. Technical and economic analysis of different mechanized rice planting schemes. Chin Agric Mech, 2012, (5): 37-40 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	袁奇, 于林惠, 石世杰, 邵建国, 丁艳锋. 机插秧每穴栽插苗数对水稻分蘖与成穗的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10): 121-125 Yuan Q, Yu L H, Shi S J, Shao J G, Ding Y F. Effects of different tiller production planting seedlings per hill on outgrowth and quantities of for machine-transplanted rice. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(10): 121-125(in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:4] [CJCR: 1.299]
[22]	郑家国, 杨文钰, 池忠志, 任万军, 姜心禄, 樊高琼, 陈兴福. 四川盆地稻田周年高产高效种植模式. 四川农业科技, 2010, (5): 20-21 Zheng J G, Yang W Y, Chi Z Z, Ren W J, Jiang X L, Fan G Q, Chen X F. Annual high-yield, high-efficiency paddy cropping patterns of Sichuan basin. Sichuan Agric Sci &Technol, 2010, (5): 20-21 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[23]	Samonte S O P B, Wilson L T, Tabien R E. Maximum node production rate and main culm node number contributions to yield and yield-related traits in rice. Field Crops Res, 2006, 96: 313-319 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[24]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 苏祖芳, 凌励. 水稻叶龄模式. 北京: 科学出版社, 1994. pp84-85 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Su Z F, Ling L. Leaf Age Model of Rice. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. pp84-85(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[25]	李刚华, 王绍华, 杨从党, 黄庆宇, 李德安, 宁加朝, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 超高产水稻适宜单株成穗数的定量计算. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 3556-3562 Li G H, Wang S H, Yang C D, Huang Q Y, Li D A, Ning J C, Ling Q H, Ding Y F. Quantitative calculation of optimum panicle number per plant of super high-yield rice. SciAgric Sin, 2008, 41: 3556-3562 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3]
[26]	李杰, 张洪程, 龚金龙, 常勇, 吴桂成, 郭振华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 稻麦两熟地区不同栽培方式超级稻分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 309-320 Li J, Zhang H C, Gong J L, Chang Y, Wu G C, Guo Z H, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y. Tillering characteristics and its relationships with population productivity of super rice under different cultivation methods in rice-wheat cropping areas. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 309-320 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:6] [CJCR: 1.667]
[27]	雷小龙, 刘利, 苟文, 马荣朝, 任万军. 种植方式对杂交籼稻植株抗倒伏特性的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 1814-1825 Lei X L, Liu L, Gou W, Ma R C, Ren W J. Effects of planting methods on culm lodging resistance of indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 1814-1825 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[28]	李刚华, 李德安, 宁加朝, 黄庆宇, 顾伟, 杨从党, 王绍华, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 种植密度和施肥量对超高产杂交籼稻秧苗素质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2008, 22: 610-616 Li G H, Li D A, Ning J C, Huang Q Y, Gu W, Yang C D, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Ding Y F. Effects of nitrogen level and seeding density on seeding quality of indica-type super-high yielding hybrid rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2008, 22: 610-616 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]

2003

0.0

... 0 引言单位面积有效穗数是水稻产量构成中形成最早、最活跃的因素, 也是其后各因素形成的基础^[1] ...

2010

0.0

1.889

. 2010, 43:2645-2660

The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice

（扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

... 张洪程等^[2]认为水稻高产栽培根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”, 扩库容有3种途径, 多穗适用于一般低产到中产水平 ...

1995

0.0

1.667

. 1995, 21:463-469

Relationship between ear bearing tiller percentage and population quality and its influential factors in rice

Jiangsu Agricultural collgeg,Yangzhou,225009

... 适宜的穗数结合高的每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重, 将使水稻群体质量和产量得到进一步提高^[3] ...

... 提高成穗率是优化群体质量的重要途径^[3], 研究表明成穗率以手插最高, 机插其次, 直播最低^[26], 机插高成穗率叶位为第4~第7叶位 ...

... 2 机械化种植的穗部性状与利用优势叶位的途径水稻高产群体需充分利用和调控分蘖, 从而实现足穗和大穗的统一^[3] ...

... (1)确定合理的基本苗^[3] ...

... 也可按群体茎蘖数达预期穗数80%时搁田, 降低高峰苗且不影响穗数, 提高成穗率^[3] ...

