休闲期深松配施氮肥对旱地土壤水分及小麦籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

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孙敏, 高志强, 赵维峰, 任爱霞, 邓妍, 苗果园. 休闲期深松配施氮肥对旱地土壤水分及小麦籽粒蛋白质积累的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(7): 1286-1295
SUN Min, GAO Zhi-Qiang, ZHAO Wei-Feng, REN Ai-Xia, Deng Yan, MIAO Guo-Yuan. Effect of Subsoiling in Fallow Period and Nitrogen Application on Soil Moisture and Grain Protein Accumulation in Dryland Wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(7): 1286-1295 复制到剪切板

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休闲期深松配施氮肥对旱地土壤水分及小麦籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

孙敏, 高志强^*, 赵维峰, 任爱霞, 邓妍, 苗果园

山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 高志强, E-mail:gaozhiqiang1964@126.com, Tel: 0354-6288373

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:sm_sunmin@126.com

收稿日期:2014-03-04

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费(201303104)和国家自然科学基金项目(31101112)资助;

摘要

为探索旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保墒及其配套施肥技术, 2009—2011年连续2个小麦生长季, 在山西闻喜县进行了休闲期深松或无耕作条件下低(75 kg hm^-2)、中(150 kg hm^-2)、高(225 kg hm^-2)施氮水平的田间试验, 以明确深松处理配合施氮对土壤水分、籽粒蛋白质形成的影响。结果表明, 深松处理可提高播前土壤蓄水量, 尤其是深层土壤(60~160 cm)蓄水量, 欠水年和丰水年分别提高12%~34%、10%~22%。深松处理后, 籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、旗叶谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、低氮和中氮条件下籽粒GOGAT、籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT) 活性均提高; 籽粒蛋白质产量和球蛋白含量, 及丰水年谷蛋白含量和谷醇比也提高。随施氮量增加, 开花期20~200 cm土壤蓄水量呈下降趋势, 但籽粒GS、灌浆中后期旗叶GOGAT、灌浆后期籽粒GPT活性均上升, 籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量提高, 中氮条件下籽粒谷醇比最高。施氮量对深松处理开花期深层土壤蓄水量、籽粒蛋白质产量、籽粒GS和GPT活性有较大调控效应。深松配施氮肥条件下, 丰水年开花期土壤水分与籽粒清蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白质含量关系密切, 而欠水年开花期土壤水分与谷醇比关系密切。氮代谢酶主要影响籽粒球蛋白含量、蛋白质产量的积累, 丰水年还影响籽粒谷蛋白含量和谷醇比的提高。总之, 旱地小麦休闲期深松蓄水效果好; 配施氮量225 kg hm^-2有利于提高籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量, 在欠水年施氮量150 kg hm^-2有利于提高籽粒蛋白质产量及谷醇比。

关键词: 旱地小麦; 深松; 施氮量; 土壤水分; 籽粒蛋白质

Effect of Subsoiling in Fallow Period and Nitrogen Application on Soil Moisture and Grain Protein Accumulation in Dryland Wheat

SUN Min, GAO Zhi-Qiang^*, ZHAO Wei-Feng, REN Ai-Xia, Deng Yan, MIAO Guo-Yuan

College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China

Fund:

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore a technique to increase and maintain soil moisture of dryland through subsoiling during fallow period (SS) and the proper nitrogen (N) application in wheat production. In a two-year field experiment carried out in Wenxi County of Shanxi Province, China from autumn 2009 to summer 2011, we tested soil moistures in different soil layers, protein content and its components in grain, and activities of enzymes related to protein accumulation during grain filling after SS and non-tillage practice (CK) in combination with the applications of low (LN, 75 kg ha^-1), medium (MN, 150 kg ha^-1), or high (HN, 225 kg ha^-1) N. Before sowing, the soil moistures in 0-300 cm soil layers under SS condition were higher than those under CK condition, especially in 60-160 cm soil layers, which were increased by 12%-34% in dry year and 10%-22% in humid year. Under SS condition, the activities of protein-related enzymes increased, such as glutamine synthetase (GS) in grain, glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in flag leaf, and GOGAT in grain in LN and MN treatments, and glutamic acid-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in grain. In mature grains, the globulin content and protein yield in SS treatment were increased compared with CK, and Glutenin content and glutenin/gliadin ratio in humid year also increased in SS. The soil moisture in 20-200 cm soil layer at anthesis stage showed a decrease trend with the increase of nitrogen application level; however, the GS activity in grain, GOGAT activity in flag leaf at middle to late filling stage, GPT activity in grain at late filling stage were enhanced, and the contents of protein and its components in grain were increased. The glutenin/gliadin ratio in grain was the highest in MN treatment. Nitrogen application had obvious effects on soil moisture in the deep soil layer at anthesis, also on protein yield, GS and GPT activities in grain under SS condition. Under SS plus N application condition, soil moisture at anthesis was closely correlated with grain albumin, glutenin, and protein content in humid year and with glutenin/gliadin ratio in dry year. In conclusion, subsoiling during fallow period is an effective method to maintain soil moisture in dryland; N application at 225 kg ha^-1 has a positive effect on increasing contents of grain protein and its components, whereas N level of 150 kg ha^-1 is favorable for high protein yield and glutenin/gliadin ratio in grain in dry year.

Keyword: Dryland wheat; Subsoiling; Nitrogen application amount; Soil moisture; Grain protein

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自然降水是黄土高原旱地麦区的唯一水分来源。该区常年降水集中在7月至9月, 却适逢麦收后的休闲期, 夏季温度高, 地表水分蒸发损失多, 达不到伏雨春用的目的。这一地区的小麦多为等雨播种, 播期不定, 过早播种易造成冬前旺长, 过晚播种则形成弱苗、小苗, 最终影响产量。休闲期土壤储水效果成为旱地小麦生产的一个决定因素, 播前底墒的丰欠直接影响小麦产量和品质^{[ 1, 2, 3]}。蓄水保墒是旱作小麦的核心栽培技术, 研究表明, 休闲期耕作能有效蓄水保墒, 提高小麦播前土壤水分及水分利用效率^{[ 4]}; 休闲期深松可增加土壤蓄水量、减少蒸发损失、提高水分利用效率, 从而改善作物产量^{[ 5, 6, 7]}。目前, 旱地小麦的优质生产越来越受到重视。籽粒蛋白质含量是决定小麦品质的重要指标之一, 醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白构成贮藏蛋白, 共同决定面团的黏弹性^{[ 8]}, 而且高谷醇比值可增加面团形成时间, 提高加工品质^{[ 9, 10]}。

小麦生育期内, 水分和氮肥是影响籽粒蛋白质的重要因子, 大量试验结果证实, 水分^{[ 11, 12, 13, 14]}、氮肥^{[ 15, 16]}和水氮互作^{[ 17, 18]}对籽粒蛋白质积累有显著影响。通常, 提高施氮量对蛋白质含量有正向效应^{[ 15]}, 尤其在较低氮水平下, 籽粒蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加而提高, 但是施氮量超过一定阈值后再增施氮肥, 则不会继续增加, 甚至导致降低籽粒蛋白质含量^{[ 16]}。

在一定灌溉范围内, 小麦籽粒蛋白质含量随灌水量的增加而降低^{[ 11]}, 适度干旱可提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量^{[ 12, 13]}和谷醇比^{[ 13, 14]}, 但过度干旱胁迫则不利于籽粒蛋白质的积累^{[ 12, 13, 14]}。对旱地小麦而言, 蓄水保墒和增产是主要研究方向, 通过蓄水保墒技术调节土壤水分, 合理搭配施肥, 最终达到产量和品质协同提高。为此, 本研究尝试在前茬小麦收获后的休闲期整理土地, 通过深松蓄涵雨水, 再于8月下旬旋耕耙耱, 以改善后茬小麦生长期内的土壤水分条件, 并设置不同施氮量处理, 完善旱地小麦高产、优质生产技术。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

山西农业大学闻喜试验基地试验地为夏闲地, 2009年6月15日测定土壤肥力, 0~20 cm土层含全氮0.74 g kg^-1、碱解氮32.93 mg kg^-1、速效磷20.08 mg kg^-1和有机质8.65 g kg^-1。

试验区全年60%~70%的降水集中于非小麦生长期的7月至9月。两年度降水量差异较大(表1), 2009—2010年度较干旱, 为欠水年, 全年降水量比常年低21%, 其中休闲期降水量低28%; 2010—2011年度为丰水年, 全年降水量较常年高26%, 其中休闲期高67%。

表1 试验点全年降水量及其分布 Table 1 Precipitation and its distribution in the experimental location (mm)

