双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成特征

引用本文

许轲, 张军, 花劲, 张洪程, 周培建, 程飞虎, 黄大山, 陈忠平, 陈国梁, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 高辉. 双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成特征. 作物学报, 40(4): 678-690
XU Ke, ZHANG Jun, HUA Jin, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, ZHOU Pei-Jian, CHENG Fei-Hu, HUANG Da-Shan, CHEN Zhong-Ping, CHEN Guo-Liang, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, WEI Hai-Yan, GAO Hui. Yield Components and Population Characteristics of Super-High-Yielding LateJaponica Hybrid Rice in Double-Cropping Rice Area . 作物学报, 40(4): 678-690 复制到剪切板

Permissions

作物学报编辑部

双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成特征

许轲¹, 张军¹, 花劲¹, 张洪程^1,^*, 周培建², 程飞虎², 黄大山², 陈忠平², 陈国梁³, 戴其根¹, 霍中洋¹, 魏海燕¹, 高辉¹

¹扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

²江西省农业技术推广总站, 江西南昌330046

³江西省上高县农业局, 江西上高336400

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979220

收稿日期:2013-12-11

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”科技支撑计划重大项目(2011BAD16B03), 超级稻配套栽培技术开发与集成(农业部专项), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)和江苏省农业科技自主创新基金项目(CX[10]129)资助。

摘要

本研究旨在明确传统双季晚籼稻地区双季杂交晚粳稻超高产产量构成及其群体特征, 阐明双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成规律。以江西省上高县6.77 hm²连片双季杂交晚粳稻高产攻关示范方为依托, 选用杂交粳稻甬优8号为材料, 对中产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、高产(9.75~10.50 t hm^-2)和超高产(>10.50 t hm^-2) 3个产量水平群体的产量构成及群体特征进行系统比较研究。结果表明, 与中产、高产水平群体相比, 超高产水平群体表现穗数足、穗型大、群体颖花量多(50 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上)的显著特点, 但结实率和千粒重略低, 差异不显著; 群体茎蘖动态上, 群体起点较高, 可及时够苗; 够苗后增长平缓, 高峰苗数量较少、下降平缓, 成穗率高(78.0%左右)。群体叶面积指数前期增长较缓, 最大值出现在孕穗期, 为8.0左右, 此后下降缓慢, 成熟期仍保持3.5以上; 群体光合势生育前期较小, 中、后期较大, 抽穗至成熟期光合势为300×10⁴ m² d hm^-2以上, 总光合势为560×10⁴ m² d hm^-2以上。拔节前干物质量积累速度较慢, 拔节后积累速度较快, 至抽穗期群体干物质量为10.5 t hm^-2左右, 抽穗后积累量亦高, 成熟期干物质量达19.0 t hm^-2左右, 后期茎鞘物质转运率大于14.0%。超高产群体根量多、活力较强; 植株吸氮能力强、成熟期氮素累积量高, 氮素利用率40%以上。根据双季杂交晚粳稻超高产形成特征, 我们探讨了培育双季晚粳稻超高产群体的关键栽培技术。

关键词: 双季杂交晚粳稻; 超高产; 群体特征; 氮素吸收利用

Yield Components and Population Characteristics of Super-High-Yielding LateJaponica Hybrid Rice in Double-Cropping Rice Area

XU Ke¹, ZHANG Jun¹, HUA Jin¹, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,^*, ZHOU Pei-Jian², CHENG Fei-Hu², HUANG Da-Shan¹, CHEN Zhong-Ping², CHEN Guo-Liang³, DAI Qi-Gen¹, HUO Zhong-Yang¹, WEI Hai-Yan¹, GAO Hui¹

¹Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China

²Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Nanchang 330046, China

³Bureau of Agriculture of Shanggao County of Jiangxi Province, Shanggao 336400, China

Fund:

Abstract

This study investigated the formation rule of super-high-yielding latejaponica hybrid rice in the double-cropping rice area. Using Yongyou 8 as material in Shanggao of Jiangxi Province, we analyzed grain yield and its components and the population characteristics in three types of populations (medium yield: 8.25-9.75 t ha^-1, high yield: 9.75-10.50 t ha^-1; super high yield: >10.50 t ha^-1). Results showed that super-high-yielding population had more panicle and spikelets per panicle than medium and high yielding population. There was no significant difference in filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight among the three populations. Super-high-yielding population exhibited more tillers at the transplanting stage and achieved expected number of stems and tillers on time, maximum number of stems and tillers at jointing stage. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably, achieving an expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of super- high-yielding population was about 78.0%, which was higher than that of medium and high yielding population. The leaf area index of super-high-yielding population was lower than that of medium and high yielding population at the early growth stage, with the maximum leaf area index of about 8.0 at booting, and stably decreasing to above 3.5 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of super-high-yielding population was smaller at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with the medium and high yielding populations, which was above 300 × 10⁴ m² d ha^-1 from heading to maturity, and above 675 × 10⁴ m² d ha^-1 in total. The dry matter accumulation of super-high-yielding population was smaller before jointing, increased faster after jointing, and reached about 10.5 t ha^-1 at heading and 19.0 t ha^-1 at maturity, which was significantly higher than that of medium and high yielding populations. Its translocation ratio of output was above 14.0%. In the super-high-yielding population the weight of dry matter of root, root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings, N content, N uptaking, and utilization were greater than those of the medium and high yielding populations. Based on the results of this study, we discussed the regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population.

Keyword: Late japonica hybrid rice in double-cropping rice area; Super-high-yielding; Population characteristics; Nitrogen uptaking and utilization

Show Figures

中国是世界上最大的水稻生产国和稻米消费国, 北方单季稻区传统种植的水稻品种以粳稻类型为主, 南方双季稻区以籼稻类型为主。随着经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高, 品质优、口感好的粳米深受大众喜爱, 人们对粳米的需求量日益增长; 特别是近年来, 南方“籼米改粳米”趋势明显, 已成为较大的粳米消费区^{[ 1, 2, 3]}。我国粳稻种植面积占全国水稻总面积不足30%, 研究者提出了利用南方双季稻区充足的温光资源进行“籼稻改粳稻”, 以提高粳稻的总产量^{[ 4, 5]}。如何充分挖掘作物品种的遗传潜力和配套建立高产栽培技术, 一直是农业研究的难点和重点^{[ 6, 7]}, 因此, 针对性研究双季晚粳稻超高产形成特征, 发展粳稻生产, 对我国南方“籼稻改粳稻”工程的实施显得十分迫切和重要, 对保障粮食安全、促进社会稳定具有重要意义。众多研究者们已经较系统研究了南方稻区籼稻高产特征与配套的栽培技术, 并提出了多项高产栽培技术模式^{[ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]}。但目前粳稻超高产的相关研究主要集中在单季稻区。在粳稻超高产研究上, 凌启鸿^{[ 13]}提出了群体质量栽培理论与技术, 杨建昌等^{[ 14]}在江苏淮北明确了常规中熟粳稻产量11.0 t hm^-2以上的群体生育特性, 李刚华等^{[ 15]}在苏中地区研明了粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及其对氮素的响应, 吴桂成等^{[ 16]}阐明了粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征, 张洪程等^{[ 17]}系统研究了长江中下游杂交粳稻13.5 t hm^-2超高产群体动态特征及其形成机制, 并提出了水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式^{[ 18]}。徐正进等^{[ 19]}综合评述了北方粳稻超高产育种理论与实践, 讨论了与粳稻超高产有关的生理与遗传基础问题, 为粳稻超高产栽培提供了重要途径, 寒地水稻三超栽培技术在东北粳稻区得到了较大面积的推广应用^{[ 20]}。同时, 各稻区在高产栽培模式的指导下, 创造了一系列的超高产纪录。综合表明, 目前粳稻超高产栽培研究仅局限于单季稻地区, 或仅针对双季稻地区的一季粳稻(中稻)^{[ 21, 22]}, 尚未见系统阐明双季晚粳稻超高产形成特征方面的研究报道。本研究以江西省上高县双季杂交晚粳6.77 hm²连片高产攻关方为对象, 根据土壤地力、群体起点、田间肥水情况等, 追踪调查代表性田块, 划定出中产(8.25~9.75 t hm^-2)、高产(9.75~10.50 t hm^-2)和超高产(>10.50 t hm^-2) 3个产量等级群体, 研究它们的产量及其构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积和光合势动态、粒叶比、干物质生产积累与转运、根系活性和氮素吸收利用等若干特征, 提出双季杂交晚粳稻超高产群体质量指标, 以期为双季杂交晚粳稻超高产栽培与育种提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料与栽培概况

试验材料杂交粳稻甬优8号, 主茎总叶片数(N) 15~16叶, 伸长节间数(n) 5~6个, 全生育期150~ 155 d。2011—2012年, 种植于江西省上高县泗溪镇曾家村(115°09′E, 28°31′N), 设置双季晚粳稻高产精确定量栽培攻关试验方, 2年分别连片7.2 hm²和 7.8 hm²。试验田前茬为早籼稻, 晚稻季后茬为空闲田或种植绿肥作物紫云英。土壤类型为沙壤土, 地力中上等(前茬早稻产量为6.23~7.45 t hm^-2), 土壤含有机质20.75~24.02 g kg^-1、速效氮70.59~78.24 mg kg^-1、速效磷26.65~32.13 mg kg^-1、速效钾62.89~70.46 mg kg^-1。6月20日播种, 湿润育秧, 7月20日移栽, 行株距为26.4 cm×13.2 cm, 每穴3~4粒种子苗。

氮肥施用总量为纯氮0.270 t hm^-2, 基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥为4∶3∶3, 分蘖肥于移栽后7 d一次性施用, 穗肥于倒四叶、倒二叶抽出时分2次等量施入。氮∶磷∶钾比例为1.0∶0.5∶0.5。磷肥一次性基施, 钾肥分别于耕翻前、拔节期等量施入。移栽至有效分蘖期, 田面保持3 cm水层; 群体80%够苗后自然断水搁田, 搁田至土壤沉实后, 每次灌入3 cm水层, 待田间丰产沟(沟深15 cm)不见水时复灌, 周而复始直至成熟前1周。按粳稻超高产栽培措施统一进行其他管理措施。

同时在试验田中进行小面积的不同品种杂交晚粳稻连片超高产攻关田试验。根据前茬早稻产量和2010年预备试验结果分别在10块田田头作埂预留 20 m²左右小区不施用氮肥, 作为对照处理。

1.2 测定内容与方法

1.2.1 茎蘖动态测定选择代表性田块, 定点20穴作为一个观察点, 每块田3个观察点。在移栽期、有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期(抽穗后20 d)和成熟期观察茎蘖数消长动态。

1.2.2 干物质及叶面积测定于有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期(抽穗后20 d)、蜡熟期(抽穗后35 d)、成熟期(收获前1 d), 从各类型田块取10穴为1个样本, 将植株样本分解为绿叶、枯叶、茎、鞘和穗(抽穗以后), 测定叶面积和干物质重。在抽穗期采用长×宽×0.75法测定叶面积, 包括总茎蘖叶面积(总叶面积)、有效茎蘖叶面积(有效叶面积)和有效茎蘖顶三叶叶面积(高效叶面积)。每次测定重复3次。