... 同时, 机械化种植杂交籼稻应根据实际土壤肥力进行肥料运筹^[3,26], 促进大穗形成 ...

1993

0.0

1.889

. 1993, 26(6):1-11

Investigation on the population quality of high yield and its optimizing control programme in rice

江苏农学院，扬州 225001

本文从水稻栽培学角度提出了高产群体质量这一新的理论问题。重点论述了水稻抽穗后物质生产量、群体总颖花量、粒叶比、有效及高效LAI、平均茎鞘重、颖花根活量以及有效分蘖率等与高产形成的关系，分别分析了它们在群体质量上的意义，并在有些方面初步指明了作为高产群体质量指标的数量范围。文章还阐述了高产群体质量优化控制的基本程序。　

... 因此, 提高成穗率和单位面积形成适宜穗数是水稻高产群体的综合指标^[4] ...

2003

38.597

0.0

... 分蘖是影响水稻穗数进而决定单产的重要农艺性状^[5,6], 是遗传和环境条件互作的结果^[7,8] ...

2010

2.474

0.0

... 分蘖是影响水稻穗数进而决定单产的重要农艺性状^[5,6], 是遗传和环境条件互作的结果^[7,8] ...

1996

0.0

0.1053

... 分蘖是影响水稻穗数进而决定单产的重要农艺性状^[5,6], 是遗传和环境条件互作的结果^[7,8] ...

2007

0.0

0.7044

... 分蘖是影响水稻穗数进而决定单产的重要农艺性状^[5,6], 是遗传和环境条件互作的结果^[7,8] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 37(1):69-76

Effects of N-fertilizer application and density on tiller and yield of rice in cold area

为探明寒地水稻肥密因子对水稻分蘖及产量的影响,采用多元二次旋转回归正交组合方法,研究粳稻'垦鉴稻10号'在不同时期的施氮量、调节肥施用时期及穴距对其分蘖及产量的影响.结果表明:对分蘖状况影响最大的因子是前期氮肥用量,其次是穴距和调节肥施用时期,再者是前期用氮量与其他因子的互作;与此同时,对分蘖状况各因子与产量的相关分析表明,有效蘖率＞蘖穗率＞最高蘖数＞有效蘖率与群体成穗率互作＞最高茎数与群体成穗率互作.因此,根据生产实际,尤其在低温地凉年份,适当加大前期氮肥用量并配合适当的密度以及其他农艺措施促使分蘖早生快发是提高寒地水稻产量的有效途径.

... 栽培措施显著影响水稻分蘖发生与成穗, 前人研究了肥水管理^{[9,10,11,12,13]}、种植密度^[9,14,15,16]、秧苗素质^[17]和化学调控^[18]等对分蘖特性及产量的影响 ...

1995

0.0

0.916

2008

0.0

1.667

. 2008, 34:513-519 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00513

Effect of nitrogen applied before transplanting on tillering and nitrogen utilization in rice

Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China

Nitrogen (N) before transplanting, applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings is proposed in this paper. The effect of this method on tillering, N accumulation, N fertilizer utilization efficiency (NUE), and grain yield were investigated in a field experiment with a japonica cultivar Ningjing 2. The results indicated that, on the condition of equal basic and tillering N fertilizer, the tillers number in the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer applied before transplanting (N-100%) was 300 thousand ha-1 higher than that in treatment of no N fertilizer applied before transplanting (CK). At the critical stage of productive tiller, the tillers rate with leaf age >3 in N-100% treatment was remarkably higher than that in CK. Compared with CK, the rate of effective tillers, number of effective panicles, N accumulation, NUE, and grain yield of N-100% treatment were markedly increased. But the application of N was only 5.55 kg ha-1 more than that of CK. In N-75% treatment the application of N was 32.4 kg ha-1 lower than that in CK, while N accumulation and NUE were higher than those in CK. Compared with CK, N application of N-50% treatment was too lower, therefore it had negative effect on accelerating tiller’s development. As a result NUE and grain yield of N-50% treatment were observably lower than that of CK. The results suggested that proper N fertilizer applied before transplanting had positive effect on accelerating tiller’s development, and enhancing rate of effective tillers. Moreover, application of N fertilizer before transplanting could reduce the quantity of basic and tillering N fertilizer, speed absorption and utilization of N fertilizer, and increase N accumulation and NUE in rice.