1.2 试验设计

供试品种运旱20410由闻喜县农业局提供。前茬小麦收获时留高茬(20~30 cm)。约2周后(7月1日)进行耕作处理, 采用二因素裂区设计, 主区为耕作处理, 设30~40 cm深松和无耕作措施(对照) 2个水平; 副区为施氮量, 设低氮(纯氮75 kg hm^-2)、中氮(150 kg hm^-2)和高氮(225 kg hm^-2) 3个水平。3次重复, 小区面积50 m × 6 m = 300 m²。8月20日旋耕、耙耱; 9月29日机械条播, 播前施P₂O₅和K₂O各150 kg hm^-2, 氮肥按设计用量同时全部施入; 基本苗315 × 10⁴株 hm^-2, 行距20 cm。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 土壤蓄水量于播种前、越冬期、返青期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和成熟期, 分别取0~300 cm (每20 cm为一层)土样, 烘干后测定土壤含水量, 计算土壤蓄水量。SWS _i = W_i × D_i × H_i × 10 / 100^{[ 4]}。式中, SWS为蓄水量(mm), i为土层, W为土壤质量含水量(%), D为土壤容重(g cm^-3), H为土层厚度(cm)。

1.3.2 蛋白质及组分含量开花期选择同天开花、大小均匀的穗挂牌标记, 于花后5、10、15、20、25和30 d取样, 每次取30穗和10片旗叶。取一部分穗于105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘干至恒重, 然后粉碎。采用苏佩等^{[ 19]}的方法测定清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量。采用半微量凯氏定氮法测定含氮量, 再乘以5.7即为蛋白质含量。

1.3.3 氮代谢相关酶活性取部分上述穗和旗叶样品, 于液氮中快速冷冻, -40℃冰箱保存。按Lin和Kao^{[ 20]}的方法测定谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性, 按吴良欢和陶勤南^{[ 21]}的方法测定谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性。

1.3.4 产量相关性状成熟期调查单位面积穗数、每穗平均粒数及千粒重; 从每小区取50株测定生物产量, 收获20 m²实测产量。

1.4 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据和作图, 用DPS和SAS 9.0软件统计分析, 用LSD法检验差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 休闲期深松对土壤蓄水量的影响及施氮量的调控效应

2.1.1 对播种前土壤蓄水量的影响 40~300 cm, 深松与对照的土壤蓄水量均表现先降低后上升的变化趋势, 但深松有显著的蓄水保墒作用, 尤其是提高了200 cm以上的土壤蓄水量(图1)。2009—2010年度, 深松可提高播前0~280 cm各土层蓄水量, 其中0~100 cm、100~200 cm和200~300 cm分别提高17%、16%和2%, 尤以20~160 cm的保水效果好(12%~34%); 2010—2011年度, 深松提高了除240 cm外的各土层蓄水量, 其中0~100 cm、100~200 cm和200~300 cm土层蓄水量分别提高11%、13%和5%, 效果最明显是60~160 cm, 提高10%~22%。由于两年降水量的差异, 2009—2010年度100~200 cm土壤蓄水量较低, 而2010—2011年度干土层下移至140~220 cm, 并且干土层厚度缩小。可见旱地小麦休闲期深松能明显提高土壤蓄水量, 以干旱年份效果更佳。

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	图1 休闲期深松对旱地小麦播种前土壤蓄水量的影响Fig. 1 Effect of subsoiling in fallow period on soil moisture before sowing in dryland wheat

2.1.2 对开花期土壤蓄水量的影响随土层深度的增加, 深松与对照的土壤蓄水量表现先升后降再回升的变化趋势(图2)。2009—2010年度, 深松处理可显著提高40~300 cm各土层蓄水量; 2010—2011年度, 深松处理后各土层蓄水量, 低氮和中氮条件下0~300 cm提高, 高氮条件下40~200 cm降低, 220~300 cm提高, 可能是由于高氮促进根系吸收, 同时增加作物耗水, 最终导致土壤蓄水量下降, 且深松对干旱年份开花期土壤蓄水量影响较大。随施氮量增加, 开花期20~200 cm土壤蓄水量呈下降趋势, 可能是由于随施氮量增加作物耗水增加。深松条件下, 2009—2010年度220~240 cm和2010—2011年度260~300 cm土层蓄水量均以中氮处理显著最低, 而对照条件下, 各施氮量处理间差异均不显著。可见, 施氮量对深松处理开花期深层土壤蓄水量有较大的调控性。

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	图2 休闲期深松对旱地小麦开花期土壤蓄水量的影响Fig. 2 Effect of subsoiling in fallow period on soil moisture at anthesis of dryland wheat

2.2 休闲期深松对籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响及施氮量的调控效应

深松处理后, 2009—2010年度籽粒球蛋白含量增加9%~14%, 蛋白质产量增加7%~22%, 而总蛋白质、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量及谷醇比均下降; 2010—2011年度籽粒球蛋白含量增加8%~10%, 蛋白质产量增加16%~20%, 谷蛋白含量提高2%~4%, 谷醇比提高9%~12% (表2)。降水多的年份实施休闲期深松更有利于籽粒中谷蛋白的积累, 从而提高了谷醇比。深松和对照的籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量随施氮量增加而增加, 高氮与低氮处理相比, 蛋白质含量高12%~19% (2009—2010年度)和10%~ 15% (2010—2011年度), 而谷醇比以中氮处理最高。

深松条件下, 2009—2010年度中氮处理籽粒蛋白质产量最高, 2010—2011年度高氮处理最高。可见, 丰水年份增加施氮量可使籽粒蛋白质产量和含量同步提高; 在欠水年份增加施氮量不能提高籽粒蛋白质产量, 但因为蛋白质产量降低而使蛋白质含量相对提高。

表2 休闲期深松对旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响 Table 2 Effect of subsoiling in fallow period on grain protein and its component contents in dryland wheat

2.3 休闲期深松对花后氮代谢酶活性的影响及施氮量的调控效应

2.3.1 对旗叶和籽粒GS活性的影响花后5~10 d旗叶GS活性表现下降趋势, 花后10~15 d回升, 15 d后又迅速下降; 籽粒GS活性则持续下降, 至花后 20 d呈平缓趋势。深松后, 旗叶GS活性在中氮和高氮处理均低于对照, 在低氮处理花后15~25 d也低于对照; 而籽粒GS活性则明显高于对照, 仅低氮处理花后15 d例外。增加施氮量总体呈现提高GS活性的趋势, 以籽粒中更为明显, 深松有增大氮肥调控效应的作用(图3)。

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	图3 休闲期深松对旱地小麦花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的影响(2010-2011)Fig. 3 Effect of subsoiling in fallow period on activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in flag leaves and grains after anthsis in dryland wheat (2010-2011)

2.3.2 对旗叶和籽粒GOGAT的影响花后旗叶和籽粒GOGAT活性均呈下降趋势, 但花后20 d籽粒GOGAT活性有小幅回升。深松处理后, 旗叶GOGAT活性上升, 且花后15 d和25 d差异显著; 低氮和中氮条件下籽粒GOGAT活性显著上升。随施氮量增加, 深松条件下花后10 d和20~30 d旗叶GOGAT活性上升, 对照条件下旗叶GOGAT除花后20 d外活性上升。深松处理后, 花后10、15和25 d籽粒GOGAT中氮处理活性最高(图4)。

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	图4 休闲期深松对旱地小麦花后旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性的影响(2010-2011)Fig. 4 Effect of subsoiling in fallow period on activity of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in flag leaves and grains after anthsis in dryland wheat (2010-2011)

2.3.3 对籽粒GPT活性的影响深松配施低氮和中氮处理, 籽粒GPT活性表现花后先上升而后持续下降的变化趋势; 深松和对照配施高氮处理, 表现持续下降的趋势。说明耕作与施氮量造成土壤蓄水量的差异影响了灌浆初期从其主要载体谷氨酸向形成蛋白质的其他氨基酸转移的进程。深松处理后, 籽粒GPT活性显著上升。随施氮量增加, 灌浆后期籽粒GPT活性上升, 且施氮量对深松条件下籽粒GPT活性的影响较大(图5)。

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	图5 休闲期深松对旱地小麦籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响(2010-2011)Fig. 5 Effect of subsoiling in fallow period on activity of glutamic acid-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in grains in dryland wheat (2010-2011)

2.4 籽粒蛋白质形成相关酶活性与籽粒蛋白质积累的关系

深松配施氮肥条件下, 不同降水年型籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、蛋白质产量与氮代谢关键酶活性的相关性存在差异(表3)。2009—2010年度, 籽粒球蛋白含量与旗叶GS和GOGAT、籽粒GS和GOGAT、籽粒GPT活性显著或极显著相关, 籽粒蛋白质产量与旗叶GS、籽粒GS和GPT活性显著相关; 2010—2011年度, 籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、总蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性, 球蛋白含量、蛋白质产量与旗叶GOGAT、籽粒GS和GOGAT、籽粒GPT活性, 谷蛋白含量与旗叶GOGAT、籽粒GS活性, 谷醇比与籽粒GS和GOGAT、籽粒GPT活性呈显著或极显著相关。说明氮代谢酶主要与籽粒球蛋白含量、蛋白质产量关系密切, 丰水年旗叶GS影响籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、总蛋白的积累, 氮代谢酶活性与籽粒谷蛋白含量和谷醇比关系密切。

表3 籽粒蛋白质含量和产量与蛋白质合成相关酶活性的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients between grain protein accumulation and activities of the relevant enzymes for protein synthesis

