机械化种植对杂交籼稻F优498产量构成与株型特征的影响

引用本文

雷小龙, 刘利, 刘波, 黄光忠, 郭翔, 马荣朝, 任万军. 机械化种植对杂交籼稻F优498产量构成与株型特征的影响. 作物学报, 40(4): 719-730
LEI Xiao-Long, LIU Li, LIU Bo, HUANG Guang-Zhong, GUO Xiang, MA Rong-Chao, REN Wan-Jun. Effects of Mechanized Planting Methods on Yield Components and Plant Type Characteristics ofIndica Hybrid Rice Fyou 498 . 作物学报, 40(4): 719-730 复制到剪切板

Permissions

作物学报编辑部

机械化种植对杂交籼稻F优498产量构成与株型特征的影响

雷小龙¹, 刘利¹, 刘波¹, 黄光忠², 郭翔³, 马荣朝^1,^*, 任万军^1,^*

¹四川农业大学 / 农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 四川温江 611130

²成都市郫县农村发展局, 四川郫县 611730

³四川省农业气象中心, 四川成都 610066

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 马荣朝, E-mail:marongcao@163.com; 任万军, E-mail:rwjun@126.com

收稿日期:2014-01-12

基金:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B05, 2013BAD07B13-2)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)资助。

摘要

为探明机械化种植杂交籼稻高产群体的株型特征, 以F优498为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 研究了不同穴苗数与播期下机直播、机插、手插3种种植方式的株型特征及其与产量构成的关系。结果表明: (1) 不同种植方式株型特征差异显著, 机直播和机插上三叶叶长、叶宽和叶间距大, 但叶基角和披垂度也较大; 手插上三叶大小适宜, 叶片厚而挺直; 机直播和机插株高和着生高度显著大于手插, 但手插比叶重、单株穗数和总叶片数显著高于机械化种植; 机直播的茎蘖夹角、穗粒数和单穗重显著低于机插和手插。推迟播期和低苗处理均使叶片增大, 比叶重、粒叶比、单株穗数、穗粒数和结实率随播期延迟显著降低。单穗重与上三叶长度、宽度、着生高度和株高均呈显著或极显著正相关, 以机插最高, 手插次之, 机直播最低。(2) 机直播产量显著低于机插和手插, 且随播期延迟和穴苗数减少显著降低。产量及其构成与株型特征密切相关, 机械化种植杂交籼稻高产株型的显著特征为适宜的株高、上三叶长度、群体LAI和茎集散度; 叶宽、比叶重、叶间距大和直立性好。足穗和大穗的统一是实现水稻高产的关键, 塑造个体优良的株型与优化群体结构是增产的前提, 机械化种植杂交籼稻应在时间允许的条件下尽早播栽, 穴苗数以3苗左右为宜。

关键词: 杂交籼稻; 机械化种植; 株型; 产量; 穗部性状

Effects of Mechanized Planting Methods on Yield Components and Plant Type Characteristics ofIndica Hybrid Rice Fyou 498

LEI Xiao-Long¹, LIU Li¹, LIU Bo¹, HUANG Guang-Zhong², GUO Xiang³, MA Rong-Chao^1,^*, REN Wan-Jun^1,^*

¹Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, China

² Pixian Bureau of Rural Development, Pixian 611730, China

³ Agrometeorological Center of Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, Chengdu 610066, China

Fund:

Abstract

In order to identify plant type characteristics of high-yield population ofindica hybrid rice using mechanized planting methods, a split plot field experiment was conducted using Fyou 498 as material. The plant type characteristics and their relationships with yield components in treatments of mechanized direct-seeding, mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting with different seedlings per hill and different sowing dates were studied. The main results were as follows: (1) The traits of plant type differed markedly among the treatments of three planting methods. The length, width and leaf distance of top three leaves as well as blade tangent and drooping angle were larger under mechanized direct-seeding and transplanting. The top three leaves were erect with proper leaf area in the treatment of artificial transplanting. Plant height and leaf size of top three leaves were significantly larger in the treatments of mechanized direct-seeding and transplanting than in that of artificial transplanting. However, specific leaf weight, panicles per plant and total leaves were greater under artificial transplanting than under mechanized planting. For culm angle, spikelets and grain weight per panicle, the ranking orders of treatments were mechanized transplanting > artificial transplanting > mechanized direct-seeding. Leaf area increased with delaying sowing date or decreasing seedling number per hill and late sowing reduced the ratio of grain number to leaf area, panicles per plant, spikelets per panicle and seed-setting rate markedly. A significantly positive correlation was observed between grain weight per panicle and length, width, inserted height of leaf and plant height. Grain weight per plant was lower under mechanized direct-seeding than under mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting. (2) The yield was significantly lower under mechanized direct-seeding than under mechanized transplanting and under artificial transplanting, which decreased by delaying sowing date or decreasing seedling number per hill. There were significant correlations between some traits of plant type and yield as well as its components. The notable characteristics of high-yield plant type in mechanized planting were proper plant height, length of top three leaves, LAI and culm angle. Meanwhile, the larger leaf width, specific leaf weight, leaf distance of top three leaves, erect leaves, adequate panicle number and large panicles were critical to high yield. Good plant type characteristics of individuality and optimal population structure are a prerequisite for increasing yield.Indica hybrid rice should be sowed earlier as the time allows with three seedlings per hill approximately in mechanized planting.

Keyword: Indica hybrid rice; Mechanized planting methods; Plant type; Yield; Panicle traits

Show Figures

中国约有2/3的人口以稻米为主食^{[ 1]}, 快速的经济发展导致耕地锐减将使其面临粮食紧缺问题^{[ 2, 3]}, 因此, 必须通过提高单产实现水稻稳产增产。育种与栽培学家一直将提高水稻增产潜力作为主要目标^{[ 4]}, 水稻高产不仅需要足够的个体数量, 也要提高群体内各个体质量^{[ 5]}。水稻抽穗期株型是决定产量的关键性因素, 显著影响冠层的光合作用^{[ 6]}。为进一步挖掘水稻增产潜力, 水稻育种以塑造“理想株型”为指南^{[ 4]}, 在特定生产条件下将有利于高产性状的最佳组配^{[ 7]}, 包括个体和群体2个水平^{[ 8]}。个体株型包括株高、上三叶叶形和穗型特征, 群体特征含叶面积指数、粒叶比和收获指数等形态指标^{[ 1, 9]}。水稻株型特征与单穗重、产量及栽培措施等密切相关^{[ 10]}。因此, 了解水稻高产的株型特征有利于育种和优化栽培措施。近年来, 随着经济结构的转变, 中国农村优质劳动力不足, 水稻种植迫切需要向轻简化、机械化、规模化方向发展^{[ 11]}。中国已形成机(手)插为主体、多种种植方式并存的水稻种植模式, 目前水稻种植机械化由快速向高速发展^{[ 12]}。有关机械化种植杂交籼稻的株型结构的研究鲜有报道, 且四川盆地稻田周年种植模式以菜—稻和油(麦)—稻为主^{[ 13]}, 探讨杂交籼稻高产种植技术及其株型特征具有实际意义。为此, 本研究选用应用广泛的籼型杂交中稻F优498为材料, 探讨不同穴苗数与播期下机械穴直播和机插的株型特征及产量构成, 并分析株型指标与产量因子的相关性, 以期探明杂交籼稻机械化种植高产群体的株型特征, 为制定高产机械化种植配套技术和选育适宜机械化种植的杂交籼稻品种提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料与种植条件