以宁粳2号为材料, 通过塑盘穴播育秧，带土、带肥移栽，研究了起身肥对水稻分蘖的发生、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量的影响。结果表明，移栽后17 d，基蘖肥水平相同条件下，起身肥处理 (N-100%) 群体茎蘖数比非起身肥处理 (CK) 高3´105 hm-2。有效分蘖临界叶龄期N-100%处理中，>3叶龄分蘖比率显著高于CK。与CK相比，N-100%处理多施5.55 kg N hm-2，而分蘖成穗率、有效穗数、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量均显著提高。N-75%处理 (施起身肥，基蘖肥施量为常规的75%) 中，总施肥量比CK低32.4 kg N hm-2，而氮素积累量和氮肥利用率均高于CK。N-50%处理 (施起身肥，基蘖肥施量为常规的50%) 基蘖肥水平过低，影响分蘖的发生与生长，与CK相比，氮肥利用率和产量都显著降低。因此，适量的起身肥可以促进分蘖的早生快发，提高水稻的分蘖成穗率，减少基蘖氮肥的施用量，促进水稻对氮肥的吸收和利用，提高氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。

1996

0.0

1.494

. 1996, 10:95-102

Effect of the beginning period of draining paddy field on the percentage of effective tillers, yield formation and population quality in rice

Experiments were carried out in several sites in Jiangsu Province in 3 years. Results are as follows:1) Draining paddy field in advance properly is beneficial to obtaining stable panicle number, raising percentage of effective tillers and improving population quality, increasing ratios of effective leaf area and total grain numbers per panicle, raising single stem and sheath weight at heading stage and the dry matter weight accumulate from heading to maturing. 2) Under the experiment of the numbers of tillers is about 80% of expected panicle numbers and base tillering fertilizer applied 60% of total, draining paddy field would significantly increase the percentage of effective tillers and population quality. It was clearly shown that draining paddy field at N leaf-age and keeping one leaf-age long would prohibit the length of the tiller bud in N leaf axil, and could make it grow slowly.

1992年至1994年在江苏省扬州、宜兴、金湖、盐城郊区进行试验，结果表明：1)适当提早搁田有利于稳定穗数提高成穗率，改善群体质量，增加有效叶面积率，增加每穗总粒数，提高抽穗期的单茎茎鞘重和抽穗至成熟期的干物质重量。2)在基蘖肥用量占总施氮量60%时，总茎蘖苗数达预期穗数80%时搁田，能显著提高成穗率和群体质量。在N叶期搁田，并持续1个叶龄期，对N叶内的分蘖芽长度有抑制作用，茎蘖生长呈迟缓状态

2007

1.126

0.0

. 2007, 26(1):66-68

Studies of different water managements on tillers and panicles and mechanism of high-yield of rice

以杂交稻II优818为材料,通过对水稻不同灌溉方式下分蘖成穗规律的定点考察,明确了水稻好气灌溉的高产原理及其分蘖组成与常规灌溉有很大差异.水稻好气灌溉带3叶以上的分蘖比例明显高于常规灌溉,而3叶以上的分蘖成穗率高,成穗数多,形成的穗型大,构成了水稻好气灌溉的高产结构.

2004

0.0

0.605

. 2004, 19(6):51-54

Studies on the tillering dynamics, panicle formation and composition of panicles of hybrid rice under sparse transplanting density

研究了19.5,13.5和7.5穴/m2 3个种植密度下杂交稻组合中优6号和两优培九不同时期的分蘖成穗规律和穗粒结构.结果表明,稀植促进分蘖发生,并导致最高分蘖期和有效分蘖期延迟,13.5和7.5穴/m2比19.5穴/m2的最高分蘖期分别推迟7和14 d;随种植密度下降,中后期发生的分蘖在茎蘖数中的比例提高,相应成穗率也提高;早期分蘖所成的穗与后期分蘖所成穗的每穗粒数差异较大,结实率差异较小,两者的产量差异主要由穗粒数差异引起;随种植密度下降,分蘖力较弱的组合产量显著下降,而分蘖力较强的组合产量没有差异.