2.5 旱地小麦土壤水分与籽粒蛋白质积累的关系

深松配施氮肥条件下, 开花期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量与籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白质含量基本上呈负相关(表4)。2009—2010年度, 开花期40 cm、80~200 cm、260 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒清蛋白含量, 80~140 cm和160~200 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒醇溶蛋白含量, 40 cm和80~260 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒谷蛋白含量, 80 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著相关; 2010—2011年, 40~ 60、100~140、180、220~260和300 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒清蛋白含量, 80 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒醇溶蛋白质含量, 40~140 cm和180~200 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒谷蛋白含量, 40~140 cm和180~200 cm土层蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著相关。且2010—2011年度较2009—2010年度开花期土壤蓄水量与籽粒清蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白质含量的相关性较密切。此外, 籽粒谷醇比仅2009—2010年度与开花期80、120~140、220和260 cm各土层蓄水量显著相关。

表4 开花期土壤蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质积累的相关系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soil moisture at anthesis and grain protein accumulation

土壤深度 Soil depth	清蛋白 Albumin	球蛋白 Globulin	醇溶蛋白 Gliadin	谷蛋白 Glutenin	谷醇比 Glu/Gli	蛋白质含量 Protein content	蛋白质产量 Protein yield
2009-2010
20	-0.2583	-0.2778	-0.1366	0.0611	0.2002	-0.0778	-0.2642
40	-0.7957^*	0.2514	-0.6683	-0.7627^*	-0.7345	-0.6466	0.1171
60	-0.7031	0.2181	-0.6833	-0.7411	-0.6800	-0.5955	0.1249
80	-0.8751^*	-0.2081	-0.9013^**	-0.9704^**	-0.8936^*	-0.9020^**	-0.3623
100	-0.8714^*	0.0717	-0.7658^*	-0.8183^*	-0.7519	-0.7513	-0.0138
120	-0.8823^**	0.1150	-0.7489	-0.8468^*	-0.8136^*	-0.7639^*	-0.0386
140	-0.8266^*	0.0162	-0.8149^*	-0.8481^*	-0.7569^*	-0.7567^*	-0.0470
160	-0.8109^*	0.1296	-0.7516	-0.7761^*	-0.6881	-0.6771	0.0656
180	-0.8568^*	-0.1648	-0.9137^**	-0.8797^**	-0.7283	-0.8041^*	-0.2387
200	-0.8463^*	-0.0674	-0.8657^*	-0.8266^*	-0.6792	-0.7519	-0.0989
220	-0.7254	0.2599	-0.6427	-0.7669^*	-0.7577^*	-0.6044	0.0131
240	-0.5380	0.5743	-0.3622	-0.5337	-0.5942	-0.3388	0.3199
260	-0.7638^*	0.2434	-0.6626	-0.7823^*	-0.7707^*	-0.6548	0.1015
280	-0.6041	0.3383	-0.5049	-0.6105	-0.6106	-0.4941	0.3153
300	-0.5091	0.6853	-0.2381	-0.4067	-0.4868	-0.2426	0.4778
2010-2011
20	-0.7135	-0.1774	-0.4320	-0.6277	-0.1536	-0.6455	-0.4107
40	-0.9105^**	-0.2733	-0.7450	-0.8711^*	-0.0558	-0.9355^**	-0.4492
60	-0.7562^*	-0.5056	-0.6236	-0.9627^**	-0.2644	-0.8915^**	-0.6312
80	-0.7376	-0.1732	-0.8087^*	-0.7731^*	0.1206	-0.9005^**	-0.2750
100	-0.7995^*	-0.3819	-0.7297	-0.9165^**	-0.1029	-0.9129^**	-0.5091
120	-0.8683^*	-0.2928	-0.7154	-0.8741^*	-0.0850	-0.9150^**	-0.4741
140	-0.9193^**	-0.2503	-0.7399	-0.8472^*	-0.0394	-0.9175^**	-0.4299
160	-0.7926	-0.4548	-0.6320	-0.9418	-0.2339	-0.8821	-0.6107
180	-0.8255^*	-0.4293	-0.5978	-0.9176^**	-0.2563	-0.8776^**	-0.6053
200	-0.7421	-0.4572	-0.5972	-0.9303^**	-0.2610	-0.8781^**	-0.6104
220	-0.8274^*	0.0273	-0.6228	-0.4497	0.1834	-0.6798	-0.0557
240	-0.8336^*	-0.0919	-0.5444	-0.5381	0.0215	-0.6726	-0.2227
260	-0.7656^*	-0.0319	-0.4654	-0.4750	-0.0019	-0.6324	-0.1966
280	-0.7275	0.1350	-0.4565	-0.3070	0.1488	-0.5313	-0.0206
300	-0.7816^*	-0.0391	-0.4918	-0.5122	-0.0076	-0.6741	-0.2161

^*在 P<0.05水平显著;^**在 P<0.01水平显著。^*Significant at P<0.05;^**significant at P<0.01.

表4 开花期土壤蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质积累的相关系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soil moisture at anthesis and grain protein accumulation

3 讨论

近年来, 在旱地小麦蓄水保墒方面的研究取得了很大进展。少、免耕对保持土壤水分具有明显作用, 保护性耕作提高土壤导水率, 增加水分入渗, 减少土壤翻耕时水分的大量散失, 提高了水分有效性和利用率^{[ 7, 22, 23]}。但多年少免耕导致土壤坚实, 不利于土壤蓄水, 影响作物根系对土壤养分和水分的吸收^{[ 24, 25]}。深松耕作通过深松铲疏松土壤, 明显降低了耕层的土壤容重, 增加了土壤孔隙度, 而土壤孔隙度分布状况的改变使土壤水分传导性能得以改善^{[ 26, 27]}。侯贤清等^{[ 4]}研究发现, 夏闲期轮耕可以更好地接纳降水, 并将水分蓄存于深层土壤中。本研究中, 试验田多年休闲期无耕作, 仅在播前进行旋耕。实行休闲期深松, 打破多年形成的耕底层, 明显提高了蓄水、保水效果, 播前0~300 cm土壤蓄水量显著增加, 尤其是深层土壤的水分积蓄明显增加, 直至开花期低氮和中氮条件下0~200 cm土壤水分仍高于对照, 且欠水年的蓄水效果更佳。深松后, 开花期中氮处理(150 kg hm^-2)的200~300 cm土壤蓄水量最低, 说明休闲期深松配施氮肥150 kg hm^-2有利于小麦根系下扎, 吸收深层土壤水分。

GS和GOGAT是氮素同化过程中的关键酶, GS/GOGAT偶联形成的循环是高等植物氨同化的主要途径, 在无机氮转化为有机氮的过程中起关键作用, GPT的重要功能是利用叶片输送到籽粒的谷氨酸形成蛋白质合成所需的各种氨基酸, 其共同作用调控籽粒蛋白质的合成^{[ 28]}。有关氮代谢酶活性与籽粒蛋白质积累的关系描述不尽一致。马新明等^{[ 29]}认为籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性显著相关, 而赵辉等^{[ 13]}试验表明旗叶GS活性和籽粒GPT与籽粒蛋白质产量显著相关, 而与蛋白质含量不相关。本试验中, 籽粒球蛋白含量与旗叶GOGAT、籽粒GS和GOGAT、籽粒GPT活性关系密切, 籽粒蛋白质产量与籽粒GS和GPT活性关系密切。深松处理后, 籽粒GS、旗叶GOGAT、低氮和中氮水平下的籽粒GOGAT活性提高, 籽粒GPT活性显著提高, 籽粒球蛋白含量及蛋白质产量也提高。丰水年, 谷蛋白含量与旗叶GOGAT、籽粒GS活性关系密切, 谷醇比与籽粒GS和GOGAT、籽粒GPT活性关系密切。深松处理后, 丰水年籽粒谷蛋白含量及谷醇比提高。说明提高土壤蓄水量可促进灌浆前期氮素从主要载体谷氨酸向其他氨基酸的转移, 促进无机氮向有机氮的转化, 有利于籽粒蛋白质积累。

本研究发现, 小麦籽粒蛋白质含量在欠水年高于丰水年, 而谷醇比则相反, 说明水分对籽粒品质具有较大的调控性, 适度干旱有利于籽粒蛋白质含量的提高, 但与品质关系密切的谷醇比下降。为真正实现旱地小麦优质化生产, 就要在蓄水保墒基础上, 提高籽粒蛋白质含量、贮藏蛋白含量及谷醇比, 提高籽粒蛋白质品质^{[ 10]}。休闲期深松提高了土壤蓄水量、籽粒球蛋白含量和蛋白质产量, 且丰水年谷蛋白含量和谷醇比显著提高, 这可能是由于灌浆中后期是谷蛋白合成的高峰时期^{[ 9]}。本试验中, 丰水年开花至成熟期降水量(64.8 mm)略高于欠水年(50.9 mm), 且深松有利于提高深层土壤蓄水, 有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分及养分。

