双季稻区不同栽培方式对早稻生育期、干物质积累及产量的影响

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唐海明, 逄焕成, 肖小平, 聂泽民, 汤文光, 于天一, 汪柯, 李强, 杨光立. 双季稻区不同栽培方式对早稻生育期、干物质积累及产量的影响. 作物学报, 40(4): 711-718
TANG Hai-Ming, PANG Huan-Cheng, XIAO Xiao-Ping, NIE Ze-Min, TANG Wen-Guang, YU Tian-Yi, WANG Ke, LI Qiang, YANG Guang-Li. Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on Growth Stage, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Yield of Early Rice in Double Cropping Rice Field. 作物学报, 40(4): 711-718 复制到剪切板

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双季稻区不同栽培方式对早稻生育期、干物质积累及产量的影响

唐海明¹, 逄焕成², 肖小平^1,^*, 聂泽民³, 汤文光¹, 于天一², 汪柯¹, 李强⁴, 杨光立¹

¹ 湖南省土壤肥料研究所, 湖南长沙 410125

² 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所, 北京 100081

³ 湖南省南县农业局, 湖南南县 413200

⁴ 湖南省南县三仙湖农技站, 湖南南县 413202

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 肖小平, E-mail:hntfsxxping@163.com, Tel: 0731-84691345

收稿日期:2014-01-12

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103001)和国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD20B05-01)资助。

摘要

为探明洞庭湖平原双季稻区不同栽培方式对早稻生育期、干物质积累及产量的影响, 以常规稻和杂交稻为材料, 系统比较研究了塑料软盘育秧抛栽、手插和机插3种栽培方式。结果表明, 与机插相比, 抛栽和手插促进了早稻生育进程, 全生育期缩短, 抛栽和手插分别缩短5~8 d和2~4 d。群体根系和地上部干重均表现为抛栽>手插>机插, 差异均达显著水平。成熟期植株根系和穗干物质占总干物质量的比例为抛栽>手插>机插, 茎干物质的比例为手插>抛栽>机插; 叶干物质比例在分蘖期和齐穗期为机插>手插>抛栽, 灌浆期和成熟期为手插>抛栽>机插。分蘖期、齐穗期和灌浆期, 抛栽和手插水稻叶片SPAD值均显著高于机插; 成熟期, 各处理间无显著差异。水稻叶面积指数表现为抛栽>手插>机插。不同栽培方式间水稻产量差异显著, 抛栽最高, 机插最低; 抛栽和手插分别比机插增产1203.3~1346.7 kg hm^-2和776.7~1045.4 kg hm^-2。说明不同栽培方式水稻干物质积累和产量有各自特征, 与手插和机插相比, 抛栽处理干物质总量大而且分配合理, 有利于改善产量构成因素, 增加水稻产量。

关键词: 水稻; 栽培方式; 生育期; 干物质; 产量

Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on Growth Stage, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Yield of Early Rice in Double Cropping Rice Field

TANG Hai-Ming¹, PANG Huan-Cheng², XIAO Xiao-Ping^1,^*, NIE Ze-Min³, TANG Wen-Guang¹, YU Tian-Yi², WANG Ke¹, LI Qiang⁴, YANG Guang-Li¹

¹ Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha 410125, China

² Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

³ Nanxian Agricultural Bureau, Nanxian 413200, China

⁴ Sanxianhu Agrotechnical Station, Nanxian 413202, China

Fund:

Abstract

To explore the characteristics of growth and development of early rice with different cultivation methods in the double cropping rice system in the Dongting Lake plain, we analyzed the growth stage, dry matter accumulation and distribution, grain yield of early rice with conventional and hybrid rice varieties by using seedling throwing (ST), hand transplanting (HT) and machine transplanting (MT). The results showed that the growth process of ST and HT was earlier and their whole growth period was 5-8 and 2-4 days shortened than that of MT, respectively. For dry matter weight of population, there was significant difference among the three cultivation methods at the main growth stages of early rice, showing on order ST>HT>MT. The dry matter weight ratio of root and panicle to total plant at mature stage and the dry matter weight of stem were both in a trend of HT>ST>MT. The dry matter weight ratio of leaf to total plant was MT>HT>ST at tillering and heading stages, and HT>ST>MT at grain filling and mature stages, respectively. In addition, the leaf SPAD of rice with ST and HT was significantly higher than that with MT at tillering, heading and grain filling stages. But there was no significant difference among ST, HT and MT at mature stage. Meanwhile, the leaf area index for different cultivation methods was ST>HT>MT at the main growth stages of early rice. Yield of early rice with different cultivation methods was significantly different, and that of ST was the highest, while that of MT was the lowest. Compared with MT, the yield of ST and HT increased by 1203.3-1346.7 and 776.7-1045.4 kg ha^-1, indicating that the dry matter accumulation and yield of early rice with different cultivation methods have their own characteristics. Compared with HT and MT, ST had significantly higher total dry matter accumulation and its reasonable distribution, and improved yield and yield components.

Keyword: Rice; Cultivation method; Growth stage; Dry matter; Yield

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水稻是中国主要粮食作物, 常年种植面积约3000万公顷, 占全国谷物种植面积的30%, 世界水稻种植面积的27%; 稻谷总产量近2亿吨, 占全国粮食总产的38%, 世界稻谷总产的35%^{[ 1]}。随着农业科学技术的进步和农村经济的发展, 水稻栽培方式由单一的传统手栽发展为手栽、抛秧、机插和直播等多种方式并存的新局面。特别是近年来, 随着农村劳动人口的战略转移, 轻型、高效的水稻简化栽培成为社会发展的迫切要求。国内外学者就不同栽培方式对水稻生育期和产量等方面进行了大量的研究, 马殿荣等^{[ 2]}研究结果表明, 手插秧和抛秧的产量极显著地高于乳苗抛栽。何瑞银等^{[ 3]}认为, 南方双季稻区机械插秧方式优于手工插秧, 机械插秧方式平均增产7.53%, 机械直播方式产量平均下降6.34%。程建平等^{[ 4]}认为, 机械精量穴直播产量比人工撒播和人工手插处理分别增产14.92%和4.59%。罗锡文等^{[ 5]}试验结果表明, 不同栽植方式的产量差异不大, 机械栽植与手工栽植方式相比不减产。金军等^{[ 6]}研究结果表明, 机插稻、手栽稻产量均较高, 抛秧稻次之, 直播稻最低。池忠志等^{[ 7]}认为, 机械直播方式下水稻产量最高, 达8974.50 kg hm^-2。程建平等^{[ 8]}认为, 机插的齐穗期比手插晚2 d, 在分蘖盛期、孕穗期、抽穗扬花期和成熟期机插的单株地上部分干重分别比手插提高5.98%、32.36%、45.93%和24.52%, 实际增产2.73%。上述试验由于所处环境条件、研究方法等的差异, 得出的结果并不一致。目前, 大多学者主要是在一季稻种植制度条件下, 开展不同栽培方式对水稻生育期和产量等方面的研究。塑料软盘育秧抛栽、手插和机插是目前洞庭湖平原双季稻区水稻生产上应用面积最广泛的3种栽培方式。而关于这3种栽培方式下水稻的生育期、干物质积累与分配及产量变化的研究报道较少^{[ 9]}, 更缺乏在双季稻种植制度下的系统比较研究。本试验系统比较研究在洞庭湖平原双季稻两熟制条件下, 塑料软盘育秧抛栽、手插和机插3种栽培方式水稻的生育期、干物质积累与分配及产量, 以明确其变化特征, 为科学选用水稻栽培方式提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

湖南省益阳市南县三仙湖镇试验地土壤为紫潮泥; 试验前耕层土壤(0~20 cm)含有机质50.3 g kg^-1、全氮3.25 g kg^-1、全磷1.02 g kg^-1、全钾22.7 g kg^-1、碱解氮263.0 mg kg^-1、有效磷16.0 mg kg^-1、速效钾104.0 mg kg^-1, pH 7.7。该地属亚热带过渡到季风湿润气候类型, 年降雨量1200~1700 mm, 年平均温度16~18℃, 年日照时数1295.9 h, 无霜期260~310 d。