1.2.3 根干重和伤流液测定于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 三类型产量等级每块田以5穴为1个样本, 重复3次, 剪去地上部分后以每穴根茬为中心, 挖取根土块(长30 cm、宽10 cm、高20 cm), 置40目尼龙网袋中, 用流水冲洗, 将根烘干后称重。在抽穗期、乳熟期和蜡熟期, 选择各产量等级平均茎蘖数的植株进行测定; 每一田块以5穴为1个样本, 重复3次, 于18:00在各茎距离地面12 cm处剪去地上部分植株(取样前排干田间水层), 将预先称重的脱脂棉放于茎剪口处, 套上伤流管, 第2天8:00取回带有伤流液的脱脂棉球并称重, 计算伤流液量。

1.2.4 产量测定水稻收获前不同产量水平群体每一田块取5点, 每点取样50穴, 测定单位面积穗数, 并将稻穗装进塑料窗纱口袋内, 风干后, 脱粒、去除杂质(不包括空瘪粒), 求出50穴总粒数和每穗粒数; 采用水漂法去除空瘪粒, 求取结实率; 以1000粒实粒样本(风干种子)称重, 重复3次(误差不超过0.05 g)求取千粒重。成熟期各田块割取一定面积测定实际产量, 每块田5点, 每点20 m²。在连片高产示范方中选择代表性田块验收实际产量, 其中3块田由专家组进行实际产量验收。

1.2.5 计算与统计方法

光合势(×10⁴ m² d hm^-2)=1/2(L₁+L₂)×(t₂-t₁), 式中, L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积(m² hm^-2), t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d);有效叶面积率(%)=有效LAI/最大LAI×100;高效叶面积率(%)=高效LAI/最大LAI×100;颖花/叶(cm²)=总颖花数/孕穗期叶面积;实粒/叶(cm²)=总实粒数/孕穗期叶面积;粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)=籽粒产量/孕穗期叶面积;群体生长率=(W₂-W₁)/(t₂-t₁), 式中, W₁和W₂为2次测定的干物质量, t₁和t₂为2次测定的时间(d);净同化率(g m^-2 d^-1)=[ln (LAI₂)-ln (LAI₁)]/ (LAI₂-LAI₁)×(W₂-W₁)/(t₂-t₁), LAI₁和LAI₂为前后2次测定的叶面积指数, t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d), W₁和W₂为前后2次测定的植株干物质量(g);表观输出率(%)=(抽穗期单茎茎鞘重-成熟期单茎茎鞘重)/抽穗期单茎茎鞘重×100;最大输出率(%)=(抽穗期单茎茎鞘重-齐穗后 15 d单茎茎鞘重)/抽穗期单茎茎鞘重×100;颖花(或实粒或粒重)根流量=茎秆伤流量(抽穗至蜡熟期平均值)/颖花数(或实粒数或粒重);氮肥当季利用率(%)=(施氮区植株总吸氮量-空白区植株总吸氮量)/总施氮量×100;氮肥生理利用率(%)=(施氮区产量-空白区产量)/(施氮区植株总吸氮量-空白区植株总吸氮量);氮肥农学效率=(施氮区产量-空白区产量)/总施氮量;氮肥表观生产力=籽粒产量/总施氮量;运用Microsoft Excel软件进行数据计算与作图; 运用DPS进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其构成因素

甬优8号2年3个产量水平(中产、高产、超高产)群体平均实际产量分别为9.34、10.59和10.98 t hm^-2, 超高产较高产增加3.77%, 高产较中产增加13.37%, 差异显著或极显著(表1)。从产量构成因素分析, 3个产量水平群体颖花量(×10⁴ hm^-2)平均值分别为 41 330.93、46 921.55和50 101.43, 超高产较高产、高产较中产分别增加6.79%和13.52%, 差异均极显著; 平均结实率分别为86.54%、86.26%、85.95%, 超高产较高产、高产较中产分别减少0.36%和0.32%, 不同产量等级间差异不显著; 千粒重分别为26.69、26.66和26.24 g, 不同产量等级间差异不显著。从总颖花量构成的两个因素来看, 两年超高产较高产穗数平均增加1.24%、每穗粒数平均增加5.16%, 高产田的穗数较中产田增加8.95%, 每穗粒数增加4.95%。

综上分析可知, 双季晚粳稻从中产到高产水平需显著增加单位面积穗数和穗粒数, 保持较高的结实率和千粒重, 从高产向超高产水平发展, 适当增加穗数, 主攻大穗, 并保持较高的结实率和千粒重。综合两年研究结果表明, 双季晚粳稻超高产群体的适宜产量构成应以足量穗数与较大穗型协调产出足量的群体颖花量(50 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上), 同时保持较高的结实率(86.0%左右)和千粒重(26 g左右)。

表1 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻产量及其构成 Table 1 Grain yield and its components of late japonica hybrid rice under different yield levels

类型 Type		总穗数 Total number of panicles (×10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数Spikelets per panicle	总颖花量 Total number of spikelets (×10⁴ hm^-2)	结实率 Filled-grain percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	理论产量 Theoretic yield (t hm^-2)	实际产量 Actual yield (t hm^-2)
2011
中产 MY	平均Mean ( n=9)	244.35 Bc	168.17 Cc	41094.00 Cc	86.62 Aa	26.68 Aa	9.51 Cc	9.28 Cc
	标准差 SD	0.64	6.71	202.97	0.25	0.21	27.92	25.13
	变异系数 CV (%)	3.90	3.99	7.41	0.29	0.77	4.40	4.06
高产 HY	平均Mean ( n=7)	266.10 Ab	176.09 Bb	46553.55 Bb	86.32 Aa	26.64 Aa	10.78 Bb	10.55 Bb
	标准差 SD	0.15	1.09	71.51	0.35	0.13	6.97	9.37
	变异系数 CV (%)	0.85	0.62	2.30	0.41	0.48	0.97	1.33
	较中产CMY±(%)	8.91	4.71	13.28	-0.35	-0.15	13.29	13.62
超高产SHY	平均Mean ( n=5)	269.85 Aa	185.23 Aa	49988.55 Aa	85.91 Aa	26.25 Aa	11.27 Aa	10.92 Aa
	标准差 SD	0.08	3.82	62.31	0.15	0.05	12.55	11.33
	变异系数 CV (%)	0.43	2.06	1.87	0.18	0.20	1.68	1.56
	较高产CHY±(%)	1.40	5.19	7.38	-0.47	-2.20	3.82	3.58
2012
中产 MY	平均Mean ( n=7)	247.05 Bc	168.30 Cc	41567.85 Cc	86.45 Aa	26.70 Aa	9.59 Cc	9.39 Cc
	标准差 SD	0.44	4.83	51.77	0.32	0.13	11.39	10.31
	变异系数 CV (%)	2.69	2.87	1.87	0.37	0.50	1.78	1.65
高产 HY	平均Mean ( n=7)	269.25 Ab	175.61 Bb	47289.15 Bb	86.19 Aa	26.67 Aa	10.87 Bb	10.62 Bb
	标准差 SD	0.10	2.46	42.06	0.08	0.12	9.78	10.08
	变异系数 CV (%)	0.58	1.40	1.33	0.10	0.44	1.35	1.42
	较中产CMY±(%)	9.03	4.34	13.76	-0.29	-0.11	13.31	13.11
超高产SHY	平均Mean ( n=6)	272.10 Aa	184.56 Aa	50214.30 Aa	85.98 Aa	26.23 Aa	11.33 Aa	11.04 Aa
	标准差 SD	0.09	2.40	58.22	0.30	0.10	13.70	9.55
	变异系数 CV (%)	0.47	1.30	1.74	0.35	0.40	1.81	1.30
	较高产CHY±(%)	1.03	5.10	6.19	-0.25	-1.63	4.20	3.95

同一年内同列不同字母表示分别在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著性。

MY: medium yield; HY: high yield; SHY: super-high yield; SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation; CMY: compare with medium yield; CHY: compare with high yield. Means followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 (lowercases) and 0.01 (capitals) probability levels.

表1 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻产量及其构成 Table 1 Grain yield and its components of late japonica hybrid rice under different yield levels

2.2 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻群体发展特征

2.2.1 群体茎蘖动态由图1可见, 与中产和高产田相比, 超高产田移栽期生长前期茎蘖数增长缓慢, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期群体茎蘖均较低, 直至成熟期略高于高产田, 极显著高于中产田。超高产田移栽期茎蘖数约为最终成穗数的46%, 中产和高产田分别约为最终穗数的44%和42%, 超高产群体生育前期增长速度较高产和中产群体慢, 至有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)不同产量等级群体均达到预期穗数; 各群体均于拔节期达到高峰苗数, 超高产田茎蘖数约为成熟期穗数的1.2倍, 高产田为1.3倍, 中产田为1.4倍左右; 此后超高产群体平稳下降, 抽穗期穗数等于或略多于成熟期穗数; 分蘖成穗率超高产田为77.12%~78.14%, 高产田为74.14%~75.05%, 中产田仅为66.26%~68.11%。

2.2.2 叶面积指数与光合势动态不同产量等级水稻群体叶面积指数动态与各生育期茎蘖动态趋势相似(图2)。与中产和高产群体相比, 超高产群体叶面积指数(LAI)在移栽期较高(差异不显著), 之后中产和高产田群体叶面积增长速度较快, 叶面积指数高, 直至拔节期均高于超高产田。不同产量等级水稻最大LAI均出现于孕穗期, 其中超高产田(8.02~8.04)群体极显著或显著高于中产(7.06~7.11)和高产田(7.49~7.83); 此后, 超高产田群体叶面积下降略缓于中产和高产田(图2), 至成熟期超高产田群体LAI仍保持3.5以上。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻不同生育时期的茎蘖数Fig. 1 Number of stems and tillers of late japonica hybrid rice at each growth period (×10⁴hm^-2)

MY: 中产; HY: 高产; SHY: 超高产; T: 移栽期; N-n: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; MK: 乳熟期; M: 成熟期。

MY: medium yield; HY: high yield; SHY: super-high yield; T: transplanting stage; N-n: critical leaf-age for productive tillers; J: jointing; H: heading; MK: milky stage; M: maturity.

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻不同生育时期叶面积指数缩写同图1。B: 孕穗期; W: 蜡熟期。Fig. 2 Leaf area index of late japonica hybrid rice at each growth periodAbbreviations are the same as given in Figure 1. B: booting; W: waxy stage.

两年不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻的光合势(单位土地面积绿叶面积与光合时间乘积)与叶面积变化趋势基本一致(图3)。在移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期和有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期2个生育阶段, 超高产群体光合势略小于高产群体, 显著小于中产群体; 在拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至乳熟期、乳熟至蜡熟期和蜡熟至成熟期4个生育阶段, 超高产和高产群体的光合势均显著高于中产群体。超高产群体不同生育期的光合势(×10⁴ m² d hm^-2): 移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)为40左右, (N-n)至拔节期为60左右, 拔节期至抽穗期为160左右, 抽穗期至乳熟期为130左右, 乳熟期至蜡熟期为100左右, 蜡熟期至成熟期为70左右; 全生育期总光合势>560; 其中抽穗至成熟期的光合势2年平均为304.94, 占总光合势的54%左右, 显著或极显著高于高产(占总光合势的50%)和中产(占总光合势的48%)群体。

2.2.3 群体干物质生产与运转特征

(1) 群体干物质积累对2年不同产量水平水稻群体不同生育期干物质积累动态分析可知(图4), 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)和拔节期, 超高产田与高产田干物质积累量差异较小, 略低于中产田; 此后, 不同生育时期三类产量水平间干物质积累量差异显著, 且呈超高产>高产>中产的趋势。超高产群体干物质积累量(t hm^-2), (N-n)叶龄期为1.6左右, 拔节期为3.5左右, 抽穗期为10.5左右, 乳熟期为14.5左右, 蜡熟期为15.5左右, 成熟期为19.0左右。收获指数, 超高产田为0.490, 略高于高产田(0.480), 显著高于中产田(0.460)。

(2) 抽穗期叶面积组成与粒叶比表2表明, 超高产田群体抽穗期有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均显著高于高产和中产水平, 2年超高产群体的有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率平均分别为94.40%、73.72%, 粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm²)、实粒/叶(cm²)、粒重(mg)/叶(cm²)]平均分别为0.634、0.545、

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻不同生育阶段光合势Fig. 3 Photosynthetic potential of late japonica hybrid rice at each growth stage (×10⁴m² d hm^-2)

MY: 中产; HY: 高产; SHY: 超高产; T: 移栽期; N-n: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; MK: 乳熟期; W: 蜡熟期; M: 成熟期.