在一定范围内增施氮肥能提高籽粒蛋白质含量^{[ 15, 30]}, 但氮素利用与和水分条件关系密切。在土壤供氮较足的条件下, 土壤水分不足, 籽粒产量下降, 蛋白质含量增加, 产量与蛋白质含量呈负相关; 相反, 在土壤供氮不足的条件下, 土壤水分充足, 籽粒产量明显提高, 蛋白质含量可能下降。充足水分与增施氮肥相结合, 是产量和蛋白质含量同步增长的有利条件^{[ 29]}, 至少蛋白质含量不会明显下降。本研究通过检测蛋白质代谢关键酶的活性变化, 对其机制进行了初步解释。随施氮量的增加, 开花期0~200 cm土壤蓄水量降低, 而籽粒GS、灌浆中后期旗叶GOGAT、灌浆后期籽粒GPT活性上升, 籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量提高。这证实了氮素供应与土壤水分协同作用, 对提高籽粒蛋白质含量有正向调控。深松处理后, 籽粒蛋白质产量在欠水年中氮处理最高, 丰水年高氮处理最高, 说明休闲期深松可以调节土壤水分及其分布, 提高小麦生育期内的土壤有效供水, 从而发挥氮肥的增产和提高品质潜力, 可实现籽粒蛋白质含量及产量的同步增长。

4 结论

旱地麦田休闲期深松可提高播前(尤其是深层)土壤蓄水量, 欠水年效果更佳, 可为旱地小麦适期播种提供保障。深松提高底墒基础上, 增加施氮量促进作物生长, 增加耗水, 降低了开花期20~200 cm土壤蓄水量。开花期土壤蓄水量与籽粒蛋白质积累呈负相关, 适度干旱有利于籽粒蛋白质积累。籽粒球蛋白含量与旗叶GOGAT、籽粒GS和GOGAT、籽粒GPT活性关系密切, 籽粒蛋白质产量与籽粒GS和GPT活性关系密切。根据本试验结果, 休闲期深松技术可在生态条件相似的旱地小麦生产中利用, 同时播前配施一定氮肥, 适宜施氮量为150 kg hm^-2 (欠水年)或225 kg hm^-2 (丰水年)。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[16]	王月福, 姜东, 于振文, 曹卫星. 氮素水平对小麦子粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 513-520 Wang Y F, Jiang D, Yu Z W, Cao W X. Effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield and protein content of wheat and its physiological basis. Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 513-520 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.889]
[17]	郑志松, 王晨阳, 牛俊义, 张美微, 张洁, 姚宇卿. 水肥耦合对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19: 788-793 Zheng Z S, Wang C Y, Niu J Y, Zhang M W, Zhang J, Yao Y Q. Effects of irrigation and fertilization coupling on protein and amino acids contents in grains of winter wheat. Chin J Eco-agric, 2011, 19: 788-793 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.795]
[18]	付雪丽, 王晨阳, 郭天财, 朱云集, 马冬云, 王永华. 水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 317-322 Fu X L, Wang C Y, Guo T C, Zhu Y J, Ma D Y, Wang Y H. Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 317-322 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.742]
[19]	苏佩, 蒋纪云, 王春虎. 小麦蛋白质组分的连续提取分离法及提取时间的选择. 河南职技师院学报, 1993, 21(2): 1-4 Su P, Jiang J Y, Wang C H. The successive extract method for separation of wheat grain protein component and the selection of extract time. J Henan Inst Sci Technol, 1993, 21(2): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	Lin C C, Kao C H. Distributed ammonium assimilation is associated with growth inhibition of roots in rice seedlings caused by NaCl. Plant Growth Regulation, 1996, 18: 233-238 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.67]
[21]	吴良欢, 陶勤南. 水稻氨基酸态氮营养效应及其机理研究. 土壤学报, 2000, 37: 464-473 Wu L H, Tao Q N. Effects of a mino acid-N on rice nitrogen nutrition and its mechanism. Acta PedolSin, 2000, 37: 464-473 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	何进, 李洪文, 高焕文. 中国北方保护性耕作条件下深松效应与经济效益研究. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(10): 62-67 He J, Li H W, Gao H W. Subsoiling effect and economic benefit under conservation tillage mode in Northern China . TransCSAE, 2006, 22(10): 62-67 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[23]	秦红灵, 高旺盛, 马月存, 马丽, 尹春梅. 两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 78-85 Qin H L, Gao W S, Ma Y C, Ma L, Yin C M. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage 2 years later. Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 78-85 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[24]	赵秉强, 李凤超, 薛坚, 李增嘉. 不同耕法对冬小麦根系生长发育的影响. 作物学报, 1997, 23: 587-596 Zhao B Q, Li F C, Xue J, Li Z J. Effect of different tillage methods on root growth of winter wheat . Acta AgronSin, 1997, 23: 587-596 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	Fabrizzi K P, Garcia F O, Costa J L, Picone L I. Soil water dynamics, physical properties and corn and wheat responses to minimum and no-tillage systems in the southern Pampas of Argentina. Soil Tillage Res, 2005, 81: 57-69 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[26]	郑成岩, 于振文, 张永丽, 王东, 石玉, 许振柱. 土壤深松和补灌对小麦干物质生产及水分利用率的影响. 生态学报, 2013, 33: 2260-2271 Zheng C Y, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L, Wang D, Shi Y, Xu Z Z. Effects of subsoiling and supplemental irrigation on dry matter production and water use efficiency in wheat. Acta EcolSin, 2013, 33: 2260-2271 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	许迪, Schmid R, Mermoud A. 夏玉米耕作方式对耕层土壤特性时间变异性的影响. 水土保持学报, 2000, 14(1): 64-70 Xu D, Schmid R, Mermoud A. Effects of Tillage Practices on Temporal Variations of Soil Surface Properties. Soil Water Conserv, 2000, 14(1): 64-70 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.2444]
[28]	Lea P J, Miflin B J. Alternative route for nitrogen in higher plants. Nature, 1974, 251: 614-616 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 38.597]
[29]	马新明, 李琳, 赵鹏, 熊淑平, 郭飞. 土壤水分对强筋小麦豫麦34氮素同化酶活性和籽粒品质的影响. 植物生态学报, 2005, 29: 48-53 Ma X M, Li L, Zhao P, Xiong S P, Guo F. Effects of water control on activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes and grain quality in winter wheat. J Plant Ecol, 2005, 29: 48-53 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [JCR: 1.355]
[30]	张保军, 樊虎玲. 环境条件对小麦蛋白质的影响研究进展. 水土保持研究, 2002, 9(2): 61-63 Zhang B J, Fan H L. Progress on the study of effects of environment conditions on wheat protein. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2002, 9(2): 61-63 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.66]

2004

0.0

. 2004, 30:644-650

Physical property and yearly moving pattern of soil water on the arid wheat land of hilly region in Jinnan

Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi

The physical property of soil water on the arid land of wheat was investigated in the hilly region of the southern part of Shanxi Province. Some basic indicators such as capillary moisture content, field water holding capacity, field moisture content, available water in different depths of soil, as

研究了晋南黄土高原半干旱地区旱地麦田常年土壤水分有关的物理特性及不同土层毛管水含量、田间持水量、田间含水量、有效水以及不同水势下的土壤含水量等基本特征，并采用等值线图析法分析了丰水年（600 mm降水）、少水年（400 mm）、平水年（500 mm）旱地麦田土壤水分利用的空间结构、时间结构以及利用量的动态差异，得到十

... 休闲期土壤储水效果成为旱地小麦生产的一个决定因素, 播前底墒的丰欠直接影响小麦产量和品质^[1,2,3] ...

2010

0.0

... 休闲期土壤储水效果成为旱地小麦生产的一个决定因素, 播前底墒的丰欠直接影响小麦产量和品质^[1,2,3] ...

2013

0.0

1.742

. 2013, 24:1354-1360

Effects of long-term rotation on the nutritional quality of wheat grain protein on dryland of Loess Plateau. Northwest China

(1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 2Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China; 3College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China)

A long-term experiment was conducted on the dryland of Loess Plateau to study the effects of three typical rotation systems, including wheat-sainfoin rotation, wheatpea rotation, and wheat-maize rotation, on the nutritional quality of wheat grain protein. Rotation system and the cropping years of rotated plants affected the nutritional quality of wheat grain protein in varying degrees. As compared with continuous wheat cropping, wheat-sainfoin rotation made the nutritional quality of wheat grain protein relatively stable, and the essential amino acid content, amino acid score, amino acid ratio coefficient, chemical score, and amino acid index of the protein all relatively high, being able to be adopted as a cropping system to product high quality protein wheat in Loess Plateau. Under wheat-pea rotation, the nutritional quality of wheat grain protein after 1year pea cropping was relatively high, but the essential amino acid content of wheat grain protein after 2-year- pea cropping was relatively low, and several essential amino acid scores and chemical score of the grain protein were lower than those under continuous wheat cropping. Furthermore, the essential amino acid index was 12.2% lower than that under continuous wheat cropping. Therefore, wheat-pea rotation showed a relatively low nutritional quality of wheat grain protein. Under wheat-maize rotation, the nutritional quality of wheat grain protein was also relatively stable, but the crude protein and essential amino acid contents and amino acid balance level were lower than those under continuous wheat cropping.