2010

0.0

0.916

. 2010, 33(1):6-10

Effects of basic seedlings on tiller emerging and earbearing of machine-transplanted hybrid japonica rice

以杂交粳稻常优1号为材料,设置25.05、50.10和75.15万株·hm-23个基本苗数,进行机插秧新生分蘖跟踪挂牌,研究各级分蘖的发生率及成穗率特征.结果表明:机插杂交粳稻栽插50.10万株·hm-2基本苗时群体有效穗数最多,产量最高;机插杂交粳稻分蘖发生和成穗主要集中在2/0、3/0、4/0、5/0和6/0的一级分蘖及1/2、1/3和1/4的二级分蘖;随着基本苗数增加,分蘖发生数减少,最终成穗数也减少,同时高位分蘖对产量的贡献也减少,单茎重、各蘖位的每穗粒数和占最终穗数的比例均减小.机插杂交粳稻移栽时以50.10万株·hm-2基本苗为宜,过多或过少都影响机插杂交粳稻分蘖发生、蘖位利用和成穗数.

... 当前, 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^[19,20], 关于机械化种植对水稻分蘖发生与成穗影响的研究较少^[15,21] ...

... 83%, 因此机插的优势叶位为第3~第6叶位, 与乔晶等^[15]、袁奇等^[21]和李刚华等^[25]的研究结果不尽一致, 他们发现机插优势叶位为第4~第7叶位, 这可能与选用品种及秧龄不同有关 ...

... 机直播以每穴3~4苗^[27]和机插以每穴2~3苗^[15,21,25]为宜, 有利于分蘖在有效分蘖叶龄期充分发生, 但植株分蘖发生叶位随播期延迟而降低, 应适当增加单穴苗数 ...

... 机插通过适宜的稀播、匀播以提高秧苗素质, 并在适宜秧龄(27 d左右)移栽^[28], 栽插时应注意降低机械植伤和保证栽插均匀度, 使低叶位分蘖早发多发^[15] ...

2013

0.796

0.0

2005

0.0

0.45

. 2005, 27(1):9-13

Effects of tillering components of seedlings on the growth and development of rice

育秧历来是水稻栽培中一个重要的环节,一般都要求培育壮秧.但是壮秧的标准基本上从形态上衡量,不能形成1个量化的指标.秧苗分蘖结构是一个新提出的概念,用秧田秧苗分蘖结构可以量化中、大秧苗素质.本试验的研究认为,中、大种苗情况下不同分蘖结构的秧田秧苗对水稻的生长发育有差异,分蘖结构合理的秧苗移栽时植伤轻,栽后活棵快,早生快发,有效穗高,最终产量较高;而分蘖结构不合理的秧苗前期生长迟缓,无效分蘖增多,有效穗不足,因而产量难以提高.本试验的结果说明,用秧田秧苗分蘖结构衡量水稻秧苗素质是合理的、可行的.

2001

0.0

. 2001, 27:425-427

Chemical control of rice tillering of early rice

为筛选出能控制水稻无效分蘖的实用物化药剂, 1999年早季对不同配方的分蘖调节剂进行了大田控蘖效果的比较试验.结果表明,供试化控剂普遍具有较高的控蘖强度,无效分蘖减少,成穗率提高,但以不同类型药剂组配的调节剂表现的效应存在一定差异,总体上复方优于单方,其中以1号药剂复配的调节剂控蘖强度大,每穗粒数多,但有效穗较对照减少;以2号药剂复配的调节剂控蘖强度较大,每穗粒数较对照略有减少,但有效穗数差异很小;而以1～7号药剂复配的部分调节剂,以C105,C145,C025,C175,C125和C135的控蘖强度大(较大),水稻成穗率高,每穗粒数增加,结实性状好,有效穗数差异不明显,对纹枯病的田间抗性有一定的提高.

1998

0.0

... 当前, 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^[19,20], 关于机械化种植对水稻分蘖发生与成穗影响的研究较少^[15,21] ...

2012

0.0

... 当前, 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^[19,20], 关于机械化种植对水稻分蘖发生与成穗影响的研究较少^[15,21] ...

2007

0.0

1.299

. 2007, 23(10):121-125

Effects of different tiller production planting seedlings per hill on outgrowth and quantities of for machine-transplanted rice

以水稻晚粳品种武香粳9号为材料,通过对分蘖跟踪挂牌,研究了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗的特点,并与手栽处理分蘖进行比较.试验结果表明,机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗主要集中在0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖和4/1低蘖位二级分蘖;随着栽插密度增加,0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生率均下降,4/1等低位的二级分蘖发生率下降更多,最终成穗率也下降.研究还表明机栽3苗时产量最高,与手栽处理相比,0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生与成穗率及最终产量均高于手栽处理.该文揭示了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗规律.