MY: medium yield; HY: high yield; SHY: super-high yield; T: transplanting stage; N-n: critical leaf-age for productive tillers; J: jointing; H: heading; MK: milky stage; W: waxy stage; M: maturity.

Figure Option
View Download New Window

图4 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻不同生育时期干物质积累量MY: 中产; HY: 高产; SHY: 超高产; N-n: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; MK: 乳熟期; W: 蜡熟期; M: 成熟期。Fig. 4 Dry matter accumulation of late japonica hybrid rice at each growth periodMY: medium yield; HY: high yield; SHY: super-high yield; N-n: critical leaf-age for productive tillers; J: jointing; H: heading; MK: milky stage; W: waxy stage; M: maturity.

表2 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻群体抽穗期干物质积累量、叶面积组成与粒叶比 Table 2 Dry matter accumulation, components of leaf area, and grain-leaf ratio in heading under different yield levels

MY: 中产; HY: 高产; SHY: 超高产。同一年内同列不同字母分别表示在0.05和0.01水平上差异显著性。

MY: medium yield; HY: high yield; SHY: super-high yield. Values followed by different letters of the same year are significantly different at the 0.05 (lowercases) and 0.01 (capitals) probability levels.

14.24, 有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率及粒叶比均显著高于高产群体(平均分别为91.70%、71.65%; 0.601、0.521、13.87), 极显著高于中产群体(平均分别为84.99%、62.87%; 0.552、0.478、1277)。可见, 超高产群体具有更大、更厚的冠层结构(超高产群体抽穗期干物质量较高产群体高1.65%, 高产群体较中产群体高1.42%); 同时, 超高产水平优良的群体结构, 即较高的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、群体粒叶比, 可促进超高产群体安全生长。

(3) 抽穗后期光合物质生产与转运特征分析2年各群体抽穗期至成熟期光合物质生产表明(表3), 超高产群体净积累量平均为8.47 t hm^-2, 占产量平均为77.59%, 显著高于高产群体(积累量为8.12 t hm^-2, 占产量平均为76.66%), 极显著高于中产群体(积累量为6.58 t hm^-2, 占产量平均为70.49%), 说明超高产群体籽粒产量主要来源于抽穗后较高的群体光合物质生产与积累量。超高产群体抽穗后群体生长率(g m^-2 d^-1)、光合势(×10⁴ m² d hm^-2)和净同化率(g m^-2 d^-1) 2年分别平均为11.43、304.94、2.614, 均极显著高于高产和中产群体, 说明超高产群体后期(抽穗期至成熟期)具有高效的光合能力。超高产群体单茎茎鞘最大输出率与最大输出物质转运率2年平均分别为33.84%和14.50%, 极显著高于高产和中产水平群体(表3), 成熟期茎鞘表观输出率(2年平均为15.66%)显著小于后两者。可见, 超高产水平群体抽穗前积累的茎鞘物质的运转能力和抽穗后群体光合能力强; 同时, 更高效的光合能力使超高产群体具有较强的二次物质生产与积累能力, 最终表观输出率最低, 茎鞘充实更好, 有利于增强超高产群体抗倒伏能力。

2.2.4 群体根系特征根干重是根系生长状况的集中体现, 反映了根系发达程度。2年不同产量等级晚粳稻单茎根干重动态, 随生育进程呈先增加后降低趋势, 根冠比呈降低趋势(表4)。超高产水平群体的根重和根冠比均显著或极显著高于高产和中产水平群体。2年超高产田晚粳稻单茎根干重(g)、根冠比平均值, 拔节期分别为0.262和0.290, 抽穗期分别为0.374和0.133, 成熟期分别为0.195和0.095。各群体晚粳稻颖花根流量[mg 颖花^-1 h^-1、mg 实粒^-1 h^-1和mg粒重(g)^-1 h^-1]均是超高产水平显著高于高产水平, 高产水平极显著高于中产水平, 2年超高产水平群体颖花根流量[mg颖花^-1 h^-1、mg实粒^-1 h^-1和mg粒重(g)^-1 h^-1]平均值分别为2.318、2.470和13.888, 表明灌浆充实期超高产水平群体根系活力旺盛, 利于群体安全成熟。

2.3 群体氮素吸收与利用特征

2.3.1 主要生育时期植株含氮率和吸氮量由表5可见, 不同产量等级晚粳稻植株含氮率随生育期推进逐渐降低, 拔节期最高, 成熟期最低; 不同产量等级高低关系在不同生育期表现不一致, 拔节期超高产水平显著低于高产, 高产水平极显著低于中产, 抽穗期、成熟期超高产水平显著高于高产水平, 高产水平极显著高于中产水平; 超高产水平植株含氮率2年平均分别为, 拔节期1.73%、抽穗期1.61%、成熟期1.33%。不同产量等级植株吸氮量随生育进程呈增加趋势, 成熟期达到最大值。不同产量等级间, 拔节期超高产水平植株吸氮量低于高产, 差异显著; 高产水平低于中产水平, 差异不显著; 抽穗期和成熟期超高产水平显著或极显著高于高产水平, 高产水平显著或极显著高于中产水平。超高产群体主要生育时期植株吸氮量2年平均分别为, 拔节期0.056 t hm^-2、抽穗期0.171 t hm^-2、成熟期0.220 t hm^-2。

2.3.2 氮肥利用效率由表6可见, 不同产量水平双季晚粳稻百千克籽粒需氮量均是超高产水平最高, 10.5 t hm^-2以上产量等级的百千克籽粒需氮量为2.0 kg左右; 超高产水平的氮肥当季利用率、生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥表观生产力均最高, 2年平均分别为41.45%、44.01%、18.24和40.67, 显著或极显著高于高产水平(平均分别为39.02%、42.71%、17.06和39.19)和中产水平(平均分别为38.01%、37.67%、14.32和34.57)。

表3 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻群体抽穗后光合物质生产特征 Table 3 Production of dry matter of late japonica hybrid rice after heading under different yield levels

表4 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻根系干重及根冠比特征 Table 4 Dry weight of root and root-shoot ratio of late japonica hybrid rice at each growth period under different yield levels

表5 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻主要生育时期植株含氮率和氮积累量特征 Table 5 N content and uptaking in plant of late japonica hybrid rice at main growth period under different yield levels

表6 不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻氮肥利用效率 Table 6 N use efficiency of late japonicahybrid rice under different yield levels

2.4 双季杂交晚粳稻其他品种超高产形成特征

2011—2012年, 在江西上高县进行不同双季杂交晚粳稻品种超高产连片攻关试验(表7), 每一品种种植面积0.067 hm²以上, 结果表明超高产产量构成与甬优8号有较大相似性; 双季杂交晚粳稻产量10.5 t hm^-2以上的群体颖花量均为50 000×10⁴ hm^-2以上, 结实率86.0%左右, 千粒重26 g左右。

对不同品种杂交晚粳稻群体特征及养分吸收利用特性分析发现(表8), 不同品种杂交晚粳稻具有与甬优8号类似特性。超高产群体茎蘖成穗率78%以上, 其中2011年甬优7号成穗率高达80% (表8); 超高产群体成熟期总生物量均在19.0 t hm^-2以上, 收获指数0.490以上, 颖花/叶(cm²)为0.700左右, 氮素当季利用率40%以上。另外, 不同品种杂交晚粳稻的根重及活力(数据未列)等其他特征与甬优8号有一定相似性, 在此不赘述。

表7 不同品种杂交晚粳稻超高产攻关方产量及构成 Table 7 Grain yield and its components of different cultivars of late japonicarice in demonstration fields

表8 不同品种杂交晚粳稻超高产攻关方群体特征及氮素利用率 Table 8 Population characteristics and N utilization of different cultivars late japonica rice in demonstration fields

3 讨论

3.1 双季杂交晚粳稻超高产产量形成特征

水稻产量由库容(由有效穗数和每穗粒数组成)和充实度(结实率和千粒重)两部分构成。水稻超高产实现关键在于如何稳定实现产量构成因素在较高水平上的协同发展^{[ 23]}。前人较一致认为“以足量大穗形成高群体颖花量”是水稻超高产产量形成的一条重要途径^{[ 14, 16, 24, 25]}。本试验结果表明, 在南方双季稻区不同产量水平杂交晚粳稻高产实现的途径有所不同, 产量水平由中产到高产, 主要依靠提高有效穗数并适当增大穗型; 产量由高产到超高产水平, 需在适量增加穗数的同时主攻大穗来提高群体颖花量。表面上看与单季粳稻和双季晚籼稻超高产产量形成规律一致, 实质上有较大区别。本研究中甬优8号结实率和千粒重较在单季稻区种植均有所降低, 原因是引种至双季稻区作为晚稻种植后全生育期大大缩短, 籽粒的灌浆充实不及单季稻区。若进一步挖掘其高产潜力, 应从扩大库容着手, 同时与稳定的结实率、千粒重协同发展。南方双季晚稻较同期单季稻区气候有“高温、高湿、温差小”的特点, 单位面积所容纳的穗数有限(粳稻群体茎蘖数多, 易感染纹枯病和稻曲病, 同时群体过大易贪青晚熟), 仅依靠增穗扩库容不符合客观实际, 因此, 实现双季杂交晚粳稻较大库容关键在于稳定或适当增加单位面积穗数, 同时主攻大穗, 提高群体“安全库容”^{[ 16]}。双季杂交晚粳稻超高产群体保持稳定的结实率和千粒重难度较大, 种植双季晚粳稻的各个环节必须更加精确, 实现超高产群体颖花量和较高的结实率、千粒重协同发展。本文仅针对大穗型杂交粳稻品种甬优8号, 其它类型粳稻品种产量形成特征还有待进一步研究。

3.2 双季杂交晚粳稻超高产群体形成特征

双季晚粳稻超高产群体起点较高, 茎蘖增长速度慢, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗, 且高峰苗数量小, 后期(抽穗至成熟期)群体茎蘖数消亡较平缓, 抽穗期达预期穗数, 成穗率较高(78%以上)。虽然双季晚粳稻和单季粳稻超高产群体均是同一生育时期够苗, 但双季晚粳稻群体茎蘖数更需要依靠主茎数(群体起点高), 单季稻主要依靠分蘖数(群体起点低), 因双季晚粳稻全生育期较单季粳稻明显缩短, 其中缩短较多的是营养生长期^{[ 26]}, 分蘖的发生主要在该生育时期, 因此双季晚粳稻超高产田基本苗高于单季粳稻。另外, 双季晚粳稻超高产田茎蘖增长速度小于单季粳稻, 分析其原因可能是双季晚粳稻秧苗移栽大田后, 田间温度较高, 茎蘖发生受阻; 生育中期和后期的茎蘖动态与单季稻区超高产田变化趋势相似^{[ 16]}。