在长期定位试验条件下，研究了黄土高原旱地粮草（小麦-红豆草）、粮豆（小麦-豌豆）和粮饲（小麦-玉米）3种典型轮作制度对小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质的影响.结果表明：轮作制度及茬口年限可对黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质产生不同程度的影响.与连作小麦相比，实行小麦-红豆草轮作后，小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较稳定，且其籽粒蛋白质必需氨基酸含量、氨基酸评分、氨基酸比值系数、化学评分和氨基酸指数均较高，可作为黄土高原生产优质蛋白小麦的轮作制度；小麦与豌豆进行轮作，豌豆茬后1年小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较高，但豌豆茬后2年小麦籽粒蛋白质必需氨基酸含量较低，且多种必需氨基酸评分和化学评分低于连作小麦，必需氨基酸指数比连作小麦低12.2%，营养品质较低；虽然粮饲轮作小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较稳定，但其粗蛋白、必需氨基酸含量及氨基酸平衡程度均低于连作小麦.

... 休闲期土壤储水效果成为旱地小麦生产的一个决定因素, 播前底墒的丰欠直接影响小麦产量和品质^[1,2,3] ...

2011

0.0

1.742

. 2011, 22:2524-2532

Effects of rotational tillage during summer fallow on wheat field soil water regime and grain yield

1Chinese Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 2Minister of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Production and Ecology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 3Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guyuan 756100, Ningxia, China

In 2007-2010, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rotational tillage practices during summer follow on the soil water regime and grain yield in a winter wheat field in Southern Ningxia arid area. Three treatments were installed, i.e., T₁(no-tillage in first year, subsoiling in second year, and no-tillage in third year), T₂(subsoiling in first year, no-tillage in second year, and subsoiling in third year), and CT (conventional tillage in the 3 years). Through the three years of the tillage practices, the soil water storage efficiency in treatments T₁ and T₂ was increased averagely by 15.2% and 26.5%, respectively, as compared to CT. In treatments T₁ and T₂, the potential rainfall use rate was higher, being 37.8% and 38.5%, respectively, and the rainfall use efficiency was increased averagely by 9.9% and 10.7%, respectively, as compared to CT. Rotational tillage during summer fallow could decrease the soil ineffective evaporation significantly, and save the soil water effectively in wheat growth season. At early growth stage, the water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer in treatments T₁ and T₂ was increased averagely by 6.8% and 9.4%, as compared to CT; at jointing, heading, and filling stages, the water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer in treatments T₁ and T₂ had a significant increase, giving greater contribution to the wheat yield than the control.Different rotational tillage practices increased the water consumption by wheat, but in the meantime, increased the grain yield and water use efficiency. In treatments T₁and T₂, the water consumption by wheat through the three years was increased averagely by 5.2% and 6.1%, whereas the grain yield and the water use efficiency were increased averagely by 9.9% and 10.6%, and by 4.5% and 4.3%, respectively, as compared to CT. Correlation analysis showed that in Southern Ningxia arid area, the soil water storage at sowing, jointing, heading, and filling stages, especially at heading stage, could have significant effects on the winter wheat grain yield.

2007—2010年在宁南旱区研究了夏闲期免耕/深松/免耕（T₁）、深松/免耕/深松（T₂）、连年翻耕（CT）3种耕作方式对麦田土壤水分及产量的影响.结果表明：经过3年夏闲期T₁和T₂处理后，农田土壤蓄水效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高15.2%和26.5%；T₁和T₂处理的降水潜在利用率较高，分别达到37.8%和38.5%，降水生产效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高9.9%和10.7%.夏闲期轮耕能显著降低休闲期的土壤无效蒸发，有效保蓄小麦生长期的土壤水分.在冬小麦生长前期，T₁和T₂处理0～200 cm土层土壤水分平均分别较连年翻耕处理增加6.8%和9.4%；在拔节-抽穗-灌浆期，与连年翻耕处理相比，两处理可显著提高0～200 cm土层土壤蓄水量，对作物产量的贡献率较高.不同轮耕模式在增加作物耗水量的同时也提高了作物产量及水分利用效率，与CT处理相比，3年T₁和T₂处理作物耗水量平均分别提高5.2%和6.1%，产量分别增加9.9%和10.6%，作物水分生产效率分别提高4.5%和4.3%.相关分析表明，在干旱缺水的宁南地区，冬小麦播种期、拔节-抽穗-灌浆期的土壤蓄水量可显著影响产量，尤其抽穗期的土壤蓄水量对产量的影响更大.

... 蓄水保墒是旱作小麦的核心栽培技术, 研究表明, 休闲期耕作能有效蓄水保墒, 提高小麦播前土壤水分及水分利用效率^[4] ...

... 10 / 100 ^[4] ...

... 侯贤清等^[4]研究发现, 夏闲期轮耕可以更好地接纳降水, 并将水分蓄存于深层土壤中 ...

2006

0.0

... 休闲期深松可增加土壤蓄水量、减少蒸发损失、提高水分利用效率, 从而改善作物产量^[5,6,7] ...

2003

0.0

... 休闲期深松可增加土壤蓄水量、减少蒸发损失、提高水分利用效率, 从而改善作物产量^[5,6,7] ...

2006

1.232

0.8103

... 休闲期深松可增加土壤蓄水量、减少蒸发损失、提高水分利用效率, 从而改善作物产量^[5,6,7] ...

... 少、免耕对保持土壤水分具有明显作用, 保护性耕作提高土壤导水率, 增加水分入渗, 减少土壤翻耕时水分的大量散失, 提高了水分有效性和利用率^[7,22,23] ...

2004

0.0

1.889

. 2004, 37:8-14

Effect of allelic variation in HMW and LMW glutenin subunits on the processing quality in common wheat

@刘丽$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所/国家小麦改良中心!北京100081,云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所,昆明650205 @周阳$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所/国家小麦改良中心!北京100081 @何中虎$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所/国家小麦改良中心!北京100081,国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)中国办事处,北京100081 @王德森$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所/国家小麦改良中心!北京100081 @张艳$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所/国家小麦改良中心!北京100

以面包加工品质差异较大的普通小麦DH群体 (Pavon×Avocet) ,其等位变异位点为Glu A1(N和 2 )、Glu B1(7+8和 17+18)、Glu D1(2 +12和 5 +10 )、Glu A3(a和b)和Glu B3(b和h) ,研究了HMW GS和LMW GS等位变异对小麦加工品质的影响。结果表明 ,HMW GS和LMW GS等位变异对籽粒蛋白质含量和SDS沉降值的影响未达显著水平 ,对和面时间与耐揉性的影响达 1%显著水平。按位点贡献大小排序 ,Glu D1>Glu B1>Glu

... 籽粒蛋白质含量是决定小麦品质的重要指标之一, 醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白构成贮藏蛋白, 共同决定面团的黏弹性^[8], 而且高谷醇比值可增加面团形成时间, 提高加工品质^[9,10] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 35:1306-1312 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.01306

Contents of grain protein components and their relationships to processing quality in wheat

1Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation，Ministry of Agriculture，Shandong Agricultural University，Tai'an 271018，China；2Agricultural Bureau of Tai'an City, Tai'an 271000,China

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of glutenin and gliadin contents are important for quality improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Although several studies have focused on the relationship between grain processing quality and protein components, there are no consistent conclusions, especially the effects of glutenin and gliadin components on processing quality need to be further studied. In this study, the contents of albumin + globulin, gliadin, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS of 12 wheat cultivars were measured using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). According to glutenin content, gluten protein content, and dough stability time, the 12 cultivars were classified into three groups, namely high-glutenin-content (I), medium -glutenin-content (II), and low-glutenin-content III) groups. Each group consisted of four cultivars. Content of each protein component varied with cultivars, and the content of gluten protein was the main factor to determine total protein content. The content of total protein was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with content of each protein component, and the contents of HMW-GS, LMW-GS, and glutenin had significantly positive correlations with dough development time, stability time, and sedimentation volume. Positive correlations were also observed between HMW/LMW and the development time and stability time of dough. However, the ratio of Gli/HMW-GS was negatively correlated with development time and stability time, and the ratio of Gli/Glu was negatively correlated with dough stability time. High contents of glutenin, HMW-GS, and LMW-GS as well as, large HMW/LMW ratio and small Gli/Glu ratio in wheat grains are favorable for high processing quality in strong-gluten wheat.

应用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法，对12个小麦品种籽粒的清蛋白＋球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白，高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)、低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)进行了分离量化，并根据谷蛋白含量、贮藏蛋白含量及面团稳定时间3个指标对其聚类分析。结果表明，不同小麦品种蛋白质各组分含量存在差异，其中贮藏蛋白的含量是决定蛋白质总含量的主要因素。HMW-GS含量、LMW-GS含量、谷蛋白总含量均与面团形成时间、稳定时间及沉降值呈极显著正相关；HMW-GS含量与LMW-GS含量的比值(HMW/LMW)与面团形成时间和稳定时间呈极显著正相关；醇溶蛋白含量与谷蛋白含量的比值(Gli/Glu)与面团稳定时间呈显著负相关，醇溶蛋白含量与HMW-GS含量的比值(Gli/HMW-GS)与面团形成时间和稳定时间均呈极显著负相关。籽粒中具有较高的贮藏蛋白含量、HMW-GS含量、LMW-GS含量和HMW/LMW及较低的Gli/Glu有利于提高强筋小麦的加工品质。

... 休闲期深松提高了土壤蓄水量、籽粒球蛋白含量和蛋白质产量, 且丰水年谷蛋白含量和谷醇比显著提高, 这可能是由于灌浆中后期是谷蛋白合成的高峰时期^[9] ...

