连作对甘肃中部沿黄灌区马铃薯干物质积累和分配的影响

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刘星, 张书乐, 刘国锋, 邱慧珍, 王蒂, 张俊莲, 沈其荣. 连作对甘肃中部沿黄灌区马铃薯干物质积累和分配的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(7): 1274-1285
LIU Xing, ZHANG Shu-Le, LIU Guo-Feng, QIU Hui-Zhen, WANG Di, ZHANG Jun-Lian, SHEN Qi-Rong. Effects of Continuous Cropping on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution of Potato Plants in the Yellow River Irrigation Areas of Middle Gansu Province. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(7): 1274-1285 复制到剪切板

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连作对甘肃中部沿黄灌区马铃薯干物质积累和分配的影响

刘星¹, 张书乐¹, 刘国锋¹, 邱慧珍^1,^*, 王蒂^2,^3,^*, 张俊莲^2,³, 沈其荣⁴

¹甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院 / 甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070

² 甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070

³ 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

⁴ 南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院, 江苏南京 210095

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 邱慧珍, E-mail:hzqiu@gsau.edu.cn; 王蒂, E-mail:wangd@gsau.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:liuxing2528360@126.com

收稿日期:2014-03-04

基金:本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103004), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD06B03), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-10-P18)和甘肃省科技重大专项(1102NKDA025)资助;

摘要

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区是全国重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地, 因集约化种植带来连作障碍问题已严重影响到农业产业的健康发展, 所以探索连作对马铃薯块茎产量形成的影响与机制十分必要。根据田间定位试验, 以前茬为玉米的地块作对照, 设连作1~5年处理, 采用常规方法, 调查连作对马铃薯产量、干物质积累和分配以及花后干物质积累和转运的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, 短期(1~2年)连作未表现连作障碍现象, 连作第3年, 块茎产量显著下降, 降幅达21.68%~75.67%, 单薯重量变化是产量下降的直接原因; 马铃薯整株和块茎的干物质积累均表现出明显的“S”型曲线特征, 连作缩短干物质快速增长期时间和减少干物质平均积累速度; 也影响马铃薯植株干物质在不同器官间的分配比例, 特别是明显增加根系干物质分配比例。在块茎产量的形成过程中, 长期连作导致营养器官花前贮藏干物质向块茎转运的贡献增加, 而花后同化产物向块茎直接输入的贡献降低。长期连作条件下马铃薯植株库源关系的失衡是导致块茎产量降低的主要原因。

关键词: 马铃薯; 连作; 干物质; 积累; 分配

Effects of Continuous Cropping on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution of Potato Plants in the Yellow River Irrigation Areas of Middle Gansu Province

LIU Xing¹, ZHANG Shu-Le¹, LIU Guo-Feng¹, QIU Hui-Zhen^1,^*, WANG Di^2,^3,^*, ZHANG Jun-Lian^2,³, SHEN Qi-Rong⁴

¹College of Resources and Environmental Sciences / Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

² Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China

³College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

⁴College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

Fund:

Abstract

The Yellow River irrigation areas of middle Gansu Province is one of the major growing regions of processing potato in China and potato is often planted continuously by farmers eager to maximize profit, this practice results in the severe decline in tuber yield and also affects the healthy development of the potato industry locally. It is necessary to explore effects of continuous cropping on potato yield formation. The long-term field experiment contained five potato cropping treatments, corresponding to continuously plant potato crop over 1-5 years respectively, in addition, maize-potato rotation plot was used as the control, namely, non continuous potato cropping. We made an attempt to understand the effects of continuous cropping on potato tuber yield, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and accumulation and translocation of dry matter during post-anthesis. There were no statistical differences in tuber yield under the short-term continuous cropping compared with control, however, significant decline in tuber yield by 21.68%-75.67% occurred after three years of continuous cropping, which was mainly derived from the decline in the average fresh-weight of individual tuber. Dynamics of dry matter accumulation in the whole plant and tuber both showed the “S” curve feature, and the continuous cropping decreased the average rate and the duration in dry matter accumulation during quickly accumulative period of potato compared with control. The continuous cropping also affected dry matter distribution, especially increased dry matter distribution ratio in root compared with control. For tuber yield formation, the long-term continuous cropping increased the contribution of translocation of dry matter stored in vegetative organs during pre-anthesis, whereas decreased the contribution of direct assimilate accumulation in tuber during post-anthesis. In conclusion, the long-term continuous cropping leads to an imbalance of sink-source relationship of potato plants, which is the main cause of tuber yield decline.

Keyword: Potato; Continuous cropping; Dry matter; Accumulation; Distribution

Show Figures

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区是西北地区乃至全国重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地, 当地马铃薯种植具规模化、机械化和集约化的特点。随着近年来农产品价格的不断上升和马铃薯消费逐步向高附加值产品转变, 当地农垦企业虽然满足了订单需求, 但造成种植结构相对单一、倒茬困难和马铃薯多年连作。导致植株生长发育受阻, 病虫害猖獗, 块茎产量和品质大幅度下降等一系列的问题, 严重影响企业的种植效益^{[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]}。因而探明马铃薯种植的连作障碍机制, 寻求缓解和克服马铃薯连作障碍的有效途径已成为该地区马铃薯生产环节中亟需解决的问题, 这对于促进该地区马铃薯产业的可持续发展具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。

连续种植某一种或近缘作物, 即使在正常的栽培管理条件下, 也会出现生长发育不良、产量和品质严重下降等连作障碍现象, 这对于马铃薯等茄科作物表现尤为明显, 连作障碍的形成机制已成为国内外研究的热点^{[ 6]}。目前, 多数的研究报道均从连作土壤的理化和生物学性质变化、土传病害的产生与致病机制、根际分泌物甚至土壤基因组学等作物根际微生态环境的角度试图对上述问题进行理解和阐释, 也取得了大量的研究成果。但在作物自身对连作的生理生态响应机制及其与经济产量损失的关系, 特别是连作系统下作物产量的形成过程上的认知仍然有限, 而这些科学问题在马铃薯上更是鲜见报道。干物质生产是作物产量形成的基础, 而干物质的积累及其在营养器官和经济器官间合理分配是提高作物产量和增加经济收益的关键, 马铃薯块茎的形成和膨大过程也取决于生育期内同化产物足量积累和再分配^{[ 7, 8]}。在烤烟^{[ 9, 10]}、大豆^{[ 11, 12]}和花生^{[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]}等作物上的研究业已证实, 连作能够显著影响植株的干物质生产和积累过程, 同时也显著影响开花后同化产物向经济器官的分配量和分配速率, 而这可能是导致连作系统下作物经济产量严重下降的重要原因。纵观国内外关于马铃薯干物质积累和分配规律的研究则更多地聚焦在基因型差异^{[ 18, 19, 20, 21]}、施肥^{[ 22, 23, 24]}、环境条件^{[ 25, 26]}、耕作栽培^{[ 27, 28]}等产量形成的调控因子上, 而对于连作如何影响马铃薯产量形成过程尚无具体的研究报道。结合本课题组早前在甘肃省中部沿黄灌区设置的马铃薯田间定位试验, 我们选择不同连作年限的马铃薯种植处理, 采用常规方法并结合经典的生态模型来研究连作对马铃薯植株干物质积累的影响以及连作系统下马铃薯干物质向块茎的分配规律等科学问题, 旨在初步探明和揭示西北主栽区马铃薯连作种植与其块茎产量形成间的直接关系, 以期从植株生理生态特性角度来解析马铃薯连作障碍的产生机制, 为克服和消除该地区马铃薯连作障碍进而促进产业的可持续发展提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

田间试验设置在甘肃省中部沿黄灌区的白银市景泰县条山农场, 有充足的水源和良好的农业灌溉条件。地理坐标, 北纬36°43′~37°38′, 东经103°33′~ 104°43′之间, 海拔1274~3321 m, 属温带大陆性干旱气候, 年平均气温为9.1℃, 无霜期在141 d左右。年平均降水量为185.6 mm, 年平均蒸发量为1722.8 mm。年平均日照时数2713 h, 全县光热资源丰富, 日照百分率62%, 太阳年平均辐射量618.1 kJ m^-2, ≥0℃的年活动积温3614.8℃, ≥10℃的有效积温3038℃, 是我国除青藏高原外光热资源最丰富的地区之一。

1.2 试验设计与方法

试验地前茬为制种玉米、地势平坦整齐且土壤肥力均匀。2005年开始种植马铃薯, 此后逐年增加马铃薯的种植小区, 即同一地块上形成不同连作年限的马铃薯种植处理, 马铃薯当年种植为连作0年处理。 2012年选择连作0年处理, 前茬为玉米的地块为对照(CK), 连作1~5年(CP1~CP5)田间试验, 每处理3次重复, 小区面积为9.0 m×6.1 m。供试土壤为灰钙土, 质地为沙壤(表1)。采用统一的马铃薯栽培种植模式和施肥量, 宽垄双行覆膜种植, 在播种前一天切种薯, 并用1.5%的高锰酸钾溶液浸泡消毒, 垄宽和行距分别为1.35 m和0.70 m, 株距0.17 m, 种植密度为8.25×10⁴株 hm^-2。氮肥用量为210 kg N hm^-2, N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O质量比为1.4∶1.0∶2.0, 化肥分别是养分含量为15-15-15的复合肥、含N 46%的尿素和含K₂O 51%的硫酸钾, 无有机肥施用。播种和施基肥采用机械化一次进行, 而后人工覆膜。不追肥, 其余栽培、灌溉和田间管理措施均按农场统一方法进行。5月13日播种, 9月14日收获。供试材料为当地主栽的加工型马铃薯品种大西洋, 由甘肃省景泰县条山农工商集团下属的条山农场提供。