2012年和2013年在成都市郫县古城镇花牌村基地(30°52′N, 103°55′E)种植籼型杂交中稻F优498。该基地位于成都平原都江堰自流灌溉区, 属亚热带湿润性季风气候区。试验地前茬为蔬菜, 土壤属灰棕冲积土母质发育而成的水稻土, 质地为中壤。0~20 cm土层pH为5.85, 含有机质30.85 g kg^-1、全氮1.85 g kg^-1、全磷1.10 g kg^-1、全钾28.90 g kg^-1、碱解氮88.39 mg kg^-1、速效磷149.71 mg kg^-1、速效钾40.10 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计与田间管理

二因素裂区设计, 种植方式为主区, 设机械穴直播(MD)、机插(MT)、手插(AT) 3个处理; 2012年以穴苗数为副区, 设低苗(L)和高苗(H) 2个处理, 2013年以播期为副区, 分早播(ES)和迟播(LS) 2个处理, 试验设计和秧苗素质见表1。机械穴直播(以下简称机直播)用行穴距可调、播量可控的2BD-10精量穴直播机播种, 机插用洋马VP6高速插秧机插秧。小区间用塑料薄膜包埂隔离, 单独肥水管理。小区面积36 m², 重复3次。施纯氮180 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4, 其中基蘖肥以基肥∶分蘖肥=2∶1、穗肥以促花肥∶保花肥=5∶5施用。按N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=2∶1∶2确定磷、钾肥施用量, 磷肥作基肥一次性施用, 钾肥按基肥∶穗肥(促花肥)=5∶5施用, 两年主要生育期的气象条件见表2。机直播分蘖肥于四叶一心期施用, 基肥和穗肥的施用与机插处理一致, 其他管理措施按当地高产栽培要求实施。

1.3 测定项目与方法

栽插后5 d (直播四叶期)从每小区选取长势较一致的连续20株, 用红绳圈定并标记叶龄, 对水稻植株分蘖的发生情况挂牌追踪。每个主茎及分蘖挂上标签, 在标签上写好分蘖的次级和叶位, 每5 d挂牌和标记叶龄一次。于抽穗期和成熟期2013年按平均茎数取样4株, 2012年取抽穗一致的主茎8茎。按叶位测定各单茎株高和茎蘖夹角(分蘖与主茎的夹角), 所有绿叶的叶长和叶宽, 上三叶叶基角(叶片基部挺直部分与茎秆的夹角)、叶开角(叶枕至叶尖连线与茎秆的夹角)和叶枕距地面高度; 成熟期测定穗

表1 试验设计和秧苗素质 Table 1 Experimental design and seedling quality

表2 主要生育期的气象资料 Table 2 Meteorological condition in major growth period

长、穗弯曲度(穗颈与穗间连线与茎秆的夹角)和穗颈节距地面高度, 并按叶位测定各叶片的干重。成熟期根据分蘖的标签将各级分蘖分开, 单独收获和考种, 测定穗长、穗粒数等穗部性状, 并测定结实率和粒重, 单独称重。以各小区调查60穴计穗数, 并实收核产。叶面积(cm²) = 0.75×叶长(cm) × 叶宽(cm); 比叶重(mg cm^-2) = 叶片干重(g)/叶面积(cm²) × 1000; 披垂度(°) = 叶开角(°) - 叶基角(°); 穗颈长度(cm)=穗颈节距地面高度(cm) - 剑叶叶枕距地面高度(cm); 着粒密度(grain cm^-1) = 穗粒数/穗长(cm)。

1.4 统计分析

应用Microsoft Excel 2007整理、处理数据, SAS 9.0软件进行其他统计分析。用LSD (least significant difference tests)比较样本平均数的差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 种植方式对叶型的影响

2.1.1 叶形由表3可见, 2012年水稻上三叶叶长均表现为机直播>机插>手插, 2013年水稻的剑叶和倒二叶则以手插最长, 机插倒三叶显著长于机直播和手插处理。机直播的剑叶和倒三叶长度随播期延迟明显增长, 倒二叶略有减小, 机插与机直播趋势相反, 手插的上三叶随之增长。从叶宽来看, 2012年机直播上三叶显著大于机插和手插处理, 2013年水稻上三叶叶宽均以机插处理最大, 剑叶以机直播最小, 倒二、倒三叶以手插最小。叶宽随播期延迟和穴苗数降低均呈增大的趋势, 种植方式与播期的互作对剑叶宽度有显著影响, 机插和手插随播期延迟显著增大, 手插反而减小。手插上三叶比叶重显著高于机直播和机插处理, 机直播与机插差异不显著。随播期延迟, 3种种植方式的比叶重均显著降低。种植方式和播期对倒二叶比叶重存在显著的交互效应, 机直播和机插随播期延迟显著减小, 手插反而略有增加。一次分蘖叶形的变化趋势与主茎基本一致。综合来看, 机直播和机插的叶片宽大, 手插处理比叶重高; 播期延迟使叶片变大, 但比叶重显著降低。

2.1.2 叶姿叶姿是影响水稻捕获和利用太阳光能力的重要因素, 主要表现为叶片的高度与直立性等。表4表明, 手插的株高显著低于机直播和机插处理, 机直播与机插差异不显著。种植方式与播期的互作对株高影响显著, 机插和手插均随播期延迟显著增大, 机直播反而减小。剑叶着生高度随株高增加而增加, 2012年剑叶着生高度表现为机直播>机插>手插, 其中机直播显著高于机插和手插; 2013年以机插最高, 主茎以手插最低, 一次分蘖以机直播最低。不同种植方式间剑叶与倒二叶间距差异不显著, 差异主要表现在倒二叶与倒三叶间距上, 2012年表现为手插高于机插和机直播, 2013年则是机插显著大于机直播和手插。种植方式和播期对倒二叶与倒三叶间距存在显著的交互效应, 机插和手插随播期延迟显著减小, 机直播反而有所增大。虽然推迟播期使株高增加, 但倒二叶与倒三叶间距却显著减小。从叶片的直立性来看, 2012年机直播处理剑叶叶基角显著高于机插和手插, 倒二、倒三叶叶基角均是手插>机插>机直播; 2013年种植方式对叶片上三叶叶基角影响不显著, 随着播期延迟, 机直播和手插主茎的叶基角增大, 机插反而减小, 一次分蘖叶基角总体呈减小的趋势。从披垂度来看, 机直播剑叶显著低于机插和手插, 2012年倒二、三叶均为机直播>机插>手插, 其中机直播倒三叶显著高于手插; 2013年倒二、三叶以机插最大。随播期延迟, 机直播上三叶披垂度呈增大的趋势, 机插和手插有所减低。综合来看, 机直播和机插株高和上三叶叶位高, 叶片间距大, 但直立性偏差; 手插株高较低, 叶片间距偏小, 叶片短而厚, 直立性好, 有利于下部叶片受光。