1.2 试验设计及田间管理

设3个处理, 即抛栽(ST: seedling throwing)、手插(HT: hand transplanting)和机插(MT: machine transplanting)。每处理3次重复, 随机区组排列, 小区面积35.0 m² (长×宽=7.0 m×5.0 cm)。不同栽培方式间用塑料薄膜包埂隔离, 保证单独肥水管理。2011年, 早稻供试品种为湘早籼45 (常规稻), 3月27日播种, 4月21日移栽; 2012年, 供试品种为陵两优211 (杂交稻), 3月24日播种, 4月23日移栽。抛栽处理采用塑料软盘育秧, 移栽叶龄4.4~4.7叶, 单株平均带分蘖1.5~2.2个, 抛栽密度为3.07×10⁵蔸 hm^-2, 抛栽后于田间进行捡匀; 手插处理, 采用塑料软盘育秧, 移栽叶龄4.4~4.7叶, 栽插行株距19.8 cm×16.5 cm, 二本栽插; 机插处理, 采用机械专用盘育秧, 干种子落谷量每盘110 g, 移栽叶龄4.0~4.5叶, 栽插行株距29.7 cm×12.0 cm (XL2Z-8, 浙江宁波协力机电制造有限公司), 栽插后及时查漏补缺, 确保插足基本苗数; 3种不同栽插方式的基本苗数常规稻均为1.20×10⁶株 hm^-2, 杂交稻均为1.05×10⁶株 hm^-2。对常规稻基施氮112.5 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 90.0 kg hm^-2、K₂O 45.0 kg hm^-2, 移栽后7 d结合施用除草剂追施氮34.5 kg hm^-2和K₂O 45.0 kg hm^-2; 对杂交稻基施氮112.5 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 90.0 kg hm^-2、K₂O 45.0 kg hm^-2, 移栽后7 d结合施用除草剂追施氮51.75 kg hm^-2和K₂O 45.0 kg hm^-2。采用前期淹水、中期烤田和后期干湿交替的水分管理模式, 其他管理措施同常规大田生产。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 生育期记载从播种至成熟, 分别记载各处理的播种期、移栽期、分蘖期、孕穗期、齐穗期和成熟期的准确日期。

1.3.2 干物质积累量和叶面积指数测定于早稻的分蘖盛期(移栽后25 d)、齐穗期、灌浆期(灌浆后10 d)和成熟期4个时期, 分别在各小区随机选择5穴代表性水稻植株, 每穴以植株为中心, 取长 25 cm、宽16 cm、深20 cm的土块, 先用清水冲洗干净, 注意避免丢失根量, 用滤纸吸干附着水, 然后将植株按根、茎、叶和穗部位装袋, 于105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘至恒重, 测定干物质量; 根据公式(单叶叶面积=叶片长×叶片宽×校正系数)计算单叶叶面积, 然后计算植株总叶面积, 求出叶面积指数。

1.3.3 叶片SPAD值测定分别于早稻的分蘖盛期、齐穗期、灌浆期和成熟期4个时期, 从每小区随机选择5穴水稻植株, 采用SPAD-502型叶绿素测定仪测定叶片上部、中部和下部3个点的SPAD值, 计算其平均值, 分蘖盛期均测定植株主茎顶部第一展开叶, 齐穗期和灌浆期及成熟期均测定植株主茎剑叶。

1.3.4 产量与产量性状于成熟期, 从每小区随机调查90穴, 计算单穴平均有效穗数; 从中随机选取5穴考种, 测定每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重等指标, 计算其平均值; 同时, 于田间每小区收5 m², 晒干扬净, 实测干谷产量, 折算为公顷产量。

1.4 数据统计与分析

使用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据, DPS软件进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同栽培方式对水稻生育期的影响

与机插相比, 抛栽和手插水稻的孕穗、齐穗和成熟期相应提早, 全生育期明显缩短(表1)。2011年, 抛栽水稻的孕穗、齐穗和成熟期分别提早7 d、8 d和8 d, 全生育期缩短8 d; 手插水稻的孕穗、齐穗和成熟期分别提早4 d、6 d和4 d, 全生育期缩短4 d。2012年, 抛栽水稻的孕穗、齐穗和成熟期分别提早7 d、5 d和5 d, 全生育期缩短5 d; 手插水稻的孕穗、齐穗和成熟期分别提早4 d、2 d和2 d, 全生育期缩短2 d。

表1 不同栽培方式对水稻生育期的影响 Table 1 Growth stage of rice under different cultivation methods

2.2 不同栽培方式对水稻叶片SPAD的影响

由图1可知, 在早稻各生育期, 各处理水稻叶片SPAD值呈先增后减的趋势, 于齐穗期达到最高值。分蘖期抛栽水稻显著高于其他处理, 分别比手插和机插水稻增加18.21%、18.53% (2011年)和7.38%、11.24% (2012年); 齐穗期、灌浆期均以抛栽和手插水稻为最高, 均显著高于机插水稻; 成熟期各处理间SPAD值无明显差异。

2.3 不同栽培方式对水稻叶面积指数的影响

图2显示, 各处理早稻叶面积指数(LAI)呈抛物线变化趋势。分蘖期至齐穗期, 抛栽和手插早稻的LAI均显著高于机插, 且均在齐穗期达最高, 分别比机插增加2.02、1.75 (2011年)和2.12、1.83 (2012年)。早稻各生育期LAI表现为抛栽>手插>机插, 即采用抛栽和人工移栽具有更大的叶面积指数。

2.4 不同栽培方式对水稻干物质生产特征的影响

2.4.1 不同栽培方式水稻主要生育期群体干物重

由表2可知, 群体根系干重为抛栽>手插>机插; 于灌浆期达最大值, 抛栽水稻分别比手插、机插水稻平均高17.14%和53.49%, 手插水稻比机插水稻平均高29.94%。群体地上部干重于成熟期达最大值, 抛栽水稻分别比手插、机插水稻平均高4.21%和

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图1 不同栽培方式对水稻叶片SPAD的影响TS: 分蘖盛期; HS: 齐穗期; FS: 灌浆期; MS: 成熟期。图中不同字母表示不同处理之间差异显著。Fig. 1 Effects of different cultivation methods on SPAD of rice leafTS: tillering stage; HS: heading stage; FS: filling stage; MS: maturity stage. Band represented by different letters are significantly different between different treatments.

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图2 不同栽培方式对水稻叶面积指数的影响TS: 分蘖盛期; HS: 齐穗期; FS: 灌浆期; MS: 成熟期。图中不同字母表示不同处理之间差异显著。Fig. 2 Effects of different cultivation methods on leaf area index of riceTS: tillering stage; HS: heading stage; FS: filling stage; MS: maturity stage. Band represented by different letters are significantly different between different treatments.