表1 供试土壤耕层农化性质 Table 1 0-20 cm soil agro-chemical properties before sowing potato in 2012

1.3 样品采集与分析

分别于苗期(6月20日, 即马铃薯出苗后10 d)、初花期(7月4日, 马铃薯出苗后24 d)、末花期(7月24日, 马铃薯出苗后44 d)、块茎膨大期(8月18日, 马铃薯出苗后69 d)、淀粉积累期(8月31日, 马铃薯出苗后82 d)和成熟期(9月14日, 马铃薯出苗后96 d)共取样6次, 于每处理小区随机采集健壮和长势一致的无病害马铃薯植株5株, 调查株高和茎粗等农艺性状后, 将植株整株挖出, 分根、茎、叶和块茎4部分在105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃烘至恒重称量。在马铃薯收获时考种, 并对每小区的其余植株实测记产。

1.4 干物质增长模型和相关计算公式

采用生态学研究中经典的Logistic模型来模拟马铃薯整个生育期内的干物质积累过程, 以作物出苗后的天数 t为自变量, 其实质是一个干物质累积增长曲线, 方程的表达为 y= c/[1+e⁽ ^a^- ^bt⁾], 其中 c为干物质最大积累量上限, a和 b为常数。解出该方程的一阶导数, 可以得到Logistic增长方程的速度函数, 即 v( t) = dy/ dt= cbe⁽ ^a^- ^bt⁾/[1+e⁽ ^a^- ^bt⁾]², 用来描述马铃薯干物质增长的速度, 其函数图像在坐标轴内为单峰曲线。令 v( t) = 0, 求解得到 t= a/ b, 即当马铃薯出苗后 a/ b天左右, 植株的干物质增长速度最快, 为马铃薯生长高峰期。同时求Logistic增长方程的二阶导数, 令其等于0, 即 d² y/ dt²= cb³e ^a^- ^bt(1-4 be ^a^- ^bt + e² ^a^-2 ^bt)/[1+e⁽ ^a^- ^bt⁾]⁴= 0, 简化可得到1-4e ^a^- ^bt+e² ^a^-2 ^bt= 0, 对方程求解得到 t₁= a-1.317/ b, t₂= a+1.317/ b, 这是Logistic增长方程的2个拐点, 即为干物质快速增长期的起点和终点。

参考小麦^{[ 29, 30]}、绿豆^{[ 31]}和玉米^{[ 32]}上的相关工作并结合作物生长的库源关系理论, 营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量=开花期干重-成熟期干重; 营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运率=(开花期干重-成熟期干重)/开花期干重×100%; 花后光合同化量(输入块茎部分)=成熟期块茎干重-营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量-开花期块茎干重; 对块茎干重的贡献率=花前贮藏干物质转运量(花后同化产物量)/成熟期块茎干重-开花期块茎干重。

1.5 数据处理

用SPSS 19.0软件分析试验数据, 采用Duncan’s新复极差法检测差异; 采用Microsoft Excel 2007软件绘制图表。

2 结果与分析

2.1 马铃薯田间农艺性状和块茎产量及其产量构成因素

马铃薯收获时, 调查各处理的块茎产量和产量构成因素以及植株的农艺性状, 从表2可见, 连作较对照降低了块茎产量, CP1和CP2较CK相比块茎产量均无显著差异, 而CP3、CP4和CP5的块茎产量较RP分别显著下降了21.68%、75.67%和71.86%, 表明短期的马铃薯连作种植对块茎产量并无显著影响。在株高上, CP1、CP2和CP3较CK相比均无显著变化, 但CP4和CP5较CK显著下降27.86%和27.23%, 表明长期马铃薯连作显著抑制植株的生长发育。不同处理的植株茎围呈现与株高相同的变化趋势。单株结薯数、单株结薯重量和平均单薯重量是表征马铃薯块茎产量的重要指标。不同处理间单株结薯数并无显著差异; 单株结薯重量的变化趋势与块茎产量相同; 在平均单薯重量上, CK与CP1、CP2和CP3间均无显著差异, 而CP4和CP5较RP显著降低71.68%和66.02%。统计分析表明, 平均单薯重量与单株结薯重量之间具有极显著的线性相关, 而单株结薯数与单株结薯重量间则无显著线性相关, 表明平均单薯重量的显著下降是造成连作马铃薯块茎产量下降的原因, 也反映了马铃薯块茎产量的增加更依赖于单薯重量的形成。

表2 马铃薯田间农艺性状及产量构成要素的比较 Table 2 Comparison of agronomic traits of potato plants as well as its yield component factors

2.2 收获时马铃薯植株不同器官的干物质量

表3显示, 不同处理马铃薯整株干物质量变化趋势与块茎产量相同, CP1和CP2与CK相比均无显著变化, 而CP3、CP4和CP5较CK分别显著下降31.80%、69.85%和74.99%。而就不同器官的干物质量而言, 均整体表现出随着连作年限延长而逐渐降低的趋势, 特别是在块茎干重上, CP3~CP5较RP相比显著下降31.72%~76.10%, 表明长期的连作种植严重抑制马铃薯的经济生产力。相关分析的结果证明, 马铃薯整株以及各器官的干物质量与块茎产量和单株结薯重量间均有着极显著的线性相关, 说明块茎产量的增加有赖于马铃薯植株干物质的足量积累。

表3 收获后马铃薯植株不同器官干物质量比较 Table 3 Comparison of dry matter of different organs at potato harvest time

马铃薯植株根冠比对连作响应明显, 随着连作年限的延长, 根冠比呈逐渐增加的趋势, 至CP5其根冠比较CK已经显著增加143.96%, 表明连作种植显著影响马铃薯植株地上和根系的干物质分配, 统计分析结果也证明根冠比与块茎产量和单株结薯重量间均有着极显著的负线性相关, 反映出这种连作条件下植株地上和根系干物质分配的变化与块茎产量的下降有关。然而在植株的收获指数上, 连作同未连作相比均无显著变化。

2.3 不同连作年限下马铃薯植株的干物质积累

由图1可知, 从马铃薯出苗至成熟, 整株的干物质积累过程可分3个阶段, 从苗期到末花期, 整株的干物质积累比较缓慢; 而从块茎膨大期开始, 整株的干物质积累量迅速增加, 近似直线增长的趋势, 到淀粉积累前期干物质积累量达到最大值, 马铃薯全生育期内一半以上的干物质积累在块茎膨大期内完成; 而从淀粉积累后期开始至成熟收获, 整株的干物质积累量较为平稳, 甚至略有下降。就整株的干物质积累量而言, 在不同的生育时期内, 均整体表现出随着连作年限延长而逐渐下降的趋势。在长期马铃薯连作种植下(CP4和CP5), 整株干物质积累量的下降则表现得更为明显。

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	图1 连作条件下马铃薯植株干物质积累动态Fig. 1 Dynamic changes of dry matter accumulation of potato plants subjected to continuous cropping

采用Logistic方程来对田间数据拟合表明, 马铃薯整株的干物质积累呈现明显的“S”型增长规律, 均达极显著水平(表4), 说明连作能够显著影响生育期内马铃薯的干物质积累过程。CP1~CP5的 V_max较CK下降8.48%~69.86%, 而 V_mean也较CK下降8.06%~ 69.89%, 并且 V_max和 V_mean均表现出随着连作年限的延长而逐渐降低的趋势。就 t₀而言, CK与CP1~CP3相比变化较小, 但CP4和CP5较CK早出现10~15 d, 这表明长期的连作种植导致了马铃薯植株的早衰。同样, CP4和CP5也缩短了马铃薯整株干物质快速积累期的持续时间, 与CK相比参数Δ t平均缩短约15 d。统计分析结果也表明, V_mean( R²=0.8916, P= 0.0046, n=6)和Δ t( R²=0.7874, P=0.0183, n=6)与块茎产量均具有显著或极显著的正相关, 表明 V_mean和Δ t的降低是导致连作条件下块茎产量下降的一个重要原因。

表4 不同连作年限对马铃薯整株干物质积累方程及其相关参数的影响 Table 4 Effects of continuous potato cropping on Logistic equations and their parameters of dry matter accumulation

2.4 不同连作年限下马铃薯块茎和根茎叶的干物质积累

图2表明, 对于块茎, 生育期内干物质的积累动态与整株的趋势相似, 也呈明显的“S”型曲线, 块茎是马铃薯干物质积累的主要器官。整体来看, 块茎干物质积累量表现随连作年限延长而逐渐下降的趋势。而就根+茎+叶而言, 其干物质积累量较小, 块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期内干物质积累较为平稳, 而在成熟期出现轻微的下降。而值得注意的是, 块茎和根+茎+叶干物质积累量达到平衡的时间同样明显受连作影响, CK和CP1的干物质积累量达到平衡的时间都大约出现在马铃薯出苗后35 d左右, 而CP2~ CP5处理均出现在马铃薯出苗后45 d左右, 整体上看, 随着连作年限的延长, 这一时间也愈加后移。同时在干物质积累量达到平衡以后直至马铃薯收获, 块茎干物质积累量大于根+茎+叶干物质积累量, 块茎和根+茎+叶之间形成了干物质积累的“剪刀差” (图2), 可以看出这一“剪刀差”也呈随着连作年限延长而逐渐降低的趋势。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 连作条件下马铃薯块茎和根茎叶的干物质积累动态Fig. 2 Dynamic changes in dry matter accumulation of tuber and root+stem+leaf in potato under continuous cropping