2.1.3 叶面积指数和粒叶比表5表明, 机直播单株穗数显著低于机插和手插处理, 且随播期延迟显著降低。茎蘖夹角以机插最大, 手插次之, 机直播最小, 其中机插显著高于机直播, 且随播期延迟显著减小。手插总叶数显著高于机插, 机插显著高于机直播, 手插较机直播和机插分别多1.73叶和0.84叶, 晚播较迟播处理少1.03叶。不同种植方式抽穗期的LAI差异不显著, 随播期延迟显著增大。种植方式对倒三叶至剑叶的LAI影响也不显著, 播期对倒三叶的LAI有显著影响, 随播期延迟显著增加, 但不同播期间倒二叶和剑叶的LAI差异不显著。因此, 播期延迟主要增大低叶位的叶面积, 对倒二叶和剑叶影响很小。不同种植方式间高效叶面积率和粒叶比差异不显著, 但随播期延迟均显著降低。种植方式与播期的互作对粒叶比存在显著的交互作用, 机插和手插随播期延迟显著降低, 机直播反而增加。虽然迟播处理增大了LAI, 但粒叶比低, 播期延迟仍会显著影响群体质量和群体光合生产力。

2.2 种植方式对产量构成和穗型的影响

两年机直播产量均显著低于机插和手插(表6), 机插与手插差异不显著, 2012年手插高于机插, 2013年机插产量略高于手插。不同种植方式产量随播期延迟而减少, 随穴苗数增加而增加。两年穗数分别为机插>手插>机直播和机直播>手插>机插, 差异均不显著; 每穗粒数则以机插最高, 手插次之, 机直播最低, 种植方式与播期的互作对每穗粒数影响显著, 机插和手插均随播期延迟显著降低, 机直播反而增加; 机直播的结实率显著低于机插和手插, 且随播期延迟显著降低; 种植方式和播期对粒重存在显著的交互效应, 推迟播期使机直播的粒重显著降低, 机插和手插却有所增加。从穗部性状来看, 2012年手插穗长显著长于机直播和机插处理, 2013年表现却相反; 穗颈长度均表现为机直播>机插>手插, 种植方式与播期的互作对穗颈长度影响显著, 机直播随播期延迟而减小, 机插和手插处理显著增加。

表3 不同种植方式的叶形 Table 3 Leaf shape under different planting methods

处理 Treatment		叶长Leaf length (cm)			叶宽Leaf width (cm)			比叶重Specific leaf weight (mg cm^-2)
处理 Treatment		剑叶 FL	倒二叶 L2	倒三叶 L3	剑叶 FL	倒二叶 L2	倒三叶 L3	剑叶 FL	倒二叶 L2	倒三叶 L3
2012, 主茎 Main stem
机直播MD	L	57.23 a	64.06 a	59.22 a	2.39 a	1.95 a	1.71 a	4.95 a	4.75 a	4.66 a
	H	57.63 a	65.14 a	56.48 a	2.31 a	1.84 a	1.52 b	4.92 a	4.90 a	4.67 a
	Mean	57.43 a	64.60 a	57.85 a	2.35 a	1.90 a	1.61 a	4.93 a	4.83 a	4.66 b
机插 MT	L	54.80 a	59.74 a	53.25 a	2.11 a	1.76 a	1.59 a	4.99 a	4.96 a	4.79 a
	H	51.92 a	57.54 a	54.30 a	2.11 a	1.80 a	1.58 a	5.04 a	4.97 a	4.82 a
	Mean	53.36 b	58.64 b	53.78 b	2.11 b	1.78 b	1.58 a	5.02 a	4.96 a	4.81 ab
手插 AT	L	47.43 a	53.25 a	49.65 a	1.99 a	1.72 a	1.54 a	4.99 a	5.05 a	5.10 a
	H	50.24 a	51.78 a	48.32 a	1.99 a	1.67 a	1.54 a	5.10 a	5.01 a	4.79 a
	Mean	48.84 c	52.51 c	48.99 c	1.99 c	1.69 b	1.54 a	5.05 a	5.03 a	4.95 a
F值 F-value	P	20.68^**	63.40^**	40.08^**	27.02^**	13.24^**	2.69	0.09	0.49	3.27
	S	0.01	0.97	1.56	0.46	1.32	5.78^*	0.04	0.05	1.03
	P×S	2.28	1.29	1.87	0.49	1.98	5.23^*	0.03	0.11	1.42
2013, 主茎 Main stem
机直播MD	ES	46.74 a	59.87 a	50.66 b	2.10 a	1.75 b	1.51 b	4.66 a	5.02 a	4.90 a
	LS	50.36 a	56.70 a	55.50 a	1.99 b	1.88 a	1.60 a	4.51 a	4.33 b	4.20 b
	Mean	48.55 a	58.28 a	53.08 b	2.04 b	1.81 a	1.56 ab	4.59 a	4.68 b	4.55 b
机插MT	ES	50.49 a	53.93 a	51.84 b	2.10 b	1.73 b	1.54 b	4.77 a	5.05 a	4.83 a
	LS	45.22 a	58.43 a	63.11 a	2.26 a	1.92 a	1.71 a	4.37 b	4.41 b	4.56 b
	Mean	47.86 a	56.18 a	57.48 a	2.18 a	1.83 a	1.63 a	4.57 a	4.73 b	4.69 ab
手插 AT	ES	48.55 a	54.63 a	47.48 b	1.95 b	1.75 b	1.45 b	4.92 a	4.89 b	4.99 a
	LS	53.48 a	63.26 a	51.58 a	2.21 a	1.88 a	1.58 a	4.66 b	5.01 a	4.64 b
	Mean	51.01 a	58.94 a	49.53 b	2.08 ab	1.81 a	1.52 b	4.79 a	4.95 a	4.82 a
F值 F-value	P	0.85	0.82	13.12^**	4.28	0.11	3.48	3.21	13.16^**	3.95
	D	0.28	3.27	28.16^**	7.00^*	28.07^**	13.80^**	11.81^*	77.06^**	32.41^**
	P×D	2.37	3.55	3.22	8.28^*	0.53	0.42	0.85	32.77^**	2.82
2013, 一次分蘖 Primary tiller
机直播MD	ES	42.44 a	57.62 a	48.75 b	2.06 a	1.76 a	1.51 a	4.40 a	4.43 a	4.33 a
	LS	47.91 a	56.04 a	52.14 a	1.93 b	1.81 a	1.55 a	4.13 b	3.95 b	3.81 b
	Mean	45.17 a	56.83 a	50.44 b	2.00 b	1.78 a	1.53 b	4.27 b	4.19 b	4.07 b
机插MT	ES	47.09 a	52.18 b	51.22 b	2.04 b	1.72 b	1.54 b	4.69 a	4.63 a	4.59 a
	LS	43.98 a	57.58 a	62.15 a	2.27 a	1.95 a	1.72 a	3.97 b	4.14 b	4.23 b
	Mean	45.54 a	54.88 a	56.68 a	2.16 a	1.83 a	1.63 a	4.33 b	4.39 ab	4.41 a
手插AT	ES	48.48 a	55.29 b	47.17 b	1.96 b	1.77 b	1.56 b	4.79 a	4.49 b	4.24 a
	LS	46.88 a	59.81 a	52.74 a	2.10 a	1.85 a	1.62 a	4.30 b	4.56 a	4.29 a
	Mean	47.68 a	57.55 a	49.95 b	2.03 b	1.81 a	1.59 ab	4.55 a	4.53 a	4.26 ab
F值 F-value	P	1.25	2.17	8.68^*	14.42^**	1.01	5.27^*	7.49^*	4.51	5.99^*
	D	0.03	6.57^*	20.30^**	9.32^*	16.53^**	13.79^**	61.48^**	10.59^*	12.02^*
	P×D	3.59	4.10	2.31	18.14^**	4.00	2.49	4.38	3.92	4.36