17.35%, 手插水稻比机插水稻平均高12.57%。在早稻主要生育期, 水稻地上部分的茎、叶、穗均以抛栽水稻最高, 手插水稻次之, 机插水稻最低; 抛栽和手插水稻均明显高于机插水稻, 但两者间无显著差异(表3)。

2.4.2 水稻根、茎、叶、穗各部分占植株总干物质重的比例及其变化根系干重占总干物质重的比例表现为抛栽>手插>机插; 茎的比例为手插>抛栽>机插; 叶比例在分蘖期和齐穗期均以机插水稻最大, 手插次之, 抛栽最小, 灌浆期和成熟期的手插水稻最大, 机插最小; 穗干重占植株总干物质重的比例为抛栽>手插>机插。根和叶的比例均在分蘖期最大, 随着生育进程不断降低, 至成熟期降至最低, 根的比例从16.43%~23.48%降到3.88%~4.99%, 叶的比例从26.45%~34.34%降到8.66%~11.01%。茎的比例于齐穗期达最大值, 之后呈下降趋势。穗的比例随生育进程不断增大, 到成熟期占总干物质量的55.38%~64.97% (表4)。

表2 不同栽培方式水稻主要生育期群体干物重 Table 2 Dry matter weight of population at main growth stage of rice with different cultivation methods (kg hm^-2)

表3 不同栽培方式水稻主要生育期地上部茎、叶和穗群体干物重 Table 3 Stem, leaf and panicle dry weight of population at main growth stage of rice with different cultivation methods (kg hm^-2)

表4 不同栽培方式水稻根、茎、叶、穗各部分占植株总干物质重的比例及其变化 Table 4 Dry weight ratio of root, stem, leaf, panicle to total plant and its variation at main growth stages of rice with different cultivation methods (%)

2.5 不同栽培方式对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

由表5可知, 有效穗以抛栽水稻最多, 手插水稻最少, 不同栽培方式间差异达显著水平; 每穗粒数以手插水稻最高, 机插水稻最少, 不同栽培方式间差异达显著水平; 抛栽和手插水稻结实率无显著差异, 手插水稻的结实率显著高于机插水稻; 各处理的千粒重无显著差异。抛栽和手插水稻产量均显著高于机插水稻, 平均分别增产20.33%和14.50%。

表5 不同栽培方式水稻的产量及其构成因素 Table 5 Effects of different cultivation methods on yield and yield components of rice

3 讨论

3.1 不同栽培方式对水稻生育期及产量的影响

有研究表明, 在正常抽穗成熟的条件下, 水稻产量一般随生育期的延长呈增加的趋势^{[ 10]}。生育期作为水稻品种的遗传属性, 主要由自身的感温性、感光性、基本营养生长习性决定^{[ 11]}, 也受播栽期^{[ 12, 13]}、栽培方式^{[ 2, 4]}及生态环境条件^{[ 14, 15]}等因素的影响。不同栽培方式的水稻, 播栽期不同, 所处的温光等环境条件各异, 且各栽培方式水稻又有自身的生长发育特征, 因此其生育期长短及生育进程呈规律性变化。本研究表明, 与抛栽相比, 手插和机插水稻的各生育进程均延迟, 全生育期延长, 手插水稻延长3~ 4 d, 机插水稻延长5~8 d。其主要原因可能是机械专用盘育成的秧苗素质一般, 移栽入土深, 分蘖节位升高, 不利于秧苗返青和早发; 手插秧苗入土较深, 不利于秧苗返青, 推迟早稻分蘖, 影响了早稻的生育进程; 而抛栽水稻, 采用塑料软盘育苗, 其秧苗素质较好, 在抛栽时, 秧苗入土浅, 分蘖节位降低, 有利于秧苗返青和促进早发, 对移栽大田后的生育进程无明显不利影响。不同栽培方式水稻由于生育期长短不同, 其产量也有差异。在洞庭湖平原双季稻区, 保证早稻产量的前提下, 还需综合考虑早、晚稻的衔接搭配, 若早稻生育期过长, 影响晚稻的移栽、生长发育, 进而影响晚稻的安全生产。

在种植一季稻的条件下, 前人开展了不同栽培方式对水稻产量影响的研究, 结果并不一致。马殿荣等^{[ 2]}研究结果显示, 手栽产量最高, 抛秧次之, 直播最低。程建平等^{[ 4]}研究认为机穴直播产量最高, 手栽次之, 人工撒直播最低。池忠志等^{[ 7]}研究表明机直播产量最高, 机插次之, 手栽最低。本研究表明, 不同类型品种水稻产量均以抛栽最高, 手插次之, 机插最低; 与机插相比, 抛栽一般增产1203.3~1346.7 kg hm^-2, 手插增产776.7~1045.4 kg hm^-2, 不同年份间增产率平均分别为19.55%、12.62%和21.10%、16.38%。这可能是抛栽水稻, 采用塑料软盘育苗, 其秧苗素质较好, 有利于秧苗返青和促进早发, 提高分蘖率和成穗率, 增加了单位面积的有效穗数。而机插水稻秧苗素质较差, 影响栽插质量和大田生长, 移栽后秧苗返青慢, 返青期较抛栽长2~3 d, 全生育期延长; 且机插时秧苗入土较深, 分蘖高峰滞后, 不利于保蘖足穗和壮秆促大穗。前人的研究表明机插水稻增产或者不减产, 是因为在种植一季稻的条件下, 有利于安排全年作物茬口, 能保证机插水稻全生育期, 可充分利用后期的温光条件, 保证水稻的产量^{[ 3, 4, 8]}; 与前人研究不同的是, 本研究是在双季稻两熟制条件下所开展, 由于机插早稻生育期延长, 为保证晚稻生产正常开展, 需及时收获早稻, 影响了早稻后期的灌浆, 降低了结实率和千粒重, 从而降低了水稻产量, 这与罗锡文等^{[ 5]}的研究结果一致。农业机械化是个复杂的系统工程, 在实施过程中会遇到许多具体问题。关于水稻机械移栽, 在具体操作过程中需综合考虑选择适宜的水稻品种和播种期, 严格控制好秧龄, 保证秧苗素质, 以提高移栽质量; 同时, 对农机与农艺配套措施还有待进一步研究。

籽粒产量主要来源于光合产物, 叶片是进行光合作用、制造光合产物的主要器官, 合理的叶面积及其动态是水稻高产的重要保证。吴文革等^{[ 16]}研究认为, 超级杂交中籼稻中后期的叶面积较对照明显提高。李杰等^{[ 17]}在稻-麦两熟制条件下的研究表明, 拔节期后手栽稻的叶面积极显著高于机插稻, 机插稻又极显著高于直播稻。在本研究中, 采用抛栽和人工移栽水稻具有更大的叶面积指数, 均明显高于机插水稻; 抛栽和人工移栽水稻的叶面积指数大且衰减速度慢, 为保证其后期物质生产能力奠定了生理基础。

3.2 不同栽培方式对水稻的干物质生产、分配的影响

水稻产量是植株个体群体干物质积累、分配、运输与转化的结果。不同栽培方式水稻由于植株个体和群体生长环境不同, 对养分和温光等资源的利用不同, 必然会对其生长产生一定的影响。马殿荣等^{[ 18]}研究认为, 不同栽培方式水稻产量与干物质积累总量呈极显著正相关。单茎干物重和群体干物重是水稻个体生长强弱和群体质量高低的主要标志, 充分发挥个体的生长潜力在一定程度上往往更利于群体物质生产能力的改善。本研究表明, 采用机插专用育秧盘所培育的秧苗素质较塑料软盘所培育的秧苗略差(株高矮、叶龄小、单株绿叶数少、茎基宽小、总根数和白根数少), 栽插时入土较深, 不利于水稻返青, 造成机插水稻个体与群体发展不协调, 群体茎蘖数多而质量弱。不同栽培方式间群体根系和地上部干重变化一致, 均表现为抛栽>手插>机插, 差异均达显著水平, 并随生育进程差异越来越大。抛栽和手插水稻干物质积累量均显著高于机插水稻, 因此认为, 较高的物质生产能力, 是抛栽和手插水稻产量较机插水稻高的物质基础。

水稻籽粒的灌浆物质一部分来自抽穗后的光合产物, 另外一部分来自叶茎鞘贮藏物质的再分配。前人研究表明, 高产水稻一般前中期叶茎鞘等器官贮藏的光合产物多, 后期光合产物分配于穗部的比例大, 且叶茎鞘的贮藏物质能较多地运转到穗部^{[ 19]}。本研究结果表明, 在水稻成熟期, 植株穗干物质占总干物质量的比例抛栽、手插、机插依次降低, 茎干物质的比例手插、抛栽、机插依次降低; 叶干物质比例在灌浆期和成熟期, 表现为手插>抛栽>机插。说明与机插稻相比, 抛栽、手插水稻有着良好的光合和群体支撑系统, 干物质在各器官间的分配合理, 成熟期穗部物质比例大。