... 当前, 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^[19,20], 关于机械化种植对水稻分蘖发生与成穗影响的研究较少^[15,21] ...

... 二次分蘖成穗叶位数以机插最高, 手插次之, 机直播最低, 机直播和手插的高成穗率叶位为第1和第2叶位, 机插为第3和第4叶位, 与前人的结论基本吻合^[21,26] ...

2010

0.0

... 四川盆地周年种植模式以菜-稻、油(麦)-稻居多^[22], 探讨适宜不同茬口的高产种植方式具有实际意义 ...

2006

2.474

0.0

... 1 不同种植方式的分蘖发生与成穗特点适宜的单位面积有效穗数是高产群体的显著特征^[23], 但与分蘖发生叶位数、分蘖发生率及成穗率密切相关 ...

1994

0.0

... 凌启鸿等^[24]认为主茎最大理论分蘖叶位数为N-n-1个, 遵循N-3的叶蘖同伸规律 ...

2008

0.0

... 水稻分蘖发生叶位数与主茎总叶数及伸长节间数密切相关, 受品种、生态条件及栽培技术的影响^[25] ...

2011

0.0

1.667

. 2011, 37:309-320 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00309

Tillering characteristics and its relationships with population productivity of super rice under different cultivation methods in rice-wheat cropping areas

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

To explore tillering characteristics and its relationships with population productivity of rice under different cultivation methods in the rice-wheat cropping system in the lower Yangtze River, we compared the characteristics of rice tillering and panicle formation and its productivity and contribution to yield with two super rice cultivars Huaidao 9 and Xudao 3 by using three cultivation methods, precisionartificial transplanting with dry nursery middle and strong seedlings, mechanical transplanting with small seedlings and direct seeding. Results showed that rice yields by using different cultivation methods were significantly different, artificial transplanting rice was highest, while direct seeding rice was lowest. The great contribution to yields of mechanical transplanting rice and direct seeding rice were mainly from main stem and primary tillers group, in particular for the direct seeding rice, the proportion of stem yield was up to 27.5%, that of secondary tillers group only about 5%. However, for artificial transplanting rice the stem yield proportion was small (16.7%), yield of secondary tillers group accounted for nearly 20%. The proportion of primary tillers group yield was relatively stable among the different cultivation methods and it ranged from 65.84% to 67.09%. The number of tiller leaf position of artificial transplanting rice was more, earbearing tiller percentage was higher and panicle number per plant was more. The primary tillers group emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 10 on main stem, among them the tillers from leaf 5 to leaf 8 leaf had higher emerging rate and more panicles, secondary tillers groupemerged and earbeared mainly in 1/5,1/6,1/7. Tillers of mechanical transplanting rice had a more concentrated emergence, the primary tillers group emerged from leaf 3 to leaf 7 on main stem, among them leaves 4 to 7 were the superior positions for tiller emerging and panicle formation, secondary tillers groupemerged mainly in 1/4, 2/4, 1/5, but earbeared mainly in 1/4. The primary tillers group of direct seeding rice emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 5 on main stem, among them the leaf positions of 1 to 4 had higher rate of tiller emerging and panicle formation, secondary tillers emerged more, but earbeared only in 1/1, 2/1, 1/2, with a very low earbearing percentage. These three cultivation methods did not give tillering three times and more than three times. The tillers group of main stem and superior leaf positions in each cultivation method had higher population productivity and better panicle traits, made great contributions to the yield, and more than 85% of the yield came from these stems and tillers. The results suggested that the tillering and panicle formation law by different cultivation methods is different. It is indicated that increasing percentage of earbearing tiller and panicle number per plant and playing regulation fully of tillers group will improve the yield. In rice production,we should enhance the superior leaf position tillers’ emergence and flowering frequency, inhibit invalid tillers, improve the population quality, explore the way to increase yield potential of the superior leaf position by using the consequentially supporting management measures and through the precise regulation of fertilizer application and irrigation based on the actual various cultivation methods, consequently, achieve the target of high yield and efficient production under different cultivation methods.