由表5可知, 块茎干物质积累最大速率出现的时间 t₀较整株推迟大约4~12 d (表4和表5), 该时间段正处于马铃薯库源关系的转换阶段。CP1~CP5的 V_max较RP下降8.29%~69.12%, 而 V_mean也较CK下降7.09%~68.51%, 并且 V_max和 V_mean同样都表现出随连作年限延长而逐渐降低的趋势。另外, 在收获时马铃薯块茎产量并未表现出显著差异的CK、CP1和CP2处理, Δ t均维持在30~32 d, 而块茎产量出现显著下降的CP3~CP5处理Δ t只有19~25 d。统计分析结果也证明, V_mean( R²= 0.9867, P<0.0001, n=6)和Δ t( R²= 0.7123, P= 0.0346, n= 6)与块茎产量具有显著或极显著的正相关, 表明连作条件下马铃薯块茎产量的下降与 V_mean和Δ t相应的降低有关, 而这2个参数受马铃薯连作影响明显, 也反映了块茎产量的增加有赖于块茎部位干物质的足量积累。总之, 连作能够显著影响马铃薯块茎部位的干物质积累过程。

表5 连作对马铃薯块茎干物质积累方程及其相关参数的影响 Table 5 Effects of continuous cropping on Logistic equations of dry matter accumulation of tuber and their parameters

2.5 不同连作年限下马铃薯各器官间的干物质分配规律

由表6可知, 马铃薯干物质在不同器官之间的分配比例随着生育时期的推进而变化明显, 并且以末花期为转折点, 此时也正是块茎和根+茎+叶的干物质积累量达到平衡的时期(图1和图2)。在苗期和初花期, 植株干物质的分配比例均以叶片最高, 扩大源的强度以生产更多的光合产物, 从而为库的建成及扩大奠定基础; 末花期开始至成熟期, 植株干物质分配比例均以块茎最大, 干物质分配比例为块茎>叶>茎>根, 表明马铃薯植株的干物质分配方向已改变, 同化产物更多地流向块茎, 以增加库容量, 到成熟期已经有80%以上的干物质积累在块茎中。马铃薯同水稻和小麦等籽粒作物相比具有不同的生物学特性, 其以块茎这一无性器官作为收获对象, 因而在经济产量形成和干物质的分配规律上有差异。在块茎和根+茎+叶的干物质积累量达到平衡之前, 马铃薯以根茎叶为生长中心, 光合产物主要用于根茎叶的形态建成和生长, 以扩大群体光合面积; 而在平衡之后, 同化产物更多地分配到块茎以促进块茎快速充实膨大和淀粉积累, 使块茎的干物质积累量呈直线上升的趋势, 而根、茎、叶的干物质分配比例则缓慢下降。

表6 连作对马铃薯各器官间的干物质分配比例的影响 Table 6 Effects of continuous potato cropping on dry matter distribution in different organs at the whole growing stage (%)

生育时期 Growing stage	处理 Treatment	根 Root	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	块茎 Tuber
苗期 Seedling	CK	16.28±3.75 a	8.79±1.23 a	76.45±10.24 a	—
	CP1	17.06±0.89 a	9.13±1.57 a	74.67±8.75 a	—
	CP2	16.03±2.75 a	9.78±1.14 a	75.42±11.24 a	—
	CP3	16.86±3.03 a	9.84±0.45 a	75.88±5.83 a	—
	CP4	18.13±2.67 a	9.78±1.12 a	73.76±7.34 a	—
	CP5	18.73±4.60 a	9.35±0.50 a	73.42±8.65 a	—
初花期 Early flowering	CK	14.26±7.75 a	17.19±4.23 a	68.55±5.83 a	—
	CP1	14.38±6.51 a	17.15±3.02 a	68.47±6.01 a	—
	CP2	11.93±5.16 a	17.92±2.42 a	70.16±5.42 a	—
	CP3	10.88±2.54 a	19.75±3.11 a	69.37±2.96 a	—
	CP4	14.04±3.61 a	19.90±11.05 a	66.05±10.37 a	—
	CP5	13.78±5.54 a	16.34±2.71 a	69.88±4.03 a	—
末花期 Late flowering	CK	3.87±1.24 b	10.85±3.86 a	24.19±12.98 a	61.09±7.30 a
	CP1	3.49±0.96 b	13.50±3.82 a	18.57±6.99 a	64.44±9.54 a
	CP2	5.76±2.23 ab	17.54±6.39 a	29.05±11.11 a	47.64±15.41 ab
	CP3	5.41±1.61 ab	23.83±7.17 a	32.95±12.60 a	37.82±11.71 b
	CP4	8.40±3.96 a	19.83±6.65 a	30.30±10.44 a	41.47±15.35 ab
	CP5	7.22±3.21 a	16.90±7.32 a	31.76±20.78 a	44.13±12.36 ab
块茎膨大期 Tuber bulking	RP	1.29±0.03 b	3.82±0.08 b	12.28±2.51 a	82.60±3.11 a
	CP1	1.94±0.62 ab	4.50±1.37 ab	16.12±4.70 a	77.44±6.28 a
	CP2	1.80±0.72 ab	5.45±2.73 a	13.11±3.65 a	79.64±6.37 a
	CP3	1.84±0.40 ab	6.49±2.82 a	14.20±6.36 a	77.46±9.75 a
	CP4	2.62±0.80 a	6.09±1.26 a	13.29±2.35 a	78.00±3.87 a
	CP5	2.58±0.12 a	8.63±4.10 a	13.90±7.78 a	74.89±12.58 a
淀粉积累期 Starch accumulation	CK	1.31±0.20 b	4.15±0.68 a	14.14±1.54 b	85.07±7.81 a
	CP1	1.26±0.13 b	4.22±0.46 a	11.49±0.16 c	84.41±1.97 a
	CP2	1.31±0.45 b	4.52±0.96 a	12.61±1.94 b	81.55±3.07 a
	CP3	1.38±0.23 b	4.96±0.61 a	11.33±0.83 c	78.19±0.95 b
	CP4	2.62±0.18 a	5.77±0.04 a	18.43±1.03 a	73.18±1.01 c
	CP5	3.17±0.69 a	5.94±0.58 a	19.46±1.51 a	71.43±2.18 c
成熟期 Maturity	CK	0.98±0.50 b	4.14±2.01 a	6.63±2.26 a	88.22±1.51 a
	CP1	1.06±0.28 b	3.31±1.46 a	8.86±3.36 a	86.77±1.49 a
	CP2	1.19±0.42 ab	3.58±1.15 a	8.94±2.32 a	86.29±1.59 a
	CP3	1.38±0.95 ab	4.73±3.93 a	9.73±8.54 a	84.60±6.38 a
	CP4	2.17±1.36 a	4.40±2.72 a	10.14±5.22 a	83.30±3.08 a
	CP5	3.03±1.53 a	5.25±2.92 a	9.13±4.18 a	82.59±2.28 a

表中数据为3次重复的平均值±标准差, 同列的不同字母表示在相同生育时期内不同连作年限间差异达5%显著水平。

Data in this Table are means± SD ( n= 3), and values within the same column followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% probability level among different years of continuous potato cropping in the same growing stage.

表6 连作对马铃薯各器官间的干物质分配比例的影响 Table 6 Effects of continuous potato cropping on dry matter distribution in different organs at the whole growing stage (%)

不同连作年限比较, 马铃薯植株不同器官干物质分配比例差异因生育时期的不同而有所变化。在苗期和初花期, 连作同未连作相比, 植株根、茎、叶的干物质分配比例均未变化; 从末花期开始至成熟期, 连作与未连作间的各器官干物质分配比例开始改变, 其中以根系最明显, 根系的干物质分配比例整体表现出随连作年限延长而逐渐增加的趋势, 以CP4和CP5的增幅最大, 且同CK相比差异均达到显著水平; 而茎、叶和块茎的干物质分配比例在不同处理上的表现则因生育时期不同而异, 但总体来看并无特定的变化规律。

2.6 连作对马铃薯花前和花后干物质再分配的影响

由表7可知, 连作明显影响了马铃薯植株营养器官花前贮藏干物质向块茎中的转运量和转运率。在田间试验数据的计算过程中, 我们发现CK、CP1和CP2处理出现植株营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量为负值的情况, 因而我们认为其植株在生长发育过程中营养器官并未出现花前贮藏干物质向块茎中的转运, 转运量为零, 而其对应的转运率也为零。CK植株的根、茎、叶器官均未出现花前贮藏干物质向块茎部位的转运, 但CP1和CP2则分别出现茎、根+茎的花前贮藏干物质向块茎的转运, 但总体来看, CK、CP1和CP2根茎叶总的花前贮藏干物质转运量均为零, 而这3个处理在收获时块茎产量并无显著差异。块茎产量同CK相比显著下降的CP3~CP5处理, 根、茎、叶器官均出现花前贮藏干物质向块茎的转运, 根+茎+叶的转运量为7.0~7.6 g株^-1左右。结果表明, 马铃薯的长期连作种植导致营养器官花前贮藏干物质向块茎中的转运。

表7 连作对马铃薯花前贮藏干物质转运和花后光合同化产物积累的影响 Table 7 Effects of continuous cropping on translocation of dry matter stored before anthesis and accumulation of
photosynthate after anthesis in potato plants