本文仅针对洞庭湖平原双季稻区不同栽培方式对早稻生育期、干物质积累和分配及产量的影响开展了初步研究, 不同栽培方式对晚稻的影响还需进一步探讨。

4 结论

与机插水稻相比, 抛栽和手插水稻的生育进程提前, 生育期缩短; 从生育期来看, 抛栽和手插水稻全生育期适宜, 有利于晚稻农事生产安排, 保证双季稻的周年茬口衔接。物质生产方面, 与机插水稻相比, 抛栽和手插水稻个体群体生长协调, 移栽至大田后水稻植株物质生产能力强, 干物质积累多, 而且在各器官间的分配合理。根系干重占总干物质重的比例均以抛栽水稻最大; 茎的比例均为手插>抛栽>机插。叶的比例在分蘖盛期和齐穗期均以机插水稻最大; 灌浆期和成熟期, 均以手插水稻最大。水稻穗的比例为抛栽>手插>机插。栽培方式对水稻产量影响显著, 抛栽水稻最高, 机插最低, 手插居二者之间。综合考虑目前农村劳力缺乏的实际情况, 在双季稻主产区可采取水稻抛栽方式和适宜的栽插方式。机插水稻虽然存在一些问题, 但它是农业发展的必然趋势, 有待进一步研究完善。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2011

0.0

... 稻谷总产量近2亿吨, 占全国粮食总产的38%, 世界稻谷总产的35% ^[1] ...

2003

0.0

0.55

... 国内外学者就不同栽培方式对水稻生育期和产量等方面进行了大量的研究, 马殿荣等^[2]研究结果表明, 手插秧和抛秧的产量极显著地高于乳苗抛栽 ...

... 生育期作为水稻品种的遗传属性, 主要由自身的感温性、感光性、基本营养生长习性决定^[11], 也受播栽期^[12,13]、栽培方式^[2,4]及生态环境条件^[14,15]等因素的影响 ...

... 马殿荣等^[2]研究结果显示, 手栽产量最高, 抛秧次之, 直播最低 ...

2008

0.0

1.299

. 2008, 24(1):167-171

Comparison and analysis of different rice planting methods in China

(水稻不同种植方式的比较试验与评价) . (农业工程学报) , 2008 , 24 ( 1 ): 167 - 171 He R Y , Luo H Y , Li Y T , Wang X H , Zhang L . Comparison and analysis of different rice planting methods in China

He R Y

(何瑞银) , (罗汉亚) , (李玉同) , (汪小函) , (张璐) . (水稻不同种植方式的比较试验与评价) . (农业工程学报) , 2008 , 24 ( 1 ): 167 - 171 He R Y

为了比较水稻不同种植方式的实施效果,在中国三大稻区安排了机械插秧、机械直播、机械钵苗行栽3种种植方式与常规育秧手工插秧方式比较试验,试验的品种为当地种植面积较大的6个品种,采集了不同试验方式的各项成本,测定了水稻产量指标和作业环节消耗工时等数据.试验结果表明,南方一季稻区优选种植方式的排序为:机械插秧、机械直播和手工插秧;南方双季稻区机械插秧方式优于手工插秧;北方稻区机械钵苗行栽方式优于手工插秧.其中机械插秧方式平均增产7.53%、平均省工41.44%,平均增加效益46.78%;机械直播方式产量平均下降6.34%,平均省工31.30%,而对效益的影响因品种不同而表现出差异性;机械钵苗行栽方式平均增产8.95%、省工64.29%,增加效益22.57%.

... 何瑞银等^[3]认为, 南方双季稻区机械插秧方式优于手工插秧, 机械插秧方式平均增产7 ...

... 前人的研究表明机插水稻增产或者不减产, 是因为在种植一季稻的条件下, 有利于安排全年作物茬口, 能保证机插水稻全生育期, 可充分利用后期的温光条件, 保证水稻的产量^[3,4,8] ...

2010

0.0

0.849

. 2010, 29:1-5

Influence of different planting methods on growth and development characteristics and yield of rice

(不同种植方式对水稻生育特性和产量的影响) . (华中农业大学学报) , 2010 , 29 : 1 - 5 Cheng J P , Luo X W , Fan Q Z , Zhang J W , Wu J P , Wang Z M , Zang Y . Influence of different planting methods on growth and development characteristics and yield of rice

Cheng J P

(程建平) , (罗锡文) , (樊启洲) , (张集文) , (吴建平) , (王在满) , (臧英) . (不同种植方式对水稻生育特性和产量的影响) . (华中农业大学学报) , 2010 , 29 : 1 - 5 Cheng J P

采用机械精量穴直播、人工撒播和人工手插种植方式对比,研究了机械精量穴直播条件下水稻的生育特性和产量形成特性.结果表明:机械精量穴直播有利于加快水稻的生长发育进程,缩短水稻的生育期,提高其生物学产量和叶面积指数,降低主茎总叶龄;机械精量穴直播稻的分蘖势较强,分蘖叶位低,分蘖发生和分蘖高峰出现早,单位面积的分蘖总量较大;机械精量穴直播稻每平方米有效穗263.63,比人工手插和人工撒播分别提高了24.63%和15.25%,机播的实际产量最高,较人工撒播和手插处理分别增产14.92%和4.59%.

Abstract：

Growth and development characteristics and yield formation of the rice of precision hill-drop drilling were studied comparing with manual spreading,manual transplanting.Results showed that precision hill-drop drilling shortened the total growing period of rice,improved individual and the biological production area index,and reduced the total leaf age of the main stem.The tiller of precision hill-drop drilling was strong and powerful,low-leaf tiller,tiller occurred early and the peak of tillering appeared early,and the total tiller per unit area increased as well.Effective rice panicle of precision hill-drop drilling was 263.63 panicles per m2,increased by 24.63% and 15.25% more than manual spreading and transplanting,and its actual yield was 14.92% and 4.59% higher than manual spreading and transplanting,respectively.

... 程建平等^[4]认为, 机械精量穴直播产量比人工撒播和人工手插处理分别增产14 ...

... 程建平等^[4]研究认为机穴直播产量最高, 手栽次之, 人工撒直播最低 ...

2004

0.0

1.299

. 2004, 20(1):136-139

Experimental investigation of different transplanting methods in paddy production

(水稻生产不同栽植方式的比较试验) . (农业工程学报) , 2004 , 20 ( 1 ): 136 - 139 Luo X W , Xie F P , Ou Y G , Li B X , Zheng D K . Experimental investigation of different transplanting methods in paddy production

Luo X W

(罗锡文) , (谢方平) , (欧颖刚) , (李佰祥) , (郑丁科) . (水稻生产不同栽植方式的比较试验) . (农业工程学报) , 2004 , 20 ( 1 ): 136 - 139 Luo X W

机械化种植是制约珠江三角洲地区乃至全国水稻生产机械化的瓶颈之一.为探索不同栽植方式对水稻生产的影响,对人工直播与机械直播、人工插秧与机械插秧、人工抛秧等不同栽植方式进行了比较试验.试验结果表明,在珠江三角洲地区相同条件下,不同栽植方式的产量差异不大;机械栽植能确保稳产,与手工栽植方式相比不减产,并能减少成本、增加工效;机械直播是当前实现"两高一优"农业,促进农业生产"节本增效"的一种重要栽植方式.

... 罗锡文等^[5]试验结果表明, 不同栽植方式的产量差异不大, 机械栽植与手工栽植方式相比不减产 ...

... 与前人研究不同的是, 本研究是在双季稻两熟制条件下所开展, 由于机插早稻生育期延长, 为保证晚稻生产正常开展, 需及时收获早稻, 影响了早稻后期的灌浆, 降低了结实率和千粒重, 从而降低了水稻产量, 这与罗锡文等^[5]的研究结果一致 ...