同列中标以不同小写字母的值达0.05显著水平。^*,^**分别表示方差分析在0.05和0.01水平上显著。P: 种植方式; S: 穴苗数; D: 播期; P×S: 种植方式与穴苗数的互作; P×D: 种植方式与播期的互作。其他缩写同表1。

Values within a colum followed by a different small letter are significantly different at P < 0.05.^*,^** denote significance in variance analysis at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. P: planting method; S: seedling number per hill; D: sowing date; P×S: interaction between planting method and seedling number per hill; P×D: interaction between planting method and sowing date treatment; FL: flag leaf; L2: the 2nd leaf; L3: the 3rd leaf. The leaf order was counted from the top. Other abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.

表3 不同种植方式的叶形 Table 3 Leaf shape under different planting methods

表4 不同种植方式的叶姿 Table 4 Leaf posture under different planting methods

处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)		剑叶着生高度 Inserted height of FL (cm)	剑叶与倒二叶间距 Distance between FL and L2	倒二叶与倒三叶间距 Distance between L2 and L3	叶基角 Blade tangent angle (°)			披垂度 Drooping angle (°)
处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)		剑叶着生高度 Inserted height of FL (cm)	剑叶与倒二叶间距 Distance between FL and L2	倒二叶与倒三叶间距 Distance between L2 and L3	剑叶 FL	倒二叶 L2	倒三叶 L3	剑叶 FL	倒二叶 L2	倒三叶 L3
2012,主茎 Main stem
机直播MD	L		114.82 a	87.04 a	27.48 a	13.11 a	10.46 a	13.61 a	19.16 a	4.40 a	9.54 a	9.10 a
	H		117.60 a	90.06 a	28.46 a	13.67 a	9.93 a	14.33 a	19.77 a	4.38 a	7.53 a	10.13 a
	Mean		116.21 a	88.55 a	27.97 a	13.39 a	10.19 a	13.97 a	19.46 a	4.39 b	8.54 a	9.62 a
机插MT	L		114.97 a	87.18 a	29.19 a	12.31 a	6.83 a	15.00 a	20.78 a	6.81 a	8.03 a	6.25 a
	H		111.65 a	85.84 a	28.66 a	11.86 a	6.33 a	14.61 a	18.89 a	7.78 a	7.44 a	8.44 a
	Mean		113.31 ab	86.51 ab	28.92 a	12.08 b	6.58 b	14.81 a	19.83 a	7.29 a	7.74 a	7.35 ab
手插AT	L		113.33 a	86.22 a	27.80 a	14.29 a	7.19 a	14.38 a	21.07 a	7.14 a	5.90 a	6.88 a
	H		110.03 a	82.77 a	27.73 a	14.02 a	5.53 a	16.03 a	21.67 a	6.44 a	5.97 a	6.03 a
	Mean		111.68 b	84.49 b	27.77 a	14.15 a	6.36 b	15.20 a	21.34 a	6.79 a	5.94 a	6.45 b
F值 F-value	P		5.33^*	5.38^*	0.54	9.63^*	9.04^*	1.09	1.88	10.74^*	3.45	5.86^*
	S		1.25	0.34	0.02	0.02	1.17	0.91	0.07	0.02	1.03	1.04
	P×S		3.13	3.57	0.21	0.64	0.22	0.72	0.96	0.79	0.55	1.30
2013, 主茎 Main stem
机直播MD	ES	116.90 a		89.42 a	31.27 a	12.22 a	5.89 b	12.33 a	19.11 a	7.22 a	12.22 a	10.78 a
	LS	114.56 b		85.64 a	30.88 a	12.32 a	6.56 a	13.33 a	16.56 a	6.22 b	15.67 a	13.11 a
	Mean	115.73 a		87.53 a	31.07 a	12.27 b	6.22 a	12.83 a	17.83 a	6.72 b	13.94 a	11.94 a
机插MT	ES	112.97 b		86.73 a	29.72 a	15.74 a	7.11 a	14.67 a	19.33 a	10.44 a	14.89 a	13.67 a
	LS	119.97 a		91.12 a	30.68 a	13.23 b	5.44 b	11.22 a	19.22 a	7. 67 b	17.44 a	11.89 a
	Mean	116.47 a		88.93 a	30.20 a	14.49 a	6.28 a	12.94 a	19.28 a	9.06 a	16.17 a	12.78 a
手插AT	ES	107.02 b		82.87 a	30.17 a	12.58 a	4.00 b	14.83 a	18.67 a	9.83 a	15.33 a	9.17 a
	LS	114.16 a		86.34 a	29.52 a	10.56 b	8.56 a	13.89 a	19.44 a	7.33 b	13.56 a	6.67 a
	Mean	110.59 b		84.61 b	29.84 a	11.57 b	6.28 a	14.36 a	19.06 a	8.58 a	14.44 a	7.92 b
F值 F-value	P	17.30^**		7.57^*	1.01	13.66^**	0.01	1.00	0.79	5.63^*	1.89	13.76^**
	D	19.58^**		2.17	0.00	9.66^*	5.48^*	1.33	0.39	12.15^*	2.06	0.64
	P×D	12.48^**		7.78^*	0.47	2.84	12.84^**	1.72	0.97	0.85	2.71	3.46
一次分蘖 Primary tiller
机直播MD	ES	110.88 a		83.31 a	29.69 a	10.59 b	5.85 a	12.65 a	19.30 a	5.84 a	15.49 a	10.89 a
	LS	106.30 b		78.09 a	27.76 a	12.16 a	5.44 a	12.95 a	16.53 b	6.10 a	13.61 a	10.97 a
	Mean	108.59 ab		80.70 a	28.73 a	11.37 b	5.65 a	12.80 a	17.92 a	5.97 b	14.55 a	10.93 a
机插MT	ES	108.27 b		84.62 a	28.03 a	16.55 a	6.05 a	15.22 a	18.86 a	7.61 a	13.00 a	11.51 a
	LS	115.96 a		85.81 a	27.32 a	11.95 b	6.20 a	12.87 a	17.43 a	5.28 a	10.63 a	13.44 a
	Mean	112.12 a		85.21 a	27.67 a	14.25 a	6.13 a	14.04 a	18.14 a	6.45 b	11.82 a	12.47 a
手插AT	ES	103.40 b		79.63 a	27.71 a	14.19 a	4.55 a	16.64 a	21.36 a	9.28 a	16.00 a	11.05 a
	LS	109.55 a		83.18 a	27.33 a	11.81 b	6.49 a	12.36 a	18.35 b	7.47 a	11.66 a	10.07 a
	Mean	106.48 b		81.40 a	27.52 a	13.00 ab	5.52 a	14.50 a	19.86 a	8.37 a	13.83 a	10.56 a
F值 F-value	P	7.05^*		3.36	0.42	6.67^*	0.66	1.03	3.43	5.65^*	0.87	2.38
	D	6.23^*		0.01	0.75	7.84^*	1.53	4.45	13.18^*	4.40	2.67	0.20
	P×D	9.72^*		2.94	0.16	7.84^*	2.44	1.76	0.56	1.64	0.19	1.26