为探明不同栽培方式水稻在长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下的分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系，以超级稻淮稻9号和徐稻3号为材料，比较研究旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种栽培方式水稻分蘖发生与成穗特点及其生产力和对产量的贡献。结果表明，不同栽培方式水稻产量差异极显著，手栽稻最高，直播稻最低。机插稻和直播稻主茎和一次分蘖群对产量贡献大，尤其是直播稻，主茎产量比例达27.5%，二次分蘖群仅5%左右，而手栽稻主茎产量比例小(16.7%)，二次分蘖群产量占近20%。一次分蘖群产量比例不同栽培方式间变化幅度较小，都在65.84%~67.09%之间。手栽稻分蘖发生叶位数多，且茎蘖成穗率高，单株成穗数多；一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1至第10叶位，其中第5至第8叶位分蘖发生率与成穗率较高，二次分蘖群以1/5、1/6、1/7发生和成穗为主。机插稻分蘖发生比较集中，一次分蘖群发生在主茎第3叶至第7叶位，第4至第7叶是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位，二次分蘖群发生以1/4、2/4、1/5为主，但主要依靠1/4成穗。直播稻一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1至第5叶位，其中第1至第4叶位分蘖发生率与成穗率较高，二次分蘖发生较多，但仅在1/1、2/1、1/2有成穗，且成穗率很低。3种栽培方式均未见三次及三次以上分蘖发生。各栽培方式主茎及优势叶位分蘖群生产力高、穗部性状好，对产量贡献大，产量的85%以上来自这些茎蘖。说明不同栽培方式水稻分蘖发生与成穗规律是不同的，提高茎蘖成穗率，增加单株成穗数，充分发挥分蘖群的调控作用，对提高产量具有重要意义；同时生产中应根据各种栽培方式的实际，应用各自配套的管理技术措施，通过肥水等的精确合理调控，促进优势叶位分蘖早发、多发，抑制无效叶位分蘖发生，提高群体质量，发掘优势叶位的增产潜力，从而实现不同栽培方式水稻的高产高效生产。

... 该结果与李杰等^[26]的研究结果不尽一致, 可能因品种和直播方式不同所致 ...

... 提高成穗率是优化群体质量的重要途径^[3], 研究表明成穗率以手插最高, 机插其次, 直播最低^[26], 机插高成穗率叶位为第4~第7叶位 ...

... 手插第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位由于成穗率高, 穗子大, 分蘖占产量的比例高达75%, 这些叶位可作为优势叶位, 与李杰等^[26]的结论不同, 其原因可能是选用品种分蘖力、栽插秧龄及叶片总叶数不同 ...

... 机直播应提高播种均匀度^[26], 有利于通风透光, 使植株分蘖均匀, 从而提高个体质量 ...

... 同时, 机械化种植杂交籼稻应根据实际土壤肥力进行肥料运筹^[3,26], 促进大穗形成 ...

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:1814-1825 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01814

Effects of planting methods on culm lodging resistance of indica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, China

In order to investigate the effects of mechanized seeding and transplanting on lodging resistance of indica hybrid rice, a split plot field experiment was conducted by using Fyou 498 as material. The effects of planting methods with mechanized seeding, mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting and different number of seedling per hill on the physical and mechanical characteristics and lodging resistance of indica hybrid rice were studied in the thirty days after full heading. Furthermore, the correlation between lodging resistance and main physical and mechanical characteristics was calculated. The main results were as follows: (1) The lodging index of rice plants was different significantly among three planting methods, with the lowest in artificial transplanting and the highest in mechanized transplanting, which was mainly attributed to the difference in breaking moment of basal internodes. The breaking moment of the first to the fourth internodes was positively and significantly correlated with culm type index, internode diameter and thickness, ratio of weight to length of culm, dry weight of internode, section modulus, bending stress, respectively, while negatively and significantly correlated with internode length. The bending moment was larger in lower internodes than in higher internodes, with relatively small changes in basal internodes. That’s why the first and second internodes were lodging-susceptible. (2) In artificial transplanting basal internodes was short, internode diameter, thickness and culm type index were large, plumpness status of culm and sheath was good, and bending stress and breaking moment of internode were high, so the artificial transplanting had good lodging resistance. The population structure of mechanized transplanting was so large that individual plant growth was limited, and its lodging index was the largest in three planting methods. We suggest that in order to get a coordination of high-yielding and high lodging resistance a suitable population should be conducted with 3–4 seedlings per hill for mechanized seeding and transplanting and two seedlings per hill for artificial transplanting.