2006

0.0

0.9745

. 2006, (6):31-33

Analysis on the different of quality of rice between different planting patterns

(水稻不同种植方式群体质量差异比较) . (中国稻米) , 2006 , ( 6 ): 31 - 33 Jin J , Xue Y F , Yu L H , Li W , Xu D , Qiang X L . Analysis on the different of quality of rice between different planting patterns

Jin J

(金军) , (薛艳凤) , (于林惠) , (李伟) , (徐丹) , (羌勋良) . (水稻不同种植方式群体质量差异比较) . (中国稻米) , 2006 , ( 6 ): 31 - 33 Jin J

本试验以早熟晚粳品种9998—3为供试材料，研究水稻在直播、抛秧、机插、手栽四种不同种植方式下群体茎蘖动态、分蘖受生特点、叶面积指数变化和干物质积累及运转规律、穗层整齐度、产量及产量构成团子之间的差异，结果表明，机插稻、手栽稻成穗率、单穗重、总卡正数均比直播稻、抛秧稻高；结实车和千粒重差异均较小，其中结实率呈现直播稻〉手栽稻〉抛秧稻〉机插稻的趋势，千粒重呈现手栽稻〉直播稻〉抛秧稻〉机插稻的趋势；直插稻单位育效穗数最高，机插稻和抛秧稻的相近，手栽稻最低；机插稻、手栽稻的产量均较高，抛秧稻的次之，直播稻的景低。

... 金军等^[6]研究结果表明, 机插稻、手栽稻产量均较高, 抛秧稻次之, 直播稻最低 ...

2008

0.0

0.6276

. 2008, (2):73-75

Comparison of yield and economic effect of rice under different planting patterns

(不同种植方式对水稻产量的影响及其经济效益比较) . (作物杂志) , 2008 , ( 2 ): 73 - 75 Chi Z Z , Jiang X L , Zheng J G . Comparison of yield and economic effect of rice under different planting patterns

Chi Z Z

(池忠志) , (姜心禄) , (郑家国) . (不同种植方式对水稻产量的影响及其经济效益比较) . (作物杂志) , 2008 , ( 2 ): 73 - 75 Chi Z Z

以生产上大面积使用的杂交水稻品种川香9838为试验材料,对水稻在机械直播、机械移栽和人工移栽3种不同的种植方式下的产量和经济效益进行了比较分析.结果表明:机械直播方式下水稻产量最高,达到8974.50kg/hm2;机械直播省去了育秧和移栽的环节,可以大大提高劳动生产率,降低生产成本,显著增加经济效益.

... 池忠志等^[7]认为, 机械直播方式下水稻产量最高, 达8974 ...

... 池忠志等^[7]研究表明机直播产量最高, 机插次之, 手栽最低 ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, (6):45-48

Growth characteristics and yield formation of rice mechanized transplanting

(机插对籼型杂交水稻生育特性和产量的影响) . (中国农机化) , 2009 , ( 6 ): 45 - 48 Cheng J P , Wu J P , Wang Y G , Zhang J W , Fang L . Growth characteristics and yield formation of rice mechanized transplanting

Cheng J P

(程建平) , (吴建平) , (王友根) , (张集文) , (方磊) . (机插对籼型杂交水稻生育特性和产量的影响) . (中国农机化) , 2009 , ( 6 ): 45 - 48 Cheng J P

以籼型杂交水稻组合培两优986为试验材料,采用机械插秧和人工手插种植方式对比,研究机插水稻的生育特性和产量形成特性.结果表明:机插的齐穗期比手插晚2d,在分蘖盛期、孕穗期、抽穗扬花期、成熟期机插的单株地上部分干重较手插分别提高了5.98%、32.36%、45.93%、24.52%.机插稻的高峰苗较人工手插出现期偏迟,但机插稻约在播后41d分蘖明显增加,单位面积的分蘖总量也显著提高,群体增长较快.机插稻的成穗率为60.54%,较手插有所降低.机插较手插显著提高了单位面积的有效穗数,机插比手插的理论产量和实际产量分别增产11.40%和2.73%.

... 程建平等^[8]认为, 机插的齐穗期比手插晚2 d, 在分蘖盛期、孕穗期、抽穗扬花期和成熟期机插的单株地上部分干重分别比手插提高5 ...

2007

0.0

. 2007, 33:391-395

Effects of different transplanting methods on growth development and yield as well as quality of noodle rice

(不同栽插方式对米粉稻生长发育和产量及稻米品质的影响) . (湖南农业大学学报) , 2007 , 33 : 391 - 395 Li H S , Wang X H , Wu W G , Tang Q Y , Deng L P , Lin W H . Effects of different transplanting methods on growth development and yield as well as quality of noodle rice

Li H S

(李合松) , (王学华) , (吴卫国) , (唐启源) , (邓立平) , (蔺万煌) . (不同栽插方式对米粉稻生长发育和产量及稻米品质的影响) . (湖南农业大学学报) , 2007 , 33 : 391 - 395 Li H S

以米粉专用稻品种湘早籼33号为试材,采用裂区设计,研究了不同栽插规格和基本苗数对米粉稻产量及品质的影响.结果表明:采用宽窄行栽培,每穴栽植4～5苗,能优化米粉稻的群体结构,缓和个体发育与群体生长的矛盾,促进其干物质生产,米粉稻产量提高2.33%,与米粉加工密切相关的出糙率和直链淀粉含量分别提高0.61%和1.50%.

... 而关于这3种栽培方式下水稻的生育期、干物质积累与分配及产量变化的研究报道较少^[9], 更缺乏在双季稻种植制度下的系统比较研究 ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:528-534 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00528

Effects of growth duration on grain yield and quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

(水稻生育期对籽粒产量及品质的影响) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 528 - 534 Lang Y Z , Dou Y X , Wang M E , Zhang Z J , Zhu Q S . Effects of growth duration on grain yield and quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Lang Y Z

(郎有忠) , (窦永秀) , (王美娥) , (张祖建) , (朱庆森) . (水稻生育期对籽粒产量及品质的影响) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 528 - 534 Lang Y Z

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

It is important to clear the relationships of growth duration with rice yield and quality in determining the breeding objectives and cultivation strategies. In this paper, plants of japonica rice varieties Ning 111 and Chunjiang 302 with different growth durations resulted from short-day treatment were used to investigate the changes of yield and rice quality. The results showed that, the growth duration of more than 152 d had little effect on yield, but when less than 152 d, there was a significant positive correlation between growth duration and yield or dry matter accumulation; the smallest length and width of rice, as well as lowest protein content and setback of amylum were observed in the treatment G2 or G3, which had moderate growth duration of 131–132 d, the growth duration more than or less than 131–132 d would both increase the values of these rice quality indices; amylose content also showed a similar trend, and the minimum value in two species all appeared in treatment G3 (132 or 137d), while for breakdown of amylum, the trend was just opposite. The percentage of chalky grains, chalkiness and gelatinization temperature in two varieties rose with shortening growth duration; the effects of growth duration on milling quality were generally lower.