2007

1.251

0.0

... 为真正实现旱地小麦优质化生产, 就要在蓄水保墒基础上, 提高籽粒蛋白质含量、贮藏蛋白含量及谷醇比, 提高籽粒蛋白质品质^[10] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 29:682-687

Effect of irrigation conditions on protein composition accumulation of grain and its quality in winter wheat

利用防雨池栽方式研究土壤水分对2个品质类型品种蛋白质积累及品质影响.结果表明,籽粒灌浆过程中蛋白质含量的动态变化呈"V"字型曲线.花后7 d和14 d均以水分亏缺严重处理最高,但至花后35 d,济南17以水分亏缺最严重的最低,鲁麦21则以该处理最高.干旱能促进清蛋白和球蛋白含量在灌浆初期的积累,但至灌浆末期转为降低.土壤水分亏

... 小麦生育期内, 水分和氮肥是影响籽粒蛋白质的重要因子, 大量试验结果证实, 水分^{[11,12,13,14]}、氮肥^[15,16]和水氮互作^[17,18]对籽粒蛋白质积累有显著影响 ...

... 在一定灌溉范围内, 小麦籽粒蛋白质含量随灌水量的增加而降低^[11], 适度干旱可提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量^[12,13]和谷醇比^[13,14], 但过度干旱胁迫则不利于籽粒蛋白质的积累^[12,13,14] ...

2004

1.355

0.0

2007

0.0

. 2007, 33:2021-2027

Effects of post-anthesis high temperature and water stress on activities of key regulatory enzymes involved in protein formation in two wheat cultivars

Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China

Temperature and water are the main climatic factors affecting grain quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The growth-chamber experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of high temperature and water stress conditions during grain filling on the activities of key regulatory enzymes for protein accumulation and contents of protein components in wheat grains. Two wheat cultivars Yangmai 9 with low protein content and Yumai 34 with high protein content were grown under two day/night temperature regimes of 32℃/24℃ and 24℃/16℃, respectively. For each temperature regime, three soil water levels were established as moderate water status (soil relative water content, SRWC=75%–80%), drought (SRWC=45%–50%), and waterlogging. The results showed that protein and protein component contents in grains were affected significantly by high temperature, water, and temperature×water. High temperature enhanced protein content, but reduced glutenin /gliadin ratio. Under both optimum temperature and high temperature, drought enhanced protein content. Drought enhanced glutenin /gliadin ratio under optimum temperature, but reduced it under high temperature. Under both high and optimum temperatures, waterlogging reduced protein content and glutenin /gliadin ratio. Protein content was the highest at high temperature × drought, and the lowest at optimum temperature × waterlogging. Under high temperature and water stresses, differences in protein content and glutenin /gliadin ratio were caused mainly by changes in gliadin and glutenin contents. Both high temperature and water stress reduced glutamine synthase (GS) activity in flag leaves and glutamate pyruvic amino transferase （GPT） activity in grains, and both enzymes in the treatments were CK>drought>waterlogging. The responses of GS and GPT activities to high temperature and water stress differed between two cultivars with different grain protein contents. Under optimum temperature, GS activity in flag leaves was more affected by water stress for Yumai 34 and was more inhibited by high temperature for Yangmai 9. Opposite trend was found under high temperature.

以2个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种扬麦9号和豫麦34为材料，在人工气候室条件下研究了花后高温和水分逆境对小麦籽粒蛋白质合成关键酶活性及籽粒蛋白质组分含量的影响。结果表明，籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量显著受温度、水分和温度×水分互作的影响，且温度的影响大于水分及温度×水分的影响。高温提高了籽粒蛋白质含量，但降低了谷/醇比。无论高温或适温下，干旱胁迫均提高籽粒蛋白质含量。谷/醇比在适温干旱下升高，高温干旱下降低；渍水降低籽粒蛋白质含量和谷/醇比。籽粒蛋白质含量在高温干旱下最高，适温渍水下最低。在温度和水分逆境下，籽粒醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的变化是导致蛋白质含量和谷/醇比差异的主要原因。高温和水分逆境均降低旗叶谷胺酰氨合成酶（GS）和籽粒谷-丙转氨酶（GPT）活性，不同温度条件下酶活性均表现为对照>干旱>渍水。高温和水分逆境对蛋白质合成关键酶活性的影响在不同品种间存在差异，适温下，豫麦34旗叶GS活性易受水分的抑制；扬麦9旗叶GS活性易受高温的抑制。高温下，豫麦34旗叶氮代谢受高温影响较大，而扬麦9则更易受水分胁迫影响。

... 马新明等^[29]认为籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性显著相关, 而赵辉等^[13]试验表明旗叶GS活性和籽粒GPT与籽粒蛋白质产量显著相关, 而与蛋白质含量不相关 ...

2005

0.0

1.889

. 2005, 38:1132-1141

Effects of nitrogen rates on activities of key regulatory enzymes for grain starch and protein accumulation in wheat grown under drought and water logging from anthesis to maturity

南京农大农业部作物生长调控重点开放实验室

Effects of nitrogen rates on activities of key regulatory enzymes for grain starch and protein accumulation in two wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought and waterlogging from anthesis to maturity were studied in a cement pool culture experiment. Total three water treatments were established from anthesis to maturity, i.e. waterlogging, drought and moderate water supply (CK). Under each water treatment, two nitrogen levels of 120 and 240 kg·ha-1 were implemented. Both drought and waterlogging significantly reduced glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate pyruvic aminotransferase (GPT) activities in flag leaf, compared with CK. Nitrogen increased sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), GS and GPT activities in flag leaf under drought and waterlogging. Sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bounded starch synthase (GBSS), GS and GPT activities in grains decreased with the progress of grain filling. Drought and waterlogging reduced SS and GS activities while drought increased GPT activity in grain, and waterlogging reduced GPT activity. Nitrogen increased SS activity in grain under CK and drought, while reduced it under waterlogging. Nitrogen increased SSS, GBSS, GS and GPT activities under both drought and waterlogging. Drought increased amylose accumulating rate and protein content while waterlogging reduced them. Under drought and waterlogging nitrogen reduced amylose and amylopectin accumulating rate, while increased protein content in grain. Nitrogen increased protein accumulation under CK and drought while reduced protein accumulation under waterlogging.

防雨池栽条件下，设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理，每个水分处理下再设置2个施氮水平，研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响。研究结果表明，与对照相比，花后干旱和渍水均降低旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性，但水分逆境下增施氮肥可以提高旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、GS和GPT活性。灌浆期籽粒-蔗糖合成酶（SS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、GS和GPT活性均呈下降趋势，水分逆境下小麦籽粒SS和GS活性降低，干旱提高GPT活性，而渍水使其降低。土壤水分适宜或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SS活性，而渍水下增施氮肥降低SS活性。干旱和渍水下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SSS、GBSS、GS和GPT活性。干旱处理提高直链淀粉积累速率和蛋白质含量，而渍水使其降低。土壤干旱和渍水下增施氮肥降低直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率，提高了蛋白质含量，且适宜水分或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高蛋白质积累量，而渍水下增施氮肥不利于蛋白质积累。

2012

0.0

... 通常, 提高施氮量对蛋白质含量有正向效应^[15], 尤其在较低氮水平下, 籽粒蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加而提高, 但是施氮量超过一定阈值后再增施氮肥, 则不会继续增加, 甚至导致降低籽粒蛋白质含量^[16] ...

... 在一定范围内增施氮肥能提高籽粒蛋白质含量^[15,30], 但氮素利用与和水分条件关系密切 ...