在花后块茎干物质积累量上, CK、CP1和CP2间均无显著差异, CP3~CP5较CK均显著降低22.45%~79.75%, 花后光合同化产物向块茎的输入量也表现出与此相同的变化趋势, CP3~CP5较CK也显著降低25.95%~83.545%, 说明长期马铃薯连作能够显著降低花后块茎的干物质积累和同化产物向块茎的输入。

就对块茎干物质积累的贡献率而言, 从表7也可以看出, 马铃薯在生长发育过程中花后同化产物向块茎的输入量起着主要作用, 但同化产物输入块茎的贡献率受连作种植的影响而逐渐下降, 特别是对于长期连作种植的情况下的CP4和CP5, 而营养器官花前贮藏干物质的转运在连作条件下的变化趋势正好与此相反。

3 讨论

3.1 连作对马铃薯植株干物质积累和分配的影响

同未连作相比, 短期的马铃薯连作并不会导致块茎产量的显著下降, 而自连作3年开始, 块茎产量出现大幅度下降, 我们认为连作两年可能是在当地生态环境和栽培及品种条件下马铃薯连作的阈值年限, 对于马铃薯种植企业而言, 在满足生产需求和兼顾经济效益的同时, 连作2年后是马铃薯连作过程的最佳终止时间, 而这将会对企业合理安排种植计划提供实际依据。测定结果表明, 连作对土壤理化性质具显著的影响, 但与连作马铃薯最终的块茎产量并不直接相关, 也表明在本试验的条件下土壤养分的供应状况差异并不是导致连作马铃薯块茎产量出现大幅度下降的直接原因。长期连作条件下, 植株农艺性状显著降低, 表现出明显的连作障碍, 同时也显著影响马铃薯整株和块茎的干物质积累过程, 使植株干物质快速积累过程所维持的时间和平均积累速度均大幅度降低, 而这应是导致块茎产量下降的直接原因。光合生产是作物干物质积累的基础, 我们早前的研究^{[ 2]}已经证实长期的连作种植导致马铃薯净光合速率显著下降, 同时叶片光合系统PSII反应中心对光能的转化和利用效率显著下降, 光合电子链正常的电子传递也受到抑制。不仅如此, 长期连作后株高的降低也会导致马铃薯生育期内冠层群体光合源面积的下降, 光合强度不足, 这些都导致连作马铃薯干物质积累量的下降。

长期连作也导致马铃薯在干物质分配上的变化, 其突出的特点是增加根系在各器官中的干物质分配比例, 并且自末花期至成熟期均呈现这种变化趋势, 带来了植株在根冠比上的显著变化, 这也与前人的研究结果一致^{[ 2, 11]}。在大豆上的研究认为, 因长期连作引起的根系病虫害加重, 养分和水分的胁迫以及内源激素的失衡导致冠部降低幅度大于根系, 使根冠比增大^{[ 11]}。试验数据的计算表明, 连作条件下马铃薯植株冠层干物质下降的速度相对快于根系是根冠比增大的直接原因。根冠比的调整被认为是植物应对生物或非生物胁迫的主要策略, 它能反映作物的生长发育状况及环境条件对根系与地上部分生长的不同影响, 而形成单位产量的干物质, 根系需要的同化产物是地上部的两倍, 故而较小的根系有利于更多的同化产物转移到地上部^{[ 33, 34]}。田间取样观察和试验数据尽管均证实根系的体积和干重都在降低, 但是由于马铃薯花后的生长中心在块茎, 这也从侧面解释了长期连作条件下(CP3~CP5)根系干物质在花后向块茎部位的转运。

在马铃薯的末花期, 块茎和根+茎+叶干物质积累量达到平衡, 而在此后块茎干物质积累量大于根+茎+叶干物质积累量, 二者形成“剪刀差”, 这种“剪刀差”的大小可以反映出马铃薯产量的高低^{[ 7, 35]}, 在本试验中其大小随着连作年限的延长而逐渐降低, 与块茎产量变化趋势吻合。营养器官和经济器官干物质积累量平衡期以前, 光合产物主要用于茎叶的形成和生长, 建造地上部植株有机体; 而此后, 根茎叶干物质量的积累逐渐平缓, 高达80%以上的同化产物直接输入无性器官, 形成“剪刀差”, 其实质反映了马铃薯随生育进程不同于其他禾谷类作物的库源关系转换过程。

3.2 连作对马铃薯花前和花后干物质分配的影响

在禾谷类作物上的相关研究认为, 籽粒灌浆物质的来源可分为两部分, 一部分是开花后的同化产物, 包括直接输入籽粒的光合产物和开花后形成的暂贮藏性干物质的再转移; 一部分是开花前生产的暂贮藏于营养器官中、在灌浆期间再转移到籽粒中的同化产物^{[ 32, 36]}。由于目前在马铃薯作物上植株花前和花后干物质分配和转运规律尚无研究报道, 因而我们以禾谷类作物的相关研究作为参考。田间试验的结果表明, 长期的连作能够明显改变马铃薯花前和花后的干物质再分配特征。在对照(CK)和短期连作(CP1和CP2)条件下马铃薯植株未出现花前营养器官(根+茎+叶)贮藏性干物质向块茎中的转运, 而从连作3年(CP3)开始这种贮藏性干物质转运的现象出现, 并且随着连作年限的延长, 贮藏性干物质对块茎干物质积累的贡献率也逐渐增加, CP5处理营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运的贡献率已经超过20%。相反, 受连作种植的影响, 马铃薯植株花后同化产物向块茎直接输入的比重越来越小, 贡献率也越来越低, 其原因是花后植株生长发育因连作受到严重抑制, 自身的光合产物生产降低, 其向块茎中光合产物的输入量也随之减少^{[ 2]}。研究表明, 籽粒作物的产量在很大程度上决定于后期的光合生产能力, 其贡献率为80%左右, 生育后期同化产物积累是产量增加的主要来源^{[ 37, 38, 39]}, 田间试验结果证实了马铃薯块茎产量的增加也与此同理。CK、CP1和CP2处理下块茎产量的形成完全依赖于花后同化产物的直接输入, 而营养器官的花前贮藏有机物用于自身的形态建成以在生育后期继续维持较高的光合强度, 如良好根系形态和构型可更高效地吸收土壤水分和养分^{[ 2]}; 冠层结构的优化可提高单位面积上对光能的截获^{[ 40]}。但在长期连作条件下, 光合强度的下降导致块茎库对有机物质的竞争能力增强, 马铃薯植株营养器官贮藏性干物质对块茎产量的贡献率逐渐增加, 从而影响库源关系的协调, 最终表现为营养器官作为源过度地向块茎库中转移光合产物, 自身的形态建成受到影响, 花后光合生产效率进一步降低, 形成恶性循环^{[ 7]}。因而, 我们认为在长期的马铃薯连作种植的条件下植株生产库源关系的失调是块茎产量下降的主要原因。

4 结论

同未连作相比, 在短期连作条件下马铃薯块茎产量并未出现显著变化, 但自连作3年后, 块茎产量显著下降, 降幅达21.68%~75.67%, 其直接原因是单薯重量下降。连作降低马铃薯植株的干物质积累量, 同时植株干物质的积累动态也受连作影响显著, 主要表现为随连作年限延长, 整株和块茎干物质快速积累期的平均增长速度( V_mean)和持续的时间(Δ t)逐渐降低。另外, 连作增加马铃薯花后根系干物质分配比例, 而其他器官干物质分配比例在不同连作年限下的变化随生育进程而异。长期连作还影响花前和花后马铃薯植株干物质的分配, 导致花前营养器官贮藏干物质转运对块茎产量形成的贡献率逐渐加大, 而花后同化产物向块茎部位的输入份额减少。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[32]	杨恒山, 张玉芹, 徐寿军, 李国红, 高聚林, 王志刚. 超高产春玉米干物质及养分积累与转运特征. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18: 315-323 Yang H S, Zhang Y Q, Xu S J, Li G H, Gao J L, Wang Z G. Characteristics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation and translocation of super-high-yield spring maize. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2012, 18;315-323 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.883]
[33]	王艳哲, 刘秀位, 孙宏勇, 张喜英, 张连蕊. 水氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21: 282-289 Wang Y Z, Liu X W, Sun H Y, Zhang X Y, Zhang L R. Effects of water and nitrogen on root/shoot ratio and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2013, 21: 282-289 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.795]
[34]	Passioura J B. Roots and drought resistance. Agric Water Manag, 1983, 7: 265-280 [本文引用:1]
[35]	门福义, 刘梦芸, 张志林. 马铃薯的产量形成与生育阶段. 内蒙古农牧学院学报, 1980, (1): 72-81 Men F Y, Liu M Y, Zhang Z L. Potato yield formation and its growing stages. J Inner Mongolia Inst Agric Anim Hus, 1980, (1): 72-81 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[36]	Mackown C T, Van Sanford D A, Zhang N. Wheat vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced reproductive sink strength. Plant Physiol, 1992, 99: 1469-1474 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 6.555]
[37]	黄智鸿, 王思远, 包岩, 梁煊赫, 孙刚, 申林, 曹洋, 吴春胜. 超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究. 玉米科学, 2007, 15(3): 95-98 Huang Z H, Wang S Y, Bao Y, Liang H X, Sun G, Sheng L, Cao Y, Wu C S. Sutdies on dry matter accumulation and distribution characteristic in super high-yield maize. J Maize Sci, 2007, 15(3): 95-98 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.965]
[38]	Cassman K G. Ecologiacal intensification of cereal production system: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96: 5952-5959 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 9.737]
[39]	Ye Y L, Wang G L, Huang Y F, Zhu Y J, Meng Q F, Chen X P, Zhang F S, Cui Z L. Understand ing of physiological processes associated with yield-trait relationships in modern wheat varieties. Field Crops Res, 2011, 124: 316-322 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[40]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]

2011

0.0

0.8

. 2011, (2):68-70

Study on the application of humic ammonia, organic fertilizer, microbial ferti-li-zer to eliminate continuous cropping obstacles of potato in the arid regions of Gansu

通过不同施肥水平的有机肥、腐植酸铵、微生物肥配施,改良甘肃干旱地区马铃薯连作障碍,试图筛选出有机肥、腐植酸铵、微生物肥的最佳配施水平.结果表明,有机肥、腐植酸铵、微生物肥配施能显著提高甘肃干旱地区马铃薯产量,可有效地克服其连作障碍,当有机肥、腐植酸铵、微生物肥施用量分别为12 000、1 125、75 kg/hm2时,可获得最大经济效益.