与双季晚粳稻中产和高产群体相比, 超高产群体叶面积指数、光合势和干物质重方面表现为, 拔节期前生长量小, 中期生长量明显提高, 抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力较强(叶面积、光合势和干物质量均高)。源、库、流特征表现为粒叶比高、物质运转率高、收获指数高; 根系特征表现为根量大(抽穗期至成熟期单茎根重及根冠比均高)、根系活性强(根系伤流量大); 氮素吸收利用特征表现为吸收能力强, 积累量大(抽穗期至成熟期, 群体植株含氮率和含氮量均显著或极显著高于中产和高产水平群体), 氮素当季利用率高(40%以上)。与单季粳稻和双季籼稻超高产群体质量特征^{[ 14, 15, 17, 27, 28]}相比有一定相似性, 但双季晚粳稻超高产具有自身特征, 例如, 群体物质生产方面, 双季晚粳稻生育前期物质积累量较少, 产量更多来自于生育中后期的物质生产, 这正是双季晚粳稻高产优势所在, 即双季稻区晚稻季充足的温光资源使晚粳稻生育后期具有更强的物质生产能力^{[ 26]}。因此, 应依据双季晚粳稻群体特征适时调整栽培策略。

3.3 双季杂交晚粳稻10.5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体指标

本课题组已连续多年在江西不同纬度地区开展“籼改粳”研究, 晚粳稻较当地晚籼稻表现出较大产量优势, 2011—2012年上高县6.77 hm²连片示范方平均实际产量均超过了9.75 t hm^-2(江西省农业厅组织专家进行田间实际产量测定), 较当地晚籼稻高15%以上(江西省农业厅组织对当地晚籼稻田间实际产量测定, 最高产为8.25 t hm^-2左右), 达到超高产水平^{[ 26]}; 同时, 最高产田块实际产量甚至超过了10.5 t hm^-2(2011、2012年甬优8号最高产量分别为10.8 t hm^-2和10.9 t hm^-2)。可见, 杂交晚粳稻在当地种植的产量潜力较大, 9.75 t hm^-2是推广晚粳稻的产量起点。为此, 依托本研究, 单独分析10.5 t hm^-2以上超高产田块, 提出双季杂交晚粳稻10.5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体指标(表9), 供双季晚粳稻超高产栽培和育种参考。

表9 双季杂交晚粳稻10.5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体指标 Table 9 Population indexes of super high-yielding (>10.5 t hm^-2) late japonicahybrid rice in double-cropping rice area

3.4 双季杂交晚粳稻超高产调控途径及关键栽培技术的探讨

进行超高产栽培时, 要达到上述群体指标, 应以超高产群体形成特征为依据, 采取综合栽培措施, 限于文章篇幅, 在此列出几项关键栽培技术供探讨。

(1)选择生育期适宜、穗型较大的粳稻稻品种。双季晚粳稻营养生长期较单季稻区大大缩短, 粳稻品种有效分蘖叶位减少, 应选择生育期适宜且穗型大、灌浆速率快的粳稻品种。

(2)延长育秧时间, 培育壮秧。通过延长秧苗生长期, 向前延伸双季晚粳稻营养生长期, 培育叶蘖同伸壮秧(移栽时分蘖2个以上), 充分挖掘晚粳稻超高产潜力。

(3)建立较大群体起点。双季晚粳稻营养生长期短, 靠分蘖争取足穗较为困难。一方面可培育带蘖壮秧, 另一方面可适当增加基本苗, 依据基本苗公式精确群体起点。

(4)精确肥水管理。根据晚粳稻产量目标采用斯坦福方程精确计算施氮量。同时, 双季晚粳稻氮肥运筹与单季粳稻有一定差别, 依靠前期重施基蘖肥, 促使晚粳稻群体茎蘖早发快发, 及时够苗, 最终达到足穗; 近年专题试验研究认为氮肥运筹应以7︰3较为适宜(相关研究将另文阐述)。双季晚粳稻水分管理除参照单季粳稻超高产方案外, 还应区别于当地晚籼稻品种类型, 粳稻后期需水量大, 需根据后期群体状况进行水分精确管理。

4 结论

与中产和高产水平群体相比, 双季杂交晚粳稻超高产群体产量构成特征为穗数足、穗型大、结实率和千粒重正常; 群体茎蘖动态特征为群体起点高、及时够苗和够苗后及时转入平缓增长, 高峰苗数量小、后期群体下降平缓、至抽穗期具有适宜穗数; 群体质量特征为光合势、粒叶比、物质运转率、收获指数高, 根系发达、活力强, 氮素吸收多、利用率高。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	FAO. Statistical Databases. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, 2004 [本文引用:1]
[2]	陈温福, 潘文博, 徐正进. 我国粳稻生产现状及发展趋势. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2006, 37: 801-805 Chen W F, Pan W B, Xu Z J. Current situation and trends in production of japonica rice in China. J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2006, 37: 801-805 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.55]
[3]	陈温福, 张龙步, 徐正进, 杨守仁. 北粳南引研究的进展与前景. 沈阳农业大学学报, 1994, 25: 131-135 Chen W F, Zhang L B, Xu Z J, Yang S R. The research advances of introducing japonica rice from the north to the south of China. J Shenyang Agric Univ, 1994, 25: 131-135 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.55]
[4]	董啸波, 霍中洋, 张洪程, 李国业, 曹开蔚, 程飞虎, 黄大山, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕. 南方双季晚稻籼改粳优势及技术关键. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(1): 25-28 Dong X B, Huo Z Y, Zhang H C, Li G Y, Cao K W, Cheng F H, Huang D S, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y. The advantages and key technology of indica rice to japonica rice in southern double-cropping late rice area. China Rice, 2012, 18(1): 25-28 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.9745]
[5]	黄发松, 王延春. 湘、鄂、赣发展晚粳稻生产的条件与建议. 中国稻米, 2010, 16(6): 67-68 Huang F S, Wang Y C. The rice production and proposal about developing late japonica rice in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi. Chin Rice, 2010, 16(6): 67-68 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.9745]
[6]	Peng S, Gassman K G, Virmani S S, Sheehy J, Khush G S. Yield potential trends of tropical rice since release of IR8 and the challenge of increasing rice yield potential. Crop Sci, 1999, 39: 1552-1559 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.513]
[7]	Yuan L P. Hybrid rice breeding in China. In: Virmani S S, Siddiq A, Muralidharan K, eds. Advances in Hybrid Rice Technology. Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1998. pp27-33 [本文引用:1]
[8]	蒋彭炎, 冯来定, 姚长溪. 从水稻稀少平栽培法的高产效应看栽培技术与株型的关系. 中国水稻科学, 1987, 2: 111-117 Jiang P Y, Feng L D, Yao C X. *The effect of cultivation techniques on plant type in view of the high yield result induced by TFS^{ cultivation method in paddy rice}*. Chin J Rice Sci*, 1987, 2: 111-117 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[9]	汪仁全, 马均, 童平, 张荣萍, 李艳, 傅泰露, 吴合洲, 刘志彬. 三角形强化栽培技术对水稻光合生理特性及产量形成的影响. 杂交水稻, 2006, 21(6): 60-65 Wang R Q, Ma J, Tong P, Zhang R P, Li Y, Fu T L, Wu H Z, Liu Z B. Effect of planting method of triangle of system of rice intensification (TSRI) on photosynthetic characteristics and formation of grain yield. Hybrid Rice, 2006, 21(6): 60-65 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.605]
[10]	邹应斌, 黄见良, 屠乃美, 李合松, 黄升平, 张杨珠. “旺壮重”栽培对双季杂交稻产量形成及生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 2001, 27: 344-350 Zou Y B, Huang J L, Tu N M, Li H S, Huang S P, Zhang Y Z. Effects of the VSW cultural method on yield formation and physiological characteristics in double cropping hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2001, 27: 344-350 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[11]	马均, 陶诗顺. 杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀高产栽培技术的研究. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35: 42-48 Ma J, Tao S S. Study on the practice and high-yielding mechanism of super-sparse-cultivation associated with maximum-tiller seedling of hybrid rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35: 42-48 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[12]	邹应斌, 夏胜平. 超级稻“三定”栽培理论与技术. 长沙: 湖南科技学技术出版社, 2011. pp121-150 Zou Y B, Xia S P. Theory and Technique of “San-Ding” Cultivation Method in Super Rice. Changsha: Hunan Scientific and Technical Publisher, 2011, pp121-150(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[13]	凌启鸿. 作物群体质量. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2000. pp44-209 Ling Q H. Quality of Crop Population. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2000. pp44-209(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[14]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.889]
[15]	李刚华, 张国发, 陈功磊, 王绍华, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 1106-1114 Li G H, Zhang G F, Chen G L, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Ding Y F. Population characteristics of super japonica rice Ningjing 1 and Ningjing 3 and its responses to nitrogen. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 1106-1114 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.667]
[16]	吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗华, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276 Wu G C, Zhang H C, Qian Y F, Li D J, Zhou Y Y, Xu J, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Xu Z J, Qian Z H, Sun J Y, Zhao P H. Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:4] [CJCR: 1.889]
[17]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13. 5 t hm^-2 超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨. 中国农业科学, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 Zhang H C, Wu G C, Li D J, Xiao Y C, Gong J L, Li J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Wang B J, Wu A G. Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13. 5 t ha^-1). Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.889]
[18]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 黄幸福, 龚金龙. 水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 Zhang H C, Wu G C, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Huang X F, Gong J L. The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2645-2660 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[19]	徐正进, 陈温福, 张文忠, 周淑清, 刘丽霞, 张龙步, 杨守仁. 北方粳稻新株型超高产育种研究进展. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 1521-1526 Xu Z J, Chen W F, Zhang W Z, Zhou S Q, Liu L X, Zhang L B, Yang S R. New plant type breeding for super-high yielding northern japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 1521-1526 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[20]	金学泳, 金正勋, 孙滔, 商文楠, 李殿平, 徐凤花. 寒地水稻三超栽培技术研究. 中国农学通报, 2005, 21(4): 136-141 Jin X Y, Jin Z X, Sun T, Shang W N, Li D P, Xu F H. Summarize in the study of 3-S cultivating technique of rice in cold zone. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2005, 21(4): 136-141 (in Chinese with English Abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	陈进红, 郭恒德, 毛国娟, 陶稚彪, 张国平, 赵伟明. 杂交粳稻超高产群体干物质生产及养分吸收利用特点. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 271-275 Chen J H, Guo H D, Mao G J, Tao Z B, Zhang G P, Zhao W M. Characteristics of dry matter production and nutrient uptake and utilization of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice. China J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 271-275 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	陈进红, 张国平, 郭恒德, 毛国娟. 杂交粳稻超高产群体的冠层结构特点研究. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14: 913-916 Chen J H, Zhang G P, Guo H D, Mao G J. Characteristics of canopy structure of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice community. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2003, 14: 913-916 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.742]
[23]	Ying J F, Peng S B, He Q R, Yang H, Yang C D, Visperas R M, Cassman K G. Comparison of high-yield in tropical and subtropical environments: I. Determinants of grain and dry matter yields. Field Crops Res, 1998, 57: 71-84 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[24]	吴文革, 张洪程, 吴桂成, 翟超群, 钱银飞, 陈烨, 徐军, 戴其根, 许轲. 超级稻群体籽粒库容特征的初步研究. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 250-257 Wu W G, Zhang H C, Wu G C, Zhai C Q, Qian Y F, Chen Y, Xu J, Dai Q G, Xu K. Preliminary study on super rice population sink characters. Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 250-257 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[25]	谢华安, 王乌齐, 杨惠杰, 杨高群, 李义珍. 杂交水稻超高产特性研究. 福建农业学报, 2003, 18: 201-204 Xie H A, Wang W Q, Yang H J, Yang G Q, Li Y Z. The characteristics of super high-yielding hybrid rice. Fujian J Agric Sci, 2003, 18: 201-204 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.7902]
[26]	张军, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 李国业, 董啸波, 花劲, 郭保卫, 周培建, 程飞虎, 黄大山, 陈忠平, 陈国梁, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉. 不同栽培方式对双季晚粳稻产量及温光利用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 2130-2141 Zhang J, Zhang H C, Huo Z Y, Li G Y, Dong X B, Hua J, Guo B W, Zhou P J, Cheng F H, Huang D S, Chen Z P, Chen G L, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H. Effects of cultivation methods on yield and utilization of temperature and light of late japonica rice in southern double cropping rice areas. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 2130-2141 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.889]
[27]	蒋鹏, 黄敏, Md. Ibrahim, 曾燕, 夏冰, 邹应斌. “三定”栽培对双季超级稻产量形成及生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 855-867 Jiang P, Huang M, Md. Ibrahim, Zeng Y, Xia B, Zou Y B. Effects of “San-Ding” cultivation method on yield formation and physiological characteristics of double cropping super rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 855-867 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[28]	袁隆平. 杂交水稻超高产育种. 杂交水稻, 2000, 15(2): 31-33 Yuan L P. Hybrid rice breeding for super high yield. Hybrid Rice, 2000, 15(2): 31-33 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.605]

2004

0.0

... 趋势明显, 已成为较大的粳米消费区^[1,2,3] ...