明确水稻生育期与产量、品质的关系，对水稻高产优质育种和合理栽培措施的制定，具有重要的意义。本文以晚粳宁111和春江302经遮光(短日照)处理后获得的不同生育期水稻植株为材料，分析其产量和米质指标。结果表明，生育期152 d以上时，对产量无显著影响，而生育期短于152 d时，产量与生育期间呈极显著正相关；成熟期群体干物质积累量随生育期变化的趋势与产量表现基本一致。不同稻米的长度、宽度、蛋白质含量以及淀粉消减值，均以中等偏短生育期(131~132 d)最小，大于或小于131~132 d，均会使上述指标值增加；两品种直链淀粉含量亦有相似的趋势，只是其最低值分别对应132和137 d的生育期；各处理稻米淀粉的崩解值变化与消减值趋势相反。对垩白粒率、垩白度及糊化温度，各处理均呈随生育期延长而降低的趋势；生育期变化对碾米品质影响总体上较小。

... 1 不同栽培方式对水稻生育期及产量的影响有研究表明, 在正常抽穗成熟的条件下, 水稻产量一般随生育期的延长呈增加的趋势^[10] ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:10-22 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00010

Genetic analysis for the diversity of heading date of cultivated rice in China

(我国水稻主栽品种抽穗期多样性的遗传分析) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 10 - 22 Wei X J , Xu J F , Jiang L , Wang H J , Zhou Z L , Zhai H Q , Wan J M . Genetic analysis for the diversity of heading date of cultivated rice in China

Wei X J

(魏祥进) , (徐俊锋) , (江玲) , (王洪俊) , (周振玲) , (翟虎渠) , (万建民) . (我国水稻主栽品种抽穗期多样性的遗传分析) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 10 - 22 Wei X J

1 State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Provincial Center of Plant Gene Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; 2 Institute of Crop Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 3 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Heading date (HD) determines the adaptability to growing regions of cultivated rice. There is a rich diversitycultivated rice. In this study, of HDs in Chinese HDs of 83 typical japonica rice and 51 typical indica rice cultivars native to different regions in China were investigated and their basic vegetative growth (BVG), photoperiod-sensitivities (PS) and temperature-sensitivities (TS) were analyzed. A regression analysis showed that HD was closely correlated with PS and BVG. The PS and BVG of cultivars were weak in high latitude regions of China, and strong in low latitude regions.Genetic analyses of the 134 cultivars were conducted using a set of HD tester lines. The results showed that, on the whole, when the cultivars carried no-PS allele e₁,the plants headed earlier with weaker PS and BVG, when the cultivars carried the PS allele E₁ or E₁^t, the plants headed later with strong PS and BVG. When the cultivars carried the allele Ef-1,the plants headed earlier with weaker BVG, when the cultivars carried the allele Ef-1^t or ef-1, the plants headed later with strong BVG. It suggested that E₁and Ef-1 are two major determinants of variation in heading date of cultivated rice in China. Otherwise, the distribution of different alleles of the major heading date genes in different regions of China was analysed, and the results showed that the leading alleles of the major HD genes in different regions of China was different.

抽穗期决定着水稻品种的地区和季节适应性，我国水稻品种抽穗期表现出丰富的多样性。设置长、短日照和高、低温4种环境，分析了来自我国各稻区的83份粳稻和51份籼稻共134份水稻主栽品种的抽穗期感光性、感温性及基本营养生长性。回归分析表明我国水稻主栽品种的抽穗期与其感光性、基本营养生长性呈显著线性相关。高纬度地区的水稻品种往往具有弱的感光性和基本营养生长性，低纬度地区的品种感光性和基本营养生长性较强。利用一套抽穗期近等基因系对这134份品种抽穗期基因型进行了分析。结果表明，感光基因E₁与基本营养生长Ef-1位点的不同基因型对我国水稻主栽品种抽穗期多样性起着重要的作用。大多数带有非感光等位基因e₁的品种感光性与基本营养生长性都相对较弱，抽穗期较短；而携带感光性等位基因E₁或E₁^t的品种的感光性与基本营养生长性都相对较强，抽穗期较长。在Ef-1位点，携带显性早熟等位基因Ef-1的品种，其基本营养生长性较弱，抽穗期较短；而携带早熟效应较弱的等位基因Ef-1^t或迟熟等位基因ef-1的品种，其基本营养生长性较强，抽穗期较长。同时，各主基因的不同基因型在我国各稻区或各种类型水稻中的分布频率也表现出不同的特点。这些结果将对我国水稻种质的合理利用及广适应性水稻新品种的选育具有重要的指导意义。

2004

0.0

1.729

. 2004, 23(5):98-100

Effects of seeding time on grain yield, yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties

(播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响) . (生态学杂志) , 2004 , 23 ( 5 ): 98 - 100 Li X F , Jia Y , Huang Y C , Zang X . Effects of seeding time on grain yield, yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties

Li X F

(李秀芬) , (贾燕) , (黄元才) , (臧鑫) . (播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响) . (生态学杂志) , 2004 , 23 ( 5 ): 98 - 100 Li X F

1. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; 3. Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China; 4. Shenyang Artillery College, Shenyang 110163, China; 5. Hebi Institute of Agricultural Research, Hebi 458030, China

In this experiment,the effects of seeding time on the yield,yield components and growth duration in different rice varieties were studied.The results indicated that the grain yield declined with the delaying of rice seeding time,mainly caused by decrease of ripened grains per panicle.In addition,the reduce of 1000-grain weight and ripened panicles also contribute to the yield decrease.For the need that have to delay rice seeding time,some corresponding countermeasures were provided.

研究了不同播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响。结果表明,随播栽期推迟,水稻产量有所降低。每穗成粒数减少是推迟播栽期引起水稻减产的主要原因,其次是千粒重的下降和成穗数的降低。针对目前的生产实际,提出了一些应对播栽期推迟的技术措施。

2009

0.0

. 2009, 25(15):95-99

The effect of sowing date and density of rice stubble in Wandao 68 reproductive period and yield formation

(播期和密度对麦茬中粳稻皖稻68生育期和产量形成的影响) . (中国农学通报) , 2009 , 25 ( 15 ): 95 - 99 Huang Y L , Chen G , Chen N , Huang Y D . The effect of sowing date and density of rice stubble in Wandao 68 reproductive period and yield formation

Huang Y L

(黄雅丽) , (陈刚) , (陈楠) , (黄义德) . (播期和密度对麦茬中粳稻皖稻68生育期和产量形成的影响) . (中国农学通报) , 2009 , 25 ( 15 ): 95 - 99 Huang Y L

为了给安徽省沿淮地区麦茬稻机插和直播等轻简栽培提供技术支撑,采用田间试验的方法[1],研究不同播期和移栽密度条件下皖稻68的生育期和产量形成的变化情况.结果表明,皖稻68生育期天数随播期的推迟而递减,但推迟到6月14日播种仍可正常成熟;移栽密度对生育期无明显影响.不同播期同期栽插的.随播期推迟产量下降,但因秧龄长短的原因,穗数随播期推迟而增加,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重递减;迟播的增加移栽密度有利于增加穗数而增产.该试验条件下皖稻68作为沿淮麦茬稻栽培,育秧移栽的以5月5日和15日播种,移栽密度为30.0万株/hm2和40.0万株/hmM2产量最高,机插秧以5月25日左右播种为宜,直播稻以6月4-14日为播种适期.

Abstract：

Areas along the Huai River in Anhui Province-using field test method-in order to give rice stubble' s light-simple Cultivation to provide technical support such as machine planting and live, and reseach the con-ditions of the different sowing date and transplanting density in the WanDao 68 growing period and yield chang-es. The results show that the growth period of WanDao 68 is reduced with the delayed sowing time, but deferred to the June 14 seeding still may be normal ripe; transplanting density on the growth period had no significant ef-fect. Different sowing dates of planting in the same period, production is declined with the sowing date post-poned, but the reasons for the length of seedling age, spike is increased with the sowing date postponed, each kernel number, seed setting rate and grain weight is decreased; With the increased spike, Increasing transplant-ing density of late sowing can increase the number of output. Under the experimental conditions-WanDao 68 as rice stubble cultivation-the period of the highest yield is transplanting seedlings is the May 5 and 15 day plant-ing, transplanting density of 300 000/hm2 and 400 000/hm2 Machine-planting' s appropriate planting date is May 25, direct seeding rice is 4-14 June period for the planting appropriate.