... 导致植株生长发育受阻, 病虫害猖獗, 块茎产量和品质大幅度下降等一系列的问题, 严重影响企业的种植效益^[1,2,3,4,5] ...

2013

0.0

0.795

. 2013, 21:689-699

Effects of continuous cropping on potato eco-physiological characteristics in the Yellow River irrigation area of the central Gansu Province

The Yellow River irrigation area in the central Gansu Province is one of the main potato growing regions in Northwest China. Potato is often grown continuously in a monocropping system by farmers and planting enterprises in Gansu to maximize consecutive payoffs. This practice has resulted in severe declines in tuber yield and quality. To address this problem, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 to study the effects of continuous potato monocropping (CPM) on eco-physiological characteristics of potato plant using the "Atlantic" potato variety in Jingtai County of Baiyin City. In the experiment, five treatments of continuous monocropping potato for 1~5 years were set, and named L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5, respectively. In addition, rotation treatment, in which maize was planted in 2008 and 2009, potato in 2010, was used as the control (L0). There was no statistical difference in tuber yield among L0, L1 and L2. However, significant declines in tuber yield occurred in L3, L4 and L5; decreasing by 44%~56% compared with L0. This proved that after continuing for two years, CPM significantly reduced tuber yield. For potato yield component, correlation analysis indicated that average fresh-weight of individual tuber was the leading cause of decline in tuber yield under CPM system. Dry matter contents of different potato organs gradually decreased with longer CPM duration. However, potato root-to-shoot ratio was the reverse. CPM significantly affected photosynthetic physiology of potato plants. While Pn, Gs and Tr significantly decreased with increasing CPM duration, Ci increased. CPM also significantly affected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in potato leaf. Fv /Fm, ΦPSII and qP gradually increased with increasing CPM duration, whereas F0 gradually declined. There was a declining trend in the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in potato leaf after an initial increase with increasing CPM duration. There was no significant difference in potato leaf MDA content in L1 and L2 compared with that in L0. However, potato leaf MDA content increased about 4~6 folds respectively in L3, L4 and L5. The activity of potato root system, total root absorption area and root active absorption area all significantly declined with increasing CPM duration. Root morphological parameters including total root length, surface area and tip number gradually increased with increasing CPM duration, but were statistically not different in root diameter and volume among the six treatments. The results confirmed that CPM significantly affected not only the distribution of dry matter in potato plants, but also the changes in morphology and photosynthesis associated with physiologic processes of potato; causing tuber yield decline. Besides, the metabolism and regulation of endogenous hormones within potato plants were probably connected with the decline in tuber yield. This resulted in sink-source imbalance in potato plants.

甘肃省中部沿黄灌区是西北地区乃至全国重要的加工型马铃薯生产基地, 然而突出的连作障碍已经严重影响到当地马铃薯种植业的可持续发展。为此, 本研究于2010年在地处该区的白银市景泰县进行田间试验, 以当地主栽的加工型马铃薯品种"大西洋"为试验材料, 以轮作地块作为对照, 选取相邻的连作1~5 a马铃薯种植地块, 研究连作对马铃薯植株的生物效应, 试图从植株的生理生态特性入手探明马铃薯连作障碍的原因。结果表明, 与轮作地块(即不连作)相比, 连作1 a和2 a马铃薯块茎产量无显著变化, 但自连作3 a开始出现显著下降, 降低44%~56%, 表现出明显的连作障碍, 从产量上看, 两年应是当地马铃薯连作的最佳终止时间。从产量构成分析, 单薯重量下降是导致连作马铃薯产量下降的重要原因。马铃薯植株根、茎、叶和块茎的生物量随着连作年限的延长而下降, 而根冠比相反。植株光合生理受连作影响显著, Pn、Gs和Tr随连作年限的延长显著下降, Ci则表现上升趋势。叶绿体荧光特征则表现为F0随连作年限的延长而逐渐下降, Fv/Fm、ΦPSII和qP逐渐上升。植株叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性表现出随着连作年限延长先上升后下降的特征。与不连作相比, 连作1 a和2 a马铃薯叶片的MDA含量无显著变化, 但连作3~5 a增加4~6倍。随连作年限延长, 植株根系活力、总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积显著下降, 根系形态包括总根长、表面积和根尖数则逐渐增加, 而根直径和根体积无变化。结果表明, 马铃薯连作障碍的产生除了与光合生理有关的一系列生理生化过程和形态学的改变有关外, 还可能与马铃薯植株体内的激素代谢水平有关, 这些因素在整体上导致了马铃薯库源关系的失衡。

... 导致植株生长发育受阻, 病虫害猖獗, 块茎产量和品质大幅度下降等一系列的问题, 严重影响企业的种植效益^[1,2,3,4,5] ...

... 光合生产是作物干物质积累的基础, 我们早前的研究^[2]已经证实长期的连作种植导致马铃薯净光合速率显著下降, 同时叶片光合系统PSII反应中心对光能的转化和利用效率显著下降, 光合电子链正常的电子传递也受到抑制 ...

... 长期连作也导致马铃薯在干物质分配上的变化, 其突出的特点是增加根系在各器官中的干物质分配比例, 并且自末花期至成熟期均呈现这种变化趋势, 带来了植株在根冠比上的显著变化, 这也与前人的研究结果一致^[2,11] ...

... 相反, 受连作种植的影响, 马铃薯植株花后同化产物向块茎直接输入的比重越来越小, 贡献率也越来越低, 其原因是花后植株生长发育因连作受到严重抑制, 自身的光合产物生产降低, 其向块茎中光合产物的输入量也随之减少^[2] ...

... CK、CP1和CP2处理下块茎产量的形成完全依赖于花后同化产物的直接输入, 而营养器官的花前贮藏有机物用于自身的形态建成以在生育后期继续维持较高的光合强度, 如良好根系形态和构型可更高效地吸收土壤水分和养分^[2] ...

2012

0.0

0.833

... 导致植株生长发育受阻, 病虫害猖獗, 块茎产量和品质大幅度下降等一系列的问题, 严重影响企业的种植效益^[1,2,3,4,5] ...

2012

0.0

... 导致植株生长发育受阻, 病虫害猖獗, 块茎产量和品质大幅度下降等一系列的问题, 严重影响企业的种植效益^[1,2,3,4,5] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 20:236-243

Changes of Fusarium in rhizosphere soil under potato continuous cropping systems in arid-irrigated area of Gansu Province

为了深入了解根际土壤镰刀菌分布与马铃薯连作之间的关系,以“大西洋”品种为试材,采用根残体分离法,研究了轮作和连作茬口的马铃薯根际土壤中镰刀菌的变化趋势.结果表明,在不同茬口根际土壤中共分离到8个种的镰刀菌,玉米-马铃薯轮作茬口的优势种为再育镰孢,分离频率为23.34％；连作1～3年茬口的优势种均为茄病镰孢,分离频率分别为30.78％,37.70％和45.48％.随着连作年限的增加,马铃薯根际土壤镰刀菌数量呈上升趋势,但不同菌种的数量变化趋势各异,尖孢镰孢、茄病镰孢呈上升趋势,黄色镰孢、再育镰孢呈下降趋势,木贼镰孢变化较为平稳.

... 导致植株生长发育受阻, 病虫害猖獗, 块茎产量和品质大幅度下降等一系列的问题, 严重影响企业的种植效益^[1,2,3,4,5] ...

2009

0.0

1.883

. 2009, 15:1136-1141 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2009.0522

Control of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by nursery application of bio-organic fertilizer

Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,China

Continuous mono-cropping is the major factor that restricted the development of watermelon plantation. Application of bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) target for watermelon fusarium wilt disease (FWD) can provide an environment-friendly way to reduce FWD problem. In this experiment, nursery application of the BOF was used to control Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. Results showed: 1) the best controlling effect was found in the treatment of BOF in nursery application plus the second application in transplanted soil, where the wilt disease incidence was 0% comparing to 100% in control. 2) After the application of BOF, Fusarium oxysporum number was kept below 10⁴cfu/g both in rhizoplane and in the bulk soil. Fusarium oxysporum number was significantly lower than control（1.17×10⁴cfu/g in the rhizoplane soil and 1.1×10⁴cfu/g in the bulk soil, respectively). 3) Biomass was significantly increased with 1% BOF treatment 17 days after sowing in nursery pot comparing with control. With 1% BOF treatment, the fresh-weight of root biomass increased 73.3%, dry-weight increased 66.7%, while the fresh-weight of above ground biomass increased 56.7% and dry-weight increased 41.9%. During 67 day experiment period, biomass with BOF treatment (15.97±0.58 g/plant, DW) was significantly higher than that of the control (8.73±0.35 g/plant, DW), and was about 1.83 fold higher than control. Results suggested that BOF application both on nursery application and second application in culture pot can effectively prevent watermelon Fusarium wilt disease occurrence; promote watermelon plant growth, and easecontinuous mono-cropping obstacles.