同列中标以不同小写字母的值达0.05显著水平。^*,^**分别表示方差分析在0.05和0.01水平上显著。缩写同表1和表3。

表4 不同种植方式的叶姿 Table 4 Leaf posture under different planting methods

表5 不同种植方式的茎蘖夹角、叶面积指数和粒叶比(2013年) Table 5 Angle between main stem and tiller, LAI and ratio of grain to leaf area under different planting methods in 2013

穗弯曲度和每穗粒数机直播均小于机插和手插处理。2013年着粒密度表现为机直播显著低于机插和手插, 说明机直播穗长粒少, 籽粒分布相对松散; 机插与手插枝梗和籽粒多, 籽粒分布较为集中; 2012年呈相反的趋势, 这可能与气象条件影响穗长形成有关。不同种植方式主茎单穗重差异不显著, 一次分蘖却表现为机插>手插>机直播, 随穴苗数增加和播期延迟均显著减小。

2.3 株型指标与产量构成因子的相关性分析

表7表明, 上三叶叶长、茎蘖夹角和株高与穗长、每穗粒数、着粒密度和单穗重呈显著或极显著正相关, 剑叶长与穗颈长度呈负相关, 与颈穗弯曲度呈显著正相关, 倒二、倒三叶的相关性表现相反。上三叶叶宽与穗颈长度呈正相关, 剑叶宽度与穗长、颈穗弯曲度、每穗粒数、着粒密度和单穗重呈显著或极显著负相关, 倒二、倒三叶与这些穗部性状呈正相关。穗长、颈穗弯曲度、每穗粒数、着粒密度和单穗重与剑叶和倒二叶叶基角大都呈显著或极显著正相关, 与倒三叶叶基角呈显著或极显著负相关。上三叶披垂度与穗长和单穗重呈显著或极显著负相关。穗长、颈穗弯曲度、每穗粒数、着粒密度和单穗重与剑叶着生高度呈极显著负相关, 倒二、三叶表现相反。结果表明, 适当增大上三叶叶长、叶宽, 增加株高、倒二、三叶着生高度, 减小披垂度, 有利于增加穗长和穗粒数从而提高单穗重。

从表8可知, 产量与上三叶叶长、叶宽、披垂度和着生高度呈负相关, 多数达显著或极显著水平。穗数与上三叶叶宽、叶基角、着生高度和株高呈负相关。每穗粒数与上三叶叶长、叶宽和株高呈负相关, 与着生高度和茎蘖夹角多呈正相关。结实率和粒重与上三叶叶宽、叶基角、株高和着生高度呈正相关, 与上三叶叶长呈负相关。群体LAI与上三叶叶长、叶宽、着生高度和株高多呈显著或极显著正相关, 与叶基角、披垂度和茎蘖夹角大都呈显著或极显著负相关。粒叶比与上三叶叶长、叶宽、着生高度和株高均呈显著或极显著负相关。总叶片数与产量呈极显著正相关, 与穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、粒重、LAI和粒叶比均呈负相关。说明, 上三叶叶长、叶宽和着生高度对产量的影响是负向的, 茎蘖夹角对产量影响是正向的; 上三叶叶长和叶宽对LAI影响是正向的, 叶基角、披垂度和着生高度对群体LAI影响是负向的。叶片过长, 虽能增大群体叶面积, 但会减小粒叶比, 降低产量, 适宜的叶片大小更有助于提高群体产量; 适宜的茎蘖夹角有利于增大粒叶比, 从而提高产量。

表7 株型指标与穗部性状的相关系数(2012-2013, n=128)

3 讨论

3.1 不同种植方式对株型结构的影响水稻株型结构与产量关系密切^{[ 10]}, 受遗传因子、栽培措施和生态条件的制约^{[ 14]}。优良的株型结构是高产的骨架^{[ 15]}, 水稻的长势主要体现在群体叶片数量和质量上。上三叶生长发育与穗分化同步进行, 高效叶面积与穗部性状密切相关^{[ 16]}。马均等^{[ 10]}认为理想的重穗型杂交稻剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶长度分别达到40~45 cm、50~55 cm、50~60 cm, 宽度分别为2.0~2.2 cm、1.6~1.8 cm、1.4~1.6 cm。本试验两年上三叶叶长表现不同, 2012年机直播>机插>手插, 2013年手插显著长于机直播和机插, 手插处理基本符合该范围, 推迟播期和降低穴苗数叶长显著增长; 两年分别表现为机直播和手插处理叶片宽大, 其原因可能是不同种植方式生育进程不同, 上三叶生长期的气象条件有明显差异, 2012年机直播和迟播处理这一时期降雨量均显著增加。比叶重高有利于扩大叶源量且直立性好^{[ 17]}, 袁隆平^{[ 9]}认为上三叶应挺直、窄、凹、厚, 上三叶比叶重以机直播最低, 机插次之, 手插最高, 且随播期延迟均显著降低。理想株型着眼于塑造优良的受光姿态^{[ 18]}, 一般认为剑叶叶角小, 倒二、倒三叶叶角顺次增大的宝塔形叶层结构, 其光合利用率高。叶间距影响下层的通风受光条件, 株高增加, 着生高度也随之增加, 但叶间距表现不一, 机插处理倒二叶与倒三叶间距最大, 有助于基部叶片受光。适宜的LAI能提高叶片的光能利用率, 达到强源的作用, 本试验的机插和手插群体LAI略低于机直播, 但高效LAI差异不显著, 最终并未减产, 说明适中的LAI有利于改善田间通透条件。水稻穗部性状是水稻能否高产的重要表现, 马均等^{[ 10]}认为重穗型品种理想的穗部性状为单穗重4.8 g以上, 每穗粒数180~240粒, 千粒重28~30 g。李红宇等^{[ 19]}的研究表明, 东北高产品种穗型直立或半直立(颈穗弯曲度<60°), 收获指数>0.52。袁隆平^{[ 9]}

Table 7 Correlation coefficients between plant type indexes and panicle traits (2012-2013, n=128)