2011

0.0

1.889

. 2011, 44:2661-2672 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.13.004

Effects of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice in different ecological regions

(不同生态区栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2011 , 44 : 2661 - 2672 Li J , Zhang H C , Dong Y Y , Ni X C , Yang B , Gong J L , Chang Y , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y . Effects of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice in different ecological regions

Li J

(李杰) , (张洪程) , (董洋阳) , (倪晓诚) , (杨波) , (龚金龙) , (常勇) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) . (不同生态区栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2011 , 44 : 2661 - 2672 Li J

扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室

【Objective】This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of various types of rice in different ecological regions under the rice-wheat cropping systems. It will provide a theoretical basis for scientific use and division layout of cultivation methods and its supporting variety type.【Method】With medium-maturing late japonica rice, early-maturing late japonica rice, late-maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (including japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as materials, using three cultivation methods of artificial transplanting (AT), mechanical transplanting (MT) and direct seeding (DS), a comparative study of cultivation methods on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice was conducted in the following three different ecological regions: Taihu rice district in Changshu (Sunan, 31.4°N), Lixiahe rice district in Jiangyan (Suzhong, 32.3°N) and Xinghua (Suzhong, 32.6°N) and Huaibei rice district in Donghai (Subei, 34.5°N). 【Result】Yield of rice with different cultivation methods was significantly different, and that of AT was the highest, while DS was the lowest. Compared with the AT, the yield of MT and DS reduced by 20-50 kg and 80-180 kg/667 m
2, respectively. And it demonstrated the law that the reducing extent was greater with latitude increasing. The yield of MT and DS reduced by 20-30 kg and 80-100 kg, 30-40 kg and 90-110 kg, 40-50 kg and 160-180 kg in Sunan, Suzhong and Subei, respectively. In the same region, the reducing extent of late-maturing varieties was greater than that of early-maturing varieties, and conventional rice greater than hybrid rice. The growth process of MT and DS delayed and growth stage shortened than that of AT. The shortening number of days of MT than that of AT was 11-14, and DS was 25-30, and it showed a trend of the higher the latitude the more the shortening number of days. Each growth duration would be shortened, and from sowing to jointing was the most which accounted for over 60% of the total shortening days. For the same type of varieties, the date of jointing, heading and maturity delayed, and the number of days of the growth stage increased with latitude increasing. In the same region, the shortening number of days of late-maturing varieties was more than that of early-maturing varieties. The accumulated temperature and illumination hours of MT and DS significantly reduced, and in particular, the utilization efficiency of accumulated temperature and illumination hours of DS was only 81.8% and 77.4% in Subei. The utilization efficiency of accumulated temperature and illumination hours was different because of variety types in different regions. The utilization efficiency of early-maturing late japonica rice was higher in Sunan, while that of late-maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice in Suzhong and Subei, respectively. 【Conclusion】Cultivation methods had great effects on yield, growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice. According to the large area yield target of 600 kg/667 m2 in Jiangsu Province, a preliminary division for the suitable range and its supporting suitable variety types of different cultivation methods was made, in order to provide reference for the production of the large area. The preliminary division is that the AT and MT are all suitable in Sunan, Suzhong and Subei, but the DS is suitable in Sunan and sub-suitable in Suzhong while unsuitable in Subei. And each cultivation method has its supporting suitable variety types for different region, respectively.

【目的】研究稻麦两熟制下，不同生态区栽培方式对不同类型品种水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响，为栽培方式及配套品种的科学选用与区划布局提供理论依据。【方法】以中熟晚粳、早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳4种类型品种（含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻两种）为材料，采用手栽、机插和直播3种栽培方式，在苏南太湖稻区常熟（31.4°N）、苏中里下河稻区姜堰（32.3°N）与兴化（32.6°N）和苏北淮北稻区东海（34.5°N）3个不同生态区，比较研究不同栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】不同栽培方式水稻产量差异极显著，手栽最高，直播最低；与手栽相比，机插和直播每667 m2分别减产20—50 kg和80—180 kg，且表现出随纬度升高，减产幅度加大的规律，苏南、苏中、苏北，分别减产20—30 kg和80—100 kg、30—40 kg和90—110 kg、40—50 kg和160—180 kg；同一地区，减产幅度晚熟品种大于早熟品种，常规稻大于杂交稻。机插和直播生育进程延迟，生育期缩短，机插缩短11—14 d，直播缩短25—30 d，并呈纬度越高缩短天数越多的趋势；各生育阶段均有缩短，播种至拔节缩短最多，占总缩短天数的60%以上；同一类型品种，随纬度升高，拔节、抽穗、成熟依次延迟，全生育期天数增多；同一地区，缩短天数晚熟品种比早熟品种多。机插和直播全生育期积温和光照时数极显著减少，尤其是直播对积温和光照时数的利用率在苏北只有81.8%和77.4%；不同地区，机插和直播对积温和光照时数的利用率因品种类型而异，苏南以早熟晚粳较高，苏中为迟熟中粳，苏北为中熟中粳。【结论】不同栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用有较大影响，据此按照江苏大面积水稻单产600 kg的目标，对不同栽培方式的适宜范围与配套的适宜品种类型做了初步区划，即手栽、机插在苏南、苏中、苏北都是适宜的，而直播在苏南适宜、苏中次适宜、苏北不适宜，并且各栽培方式在各地分别有其配套的适宜品种类型，以供大面积生产参考。

2008

0.0

. 2008, 30:427-432

Effects of night temperature increase on growth and yield of early season rice

(夜间温度升高对早稻生长发育及产量的影响) . (江西农业大学学报) , 2008 , 30 : 427 - 432 Wei J L , Pan X H . Effects of night temperature increase on growth and yield of early season rice

Wei J L

(魏金连) , (潘晓华) . (夜间温度升高对早稻生长发育及产量的影响) . (江西农业大学学报) , 2008 , 30 : 427 - 432 Wei J L

利用两间玻璃室内夜间不同的温度条件,研究了全生育期夜间温度对早稻生长发育及产量的影响.与夜间常温对照相比,夜间高温处理明显加快早稻的秧苗出叶速率,显著提高秧苗素质;有利于分蘖的发生和生长,提高有效穗数.但夜间高温处理明显缩短了早稻的始穗期和剑叶叶绿素缓降期,减少颖花分化,结实率下降,产量降低.

2007

0.0

1.494

. 2007, 21:287-293

Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of middle-season indica super hybrid rice

(超级杂交中籼水稻物质生产特性分析) . (中国水稻科学) , 2007 , 21 : 287 - 293 Wu W G , Zhang H C , Qian Y F , Cheng Y , Xu J , Wu G C , Zhai C Q , Huo Z Y , Dai Q G . Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of middle-season indica super hybrid rice

Wu W G

(吴文革) , (张洪程) , (钱银飞) , (陈烨) , (徐军) , (吴桂成) , (翟超群) , (霍中洋) , (戴其根) . (超级杂交中籼水稻物质生产特性分析) . (中国水稻科学) , 2007 , 21 : 287 - 293 Wu W G

Six middle-season indica hybrid rice combinations(Shanyou 63 as CK) were used as experimental materials to study dry matter production characteristics of super hybrid rice.There were great advantages for super rice in dry matter production and accumulation and its yield rose as the increase of dry matter accumulation.Grain yield was not significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation before elongation stage,while significantly positively correlated(P<0.05) from elongation to heading stage and significantly positively correlated(P<0.01) from heading to maturity stage.There were more dry matter in vegetative organs at the heading stage in super rice but its contribution to yield was less than 148.5 kg/hm2 averagely(apparent translocation percentage was 2.5% lower than that of the control Shanyou 63).Along with the increase in leaf area index and leaf area duration,the crop growth rate rose.The mean of crop growth rate in super rice was 4542(m2·d)/hm2,higher than that of CK after transplanting.