为了探讨西瓜专用微生物有机肥料(BOF)对西瓜植株枯萎病的防治效果，采用盆栽试验研究了西瓜专用BOF对连作土壤上西瓜植株生长和枯萎病的防治效果以及西瓜枯萎病致病菌的数量分布的影响。结果表明：1）营养钵育苗和移栽土壤中都施用BOF的处理，未发现西瓜枯萎病植株，而对照植株则完全发病；2）施用BOF处理的致病菌（尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型）数量在根际土壤中为0.7×10³cfu/g，在土体土壤中为2.7×10³cfu/g，都控制在10⁴cfu/g数量级以下，而对照处理的数量分别达到了1.17×10⁵cfu/g和1.1×10⁵cfu/g；3）与对照比较，营养钵育苗时施用1%的BOF，西瓜苗期（播种后17 d）生物量都显著增加，根系生物量比地上部生物量提高了16.7个百分点（以鲜重计）和24.8个百分点(以干重计)；营养钵育苗和移栽土壤中均施用BOF的处理，西瓜植株（生长67 d）生物量（干重）是对照的1.83倍；在营养钵育苗或移栽时施用BOF的处理，西瓜植株干重两者差异不大，分别是对照的1.28倍和1.27倍。采用营养钵育苗和移栽时都施用BOF的方法种植西瓜，能有效地促进西瓜植株生长，防止西瓜枯萎病发生，克服西瓜连作障碍。

... 连续种植某一种或近缘作物, 即使在正常的栽培管理条件下, 也会出现生长发育不良、产量和品质严重下降等连作障碍现象, 这对于马铃薯等茄科作物表现尤为明显, 连作障碍的形成机制已成为国内外研究的热点^[6] ...

2013

0.0

1.742

. 2013, 24:423-430

Characteristics of dry matter and potassium accumulation and distribution in potato plant in semi-arid rainfed areas

(1Gansu Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 3Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China; 4Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China).

In 2010, a field experiment with potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar ‘Xindaping’ was conducted at the Dingxi Extension Center of Gansu Province, Northwest China, aimed to understand the accumulation and distribution patterns of dry matter (DM) and potassium (K) in the organs of potato plant in semiarid rainfed areas. During the whole growth period of the cultivar, the DM accumulation in root, stem, and leaf all showed a unimodal curve, with the DM accumulation rate being leaf > stem > root, whereas the DM accumulation in whole plant and tuber was an S-curve. The maximum DM accumulation rate of the whole plant was higher than that of the tuber, and appeared 17 days earlier. The distribution of DM in different organs showed two turning points, i.e., during the tuber formation (TF) period and the tuber growth (TG) period. During TF period, the DM accumulation was the greatest in leaf, followed by in tuber. The TF period was also the DM balance period, which occurred 90 days after emergence. Before the DM balance period, the DM accumulation in tuber was lesser than that in root, stem, and leaf, and there was a positive correlation between the DM accumulation in tuber and in root, stem, and leaf. However, after the DM balance period, the DM accumulation in tuber was greater than that in root, stem, and leaf, and the correlation was negative. At seedling stage and in TF period, TG period, starch accumulation period, and maturity period, the DM accumulation in whole plant was 5%, 30%, 60%, 4%, and 1%, while that in tuber was 0, 18%, 62%, 18%, and 2%, respectively. In the whole growth period, more than 50% of the DM was formed in TG period. The K concentration was the highest in stem and the lowest in tuber, though the K was mostly concentrated in root before the DM balance period. The K accumulation before the DM balance period was mostly in root, stem, and leaf, with the sequence of stem > leaf > root, but after the DM balance period, the K was mainly allocated in tuber, with >60% of the K accumulated in tuber in maturity period.

2010年在甘肃省定西市通过大田试验，研究了半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯的干物质(DM)和钾素(K)积累与分配规律.结果表明：马铃薯根、茎、叶的DM积累量在全生育期内呈单峰曲线，大小顺序为叶＞茎＞根；全株和块茎DM积累量在全生育期内持续增加，均呈“S”型增长曲线.全株的DM积累最大速率大于块茎，且出现时间比块茎早17 d. DM在各器官中的分配以块茎形成末期和块茎增大末期为转折点；在块茎形成末期之前，DM分配比例以叶片最大，其后以块茎最大；干质量平衡期出现在块茎增大末期(出苗后90 d左右)，此期之前块茎的DM积累量小于根茎叶，二者的积累量呈正相关，其后块茎大于根茎叶，二者呈负相关.全株干物质积累主要来源于块茎.植株干物质积累量在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期和成熟期的分配比例分别为5%、30%、60%、4%和1%，块茎干物质积累量的分配比例分别为0、18%、62%、18%和2%.全生育期内，马铃薯50%以上的干物质在块茎增长期形成. 马铃薯品种“新大坪”各器官中钾浓度以茎最高，块茎最低，在干质量平衡期之前根中的钾浓度高于叶，之后低于叶；各器官中钾的积累量在干质量平衡期之前集中分配在根茎叶中，表现为茎＞叶＞根，之后主要向块茎中分配和积累，至成熟期，60%以上的钾贮藏在块茎中.

... 干物质生产是作物产量形成的基础, 而干物质的积累及其在营养器官和经济器官间合理分配是提高作物产量和增加经济收益的关键, 马铃薯块茎的形成和膨大过程也取决于生育期内同化产物足量积累和再分配^[7,8] ...

... 在马铃薯的末花期, 块茎和根+茎+叶干物质积累量达到平衡, 而在此后块茎干物质积累量大于根+茎+叶干物质积累量, 二者形成“剪刀差”, 这种“剪刀差”的大小可以反映出马铃薯产量的高低^[7,35], 在本试验中其大小随着连作年限的延长而逐渐降低, 与块茎产量变化趋势吻合 ...

... 但在长期连作条件下, 光合强度的下降导致块茎库对有机物质的竞争能力增强, 马铃薯植株营养器官贮藏性干物质对块茎产量的贡献率逐渐增加, 从而影响库源关系的协调, 最终表现为营养器官作为源过度地向块茎库中转移光合产物, 自身的形态建成受到影响, 花后光合生产效率进一步降低, 形成恶性循环^[7] ...

2005

0.633

0.0

. 2005, 20:356-362

Study on the simulation of potato dry-matter distribution and its apparatuses formation

根据多年不同保护地栽培田间试验的结果,利用Origin软件结合马铃薯生长发育的基本特点,提出了以发育生理日为驱动变量的光合产物在不同器官间分布的数值模型,方法简便,机理明确,模拟精度高.研究还给出了不同发育时期马铃薯不同器官的干物率变化模型,并依此推导出器官的鲜重模型,进行了马铃薯块茎产量的模拟,结果表明模拟值与实测值具有良好的一致性.

2011

0.0

... 在烤烟^[9,10]、大豆^[11,12]和花生^{[13,14,15,16,17]}等作物上的研究业已证实, 连作能够显著影响植株的干物质生产和积累过程, 同时也显著影响开花后同化产物向经济器官的分配量和分配速率, 而这可能是导致连作系统下作物经济产量严重下降的重要原因 ...

2013

0.0

0.451

1997

0.0

... 在大豆上的研究认为, 因长期连作引起的根系病虫害加重, 养分和水分的胁迫以及内源激素的失衡导致冠部降低幅度大于根系, 使根冠比增大^[11] ...

1999

0.0

1.889

2006

0.0

. 2006, 35(1):29-33

Effect of continuous cropping on peanut seedling physiological characteristics and pod yield

池栽条件下研究了连作对花生幼苗生理特性及荚果产量的影响,结果表明,连作不仅影响植株干物质的积累,同时改变干物质的分配,根冠比增加;连作花生的叶面积、光合速率、叶绿素含量显著降低;连作同时影响磷、钾营养的吸收,但对其在植株中的分配影响不大;花生连作植株主茎高降低,单株结果数减少,荚果产量降低.增施磷钾肥,有利于花生连作的解除.

2007

0.0

. 2007, (2):32-36

Study on the growth and development characters of continuous-cropping peanut

连作显著降低花生群体干物质积累速率(CGR)、荚果干物质积累速率(PGR)、总生物产量(TDM)、荚果产量(PDM)、叶面积系数(LAI)和光合势(LAD),但对花生净同化率(NAR)的影响不显著;品种间总的趋势是珍珠豆型小花生鲁花12号对连作的反应最为敏感,降低幅度最大,普通型大花生8130最小,中间型高产大花生鲁花14号居中.连作花生的CGR、TDM、LAI和LAD基本随生育进程的推进而降低,其降幅与植株相对生育龄的关系符合=15.582X-1.2011,表明连作对花生生育的影响有累积效应;连作花生叶片有早衰现象,同一品种连作花生LAI峰值出现时间比轮作早5～7天;LAI与PDM、LAD、CGR、TDM分别呈极显著的正相关,增加LAI是提高连作花生PDM的基础.