2006

0.0

0.55

... 趋势明显, 已成为较大的粳米消费区^[1,2,3] ...

1994

0.0

0.55

... 趋势明显, 已成为较大的粳米消费区^[1,2,3] ...

2012

0.0

0.9745

. 2012, 18(1):25-28 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-8082.2012.01.005

The advantages and key technology of indica rice to japonica rice in southern double-cropping late rice area

(南方双季晚稻籼改粳优势及技术关键) . (中国稻米) , 2012 , 18 ( 1 ): 25 - 28 Dong X B , Huo Z Y , Zhang H C , Li G Y , Cao K W , Cheng F H , Huang D S , Dai Q G , Xu K , Wei H Y . The advantages and key technology of indica rice to japonica rice in southern double-cropping late rice area

Dong X B

(董啸波) , (霍中洋) , (张洪程) , (李国业) , (曹开蔚) , (程飞虎) , (黄大山) , (戴其根) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) . (南方双季晚稻籼改粳优势及技术关键) . (中国稻米) , 2012 , 18 ( 1 ): 25 - 28 Dong X B

根据我国“十二五”方针政策，对南方稻区双季晚稻“籼改粳”进行了历史回顾，并综述分析了“籼改粳”在温光资源的利用、稻米品质、经济效益以及保障粮食安全方面的优势，同时提出了“籼改粳”在品种选择、栽培技术、肥水管理以及病虫害防治方面的技术措施，为南方双季晚稻“籼改粳”提供一些依据。

... , 以提高粳稻的总产量^[4,5] ...

2010

0.0

0.9745

. 2010, 16(6):67-68

The rice production and proposal about developing late japonica rice in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi

(湘、鄂、赣发展晚粳稻生产的条件与建议) . (中国稻米) , 2010 , 16 ( 6 ): 67 - 68 Huang F S , Wang Y C . The rice production and proposal about developing late japonica rice in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi

Huang F S

(黄发松) , (王延春) . (湘、鄂、赣发展晚粳稻生产的条件与建议) . (中国稻米) , 2010 , 16 ( 6 ): 67 - 68 Huang F S

通过对湘、鄂、赣等省发展晚粳稻资源和条件的分析，提出了在这些省份适当发展晚粳稻生产的建议。

... , 以提高粳稻的总产量^[4,5] ...

1999

1.513

0.0

... 如何充分挖掘作物品种的遗传潜力和配套建立高产栽培技术, 一直是农业研究的难点和重点^[6,7], 因此, 针对性研究双季晚粳稻超高产形成特征, 发展粳稻生产, 对我国南方#cod#x0201c ...

1998

0.0

1987

0.0

1.494

. 1987, 2:111-117

The effect of cultivation techniques on plant type in view of the high yield result induced by TFS^{* cultivation method in paddy rice}

(从水稻稀少平栽培法的高产效应看栽培技术与株型的关系) . (中国水稻科学) , 1987 , 2 : 111 - 117 Jiang P Y , Feng L D , Yao C X . The effect of cultivation techniques on plant type in view of the high yield result induced by TFS * cultivation method in paddy rice

Jiang P Y

(蒋彭炎) , (冯来定) , (姚长溪) . (从水稻稀少平栽培法的高产效应看栽培技术与株型的关系) . (中国水稻科学) , 1987 , 2 : 111 - 117 Jiang P Y

Basing on the data of plant types in our studies on“TFS”cultivation method, it was evealed that the fine cultivation technique played a great role on the building up of ideal plant type”in rice, and“TFSr”cultivation method unlike common cultivation tech- iques greatly reformed the four major cultivation joints of rice, namely raising of rice seedling, planting closely, spreading of fertilizer and irrigating,hence a few morphological features of rice(plant type)were effectively improved and the later were closely related to the photosynthetic efficiency in rice population. The analysis of the effect of “TFS”cultivation method on the plant type proved that through the improvement of cultivation technique, the following contents of the plant type may be advanced:the plant height and its distribution into each internode of rice,the angles between main stems and its tillers,the angles between stems and leaves, the thickness and life-span of green leaves in the formation duration of yield, the relationship between the extinction coefficient and the stereo distribution of stems and leaves in plant population.

本文整理了我们在开展“稀少平”栽培法的研究中有关株型方面的部分资料,阐明了优良的栽培技术对于水稻“理想株型”的建成有重要作用。指出水稻“稀少平”栽培法由于在育秧、密植、施肥和灌水四个主要栽培环节上对原来的技术进行了较大的改革,因此有效地改善了与水稻群体的光合效率有密切关系的几个形态特性——株型。本文从分析稀少平栽培法与株型的关系入手,论证了下列几方面的株型内容是可以通过改进栽培技术予以改善的:水稻的植株高度及其在各节间的分配,茎蘖间的角度及叶片与茎秆的夹角,产量形成期的绿叶厚度与寿命,消光系数——群体茎叶的立体分布。最后,分析了“株型栽培”的概念,认为随着高产稻作的发展,“株型栽培”必将与“株型育种”相结合,以进一步提高水稻的产量能力。

... 众多研究者们已经较系统研究了南方稻区籼稻高产特征与配套的栽培技术, 并提出了多项高产栽培技术模式^{[8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2006

0.0

0.605

. 2006, 21(6):60-65

Effect of planting method of triangle of system of rice intensification (TSRI) on photosynthetic characteristics and formation of grain yield

(三角形强化栽培技术对水稻光合生理特性及产量形成的影响) . (杂交水稻) , 2006 , 21 ( 6 ): 60 - 65 Wang R Q , Ma J , Tong P , Zhang R P , Li Y , Fu T L , Wu H Z , Liu Z B . Effect of planting method of triangle of system of rice intensification (TSRI) on photosynthetic characteristics and formation of grain yield

Wang R Q

(汪仁全) , (马均) , (童平) , (张荣萍) , (李艳) , (傅泰露) , (吴合洲) , (刘志彬) . (三角形强化栽培技术对水稻光合生理特性及产量形成的影响) . (杂交水稻) , 2006 , 21 ( 6 ): 60 - 65 Wang R Q

以杂交水稻冈优527为材料,研究了水稻在三角形强化栽培、正方形强化栽培、抛秧栽培和常规高产栽培等不同栽培方式下的生理指标、灌浆特性及产量.结果表明,在三角形强化栽培技术体系下适宜密度的水稻群体具有独特的优势: 在关键生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)较大,齐穗后剑叶衰老减缓,光合速率较高,能够充分发挥个体生长优势,贮存积累并向穗部转运较多的光合同化产物,不仅保证了强势粒的灌浆, 而且弱势粒灌浆也较为顺畅,产量构成因素得到优化配置,从而获得高产.

... 众多研究者们已经较系统研究了南方稻区籼稻高产特征与配套的栽培技术, 并提出了多项高产栽培技术模式^{[8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2001

0.0

1.667

... 众多研究者们已经较系统研究了南方稻区籼稻高产特征与配套的栽培技术, 并提出了多项高产栽培技术模式^{[8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2002

0.0

1.889

. 2002, 35:42-48

Study on the practice and high-yielding mechanism of super-sparse-cultivation associated with maximum-tiller seedling of hybrid rice

(杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀高产栽培技术的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2002 , 35 : 42 - 48 Ma J , Tao S S . Study on the practice and high-yielding mechanism of super-sparse-cultivation associated with maximum-tiller seedling of hybrid rice

Ma J

(马均) , (陶诗顺) . (杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀高产栽培技术的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2002 , 35 : 42 - 48 Ma J

四川农业大学水稻研究所

以5个杂交中稻品种为材料,对作者提出的“杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀高产栽培技术”的高产原理及技术进行了5年的研究。结果表明,使用该技术不仅能获高产,而且能节省种子、劳力等生产成本,是多熟制地区特别是迟栽田及发挥重穗型品种增产潜力的一条重要的高产途径。“两超”栽培高产的直接原因是颖花数量的增加和籽粒的良好充实。“两超”栽培高素质的“超多蘖壮秧”和本田期健壮的个体生长是其穗足、穗大粒多的前提,而其高质量的群体结构和明显的后期生长优势是其籽粒灌浆结实良好和单穗重提高的物质保证。

... 众多研究者们已经较系统研究了南方稻区籼稻高产特征与配套的栽培技术, 并提出了多项高产栽培技术模式^{[8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2011

0.0

... 众多研究者们已经较系统研究了南方稻区籼稻高产特征与配套的栽培技术, 并提出了多项高产栽培技术模式^{[8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2000

0.0

... 在粳稻超高产研究上, 凌启鸿^[13]提出了群体质量栽培理论与技术, 杨建昌等^[14]在江苏淮北明确了常规中熟粳稻产量11 ...

2006

0.0

1.889

. 2006, 39:1336-1345

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice

(超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2006 , 39 : 1336 - 1345 Yang J C , Du Y , Wu C F , Liu L J , Wang Z Q , Zhu Q S . Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice

Yang J C

(杨建昌) , (杜永) , (吴长付) , (刘立军) , (王志琴) , (朱庆森) . (超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2006 , 39 : 1336 - 1345 Yang J C

扬州大学农学院

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 在粳稻超高产研究上, 凌启鸿^[13]提出了群体质量栽培理论与技术, 杨建昌等^[14]在江苏淮北明确了常规中熟粳稻产量11 ...

... 是水稻超高产产量形成的一条重要途径^{[14,16,24,25]} ...

... 与单季粳稻和双季籼稻超高产群体质量特征^{[14,15,17,27,28]}相比有一定相似性, 但双季晚粳稻超高产具有自身特征, 例如, 群体物质生产方面, 双季晚粳稻生育前期物质积累量较少, 产量更多来自于生育中后期的物质生产, 这正是双季晚粳稻高产优势所在, 即双季稻区晚稻季充足的温光资源使晚粳稻生育后期具有更强的物质生产能力^[26] ...