2003

0.0

1.889

. 2003, 36:513-520

Effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield and protein content of wheat and its physiological basis

南京农业大学/农业部作物生长调控重点开放实验室

在大田高产条件下研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础。结果表明 ,适当提高氮素水平既能增加小麦籽粒产量又能提高蛋白质含量 ,使籽粒产量和蛋白质含量达到同步增加 ,氮素水平过高虽能够提高籽粒蛋白质含量 ,但籽粒产量下降。适当提高氮素水平可以提高源器官碳素同化能力和氮素同化能力 ,又能够促进开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中运转 ,增加籽粒中淀粉合成有关酶和氮素同化酶的活性 ,从而导致小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量同步增加。氮素水平过高 ,虽能促进源器官和籽粒中的氮素同化能力 ,但由于碳素同化酶和籽粒淀粉合成酶活性降低和开花前暂贮于营养器官中的同化物质向籽粒中的运转效率降低 ,而导致小麦籽粒蛋白质含量提高 ,产量下降。

2011

0.0

0.795

. 2011, 19:788-793

Effects of irrigation and fertilization coupling on protein and amino acids contents in grains of winter wheat

To evaluate effects of different water, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and their interactions on grain quality of winter wheat in semiarid region, the experiment was carried out in rain-sheltered condition in Luoyang, west part of Henan Province during crop season of 2009~2010. Grain protein content and contents of amino acid components were tested. The results indicated that irrigation, application of nitrogen had significant effects on grain protein and amino acids contents (P≤0.01) of winter wheat. The interaction of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization also presented significant effects (P≤0.05 or ≤0.01). No significant effect of P fertilization on protein and amino acids contents was observed. Protein and amino acids contents in wheat grains increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate, but dropped with increasing of irrigation amount. However, as irrigation amount was above 282.0 mm, and nitrogen fertilization rate was above 179.2 kg・hm^-2, the changes became less obvious. Protein content decreased as the nitrogen fertilization rate above 179.2 kg・hm^-2. The trend of ETT/ATT (percent of essential amino acids to total amino acids) was contrary to that of amino acids contents. The contents of protein and amino acids in wheat grains reached the highest in treatment of N₁₀₅P₄₂W₁₂₇ with nitrogen fertilization rate of 105 kg(N)・hm^-2, phosphorus fertilization rate of 42 kg(P₂O₅)・hm^-2 and irrigation amount during growing season of 127 mm. While ETT/ATT reached the highest in treatment of N_30.8P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ with nitrogen fertilization rate of 30.8 kg(N)・hm^-2, phosphorus fertilization rate of 126 kg(P₂O₅)・hm^-2 and irrigation amount during growing season of 282 mm. The grain yield increased with the increasing of irrigation, and water use efficiency was higher with high yield. Overall, N_179.2P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ with nitrogen fertilization rate of 179.2 kg(N)・hm^-2, phosphorus fertilization rate of 126 kg(P₂O₅)・hm^-2 and irrigation amount during growing season of 282 mm was the best treatment.

为了解不同水、肥条件下小麦籽粒氨基酸及蛋白质含量的变化, 2009~2010 年度在河南省洛阳市农业科学院以“洛旱2 号”小麦为材料, 采用防雨棚池栽种植方式, 研究了不同灌水量、施氮和施磷量及其互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响。结果表明: 不同灌水量和施氮量对小麦籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸均有极显著影响(P≤0.01), 且灌水×施氮互作效应显著(P≤0.05 或P≤0.01); 而施磷对其影响不显著。小麦籽粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量均随施氮量增加而增加, 随灌水量增加而降低, 但当灌水量超过282.0 mm、施氮量超过179.2 kg?hm^-2 时, 各指标的变化不再明显，蛋白质含量在高施氮量下略有下降。而必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的比例呈随灌水量增加而增加，随施氮量增加而降低的趋势。从不同水肥处理组合看, 蛋白质和氨基酸含量以处理组合N₁₀₅P₄₂W₁₂₇[施氮量105 kg(N)?hm^-2、施磷量42 kg(P₂O₅)?hm^-2 和全生育期灌水量127 mm, 下同]最高, 必需氨基酸/总氨基酸以处理组合N_30.8P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ 最高。籽粒产量随灌水量的增加而增加, 且产量高的处理其水分利用效率也较高。综合从蛋白质及氨基酸产量看, 以处理组合N_179.2P₁₂₆W₂₈₂ 表现最好, 即施氮量为179.2 kg?hm^-2、施磷量为126 kg?hm^-2、灌水量为282 mm。

2008

0.0

1.742

. 2008, 19:317-322

Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains

1Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 2National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 3Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

With wheat cultivars Yumai 34 (strong-gluten wheat) and Yumai 50 (weak-gluten wheat) as test materials, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of three irrigation treatments (irrigation at jointing stage, at jointing and grain-filling stages, and at jointing, grain-filling, and pre-maturing stages), three nitrogen application rates (0, 150, and 270 kg·hm^-2), and their combinations on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains. The results showed that for strong-gluten wheat cultivar Yumai 34, applying 270 kg·hm^-2 of N increased the total content of protein and the contents of albumin, gliadin and glutelin, and enhanced the glutelin/gliadin ratio. This application rate of nitrogen also increased the total content of starch and the content of amylopectin, and decreased the amylose/amylopetin ratio. For weak-gluten wheat cultivar Yumai 50, applying 150 kg·hm^-2 of N increased the contents of albumin and gliadin, and decreased the contents of globulin and glutelin and the glutelin/gliadin ratio. The amylopectin and starch
contents also increased when the N application rate was 150 kg·hm^-2. NonN fertilization or applying 270 kg·hm^-2 of N decreased the accumulation of protein and starch, and resulted in a decrease of grain yield. Among the irrigation treatments, irrigation at jointing and grain-filling stages promoted the accumulation of protein and starch in grains and increased the grain yield, while the other two treatments were unbeneficial to the accumulation of protein

and starch and decreased the grain yield. Applying 270 kg·hm^-2and 150 kg·hm^-2of N combined with irrigation at jointing and grain-filling stages was the ideal management regime for the high yield and good quality of strong and weak-gluten wheat cultivars, respectively.

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料，在大田条件下，研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水；W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水；W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量，籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高，谷/醇增大；支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高，直/支下降；籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下，清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加，球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降，谷/醇降低；支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高；不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累，使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累，W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累，且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中，强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.

1993

0.0

... 采用苏佩等^[19]的方法测定清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量 ...

1996

1.67

0.0

... 按Lin和Kao ^[20]的方法测定谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性, 按吴良欢和陶勤南^[21]的方法测定谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性 ...

2000

0.0

... 按Lin和Kao ^[20]的方法测定谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性, 按吴良欢和陶勤南^[21]的方法测定谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性 ...

2006

0.0

. 2006, 22(10):62-67

Subsoiling effect and economic benefit under conservation tillage mode in Northern China

保护性耕作技术是适应中国北方农业发展的一种新型耕作技术,它可以通过深松作业来消除因多年免耕出现的土壤变硬问题.目前对保护性耕作条件下深松的效应和经济效益缺乏深入的研究,在玉米深松过程中还出现的伤苗,功耗大和经济效益低等问题.该文试验研究了在中国北方保护性耕作示范基地上,从1993年开始,通过10多年的时间对保护性耕作条件下的深松效应,测定了传统耕作、深松覆盖和免耕覆盖3种不同耕作方式下的土壤容重、含水率,水分利用率和产量等数据,试验结果表明,在保护性耕作条件下,每4年对土壤深松一次可以解决土壤变硬问题,持续保持作物高的水分利用率和产量,并不需要年年深松.相对深松覆盖(年年深松),4年免耕覆盖+1年深松的耕作方式能提高25%左右的经济效益.同时,针对玉米深松过程中的问题,提出了玉米免耕播种和深松联合作业的方案,试验表明,玉米免耕播种和深松联合作业能有效解决玉米深松过程中出现的一系列问题,促进玉米生长,提高玉米产量,建议在中国北方玉米产区推广这一联合作业技术.

2008

0.0

1.889

. 2008, 41:78-85

Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage 2 years later

中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院

【Objective】In order to improve the water use efficiency under conservation tillage, we study the effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage.【Method】A field experiment of 40cm subsoiling under no-tillage was conducted from 2005 to 2006. Based on the observational data of soil moisture and crop yield, the physical basis of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that: during oats growth season, 0-100cm soil water storage under subsoil was more than no-tillage. In the 0-100cm soil depth, the soil moisture in 50-100cm under subsoiling were more compared with no-tillage, which increased with the soil depth increasing when it’s dry; decreased with the soil depth increasing when it’s rainy. Compared with no-tillage, Subsoiling can reduce the water consumption of oats in the 0-50 cm soil layer and improve the efficient use of water in the 50-100cm soil layer by root system. Subsoiling increased the yield by 18.29％ average increase rate in two years. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency by 16.8% average increase rate in two years. The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation, well-proportioned rainfall was better to increase yield and water use efficiency. Meanwhile, subsoiling decreased bulk density, which increased the available precipitation.【Conclusion】Subsoiling contained more soil moisture and improved water use efficiency. The The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation and soil bulk density.

【目的】研究两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响，提高保护性耕作条件下对土壤水分的利用效率。【方法】土壤免耕第3年的基础上深松40 cm，2005～2006年连续两年通过田间试验观测深松对土壤水分的影响，分析深松保墒增产的机理。【结果】莜麦作物生育期0～100 cm土壤贮水量，深松显著高于对照。在0～100 cm的土层剖面上，50～100 cm土壤水分含量深松显著高于对照，干旱少雨时，土壤水分含量随土层深度增加而增加；降雨集中时，随土层深度增加而减少。与对照相比，深松减少了0～50 cm的作物耗水量,促进根系对50～100 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。土壤深松处理比对照两年平均增产18.29％，水分利用效率增加9.68％。保墒增产效果受降水量的影响，分布均匀的降雨有利于增产并提高水分利用效率。另一方面，深松降低了表层土层容重，增加接纳雨水的能力，增强作物对水分的利用效率。【结论】在免耕的基础上深松，是北方农牧交错带有效增加水分利用效率的保护性轮耕措施。

1997

0.0

. 1997, 23:587-596

Effect of different tillage methods on root growth of winter wheat

Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China, 271018

... 但多年少免耕导致土壤坚实, 不利于土壤蓄水, 影响作物根系对土壤养分和水分的吸收^[24,25] ...