2007

0.0

. 2007, 36(2):35-37

Effect of continuous cropping on photosynthesis and accumulation of dry matter in peanut

大田条件下研究了连作对花生光合作用和干物质积累的影响,结果表明,连作降低了花生的单叶光合速率、群体光合速率和叶绿素含量,并有随生育进程推进影响加重的趋势,其中叶绿素含量的降幅较小.连作还降低花生的叶面积系数和比叶重,影响干物质的积累和荚果产量.另外对花生植株根瘤数量影响明显,降低了花生对大气中氮的利用效率.

2011

0.0

1.979

2011

0.0

1969

0.0

... 纵观国内外关于马铃薯干物质积累和分配规律的研究则更多地聚焦在基因型差异^{[18,19,20,21]}、施肥^[22,23,24]、环境条件^[25,26]、耕作栽培^[27,28]等产量形成的调控因子上, 而对于连作如何影响马铃薯产量形成过程尚无具体的研究报道 ...

1981

1.518

0.0

1986

0.558

0.0

2002

0.526

0.0

2005

0.526

0.0

2012

0.558

0.0

. 2012, 55:303-313 DOI:10.1007/s11540-012-9220-y

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application time on dry matter accumulation and yield of Chinese potato variety KX13

<li>1.Northeast Forestry University Postdoctoral Programme, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, People’s Republic of China</li><li>2.Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People’s Republic of China</li>

Abstract
Application time of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can significantly influence the yield and quality of potato tubers. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of N application time on dry matter accumulation in foliage and tubers, as well as on marketable tuber ratio, dry matter concentration, and specific gravity of the Chinese cultivar KX 13. The four treatments were as follows: all the 150 kg N ha⁻¹ applied at planting (T1); 100 kg N ha⁻¹ applied at planting and 50 kg N ha⁻¹ applied 1 week before tuber initiation (20 days after emergence, DAE) (T2); 100 kg N ha⁻¹ applied at planting and 50 kg N ha⁻¹ applied 1 week before tuber bulking stage (35 DAE) (T3); and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ applied at emergence and 50 kg N ha⁻¹ applied 1 week before tuber bulking stage (35 DAE) (T4). For all treatments, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ ((NH₄)₂HPO₄) and 150 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ (K₂SO₄) were applied at planting. Thirty tons per hectare of marketable tuber yield was achieved with T3, while 23 t ha⁻¹ marketable yield was achieved by applying all 150 kg N ha⁻¹ at planting (T1). Relative to treatment T1, T3 also significantly increased harvest index (HI) from 0.76 to 0.86 and marketable tuber ratio from 64.8% to 79.2%. Applying N at planting in conjunction with dressing at 20 DAE (T2) gave a high marketable tuber ratio (74%) and HI (0.86), but the lower total tuber yield led to a lower marketable tuber yield. Without N application at planting (T4), N dressing did not increase the yield and HI. Treatments with N dressing had no significant effect on specific gravity or dry matter concentration of tubers.

1999

0.0

1992

0.0

1983

0.558

0.0

1978

0.0

1972

0.558

0.0

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:124-131 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00124

Effects of plant density and seeding date on accumulation and translocation of dry matter and nitrogen in winter cultivar Lankao Aizao 8

1Agronomy College, Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China; 2 Nation Engineer Technology Research Center of Wheat,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002, China

Moderately late seeding has the advantage to alleviate damage by low temperature before overwintering in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The disadvantage of tillering reduction caused by late seeding may be compensated by increasing plant density. The optimal combination of seeding date and density differs from cultivars or cultivar types. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of plant density and seeding date on the accumulation and transportation of dry matter and nitrogen of large-spike type winter wheat cultivar “Lankao Aizao 8”, accordingly to provide a theoretical basis on appropriate density in production with late seeding. Three densities (150, 225, and 300´10⁴ plants ha^-¹) and two seeding dates (normal and late) were designed for the field experiment in 2005–2007. The accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen per stem in different organs increased at anthesis and maturity with the decrease of plant density. Under the late seeding condition, medium and low densities positively influenced the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen per stem, especially in spike. The translocation amount of dry matter stored in vegetative organs before anthesis was significantly higher in treatments of low density with normal seeding date and medium density with late seeding date compared with other treatments. Meanwhile, the two treatments showed significantly larger contributions of dry matter to grains. In regard to grain yield and quality, treatments of medium and low densities with normal seeding date and medium and high densities with late seeding date had significantly positive effects on the contents and yields of starch and protein as well as grain yields. In the areas with the condition similar to this experiment, when considering both yield and grain quality, Lankao Aizao 8 is suggested with the densities of 150–225×10⁴ ha^-¹ for normal seeding and 225–300×10⁴ ha^-¹ for moderatively late seeding, respectively.

以重穗型冬小麦品种兰考矮早八为材料，研究了正常播期(10月10至12日)和适度晚播(10月24至26日)条件下，高(300万株 hm^-2)、中(225万株 hm^-2)、低(150万株 hm^-2)密度对其干物质和氮素积累转运及籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明，不同播期条件下，各密度处理开花期和成熟期单茎干物质和氮素积累量均随播种密度降低而增加，适当晚播和中、低密度有利于单茎干物质和氮素积累，尤其是穗部积累量的提高。正常播期和低密度以及晚播和中等密度处理开花前营养器官贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量和花前贮藏物质对籽粒重的贡献率显著高于其他处理。正常播期和中、低密度处理以及晚播和中、高密度处理显著提高籽粒淀粉和蛋白质的含量与产量以及籽粒产量，使小麦籽粒产量和品质同步提高。在本试验条件下，兰考矮早八兼顾高产和优质的正常播期和晚播的适宜播种密度分别为150~225万株 hm^-2和225~300万株 hm^-2。

... 参考小麦^[29,30]、绿豆^[31]和玉米^[32]上的相关工作并结合作物生长的库源关系理论, 营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量=开花期干重-成熟期干重 ...

2012

0.0

0.795

. 2012, 20:1282-1288

Effects of different cultivation management modes on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and yield of winter wheat

The effects of different cultivation management modes on dry matter accumulation, distribution, nitrogen (N) uptake, N use efficiency (NUE) and yield of winter wheat in Henan Province were investigated in a field experiment in Wenxian County in 2009-2011. The experiments aimed to provide theoretical basis for cultivation management mode of winter wheat in the Wenxian region of Henan Province. The four different cultivation management modes used were conventional management (T1, conventional management mode in the region), optimized management mode 1(T2), high-yield management (T3), optimized management mode one the base of T3 (T4). Compared with T1, T2 with fertilizer applications at basal and jointing stages enhanced time and rate of rapid dry matter accumulation, grain dry matter accumulation, stem and leaf N transport to grain and per-ear grain and kernel weight. This resulted in higher output and efficiency. Also compared with T3, T4 reduced fertilizer dose, increased grain weight by improving N translocation amount and contribution rate to grain of leaves after anthesis and maintained grain yield while improving nutrient efficiency. Compared with treatments T1 and T2, T3 and T4 improved rapid dry matter accumulation and N translocation from stem and leaf storage to grain after anthesis. Based on the results, T2 was worthy cultivation mode under the present production management conditions. Treatment T4 was both the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation management mode under high-yield conditions.

为给小麦栽培管理提供指导, 连续两个小麦生长季在河南省温县通过大田试验研究了农民习惯栽培(T1)、优化管理1(T2)、高产栽培管理(T3)、优化管理2(T4)4种栽培管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运和氮素吸收、分配以及产量的影响。结果表明, 与T1相比, T2通过基肥和拔节期追肥2次施肥, 提高了干物质快速增长的时间和速率, 增加了籽粒中干物质的积累和茎叶氮素向籽粒的转运, 提高了穗粒数和粒重, 从而达到产量和效率的提高; 与T3相比, T4减少了氮磷钾用量, 通过提高花后叶片中氮素的转运量和对籽粒的贡献率来增加粒重, 在不降低产量的同时提高了养分效率。T3、T4模式与T1、T2模式相比, 提高了干物质快速增长的时间和速率以及花后小麦茎叶贮存氮素向籽粒的转运量和对籽粒的贡献率。在本试验条件下, T2模式是目前生产情况下值得推广的优化栽培模式, T4模式是在产量进一步提高, 达到高产条件下兼顾高产高效的最优栽培管理模式。

... 参考小麦^[29,30]、绿豆^[31]和玉米^[32]上的相关工作并结合作物生长的库源关系理论, 营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量=开花期干重-成熟期干重 ...

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:1715-1721 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01715

Accumulation and transportation characteristics of dry matter after anthesis in different mung bean cultivars

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">1 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体">College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University; 2 College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

The dry matter accumulation is the basis for yield formation in crops, and its transportation determines the nutrient flow and seed yield. In order to find out the internal mechanisms of yield-formation of mung bean, investigated the accumulation, distribution and transportation characteristics of dry matter in the above-ground organs consisting of stalks, leaves, pod shells and seeds during flowering to maturing by using mung bean high-yielding cultivars Jilü 2 and An 9910, and low-yielding cultivars Chifeng and Tailai in the summer-sowing areas. The results showed that the change of dry matter accumulation in both of plant and seeds presented the “S” curves after anthesis, the key stage for yield formation of plant biomass and seeds was at 16–31 days after anthesis, the main source organ of grain-filling was the leaves at flowering nodes on the main stem with the biggest contribution to grain yield. Significant differences were observed between different genotypes, the accumulation and transportation capacities of the high-yielding cultivars (Jilü 2 and An 9910) were greater than those of the low-yielding cultivars, especially for the accumulation of dry matter in the leaves at the flowering node on the main stems, so higher yield and harvest index were achieved in the high-yielding cultivars. Therefore, the major practice to achive higher yield in the mung bean production should be to choose the cultivars with multi-pods and bigger grain, to enhance the field management after anthesis to maintain longer function duration of leaves at flowering nodes on the main stem, and to remove the invalid branches to improve the transportation and distribution of dry matter as well.