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:1106-1114 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01106

Population characteristics of super japonica rice Ningjing 1 and Ningjing 3 and its responses to nitrogen

(超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应) . (作物学报) , 2009 , 35 : 1106 - 1114 Li G H , Zhang G F , Chen G L , Wang S H , Ling Q H , Ding Y F . Population characteristics of super japonica rice Ningjing 1 and Ningjing 3 and its responses to nitrogen

Li G H

(李刚华) , (张国发) , (陈功磊) , (王绍华) , (凌启鸿) , (丁艳锋) . (超高产常规粳稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号群体特征及对氮的响应) . (作物学报) , 2009 , 35 : 1106 - 1114 Li G H

Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China,Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China

In order to study the super high-yielding population characteristics of super japonica rice and its responses to nitrogen, two field experiments with five N rate treatments and four N application ratio treatments of Ningjing 3 were carried out in 2008, the 6.7 ha demonstration fields of Ningjing 1 and Ningjing 3 in 2007 and 2008 were also investigated. Results showed that the dry matter accumulation of Ningjing 1 and Ningjing 3 after heading was 70–80% of the grain yield, and the apparent translocation ratio of dry matter from stem and leaves to grain was small, which resulted in the high and stable grain yield. Ample spikelets per square meter were the guarantee of super and stable high yield. To achieve the target yield of 11.0 t ha^-1, the spikelets per square meter must be above 42 000 m^-2; to achieve the target yield of 11.7 t ha^-1, the spikelets per square meter must be above 45 000 m^-2, as well as grain filling rate and grain weight must be above 90% and 26 mg. For super high-yielding rice population, the optimal LAI at heading should be 7.0–7.5, crop growth rate (CGR) from heading to maturity should be higher and the harvest index (HI) should be above 0.5. The appropriate N rate and relative more N topdressed at panicle initiation stage could not only ensure the optimal LAI at heading, but also maintain the plant type characteristics of super high-yielding rice, improve the LAI after heading, leaf area duration, CGR and HI, therefore achieve the super high grain yield.

2007—2008年对宁粳1号和宁粳3号的丰产示范方进行调查，2008年以宁粳3号为材料进行氮肥用量和前后比例试验，研究常规粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明，常规粳型超级稻宁粳1号和宁粳3号抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%~80%，茎叶等营养器官的表观转运率少，易高产稳产。足够的颖花量是高产稳产的保证，要达到11.0 t hm^-2以上的产量，颖花数要 ≥ 42 000 m^-2；要达到11.7 t hm^-2以上的产量，颖花数要 ≥ 45 000 m^-2，同时结实率 ≥ 90%，粒重 ≥ 26 mg。超高产群体抽穗期适宜叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5，叶色呈“黑黄”节奏变化，后期生长速率(CGR)高，收获指数(HI)≥ 0.5。氮肥的适量施用和适当后移，不仅可以保证宁粳1号和宁粳3号生育期“黑黄”节奏变化，建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体，还可以保持超高产株型特征，提高抽穗后LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI，最终实现超高产量。

... 0 t hm^-2以上的群体生育特性, 李刚华等^[15]在苏中地区研明了粳型超级稻超高产群体特征及其对氮素的响应, 吴桂成等^[16]阐明了粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征, 张洪程等^[17]系统研究了长江中下游杂交粳稻13 ...

2010

0.0

1.889

. 2010, 43:266-276

Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice

(粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2010 , 43 : 266 - 276 Wu G C , Zhang H C , Qian Y F , Li D J , Zhou Y Y , Xu J , Wu W G , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Gao H , Xu Z J , Qian Z H , Sun J Y , Zhao P H . Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice

Wu G C

(吴桂成) , (张洪程) , (钱银飞) , (李德剑) , (周有炎) , (徐军) , (吴文革) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (高辉) , (徐宗进) , (钱宗华) , (孙菊英) , (赵品恒) . (粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2010 , 43 : 266 - 276 Wu G C

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【Objective】 Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. 【Method】 The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations (High Yield: 8 250-9 750 kg?hm-2; Higher Yield: 9 750-11 250 kg?hm-2; Super High Yield:＞11 250 kg?hm-2) in four Japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. 【Result】 Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice (The difference among them was significant). There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. 【Conclusion】 The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种（武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号）为材料,对高产（8 250—9 750 kg?hm-2）、更高产（9 750—11 250 kg?hm-2）和超高产（＞11 250 kg?hm-2）3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高（差异显著）,而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减（差异不显著）。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容（安全成熟的群体高颖花量）,通过保持正常的充实度（即保证常年的结实率与千粒重）,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

... 是水稻超高产产量形成的一条重要途径^{[14,16,24,25]} ...

... ^[16] ...

... 生育中期和后期的茎蘖动态与单季稻区超高产田变化趋势相似^[16] ...

2010

0.0

1.889

2010

0.0

1.889

. 2010, 43:2645-2660

The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice

(水稻#cod#x0201c;精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后#cod#x0201d;超高产定量化栽培模式) . (中国农业科学) , 2010 , 43 : 2645 - 2660 Zhang H C , Wu G C , Wu W G , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Gao H , Wei H Y , Huang X F , Gong J L . The SOI model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (吴桂成) , (吴文革) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (高辉) , (魏海燕) , (黄幸福) , (龚金龙) . (水稻#cod#x0201c;精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后#cod#x0201d;超高产定量化栽培模式) . (中国农业科学) , 2010 , 43 : 2645 - 2660 Zhang H C

（扬州大学/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【Objective】 A model of cultivation for stable yield of super-high-yielding rice was studied. 【Method】 Taking the early-maturing late-japonica varieties, Wujing 15 and Changyou 1, as materials, through the nitrogen fertilizer regimes under other cultivating conditions all being the optimal,three strategic management models of cultivation were examined, i.e. SOI (stabilizing, optimizing, intensifying during the early ,middle, late phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 50:50 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 4,3), BP (balance promoting during all phase to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 40:60 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5, 4, 3) and PC (promoting, controlling during the early, middle phase correspondingly to adopt the ratio of basal-tillering and panicle initiating fertilizer of 75:25 and nitrogen applying leaf age of remaining leaf primordium number of 5), in contrast to the CK (A model of conventional cultivation management) in field production of one-seasoned rice in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Their results were systematically compared in various aspects, such as yielding and its components, dynamics of population stems and tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, grain-leaf ratio, production of dry matter, root activity after heading, etc. In addition, confirmatory tests on the practicability of the super high yield cultivation of the SOI model on 6.7 hectares of contiguous fields, as well as comprehensive experiments in the scale of 1-3.3 hectares, were performed using other varieties, Xudao 3, Changyou 1, Lingxiangyou 18 and Wujing 15, in the areas of Donghai, Xinghua, Gaoyou and Changshu of Jiangsu. 【Result】 The yields of SOI and BP were ranking up to the level of super-high-yield（≥750 kg/667m2）in two varieties. Compared with CK, more spikelets per panicle and population spikelets were observed in the models of SOI and BP, with roughly the same level of panicles per unit area, filled-grain percentage, and 1000-grain-weight. In the models of SOI and BP in comparison with CK, the population of stems and tillers achieved the expected number punctually at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers, and reached the peak with an appropriate value (1.3-1.4 folds of expected panicle number), then decreased gently, ultimately arrived at a significantly higher rate of productive tillers to total tillers than CK. Plants in SOI and BP models developed approximately the same population LAI dynamics and dynamics of stems and tillers, their maximal LAI appeared at the booting stage (8.0-8.5) and remained a level of 3.5-4.0 at the maturity stage. As for the population photosynthesis potential and the dry matter accumulation, the models of SOI and BP showed lower values than CK during the early stages (from transplantation to jointing stage), during the middle stages (from jointing to heading) both two models were roughly the same with CK, showing no statistical significance, and for the later stages in growth and development (from heading to maturity), two models were at remarkably higher levels in these two parameters. The two models developed a nearly dry weight of roots as compared to CK at the stage of jointing, but they developed remarkably higher than CK at heading and maturity. A pattern of evidently higher values than CK in both SOI and BP was found in such parameters as the root-shoot ratio at the stages of jointing, heading and maturity, the average root exudates after heading (from heading to waxy stage), and the ratio of spikelets to root exudates. Besides, an average yield per 667m2 was achieved, both in the comprehensive super-high-yield cultivation experiment of SOI in more than 2 consecutive years, and in the confirmatory tests for practicality in the contiguous fields of 6.7 hectares. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the pivotal principle for super-high-yield cultivation of rice lies in ‘strengthening the supporting system, enlarging the sink capacity, and guaranteeing the grain-filling’, and the super-high-yield cultivation mode was proposed, i.e. appropriate number of population stems and tillers with strong seedlings at early stage, high photosynthetic efficiency population structure with controlling ineffective tillers at middle stage, and enriched dry matter production with large panicles, strong stems, high efficiency leaves in proper population configuration at later stage.

【目的】寻求水稻稳定超高产的栽培模式。【方法】以早熟晚粳品种武粳15、常优1号为供试材料,其它栽培措施统一在最佳技术指标前提下,就氮肥运筹与穗肥施用叶龄期,设置了稳前优中强后、平衡促进和促前控中3种栽培模式,并以长江中下游地区单季稻大面积生产上的常规栽培模式为CK,对产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态以及根系活力等方面进行系统比较。同时,在江苏东海、兴化、高邮、常熟等地,以徐稻3号、常优1号、陵香优18、武粳15等品种为材料,进行（15—50）×667m2连片的稳前优中强后超高产栽培综合试验与扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验。【结果】2品种稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式的实产均达到了超高产水平（≥750 kg/667m2）。与CK相比,稳前优中强后、平衡促进2模式每穗粒数多、群体颖花量大,单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重则与之相当;2模式的群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期准时够苗,高峰苗出现在拔节期,且数量适中（适宜穗数的1.3—1.4倍）,此后群体平缓消减,至抽穗期基本稳定,最终成穗率显著高于CK;其群体LAI动态与茎蘖动态趋势基本一致,最大LAI均出现在孕穗期,为8.0—8.5,成熟期仍保持3.5—4.0;群体光合势与干物质积累,2模式在生育前期（移栽—拔节期）较CK低,中期（拔节—抽穗期）与CK相当,后期（抽穗—成熟期）显著高于CK;2模式在拔节期的根系干重与CK相当,抽穗期和成熟期则显著高于CK,而这3个时期的根冠比均显著高于CK,其抽穗后（抽穗—腊熟期）的根系平均伤流量与颖花根流量均显著高于CK。同时,连续2年多地的稳前优中强后超高产综合栽培试验以及后3年扩大到100×667m2连片试验田上的生产性验证试验,实产均达800 kg/667m2左右。【结论】揭示了水稻超高产栽培的根本在于“强支撑、扩库容、促充实”;提出了水稻精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后的超高产定量化栽培模式。

... 超高产定量化栽培模式^[18] ...