以具代表性的5个籼型超级稻为材料, 用汕优63作对照, 比较研究了超级中籼杂交稻物质生产与分配的特性。超级稻具有显著的物质生产与积累优势, 产量随成熟期物质积累量的增加而提高。超级稻的物质生产优势集中在中期和后期, 产量与拔节前的干物质积累量相关不显著, 与拔节至抽穗期的积累量呈显著正相关, 与抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量呈极显著正相关; 超级稻抽穗期营养器官贮存了较多的结构物质但干物质表观输出量均低于对照, 平均少148.5 kg/hm2, 表观输出率也低, 平均低2.5个百分点。超级稻的叶面积及光合势的显著提高促进了群体生产率的提高, 大田期平均群体生产率比对照高4542 (m2·d)/hm2。

... 吴文革等^[16]研究认为, 超级杂交中籼稻中后期的叶面积较对照明显提高 ...

2011

0.0

1.667

. 2011, 37:1235-1248 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2011.01235

Characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of rice with different planting methods under high-yielding cultivation condition

(不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下的光合物质生产特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 1235 - 1248 Li J , Zhang H C , Chang Y , Gong J L , Guo Z H , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H . Characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of rice with different planting methods under high-yielding cultivation condition

Li J

(李杰) , (张洪程) , (常勇) , (龚金龙) , (郭振华) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) . (不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下的光合物质生产特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2011 , 37 : 1235 - 1248 Li J

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

To explore the characteristics of dry matter production and photosynthesis of rice under different planting methods in the rice-wheat cropping system in the lower Yangtze River, with early-maturing late japonica rice, late–maturing medium japonica rice and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (including japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as materials, we compared the dry matter accumulation, distribution, translocation and leaf area, photosynthetic potential (PP), crop growth rate(CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) of rice by using precisionartificial transplanting with middle and strong seedlings grown in dry nursery (ATR), mechanical transplanting with small seedlings (MTR) and direct seeding (DSR). Results showed that: (1) Rice yield by using different planting methods was significantly positively correlated with totaldry matter accumulation at maturity, dry matter accumulationfrom headingto maturity, and dry matter accumulation from jointing to heading under the premise of ensuring the dry matter accumulation appropriate at heading, but not with dry matter accumulation from sowing to jointing and the harvest index. (2) For dry matter weight of population, there was no significant difference among the three planting methods before jointing, after jointing ATR was the highest, followed by MTR, DSR was the lowest, and the difference was increasing with the growing process. However, the dry matter weight per stem of ATR was the highest, while that of DSR was the lowest in the whole growth period. (3) For dry matter accumulation at different stages, there was no significant difference among the three planting methods from sowing to jointing, but ATR was significantly higher than MTR, MTR was significantly higher than DSR at the stages from jointingto headingand from heading tomaturity. The ratio to total dry matter weight increased in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR from sowing to jointing, there was no many difference among them from jointing to heading, and reduced in turn for them from heading to maturity. (4) For dry matter distribution, the dry matter weight ratio of panicle and stem to total plant at maturity reduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, and that of leaf and sheath increased in turn for them. However,the ratio ofleaf at booting, heading and waxy ripe stages reduced in turn for them. (5) For dry matter export and transformation, the export rate and transformation rate of leaf and stem reduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, and the matter was transportedback in stem after waxy stage, the amount of matter transportedback for ATR was most, while that for DSR was least. The export rate in sheath was no many difference in generally, but the transformation rate for ATR and MTR was lower than that for DSR. (6) For photosynthetic production, before jointing, the leaf area index was generally no many difference for three planting methods, the PPreduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, and the CGR and NAR increased in turn. From jointing to heading, the PP also reduced in turn for ATR, MTR, DSR, but there was no significant difference for CGR and NAR. The leaf area rate of productive tillers at heading had no significant difference among different planting methods, but the leaf area rate from flag leaf to 3rd leaf of ATR was significantly higher than that of MTR, and MTR was significantly higher than that of DSR. After heading, the leaf area index, PP, CGR and NAR of ATR were the highest, while those of DSR were the lowest. The results suggested that dry matter and photosyntheticproduction of rice with different planting methods have their own characteristics. Compared to MTR and DSR, ATR has the advantages that the dry matter accumulation is appropriate in the early stage and significantly higher in the middle and late stage, so the total dry matter accumulation is significantly higher and its distribution is reasonable, the export and transformation rate is high, and the photosynthetic production capacity is great after heading.

为探明不同种植方式水稻在长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下的干物质及光合生产特征，以早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳3种类型水稻品种(含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻两种)为材料，对旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明，(1)不同种植方式水稻产量与总干物质积累量和抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量呈极显著正相关，与拔节至抽穗期的干物质积累量(在确保抽穗期干物质积累量适宜的前提下)也呈极显著正相关，与播种至拔节期干物质积累量和收获指数相关不显著；(2)群体干物重拔节前无明显差异，拔节后均是手栽稻最高，机插稻次之，直播稻最小，并随生育进程差异越来越大，而单茎干物重整个生育期都是手栽稻最大，直播稻最小；(3)阶段干物质积累上，播种至拔节期差异较小，拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期都是手栽稻极显著高于机插稻，机插稻极显著高于直播稻，占总干物重的比例播种至拔节期手栽、机插、直播依次增大，拔节至抽穗期大体相当，抽穗至成熟期依次降低；(4)干物质分配上，成熟期穗和茎干物重占总干物重的比例手栽、机插、直播依次降低，而叶和鞘的比例依次增大，但叶的比例在孕穗、抽穗、蜡熟3个时期手栽、机插、直播依次降低；(5)物质输出和转化上，叶、茎物质输出率和转化率手栽、机插、直播依次降低，且蜡熟期后茎都有物质回运现象，手栽回运的最多，直播最少；鞘物质输出率相当，转化率手栽和机插低于直播；(6)光合生产上，拔节前不同种植方式水稻叶面积指数相当，光合势手栽、机插、直播依次降低，群体生长率和净同化率依次增大；拔节至抽穗期，光合势也是依次降低，群体生长率和净同化率差异较小；抽穗期有效叶面积率不同种植方式水稻间没有明显差异，而高效叶面积率手栽极显著高于机插，机插又极显著高于直播；抽穗以后，叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长率和净同化率均是手栽最大，直播最小。说明不同种植方式水稻干物质和光合生产有各自特征，与机插稻和直播稻相比，手栽稻前期物质积累量适宜，中后期物质积累量显著高，干物质总量大而且分配合理，运输转化效率高，抽穗后光合生产能力强。

... 李杰等^[17]在稻-麦两熟制条件下的研究表明, 拔节期后手栽稻的叶面积极显著高于机插稻, 机插稻又极显著高于直播稻 ...

2004

0.0

0.3962

. 2004, (5):6-9

Comparison of dry matter accumulation between rice nursing seedlings scattering and other planting patterns

(水稻乳苗抛栽与其它栽培方式干物质生产特性的比较研究) . (辽宁农业科学) , 2004 , ( 5 ): 6 - 9 Ma D R , Chen W F , Su Y S , Li L X , Gao F . Comparison of dry matter accumulation between rice nursing seedlings scattering and other planting patterns

Ma D R

(马殿荣) , (陈温福) , (苏英山) , (李磊鑫) , (高峰) . (水稻乳苗抛栽与其它栽培方式干物质生产特性的比较研究) . (辽宁农业科学) , 2004 , ( 5 ): 6 - 9 Ma D R

对水稻乳苗抛栽和手插秧、抛秧、水直播的干物积累与分配进行了分析.结果表明,不同群体经济产量与总干物质积累量、抽穗期至灌浆期的干物质积累速度之间的正相关达极显著水平,与抽穗前干物质积累量的正相关未达显著水平,与抽穗后的干物质积累量呈极显著正相关.水稻乳苗抛栽干物质积累速度低,抽穗灌浆期至成熟期绿叶和茎鞘干重比例较高,抽穗后干物质积累量低.

... 马殿荣等^[18]研究认为, 不同栽培方式水稻产量与干物质积累总量呈极显著正相关 ...

1998

0.0

... 前人研究表明, 高产水稻一般前中期叶茎鞘等器官贮藏的光合产物多, 后期光合产物分配于穗部的比例大, 且叶茎鞘的贮藏物质能较多地运转到穗部^[19] ...