以夏播区高产绿豆品种冀绿2号、安9910和低产品种赤峰绿豆、泰来绿豆为材料，对开花至成熟期间植株茎秆、叶片、豆荚、籽粒等地上部各器官的干物质积累、分配与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明，绿豆开花后，植株地上部总干物质积累和籽粒干物质积累均呈近“S”型增长趋势，花后16~31 d是生物产量和籽粒产量形成的关键时期；主茎开花节位叶片是籽粒充实的主要源器官，对籽粒产量的贡献率最大。不同绿豆品种间差异显著，高产品种冀绿2号和安9910各器官干物质积累和转运能力强，尤其是主茎开花节位叶片干物质合成和积累较多，具有较充足的源，加之其单株结荚数多，具有较大的库容，最终获得了较高的收获指数和籽粒产量。因此，绿豆生产中，选用库容大的多荚、大粒型品种，抓好花后田间管理，延缓主茎开花节位叶片衰老，同时采用去除无效分枝等措施增强源库间的物质运输与分配是提高籽粒产量的关键。

... 参考小麦^[29,30]、绿豆^[31]和玉米^[32]上的相关工作并结合作物生长的库源关系理论, 营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量=开花期干重-成熟期干重 ...

2012

0.0

1.883

. 2012, 18:315-323 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2012.11296

Characteristics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation and translocation of super-high-yield spring maize

1 College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028042, China; 2 College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010019, China

Dry matter and N, P and K nutrient accumulations and transformations of super-high yield maize were studied. The maize cultivar, Jinshan 27, was grown under super-high-yield cultivation (SHY) and normal high-yield cultivation (CK) condition in 2009 and 2010. The results show that dry matter accumulation amount per hectare of the super-high-yield cultivation is significantly higher than that of the normal cultivation, especially after the silking. The dry matter accumulation rates of the super-high-yield cultivation after the silking are higher than those of the normal cultivation, which are increased by 4.5% in 2009 and by 3.2% in 2010. The contribution rates of dry matter accumulation to the production under the normal high-yield cultivation are increased by 8.5% in 2009 and by 3.9% in 2010. The dry matter transfer rates of vegetative organs of super-high yield cultivation spring maize are 15.1% in 2009 and 14.9% in 2010, and the contribution rates of trans-shipment to production are 16.6% in 2009 and 18.5% in 2010, which ensure the coordination of source-sink relationship. The N, P and K accumulation rates after silking and their contributions to grain under the super-high-yield cultivation are significantly higher than those under the normal high-yield cultivation, and the N contribution rates are increased by 30.0% in 2009 and 16.3% in2010, the P contribution rates are increased by 10.8% in 2009 and 6.0% in2010 and the K contribution rates are increased by 7.9% in 2009 and 8.2% in2010. The translocation rates of N and P of stem–sheath under the super-high-yield cultivation are higher than those under the normal cultivation, while the translocation rates N and K of leaves are contrary. Among them, the transfer N rates of leaves are 41.0% in 2009 and 42.9% in 2010, and the contribution rates to grain nitrogen under the super-high-yield cultivation are lower than those under the normal high-yield cultivation, which make the leaves of maize maintain a high photosynthetic capacity in the late growth stage.

以金山27为供试品种，设超高产栽培（SHY）和普通高产栽培（CK）2个处理，通过2009年、2010年2年的田间试验，研究了超高产春玉米干物质及氮、磷、钾养分积累与转运特征。结果表明，超高产栽培下春玉米单位面积干物质积累量极显著高于普通高产栽培，尤以吐丝后为甚，吐丝后干物质积累率较普通高产栽培高4.5%（2009）和3.2%（2010），干物质积累对产量的贡献率较普通高产栽培高8.5%（2009）和3.9%（2010）。超高产栽培春玉米营养器官干物质转运率为15.1%（2009）和14.9%（2010），转运量对产量贡献率为16.6%（2009）和18.5%（2010），确保了协调的源库关系。超高产栽培植株吐丝后氮、磷、钾的积累率及其对子粒贡献率均显著高于普通高产栽培，其中，氮积累对子粒贡献较普通高产栽培高30.0%（2009）和16.3%（2010），磷积累对子粒贡献较普通高产栽培高10.8%（2009）和6.0%（2010），钾积累对子粒贡献较普通高产栽培高7.9%（2009）和8.2%（2010），在生育后期保持了较强的养分吸收能力。超高产栽培玉米茎鞘中氮、磷转运率均高于普通高产栽培，叶片中氮、钾转运率低于普通高产栽培。其中，超高产栽培玉米叶片氮的转运率为41.0%（2009）和42.9%（2010），对子粒氮的贡献率小于普通高产栽培，超高产栽培使叶片在玉米生育后期维持了较高的光合能力。

... 参考小麦^[29,30]、绿豆^[31]和玉米^[32]上的相关工作并结合作物生长的库源关系理论, 营养器官花前贮藏干物质转运量=开花期干重-成熟期干重 ...

... 一部分是开花前生产的暂贮藏于营养器官中、在灌浆期间再转移到籽粒中的同化产物^[32,36] ...

2013

0.0

0.795

. 2013, 21:282-289

Effects of water and nitrogen on root/shoot ratio and water use efficiency of winter wheat

Water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer have been identified as the two key factors that influence wheat root and shoot development. Root/shoot ratio and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat were studied in the field and tub experiments at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences in the North China Plain. The field experiment involved with 5 irrigation treatments (with zero to 4 irrigations) during winter wheat growth period. The tub experiment involved 15 treatments of five levels of N (0 g・tub^-1, 2 g・tub^-1, 4 g・tub^-1, 6 g・tub^-1, 8 g・tub^-1) and three levels of irrigation (with 140 mm, 210 mm, 280 mm irrigation), with 6 replicas of each treatment. The PVC tub used in this experiment was 1 m in depth and 20 cm in diameter. The bottom of each tub was sealed with plastic film and buried in the field. Field data showed that soil water content significantly influenced root and shoot biomass accumulation. The root/shoot ratio was not affected by irrigation when water content of the top 60 cm soil layer was above 60% of field capacity. Below this soil water level, root/shoot ratio increased with decreasing soil water content. The tub experiment showed that the root/shoot ratio was significantly driven by N dose and not by the combined effect of water and N. Root dry weight decreased and grain yield increased with increasing N dose under deficit water supply. Concurrently, WUE increased with increasing N dose. Under sufficient water supply, winter wheat yield initially increased with increasing N dose to a certain level, after which it no longer changed with increasing N dose. A threshold value for N dose was noted under sufficient water supply. While under deficit water supply, more N meant higher WUE by reduced root/shoot ratio. This study suggested that N and water regulated biomass allocation to the parts of the above-ground and below-ground systems of the plant that influenced grain production and WUE. Both experiments showed a negative correlation between root/shoot ratio and WUE. That implied that higher root/shoot ratio increased biomass allocation to root but at the same time reduced above-ground biomass and WUE.

通过田间和桶栽试验研究了水、氮调控对冬小麦根冠比和水分利用效率的影响。田间试验结果显示, 土壤水分条件对冬小麦根冠生长影响显著。当冬小麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分维持在田间持水量的60%以上时, 根冠比维持稳定状态, 不随灌溉次数的增加而变化; 当冬小T麦生育期60 cm土层土壤水分低于田间持水量的60%时, 土壤越干旱, 根冠比越大。桶栽试验结果显示, 氮素水平对冬小麦根冠比影响显著, 而水氮互作效应对根冠比影响不显著。在所有水分处理条件下, 随着施氮量增加, 冬小麦根量减少。施氮对冬小麦地上部分和地下部分的影响不同。在水分亏缺条件下, 随着氮用量增加, 冬小麦经济产量呈增加趋势, 水分利用效率与施氮量存在明显正相关关系; 而在充分灌溉条件下, 产量随着施氮量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势, 存在一个氮肥用量阈值。因此, 水氮通过调控地上地下干物质分配而影响作物产量和水分利用效率, 在水分供应受限制条件下, 增施氮肥会降低根冠比, 更利于地上干物质的积累和经济产量形成。田间试验和桶栽试验均表明, 冬小麦根冠比与水分利用效率呈负相关, 根冠比大不利于地上部分干物质的积累和作物产量的形成, 导致水分利用效率降低。

... 根冠比的调整被认为是植物应对生物或非生物胁迫的主要策略, 它能反映作物的生长发育状况及环境条件对根系与地上部分生长的不同影响, 而形成单位产量的干物质, 根系需要的同化产物是地上部的两倍, 故而较小的根系有利于更多的同化产物转移到地上部^[33,34] ...

1983

0.0

1980

0.0

1992

6.555

0.0

... 一部分是开花前生产的暂贮藏于营养器官中、在灌浆期间再转移到籽粒中的同化产物^[32,36] ...

2007

0.0

0.965

... 研究表明, 籽粒作物的产量在很大程度上决定于后期的光合生产能力, 其贡献率为80%左右, 生育后期同化产物积累是产量增加的主要来源^[37,38,39], 田间试验结果证实了马铃薯块茎产量的增加也与此同理 ...

1999

9.737

0.0

2011

2.474

0.0

2006

0.0

1.889

. 2006, 39:1336-1345

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid- season japonica rice

扬州大学农学院

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 冠层结构的优化可提高单位面积上对光能的截获^[40] ...