性状 Trait	穗长 Panicle length	穗颈长度 Panicle neck exertion	颈穗弯曲度 Curvature of neck-panicle	每穗粒数 No. of spikelets per panicle	着粒密度 Grain density	单穗重 Grain weight per panicle
FLL	0.343^**	-0.167	0.177^*	0.473^**	0.397^**	0.393^**
SLL	0.065	0.288^**	-0.108	0.109	0.091	0.205^*
TLL	0.228^**	0.373^**	-0.085	0.208^*	0.133	0.305^**
FLW	-0.344^**	0.344^**	-0.226^*	-0.336^**	-0.223^*	-0.227^*
SLW	0.157	0.370^**	-0.081	0.146	0.091	0.211^*
TLW	0.526^**	0.001	0.135	0.575^**	0.402^**	0.639^**
FLBA	0.505^**	-0.102	0.251^**	0.544^**	0.377^**	0.596^**
SLBA	-0.007	-0.352^**	0.222^*	0.133	0.172	0.060
TLBA	-0.536^**	0.067	-0.213^*	-0.494^**	-0.312^**	-0.500^**
FLDA	-0.176^*	-0.247^**	0.249^**	0.186^*	0.320^**	0.108
SLDA	-0.176^*	0.110	0.072	0.015	0.122	-0.036
TLDA	-0.220^*	0.062	0.068	-0.147	-0.045	-0.193^*
TLH	-0.353^**	0.258^**	-0.244^**	-0.418^**	-0.309^**	-0.372^**
SLH	0.254^**	0.141	0.057	0.444^**	0.395^**	0.535^**
TLH	0.509^**	-0.085	0.219^*	0.624^**	0.472^**	0.673^**
AMT	0.361^**	-0.034	0.150	0.445^**	0.410^**	0.469^**
PH	0.291^**	0.424^**	0.067	0.395^**	0.320^**	0.578^**

表8 株型指标与产量及其构成、叶面积指数和粒叶比的相关系数(2013, n=18) Table 8 Correlation coefficients of plant type indexes with yield, yield components, LAI and ratio of grain to leaf area (2013, n=18)

性状 Trait	产量 Yield	穗数 Panicles	每穗粒数 NSP	结实率 Seed-setting rate	粒重 Grain weight	LAI	FLAI	2nd LAI	3rd LAI	粒叶比 Ratio of grain to leaf area
FLL	-0.353	-0.238	0.098	0.121	0.339	0.639^**	-0.110	0.161	0.860^**	-0.515^*
SLL	-0.549^*	0.095	-0.605^**	0.083	0.321	0.505^*	0.200	0.646^**	0.218	-0.716^**
TLL	-0.021	0.253	-0.162	-0.224	-0.611^**	-0.139	0.699^**	0.043	-0.385	0.288
FLW	-0.252	-0.320	0.087	0.089	0.363	0.544^*	-0.342	0.049	0.698^**	-0.539^*
SLW	-0.505^*	-0.054	-0.099	0.000	0.333	0.672^**	-0.067	0.367	0.656^**	-0.656^**
TLW	-0.094	-0.368	-0.137	0.542^*	0.576^*	0.395	-0.144	0.055	0.479^*	-0.663^**
FLBA	-0.091	-0.224	-0.343	0.229	0.510^*	0.040	-0.272	-0.099	-0.094	-0.400
SLBA	0.652^**	-0.095	0.445	0.122	0.484^*	-0.744^**	-0.042	-0.626^**	-0.634^**	0.703^**
TLBA	0.515^*	0.069	-0.045	0.447	-0.106	-0.526^*	0.041	-0.198	-0.670^**	0.213
FLDA	0.511^*	-0.019	0.196	0.120	-0.463	-0.475^*	0.082	-0.394	-0.551^*	0.372
SLDA	-0.283	0.487^*	-0.091	-0.268	-0.064	0.466	0.418	0.442	0.278	-0.198
TLDA	-0.168	0.028	0.356	-0.123	-0.090	0.353	0.214	0.195	0.575^*	0.008
TLH	-0.286	-0.392	0.001	0.202	0.494^*	0.465	-0.311	-0.013	0.551^*	-0.568^*
SLH	-0.076	-0.481^*	0.139	0.317	0.377	0.507^*	-0.173	-0.044	0.597^*	-0.528^*
TLH	-0.210	-0.142	0.012	0.216	0.437	0.621^**	0.053	0.387	0.576^*	-0.530^*
AMT	0.744^**	-0.146	0.099	0.349	-0.101	-0.345	0.149	-0.386	-0.386	0.283
PH	-0.134	-0.336	-0.084	0.512^*	0.651^**	0.432	-0.129	0.102	0.532^*	-0.501^*
TL	0.747^**	-0.274	0.098	0.121	0.339	-0.515^*	-0.047	-0.432	-0.536^*	-0.303

^*和^**表示达0.05 和0.01 显著水平。TL: 总叶片数。其他缩写同表4和表7。

^* and^**: significantly different at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. TL: total leaf number; NSP: No. of spikelets per panicle. Other abbreviations are the same as given in Table 4 and Table 7.

Table 7 Correlation coefficients between plant type indexes and panicle traits (2012-2013, n=128)

^*和^**表示达0.05和0.01显著水平。FLL: 剑叶长度; SLL: 倒二叶长度; TLL: 倒三叶长度; FLW: 剑叶宽度; SLW: 倒二叶宽度; TLW: 倒三叶宽度; FLBA: 剑叶叶基角; SLBA: 倒二叶叶基角; TLBA: 倒三叶叶基角; FLDA: 剑叶披垂度; SLDA: 倒二叶披垂度; TLDA: 倒三叶披垂度; TLH: 剑叶着生高度; SLH: 倒二叶着生高度; TLH: 倒三叶着生高度; AMT: 茎蘖夹角; PH: 株高。

^* and^**: significantly different at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. FLL: length of FL; SLL: length of L2; TLL: length of L3; FLW: width of FL; SLW: width of L2; TLW: width of L3; FLBA: blade tangent angle of FL; SLBA: blade tangent angle of L2; TLBA: blade tangent angle of L3; FLDA: drooping angle of FL; SLDA: drooping angle of L2; TLDA: drooping angle of L3; TLH: inserted height of FL; SLH: inserted height of L2; TLH: inserted height of L3; AMT: angle between main stem and tiller; PH: plant height.

3 讨论

3.1 不同种植方式对株型结构的影响

水稻株型结构与产量关系密切^{[ 10]}, 受遗传因子、栽培措施和生态条件的制约^{[ 14]}。优良的株型结构是高产的骨架^{[ 15]}, 水稻的长势主要体现在群体叶片数量和质量上。上三叶生长发育与穗分化同步进行, 高效叶面积与穗部性状密切相关^{[ 16]}。马均等^{[ 10]}认为理想的重穗型杂交稻剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶长度分别达到40~45 cm、50~55 cm、50~60 cm, 宽度分别为2.0~2.2 cm、1.6~1.8 cm、1.4~1.6 cm。本试验两年上三叶叶长表现不同, 2012年机直播>机插>手插, 2013年手插显著长于机直播和机插, 手插处理基本符合该范围, 推迟播期和降低穴苗数叶长显著增长; 两年分别表现为机直播和手插处理叶片宽大, 其原因可能是不同种植方式生育进程不同, 上三叶生长期的气象条件有明显差异, 2012年机直播和迟播处理这一时期降雨量均显著增加。比叶重高有利于扩大叶源量且直立性好^{[ 17]}, 袁隆平^{[ 9]}认为上三叶应挺直、窄、凹、厚, 上三叶比叶重以机直播最低, 机插次之, 手插最高, 且随播期延迟均显著降低。理想株型着眼于塑造优良的受光姿态^{[ 18]}, 一般认为剑叶叶角小, 倒二、倒三叶叶角顺次增大的宝塔形叶层结构, 其光合利用率高。叶间距影响下层的通风受光条件, 株高增加, 着生高度也随之增加, 但叶间距表现不一, 机插处理倒二叶与倒三叶间距最大, 有助于基部叶片受光。适宜的LAI能提高叶片的光能利用率, 达到强源的作用, 本试验的机插和手插群体LAI略低于机直播, 但高效LAI差异不显著, 最终并未减产, 说明适中的LAI有利于改善田间通透条件。