2005

2.367

0.0

... 但多年少免耕导致土壤坚实, 不利于土壤蓄水, 影响作物根系对土壤养分和水分的吸收^[24,25] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 33:2260-2271 DOI:10.5846/stxb201112211941

Effects of subsoiling and supplemental irrigation on dry matter production and water use efficiency in wheat

Simultaneous increase of grain yield and water use efficiency is an imperative solution and a hot focus on crop production and research, especially in northern plain of China where winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the largest water-consumed crop. The objective of this study was to optimize irrigation scheduling for both high grain yield and water use efficiency of wheat with different tillage practices. Unlike earlier studies in which fixed irrigation amounts were given, a strategy of water-controlled irrigation based on measuring soil water content was adopted to study changes in soil water content in 0-200cm at maturity, dry matter accumulation and distribution, grain yield, and water use efficiency. In a continuous experiment across two growing seasons from 2008 to 2010, we planted wheat cultivar Jimai 22 with two tillage treatments including rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS) and rotary tillage (R). In the 2008-2009 growing season, the irrigation treatments were designed as no irrigation(W0), relative water content (RWC) of 80% at sowing, 80% at wintering, 75% at jointing, and 75% at anthesis(W1); RWC of 80% at sowing, 85% at wintering, 75% at jointing, and 75% at anthesis(W2); RWC of 85% at sowing, 80% at wintering, 75% at jointing, and 75% at anthesis(W3); RWC of 85% at sowing, 85% at wintering, 75% at jointing, and 75% at anthesis(W4). In the 2009-2010 growing season, the irrigation treatments were designed as no irrigation(W'0), RWC of 85% at sowing, 85% at wintering, 75% at jointing, and 75% at anthesis(W'3); RWC of 85% at sowing, 90% at wintering, 75% at jointing, and 75% at anthesis(W'4). Under the same irrigation treatment, soil water content in 40-180cm soil layers of RS was lower than that of R practice, whereas the flag leaf photosynthetic rate(P_n), dry matter accumulation after anthesis and its contribution to grain in RS treatment were significantly higher than those in R treatment. Compared with both W4 and W'4 treatments, soil water contents in 60-140cm soil layers of W3 and W'3 treatments were lower at maturity. However, there was no significantly difference among W1, W2 and W3 treatments. Under the same tillage treatment, P_n at late filling stage, dry matter distribution amount in grain at maturity, dry matter accumulation after anthesis and its contribution to grain in W3 and W'3 treatments were significantly higher than those in other treatments, subsequently obtaining higher the grain yield and water use efficiency. In wheat growing environment similar to the condition of this experiment, we propose the best tillage is RS, and the best irrigating regimes are W3 treatment with the precipitation of 13.8 mm from sowing to wintering stage in 2008-2009, and W'3 treatment with the precipitation of 48.1 mm from sowing to wintering stage in 2009-2010.

研究一次深松耕作后土壤水分对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据。于2008-2009和2009-2010两个小麦生长季,选用高产小麦品种济麦22,采取测墒补灌的方法,研究了深松+旋耕和旋耕2种耕作方式下土壤水分对小麦0-200 cm土层土壤含水量、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,(1)深松+旋耕40-180 cm土层土壤含水量低于旋耕处理;旗叶光合速率和水分利用率,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于旋耕处理。(2)W3(补灌至0-140 cm土层土壤相对含水量播种期为85%,越冬期80%,拔节和开花期75%)成熟期0-200 cm土层土壤含水量与W1(播种期80%,越冬期80%,拔节和开花期75%)和W2处理(播种期80%,越冬期85%,拔节和开花期75%)无显著差异;W3和W'3(播种期85%,越冬期85%,拔节和开花期75%)60-140 cm土层土壤含水量分别低于W4(播种期85%,越冬期85%,拔节和开花期75%)和W'4(播种期90%,越冬期85%,拔节和开花期75%)处理;W3和W'3灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率较高,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于其他处理,获得高的籽粒产量和水分利用率。综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用率和灌溉效益,在深松+旋耕条件下,两年度分别以W3和W'3为节水高产的最佳处理。

... 深松耕作通过深松铲疏松土壤, 明显降低了耕层的土壤容重, 增加了土壤孔隙度, 而土壤孔隙度分布状况的改变使土壤水分传导性能得以改善^[26,27] ...

2000

0.0

0.2444

... 深松耕作通过深松铲疏松土壤, 明显降低了耕层的土壤容重, 增加了土壤孔隙度, 而土壤孔隙度分布状况的改变使土壤水分传导性能得以改善^[26,27] ...

1974

38.597

0.0

... GS和GOGAT是氮素同化过程中的关键酶, GS/GOGAT偶联形成的循环是高等植物氨同化的主要途径, 在无机氮转化为有机氮的过程中起关键作用, GPT的重要功能是利用叶片输送到籽粒的谷氨酸形成蛋白质合成所需的各种氨基酸, 其共同作用调控籽粒蛋白质的合成^[28] ...

2005

1.355

0.0

. 2005, 29:48-53

Effects of water control on activities of nitrogen assimilation enzymes and grain quality in winter wheat

(1 Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China)(2 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China)

In order to understand the effects of soil water availability on nitrogen assimilation enzyme activity and grain quality in winter wheat cultivar, pot experiments were carried out at the Henan Agricultural University Research Station during 2001-2003. Soil containing 9.8 g•kg-1 organic matter, 0.986 g•kg-1 total N, 25.43 mg•kg-1 olsen-P and 259 mg•kg-1 NH4OAc-K were used for the experiments. 18 kg of sieved soil was placed in each 30 cm × 40 cm pot. ‘Yumai 34’, a strong gluten cultivar, was used in the experiments. Three water treatments were used: soil water content of 60% field capacity (FC), 40% FC and 80% FC. All pots were under a rain-shelter, and water levels were controlled from elongation stage to harvest. Water content was measured by weight every two days. Before sowing, 3.5 g N, 3.3 g K2O and 2.9 g P2O5 were applied to each pot and a further 1.6 g N was applied to each pot during the elongation stage. Seven plants from each pot were selected when plants had five leaves. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with ten replications per treatment, and all pots were managed in the same way.The results indicated that nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the flag leaf declined after anthesis in a decreasing order of 60%FC >40%FC >80%FC. Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in both the flag leaf and grain all declined from the beginning of anthesis to 15 days after anthesis and then increased with the order among the three water treatments as follows: 80%FC＞60%FC＞40%FC. A similar pattern was found for glutamate synthase (GOGAT) as for GS. The highest grain yield and the best nutritional quality occurred in the 60%FC treatment whereas the 80%FC treatment had the lowest quality and 40%FC had the lowest grain yield. Grain protein content was positively correlated to NR and GS activity in flag leaves and GOGAT activity in the grain, and was negatively correlated to GOGAT activity in the flag leaves for all water treatments. In the 40%FC and 80%FC treatments, there was a significant correlation between grain protein content and GS activity in flag leaves. In the 60%FC treatment, there were significant correlations between grain protein content and NR activity in flag leaves and GS activity in grain, and grain protein was closely correlated to GS activity in flag leaves.

以强筋型小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种‘豫麦34号’为材料，采用盆栽方法研究了土壤水分对氮素同化酶活性及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明：旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）活性于花后呈下降趋势，且土壤含水量为田间持水量（FC）60%的处理活性最强，其次为40%FC，活性最低的是80%FC。旗叶和籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性于开花15 d前均呈下降趋势，15 d后均为上升趋势，各水分处理间酶活性大小关系是：80%FC＞60%FC＞40%FC。各水分处理间旗叶和籽粒谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性的大小关系同GS。60%FC籽粒产量及品质最优，80%FC产量次之，40%FC产量最低；40%FC品质次之，80%FC品质最低。不同水分处理下籽粒蛋白质含量与叶片NR、GS 和籽粒GOGAT活性均呈正相关，与旗叶GOGAT活性呈负相关。且40%FC和80%FC下籽粒蛋白质含量只与旗叶GS活性相关性达显著水平, 60%FC下蛋白质含量则与旗叶NR和籽粒GS活性均达显著相关，与旗叶GS活性达极显著相关。

... 充足水分与增施氮肥相结合, 是产量和蛋白质含量同步增长的有利条件^[29], 至少蛋白质含量不会明显下降 ...

2002

0.0

0.66

. 2002, 9(2):61-63

Progress on the study of effects of environment conditions on wheat protein

环境条件对小麦蛋白质有重要影响,环境间的小麦蛋白质变异往往超过品种变异.国内外大量研究结果表明,温度、水分、土壤因素等是影响小麦蛋白质的重要因素,环境综合因素的影响造成了小麦籽粒蛋白质明显的地域差异.

... 在一定范围内增施氮肥能提高籽粒蛋白质含量^[15,30], 但氮素利用与和水分条件关系密切 ...