2004

0.0

1.889

. 2004, 37:1521-1526

New plant type breeding for super-high yielding northern japonica rice

(北方粳稻新株型超高产育种研究进展) . (中国农业科学) , 2004 , 37 : 1521 - 1526 Xu Z J , Chen W F , Zhang W Z , Zhou S Q , Liu L X , Zhang L B , Yang S R . New plant type breeding for super-high yielding northern japonica rice

Xu Z J

(徐正进) , (陈温福) , (张文忠) , (周淑清) , (刘丽霞) , (张龙步) , (杨守仁) . (北方粳稻新株型超高产育种研究进展) . (中国农业科学) , 2004 , 37 : 1521 - 1526 Xu Z J

南京农业大学生命科学院微生物学系

The microbial population dynamics in the rhizospheres of cucumber was studied by cultivation and culti-vation-independent analysis based on directly extracted DNA. Rhizosphere samples were taken at 2nd, 4th, 7th and 10th week after the seeds were planted, which was positively related to the corresponding date of cucumber growth stages. Results showed that the total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomyces began to rise at planting and quickly reached its peak at seedling or flowering period, but decreased slightly later. Bacterial population in rhizosphere was higher than that of corresponding control except certain periods, while both showed the similar change trend at all stages. Nitrogen fixing bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteris and ammonifiers showed the same change tendency in population as bacteria and actinomyces did while cellulose decomposing microbes had the contrary rhizosphere effects as cucumber developed. There was a positive correlation between the rhizosphere microbe population and cucumber development. PCR was employed to amplify V3 region of 16SrDNA, then the products were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE profile indicated that a few of microbe species lived stably in the farmland, but some were affected in population due to cucumber growth. Significant difference was observed in rhizosphere and control soils especially for the seedling and flowering samples. Few prominent bands in DGGE patterns which displayed stronger or less illumination means the bacteria represented had great population change in that period. This phenomenon indicated that flowering cucumber heavily affected rhizosphere bacteria, or the bacteria, most probably uncultured bacteria, functioned specially for cucumber flowering. Most detected bands with no illumination change in DGGE were likely to represent the indigenous microbles that were essential for constructing and stabilizing farmland microecological environment.

对黄瓜根际主要微生物类群在不同生育期的变化进行了研究，着重用PCR-DGGE技术对根际土壤未培养优势菌群的变化进行了分析。结果表明，黄瓜根际微生物主要类群的数量与其生长发育呈正相关。根际微生物的数量一般是由栽种时开始升高，到花期或盛果期时达到最高峰，生长后期有下降趋势，根际微生物数量比同时期的对照要高。土壤微生物总基因组16SrDNA V3区的PCR-DGGE图谱显示农田土壤微生物区系组成稳定，但黄瓜生长对某些种群数量分布有一定影响，特别是黄瓜生长前期，根际细菌数量变化显著，在花期表现尤其明显，揭示黄瓜花期生长对根际微生物的影响可能较大，也说明这些类群微生物可能是对黄瓜花期生长起特殊作用的未培养微生物。另外，有许多在整个过程中亮度基本不发生变化的条带，这是一些对农田微生态环境的构成及稳定起重要作用的土居微生物群体，它们在土壤微生物中占有很大比重。

... 徐正进等^[19]综合评述了北方粳稻超高产育种理论与实践, 讨论了与粳稻超高产有关的生理与遗传基础问题, 为粳稻超高产栽培提供了重要途径, 寒地水稻三超栽培技术在东北粳稻区得到了较大面积的推广应用^[20] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 21(4):136-141

Summarize in the study of 3-S cultivating technique of rice in cold zone

(寒地水稻三超栽培技术研究) . (中国农学通报) , 2005 , 21 ( 4 ): 136 - 141 Jin X Y , Jin Z X , Sun T , Shang W N , Li D P , Xu F H . Summarize in the study of 3-S cultivating technique of rice in cold zone

Jin X Y

(金学泳) , (金正勋) , (孙滔) , (商文楠) , (李殿平) , (徐凤花) . (寒地水稻三超栽培技术研究) . (中国农学通报) , 2005 , 21 ( 4 ): 136 - 141 Jin X Y

(Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030)

3-S cultivating technique puts forward the obstruction of higher yield of rice production in cold zone. It make use of big pot to sow with single seed at earlier stage (proper),to foster vigorous seedlings. Single seeding was transplanted with super wide s

水稻三超栽培技术针对寒地稻作再高产的障碍因素，利用大钵盘超早超稀定位播、培育均质多蘖壮秧，宽行单本适期移栽，深施肥、控灌水等强化及安全栽培措施，延长水稻生育期、扩大营养空间，释放个体生产潜力，开发低节位优势分蘖，从而形成具有高光效、超高产群体的栽培技术体系。

2001

0.0

. 2001, 15:271-275

Characteristics of dry matter production and nutrient uptake and utilization of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice

(杂交粳稻超高产群体干物质生产及养分吸收利用特点) . (中国水稻科学) , 2001 , 15 : 271 - 275 Chen J H , Guo H D , Mao G J , Tao Z B , Zhang G P , Zhao W M . Characteristics of dry matter production and nutrient uptake and utilization of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice

Chen J H

(陈进红) , (郭恒德) , (毛国娟) , (陶稚彪) , (张国平) , (赵伟明) . (杂交粳稻超高产群体干物质生产及养分吸收利用特点) . (中国水稻科学) , 2001 , 15 : 271 - 275 Chen J H

(Department of Agronomy; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310029; China)

The comparative study on characteristics of dry matter production and nutrient uptake and utilization of japonica hybrid rice was conducted under super high yielding and high yielding conditions. The results showed that the dry matter weight per hill, total yield of dry matter per unit area, the accumulation amount of dry matter from heading to maturity stage and its ratio to total grain yield and the harvest index of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice were higher compared with high yielding rice. The amount of demand for N, P and K, especially the ratios of P and K requirement of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice plant were higher than those of high yielding rice. The allotment ratios of N, P and K in grain at maturity were high and that in leaf and sheath were low in super high yielding japonica hybrid rice compared with high yielding rice. The nutrient efficiency ratio, nutrient harvest index and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) were also higher than those of high yielding rice especially the NUE calculated in terms of grain yield was significant higher than that of high yielding rice.

对超高产与高产杂交粳稻干物质生产及N、P、K养分积累、分配、利用进行了比较研究，结果表明，在干物质生产上，超高产杂交粳稻具有单丛干物重高、群体干物质生产量大，抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量多、积累比例高，经济系数高的特点。在养分积累、分配与利用上，超高产条件下，稻株对N、P、K三要素的吸收量增加，特别是P、K的吸收量增加明显；成熟期在籽粒与茎中N、P、K的分配比例较高，而在叶片、叶鞘中的分配比例相对较低；同时，养分效率系数、养分收获指数及养分利用效率均高于高产条件下的效率参数，特别是以籽粒产量为计算基础的养分利用效率明显高于高产条件下的养分利用效率。

... 综合表明, 目前粳稻超高产栽培研究仅局限于单季稻地区, 或仅针对双季稻地区的一季粳稻(中稻)^[21,22], 尚未见系统阐明双季晚粳稻超高产形成特征方面的研究报道 ...

2003

0.0

1.742

. 2003, 14:913-916

Characteristics of canopy structure of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice community

(杂交粳稻超高产群体的冠层结构特点研究) . (应用生态学报) , 2003 , 14 : 913 - 916 Chen J H , Zhang G P , Guo H D , Mao G J . Characteristics of canopy structure of super high yielding japonica hybrid rice community

Chen J H

(陈进红) , (张国平) , (郭恒德) , (毛国娟) . (杂交粳稻超高产群体的冠层结构特点研究) . (应用生态学报) , 2003 , 14 : 913 - 916 Chen J H

1. Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; 2. Agriculture and Forestry Bureau of Tongxiang City, Zhejiang Province, Tongxiang 314500, China; 3. Agriculture Department of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310004, China

In this paper,the characteristics of canopy structure,such as the numbers of seedling,panicle and grain,the distribution of dry matters in different canopy layers and different organs,and the distributions of LAIand of solar radiation in different canopy layers of super high yielding community of japonica hybrid rice were studied,in comparison with normal japonica rice. The results showed that the total the dry matter weight and the dry matter weight of layers below 40 cm,40～60 cm,60～80 cm and above 80 cm of japonica hybrid rice canopy were 32.29 %,29.12%,13.95%,16.45% and 100.17% higher those that of normal japonica rice,respectively. The ratios of dry leaf (photosynthetic organ) and of dry panicle (sink organ) weight to total dry weight were 24.8% and 12.8%,respectively,which were greater than those of normal japonica rice,while the ratios of dry sheath and stem (storage organs) weight were 33.6% and 28.9%, respectively,which were lower than those of normal japonica rice. The allotment of LAIin different layers of japonica hybrid rice canopy was reasonable,and the LAIof above 40 cm layer at full heading stage reached 5.44. The solar radiation was well distributed inside japonica hybrid rice canopy,for example,the solar radiation in layers below 60 cm were 13.1%～37.0% higher,but 5.9%～12.2% lower above 60 cm than that of normal japonica rice. The extinction coefficients of solar radiation in layers below 20 cm,20～40 cm,40～60 cm and 60～80 cm of japonica hybrid rice canopy were 35.1 %,13.5%,29.1% and 17.2% lower than that of normal japonica rice,respectively.

研究了杂交粳稻超高产群体的苗穗粒结构及干物重在冠层不同层次、不同器官的分布,叶面积配置及光强分布等冠层结构特点.结果表明,杂交粳稻超高产群体冠层总干物重及40cm以下、40～60cm、60～80cm和80cm以上4个层次的干物重分别比常规粳稻高32.29%及29.12%、13.95%、16.45%和100.17%.杂交粳稻叶片(同化器官)与穗(库器官)干重分别占总干物重的24.8%与12.8%,高于常规稻;而叶鞘与茎(贮藏器官)的干重分别占总干物重的33.6%和28.9%,低于常规粳稻.杂交粳稻超高产群体冠层叶面积配置比较合理,齐穗期40cm以上冠层LAI达5.44.冠层光强上下分布比较均匀,60cm以下冠层光强比常规稻高13.1%～37.0%,而60cm以上冠层光强比常规稻低5.9%～12.2%;20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm和60～80cm各层消光系数分别比常规粳稻低35.1%、13.5%、29.1%和17.2%.

1998

2.474

0.0

... 水稻超高产实现关键在于如何稳定实现产量构成因素在较高水平上的协同发展^[23] ...

2007

0.0

1.889

. 2007, 40:250-257

Preliminary study on super rice population sink characters

(超级稻群体籽粒库容特征的初步研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2007 , 40 : 250 - 257 Wu W G , Zhang H C , Wu G C , Zhai C Q , Qian Y F , Chen Y , Xu J , Dai Q G , Xu K . Preliminary study on super rice population sink characters

Wu W G

(吴文革) , (张洪程) , (吴桂成) , (翟超群) , (钱银飞) , (陈烨) , (徐军) , (戴其根) , (许轲) . (超级稻群体籽粒库容特征的初步研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2007 , 40 : 250 - 257 Wu W G

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室江苏扬州大学农学院

【Objective】In order to reveal the population grains sink and the yield formation characteristics of super rice.【Method】As the material with representative 5 indica super rice cultivars, and in comparison with Shanyou 63 under field conditions, the composition and characteristic of sink were studied. 【Result】the result indicated that: (1)The average yield of 5 super rice cultivars grew in Dongahi ,Xinghua and Changshu of Jiangsu province were 700.4kg/667m2 (from 678.9 kg/667m2 to 724.7kg/667m2), which were significant or extremely significant higher than those of Shanyou 63.The leading cause of high yield were greater total spikelets number of population. Increasing total spikelets number of population due to larger panicle than more panicles.(2)To obtain larger panicle by adding primary branches(PB) and its spikelets per PB and secondary branches(SB) and by stabilizing its spikelets per SB in the panicles of super rice, in which the main was increasing of secondary branches and its total spikelets. By increasing branch number to enlarge panicle-type, meanwhile, stabilizing mean grains on secondary branch in order to increase mean grains on panicle branch that can optimize traits of panicles, increase filling grains on branch and seed setting rate on panicle, and increase single panicle weight up to 4.0g(compared to ck+10.9%), then the super-high yielding can be made success. (3)The peak capacity of sink on the super rice is about 870kg/667m2 , which were significant higher than those of Shanyou 63,but the variation of the effective filling rate of sink was wide rage between varieties and cultivated locations. The average effective filling rate of sink of super rice was 80.3%, there was still about 20% potential grain yield .【Conclusion】The yield components and population sink feature of super rice were large panicles based on the enough panicle number, greater total spikelets number of population and larger sink size mainly due to great numbers of primary and secondary branches in the panicles; raised seed setting and single panicle weight by optimizing the structure of branches and their spikelets. In this paper, study for super high-yielding culturing on super hybrid rice was proposed.