水稻穗部性状是水稻能否高产的重要表现, 马均等^{[ 10]}认为重穗型品种理想的穗部性状为单穗重4.8 g以上, 每穗粒数180~240粒, 千粒重28~30 g。李红宇等^{[ 19]}的研究表明, 东北高产品种穗型直立或半直立(颈穗弯曲度<60°), 收获指数>0.52。袁隆平^{[ 9]}

表8

株型指标与产量及其构成、叶面积指数和粒叶比的相关系数(2013, n=18)

Table 8 Correlation coefficients of plant type indexes with yield, yield components, LAI and ratio of grain to leaf area (2013, n=18)

发现弯曲穗型可避免后期穗遮蔽冠层对群体光能利用的不利影响。本试验以杂交籼稻为供试品种, 与粳稻穗型差异大, 结果表明, 主茎穗长以手插最长, 一次分蘖以机插最长, 推迟播期使穗长显著增长; 穗颈长度表现为机直播>机插>手插, 随播期延迟而增加; 机插和手插穗粒数多、颈穗弯曲度大, 推迟播期使穗粒数和单穗重明显降低, 这可能与抽穗后积温显著降低有关。综合来看, 机插上三叶叶长、叶宽和叶间距大, 植株和叶位高, 茎集散度适中, 但叶片直立性偏差; 机直播叶宽、比叶重和总叶片数小, 株高和叶片着生高度较大, 单穗重较小; 手插植株稍矮, 叶片大小适宜, 比叶重高, 直立性好。

3.2 机械化种植的株型特征对产量构成的影响

理想的水稻株型结构可以最大限度提高群体的光能利用率, 从而增加产量^{[ 20]}。一般认为, 上三叶长而宽且叶角小、增大比叶重和株高有利于高产^{[ 7, 14]}。本研究发现, 产量与上三叶叶长和叶宽均呈负相关, 推迟播期使叶片增长变薄, 不利于下部叶片受光; 高苗处理使叶片减小, 产量得以显著提高。叶基角与产量呈正相关, 与前人结论^{[ 14]}有所差异, 这可能与品种不同有关, 本试验3种种植方式的剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶叶基角分别小于10°、15°、20°, 低于适宜的10°、20°、30°^{[ 10]}, 适当增大叶基角有利于提高光能利用率。产量与株高和叶片着生高度呈负相关, 机直播和迟播处理株高和叶片着生高度均较高, 产量显著降低, 这主要因为增加叶位高度时叶间距反而减小。茎蘖夹角和总叶片数与产量均呈极显著正相关, 说明在植株较高时, 适度松散有利于叶冠层的空间分布^{[ 21]}, 机插和手插处理茎蘖夹角显著高于机直播; 产量随生育期和积温增长而增加。

高产是穗数与大穗的有机结合^{[ 22]}, 本研究中最高产处理的穗数均不是最高, 说明足穗条件下大穗是高产的重要原因。穗粒数与上三叶长度和株高呈负相关, 与着生高度和茎蘖夹角正相关; 单穗重与上三叶叶长、株高和茎蘖夹角多呈显著或极显著正相关; 与倒二、三叶叶宽、着生高度呈显著或极显著正相关, 与剑叶则呈显著或极显著负相关; 与剑叶叶基角和披垂度呈正相关, 与倒三叶呈显著或极显著负相关。机插上三叶叶长适宜, 叶宽和着生高度大, 茎集散度较松散, 穗粒数和单穗重高; 机直播和迟播处理茎蘖夹角偏小, 叶片较大, 比叶重低, 披垂度大, 穗粒数和单穗重明显降低。机插与手插早播处理产量和单穗重均较好, 说明适中的株高、茎集散度和叶片形态, 合理配置冠层结构, 有利于提高光能利用率^{[ 6]}。杂交籼稻F优498机械化种植高产的株型特征表现为, 单株穗数5~7个, 穗长23~25 cm, 每穗粒数140~180粒, 千粒重28~31 g, 单穗重4.5 g以上; 茎蘖夹角15°~20°, 株高110~ 115 cm; 剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶长度分别达45~50 cm、50~60 cm、50~55 cm, 宽度分别为2.0~2.1 cm、1.7~1.8 cm、1.5~1.6 cm, 叶片厚而挺直。水稻高产的株型结构也因品种类型、生态气象条件、肥水运筹和播期不同而异, 在季节允许的条件下应尽早播栽和保证基本苗从而提高个体质量, 在足穗基础上争取大穗更易获得高产^{[ 23]}。