为探讨机械化播栽方式对杂交籼稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响，以F优498为材料，在大田进行了以种植方式为主区、穴苗数为副区的裂区试验，种植方式包括机直播、机插和手插3种，穴苗数分低苗和高苗2个处理。在齐穗后30 d，调查植株茎鞘物理性状、力学和抗倒伏特性，并分析茎鞘性状与抗倒伏特性的相关性。结果表明: (1)不同种植方式之间水稻倒伏指数差异极显著，手插稻最低，机插稻最高，机直播稻介于二者之间。这种差异主要与节间折断弯矩有关，N₁–N₄节间折断弯矩与节间粗度和厚度、秆型指数、比茎重、节间干重、断面模数和弯曲应力都呈显著或极显著正相关，与节间长度呈显著或极显著负相关；基部节间的植株折断弯矩变异较小，且低位节间的弯曲力矩显著高于高位节间，这是水稻植株基部第1、第2节间易倒伏的主要原因。(2)手插稻基部节间短，茎粗壁厚，秆型指数、茎鞘充实度和弯曲应力高，最终表现为植株折断弯矩和抗倒伏能力强；机插稻群体大，个体生长受抑制，倒伏指数大。为构建合理的群体结构，以机械化播栽稻每穴3~4苗、手插稻每穴2苗，有利于相对实现高产与抗倒的协调。

2008

0.0

1.494

. 2008, 22:610-616

Effects of nitrogen level and seeding density on seeding quality of indica-type super-high yielding hybrid rice

¹Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; ² Agricultural Station of Taoyuan Township in Yongsheng County of Yunnan Province, Yongsheng 674205, China； ³ Institute of Food Crop, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Kunming 650205, China; Corresponding author, E-mail:dingyf@njau.edu.cn

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen level, seeding density and seedling age on seedling quality of rice, a twofactor experiment including four N levels (10.3，20.7，31.0 and 41.4 g/m2) and four seeding densities (353， 706， 1059 and 1412 plants/m2) was conducted at Taoyuan town, Yongsheng county, Yunnan Province. Dynamic of leaf age, tiller number, dry weight, leaf SPAD value of seeding and leaf area index (LAI) in seedling nursery were investigated using an indica hybrid rice, Xieyou 107 as material. The low seeding densities or high N levels decreased the effective accumulated temperature for leaf emergence on stem and accelerate the leaf emergence, especially for seeding densities; Tiller number per seedling decreased with the development of seedling under high seeding density or low N level, whereas increased till 27 days after sowing then decreased under low seeding densities or high N levels; Nitrogen application promoted the emergence of new tillers, the maintenance of tiller with more than three leaves and the increase of LAI in seedling nursery, dry weight and N content of plant; The increased seeding density had negative effects on seedling quality indices, including the emergence of new tillers, the maintenance of tillers with more than three leaves, dry weight and N content of plants whereas showed positive effects on the LAI of seedling nursery, and the effects were more obvious than nitrogen treatments.

2007年在云南省永胜县涛源乡水稻特殊高产生态区，利用杂交籼稻组合协优107，设计了氮肥处理（10.3、207、31.0和41.4 g/m2N）和秧苗密度处理（353、706、1059和1412苗/m2）双因子试验，旨在探讨施氮水平、秧苗密度和秧龄对超高产杂交籼稻秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：1)秧苗密度降低或施氮量增加，均降低出叶所需的有效积温，加快秧苗的出叶，且秧苗密度的效应更显著；2)高密度或低氮条件下，秧苗单株带蘖数随着秧龄的增加有减少的趋势；而在高氮或低密度条件下，秧苗单株带蘖数在播种后27 d（7叶期）内呈增加趋势，之后进入分蘖衰减期；3)施氮对秧苗新分蘖的发生和大分蘖保持、苗床叶面积指数的增大、单株干质量的增加以及植株含氮量的提高均有正效应；4)秧苗密度对秧苗新分蘖的发生和大分蘖保持、单株干质量的增加均有负效应，并比氮效应明显；对植株含氮量的提高也有一定的负效应；对苗床叶面积指数的增大有正效应。