【目的】探索超级稻群体库容形成及其构成特征。【方法】以具有代表性的5个籼型超级稻为材料,用汕优63为对照,比较研究超级稻群体籽粒库容构成及特征。【结果】 (1)不同试点的超级稻品种均显著或极显著比对照增产,群体颖花量的增加是产量增加的直接原因。培育大穗是超级稻扩大库容量、增加颖花量的主要途径,而增穗并不能扩增群体总颖花量。(2)大穗是通过两种途径协调实现的:一是增加一次枝梗数及其上的平均着粒数,二是增加二次枝梗数但稳定二次枝梗上的平均着粒数; 其中增加二次枝梗数及其总粒数是主要的; 超级稻在一、二次枝梗数增加的同时,通过稳定二次枝梗上的平均着粒数而增加一次枝梗上的平均着粒数,优化颖花分布,提高全穗结实率而增加单穗籽粒重; 超级稻单穗重达4.0 g 以上, 平均比对照增重10.9% 。(3)超级稻产量潜力高,最大库容达870 kg/667m2，显著高于对照,平均增幅近10%；但最高库容有效充实度在品种间、试点间变化较大,并无稳定优势,平均为80.3%，略低于对照，故因种因地栽培是实现超级稻稳定超高产的关键。【结论】超级稻在稳定适宜穗数的基础上通过协调增加一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数及其平均着粒数来增大穗型,通过优化一、二次枝梗上颖花分布来提高结实率从而增加单穗重。

... 是水稻超高产产量形成的一条重要途径^{[14,16,24,25]} ...

2003

0.0

0.7902

. 2003, 18:201-204

The characteristics of super high-yielding hybrid rice

(杂交水稻超高产特性研究) . (福建农业学报) , 2003 , 18 : 201 - 204 Xie H A , Wang W Q , Yang H J , Yang G Q , Li Y Z . The characteristics of super high-yielding hybrid rice

Xie H A

(谢华安) , (王乌齐) , (杨惠杰) , (杨高群) , (李义珍) . (杂交水稻超高产特性研究) . (福建农业学报) , 2003 , 18 : 201 - 204 Xie H A

2001年在云南省永胜县涛源乡种植的特优175和Ⅱ优明86超高产展示田,最高产量田块的产量分别达到17.78 t@hm-2和17.95 t@hm-2,创造世界水稻单产最高纪录.研究结果表明,获得杂交水稻超高产的主要原因是库容量大和生物产量高;大库容量主要靠培育大穗;干物质生产优势表现在中、后期,特优175和Ⅱ优明86中、后期群体生长率分别较汕优63高34.5%～37.2%和31.4%～33.7%.

... 是水稻超高产产量形成的一条重要途径^{[14,16,24,25]} ...

2013

0.0

1.889

. 2013, 46:2130-2141 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.10.019

Effects of cultivation methods on yield and utilization of temperature and light of late japonica rice in southern double cropping rice areas

(不同栽培方式对双季晚粳稻产量及温光利用的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2013 , 46 : 2130 - 2141 Zhang J , Zhang H C , Huo Z Y , Li G Y , Dong X B , Hua J , Guo B W , Zhou P J , Cheng F H , Huang D S , Chen Z P , Chen G L , Dai Q G , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H . Effects of cultivation methods on yield and utilization of temperature and light of late japonica rice in southern double cropping rice areas

Zhang J

(张军) , (张洪程) , (霍中洋) , (李国业) , (董啸波) , (花劲) , (郭保卫) , (周培建) , (程飞虎) , (黄大山) , (陈忠平) , (陈国梁) , (戴其根) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) . (不同栽培方式对双季晚粳稻产量及温光利用的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2013 , 46 : 2130 - 2141 Zhang J

1.College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu 2.Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Nanchang 330046 3.Bureau of Agriculture of Shanggao County of Jiangxi Province,Shanggao 336400, Jiangxi

【Objective】 Under the conditions of late rice of southern double cropping systems, five different cultivar types of japonica were used to investigate the effects of cultivation methods on yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and light. 【Method】 In Shanggao of Jiangxi province, four types of experimental materials including late-maturing medium japonica rice, early-maturing late japonica rice, medium-maturing late japonica rice and late-maturing late japonica rice as well as three cultivation methods including hand transplanting (HT), cast transplanting(CT) and mechanical transplanting (MT) were used to comparatively study the effect of different cultivation methods on the yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and light. 【Result】 The yields of different types of late japonica rice all demonstrated that HT>CT>MT, and different significant or very significant levels were reached between the yields of different cultivation methods. Compared with the HT, the yields were reduced by 6.05%-25.70% and 9.94%-39.04% under CT and MT, respectively. These differences resulted from the total spikelet, seed setting rate and grain weight under HT were higher than under CT and MT. Compared with the HT, the growth periods of CT and MT were delayed, and their total growth periods were significantly shortened by 4.9 and 10.3 days. For different types of varieties, the shortened day of late japonica was more than that of medium japonica. For the same mature period types, the shortened day of japonica hybrid rice was more than that of japonica conventional rice. The utilization efficiency of accumulated temperature and light time of various types of varieties at different developmental stages showed that HT>CT>MT, and the whole growth period trended similarly. The utilization efficiency of temperature and light in the whole growth period under MT was only 85.66% and 80.75%. 【Conclusion】On the basis of the above results, a preliminary planning for the suitable range and its supporting suitable variety types of different cultivation methods was made. HT, CT and MT were all suitable in this area, but each cultivation method had its suitable variety types.

【目的】研究南方双季稻区晚稻季条件下，不同栽培方式对不同类型晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响，为适宜栽培方式及相匹配粳稻品种类型规划提供科学依据。【方法】以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳和迟熟晚粳4种不同生育类型品种为试验材料，采用手栽、抛秧、机插3种栽培方式，系统比较不同栽培方式对不同品种类型晚粳稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】不同类型品种晚粳稻产量均表现手栽＞抛秧＞机插的趋势，不同栽培方式间产量差异达到显著或极显著水平。与手栽比较，两年抛秧方式减产率为6.05%—25.70%，机插方式减产率为9.94%—39.04%；手栽方式产量最高的原因是其总颖花量、结实率和千粒重均较高。抛秧和机插的各生育期均相应推迟，且两者全生育期亦缩短，其中抛秧方式全生育期平均缩短4.9 d，机插平均缩短10.3 d；不同类型品种间，晚粳稻全生育期缩短幅度较中粳稻大；同一熟期类型品种，杂交稻全生育期较常规稻缩短天数多。各类型品种全生育期及其不同生育阶段积温和光照时数及其利用率均表现出手栽＞抛秧＞机插的趋势，其中机插方式全生育期温光利用率较少，分别为85.66%和80.75%。【结论】根据上述研究结果，对不同栽培方式适宜性及配套适宜品种类型进行了初步归划，认为手栽、抛秧、机插均适宜在该区采用，不同栽培方式应配套适宜粳稻品种类型。

... 虽然双季晚粳稻和单季粳稻超高产群体均是同一生育时期够苗, 但双季晚粳稻群体茎蘖数更需要依靠主茎数(群体起点高), 单季稻主要依靠分蘖数(群体起点低), 因双季晚粳稻全生育期较单季粳稻明显缩短, 其中缩短较多的是营养生长期^[26], 分蘖的发生主要在该生育时期, 因此双季晚粳稻超高产田基本苗高于单季粳稻 ...

... 25 t hm^-2左右), 达到超高产水平^[26] ...

2011

0.0

1.667

. 2011, 37:855-867 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.00855

Ibrahim, Zeng Y, Xia B, Zou Y B. Effects of #cod#x0201c;San-Ding#cod#x0201d; cultivation method on yield formation and physiological characteristics of double cropping super rice

(Ibrahim, 曾燕, 夏冰, 邹应斌. #cod#x0201c;三定#cod#x0201d;栽培对双季超级稻产量形成及生理特性的影响) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 855 - 867 Jiang P , Huang M , Md . Ibrahim, Zeng Y, Xia B, Zou Y B. Effects of #cod#x0201c;San-Ding#cod#x0201d; cultivation method on yield formation and physiological characteristics of double cropping super rice

Jiang P

(蒋鹏) , (黄敏) , Md . (Ibrahim, 曾燕, 夏冰, 邹应斌. #cod#x0201c;三定#cod#x0201d;栽培对双季超级稻产量形成及生理特性的影响) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 855 - 867 Jiang P

College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

Rice is the major staple food of China. The realization of its high yield has a great significance for food security and society stability. A field experiment was conducted in Changsha and Liuyang cities of Hunan Province during 2008–2010 to find out a cultivation technique that could increase the yield of double cropping super rice in South China. Super early rice Luliangyou996 and Lingliangyou 268 and super late rice Tianyouhuazhan and Fengyuanyou 299 were used in early and late season cropping, respectively. The cultivation patterns were designed as “Sanding” cultivation (tillage and transplanting, A), no tillage and seedling broadcasting (B), traditional cultivation (C) and no applied fertilizer (D). The characteristics of grain yield formation and their physiological attributes under different cultivation patterns were analyzed. Result showed that the grain yield of pattern A was significantly higher among the tested patterns irrespective of growing seasons, locations and years. Compared with pattern C, the pattern A significantly increased root bleeding intensity per flowering glume, root oxidation ability,root-shoot ratio, LAI and photosynthetic rate in flag leaves at heading stage, and the SPAD reading of pattern A decrease slowly and dry matter production was higher from heading to maturity stages. The average grain yield of pattern A (7.18 t hm^-2 and 8.39 t hm^-2 in early and late season rice, respectively) was 11.68% and 7.41% higher in early and late season, respectively, mainly due to the contribution of higher number of productive tiller and grain number per panicle. The dry matter accumulation and number of productive tiller of pattern B was higher but the harvest index (HI) and grain-filling percentage were lower than those of pattern C and there was no significant yield increasing or decreasing trend. Thus, the physiological characteristics could be improved through the practicing of “Sanding” cultivation technique which is very important to increase grain yield especially in South China rice production.

为探讨南方双季稻区超级稻高产栽培技术，于2008—2010年在湖南长沙和浏阳以超级早稻陆两优996、陵两优268和超级晚稻天优华占、丰源优299为材料进行大田定位试验，比较了“三定”栽培、免耕摆栽和传统栽培下双季超级稻的产量形成特点和生理特性。与传统栽培相比，“三定”栽培齐穗期的颖花伤流量、根系氧化力、根冠比、叶面积指数及籽粒结实期剑叶的光合速率较高，齐穗后剑叶SPAD值下降缓慢、干物质积累量大，有效穗数和每穗粒数多，早季平均产量为7.18 t hm^-2，增产11.68%，晚季平均产量为8.39 t hm^-2，增产7.41%；免耕摆栽干物质积累量大、有效穗数多，但其收获指数、每穗粒数和结实率居劣势，使其单季增产效果不显著。由此可见，南方双季超级稻在“三定”栽培下后期生理优势明显，产量构成因子协调，增产效果显著。

2000

0.0

0.605