4 结论

3种种植方式下株型差异明显, 机直播和机插上三叶的叶长、叶宽和叶间距大, 但叶基角和披垂度也较大; 手插上三叶大小适宜, 叶厚而挺直; 机直播和机插株高和着生高度显著大于手插, 但手插比叶重、单株穗数和总叶片数显著高于机械化种植; 机直播的茎蘖夹角、穗粒数和单穗重显著低于机插和手插。推迟播期和降低穴苗数使株高和叶片增大, 比叶重、粒叶比、单株穗数、穗粒数和结实率随播期延迟显著降低。单穗重与上三叶长度、宽度、着生高度和株高均呈显著或极显著正相关, 表现为机插>手插>机直播。机直播产量显著低于机插和手插, 产量随播期延迟和穴苗数减少而显著降低。株型特征与产量及其构成密切相关, 高产水稻的株型特征为适宜的株高、上三叶长度、群体LAI; 叶宽、比叶重、叶间距大和直立性好; 茎集散度适中。足穗和大穗的统一是实现水稻高产的关键, 塑造优良的个体株型和优化群体结构有助于提高产量, 杂交籼稻机械化种植应在时间允许的条件下尽早播栽, 穴苗数以3苗左右为宜。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	凌启鸿. 作物群体质量. 上海: 上海科技出版社, 2000. pp42-210 Ling Q H. Quality of Crop Population. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 2000. pp42-210(in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[2]	Brown L R. Who Will Feed China? Wake-up Call for a Small Planet. New York: Norton & Company, 1995. pp145-146 [本文引用:1]
[3]	Horie T, Shiraiwa T, Homma K, Katsura K, Maeda S, Yoshida H. Can yields of lowland rice resume the increases that they showed in the1980s?Plant Prod Sci, 2005, 8: 259-274 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.802]
[4]	Li G H, Xue L H, Gu W, Yang C D, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Qin X, Ding Y F. Comparison of yield components and plant type characteristics of high-yield rice between Taoyuan, a ‘special eco-site’ and Nanjing, China. Field Crops Res, 2009, 112: 214-221 [本文引用:2] [JCR: 2.474]
[5]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 蔡建中, 苏祖芳, 凌励. 水稻高产群体质量及其优化控制探讨. 中国农业科学, 1993, 26(6): 1-11 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Cai J Z, Su Z F, Ling L. Investigation on the population quality of high yield and its optimizing control programme in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 1993, 26(6): 1-11 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[6]	Lü C G, Hu N, Yao K M, Xia S J, Qi Q M. Plant type and its effects on canopy structure at heading stage in various ecological areas for two-line hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu. Rice Sci, 2010, 17: 235-242 [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 0.3579]
[7]	Donald C M. The breeding of crop ideotypes. Euphytica, 1968, 17: 385-403 [本文引用:2] [JCR: 1.643]
[8]	杨守仁, 张龙步, 陈温福, 徐正进, 王进民. 水稻超高产育种的理论和方法. 中国水稻科学, 1996, 10: 115-120 Yang S R, Zhang L B, Chen W F, Xu Z J, Wang J M. Theories and methods of rice breeding for maximum yield. Chin J Rice Sci, 1996, 10: 115-120 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[9]	袁隆平. 杂交水稻超高产育种. 杂交水稻, 1997, 12(6): 1-6 Yuan L P. Hybrid rice breeding for super high yield. Hybrid Rice, 1997, 12(6): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 0.605]
[10]	马均, 马文波, 明东风, 杨世民, 朱庆森. 重穗型水稻株型特征研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 679-685 Ma J, Ma W B, Ming D F, Yang S M, Zhu Q S. Studies on the characteristics of rice plant with heavy panicle. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 679-685 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:5] [CJCR: 1.889]
[11]	吴崇友, 金诚谦, 卢晏, 涂安富. 我国水稻种植机械发展问题探讨. 农业工程学报, 2000, 16(2): 21-23 Wu C Y, Jin C Q, Lu Y, Tu A F. Discussion of developing rice planting machine in China. Trans CSAE, 2000, 16(2): 21-23 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[12]	张文毅, 袁钊和, 吴崇友, 金梅. 水稻种植机械化进程分析研究—水稻种植机械化由快速向高速发展的进程. 中国农机化, 2011, (1): 19-22 Zhang W Y, Yuan Z H, Wu C Y, Jin M. Research on the process of rice planting mechanization-process of rice planting mechanization developing fastly to rapidly. Chin Agric Mech, 2011, (1): 19-22 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[13]	郑家国, 杨文钰, 池忠志, 任万军, 姜心禄, 樊高琼, 陈兴福. 四川盆地稻田周年高产高效种植模式. 四川农业科技, 2010, (5): 20-21 Zheng J G, Yang W Y, Chi Z Z, Ren W J, Jiang X L, Fan G Q, Chen X F. Annual high-yield, high-efficiency paddy cropping patterns of Sichuan basin. Sichuan Agric Sci & Technol, 2010(5): 20-21(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[14]	李景蕻, 李刚华, 张应贵, 罗启荣, 杨从党, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 王强盛, 丁艳锋. 精确定量栽培对高海拔寒冷生态区水稻株型及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 3067-3077 Li J H, Li G H, Zhang Y G, Luo Q R, Yang C D, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Wang Q S, Ding Y F. Effects of precise and quantitative cultivation on plant type and yield of rice in high altitude and cold ecological area. Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 3067-3077 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.889]
[15]	沈福成, 刘传秀. 水稻株型改良的理论与实践. 贵阳: 贵州科学技术出版社, 1990. pp116-136 Shen F C, Liu C X. Theory and Practice Modified the Plant Type of Rice. Guiyang: Guizhou Scientific & Technical Press, 1990. pp116-136(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[16]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 苏祖芳, 凌励. 稻作新理论——水稻叶龄模式. 北京: 科学出版社, 1994. p186 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Su Z F, Ling L. New Theory of Rice Cultural—The Leaf-age Model of Rice. Beijing: Science Press, 1994. p186 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[17]	石利娟, 邓启云, 刘国华, 庄文, 陈立云. 水稻理想株型育种研究进展. 杂交水稻, 2006, 21(4): 1-6 Shi L J, Deng Q Y, Liu G H, Zhuang W, Chen L Y. Progress in ideal plant type breeding in rice. Hybrid Rice, 2006, 21(4): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.605]
[18]	陈温福, 徐正进, 张龙步. 水稻超高产育种生理基础. 沈阳: 辽宁科学技术出版社, 1995. p146 Chen W F, Xu Z J, Zhang L B. Physiological Basis for Breeding of Super-High-Yield Rice. Shenyang: Liaoning Science and Technical Publishers, 1995. p146 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[19]	李红宇, 侯昱铭, 陈英华, 权成哲, 闫平, 刘梦红, 武洪涛, 陈温福, 徐正进. 东北地区水稻主要株型性状比较分析. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 921-929 Li H Y, Hou Y M, Chen Y H, Quan C Z, Yan P, Liu M H, Wu H T, Chen W F, Xu Z J. Comparison of rice plant types in northeast region of China. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 921-929 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[20]	张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98 Zhang H C, Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Ge M J, Li G Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Liu Y Y. The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[21]	陈温福, 徐正进, 张龙步, 杨守仁. 不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征和物质生产关系的研究. 中国水稻科学, 1991, 5: 67-71 Chen W F, Xu Z J, Zhang L B, Yang S R. Studies on canopy properties and its relation to dry matter production in japonica rice varieties with different plant types. Chin J Rice Sci, 1991, 5: 67-71 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[22]	徐正进, 陈温福, 张文忠, 刘丽霞, 周淑清, 张龙步. 水稻的产量潜力与株型演变. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2000, 31: 534-536 Xu Z J, Chen W F, Zhang W Z, Liu L X, Zhou S Q, Zhang L B, Yang S R. The yield potentiality of rice and its development of plant type. J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2000, 31: 534-536 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.55]
[23]	龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 常勇, 李杰, 张洪程, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 邓张泽, 明庆龙. 大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 Gong J L, Hu Y J, Long H Y, Chang Y, Li J, Zhang H C, Ma R R, Wang X Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Deng Z Z, Ming Q L. Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]

2000

0.0

... 中国约有2/3的人口以稻米为主食^[1], 快速的经济发展导致耕地锐减将使其面临粮食紧缺问题^[2,3], 因此, 必须通过提高单产实现水稻稳产增产 ...

... 个体株型包括株高、上三叶叶形和穗型特征, 群体特征含叶面积指数、粒叶比和收获指数等形态指标^[1,9] ...

1995

0.0

... 中国约有2/3的人口以稻米为主食^[1], 快速的经济发展导致耕地锐减将使其面临粮食紧缺问题^[2,3], 因此, 必须通过提高单产实现水稻稳产增产 ...

2005

0.802

0.0

... 中国约有2/3的人口以稻米为主食^[1], 快速的经济发展导致耕地锐减将使其面临粮食紧缺问题^[2,3], 因此, 必须通过提高单产实现水稻稳产增产 ...

2009

2.474

0.0

... 育种与栽培学家一直将提高水稻增产潜力作为主要目标^[4], 水稻高产不仅需要足够的个体数量, 也要提高群体内各个体质量^[5] ...

... 为指南^[4], 在特定生产条件下将有利于高产性状的最佳组配^[7], 包括个体和群体2个水平^[8] ...

1993

0.0

1.889

. 1993, 26(6):1-11

Investigation on the population quality of high yield and its optimizing control programme in rice

(水稻高产群体质量及其优化控制探讨) . (中国农业科学) , 1993 , 26 ( 6 ): 1 - 11 Ling Q H , Zhang H C , Cai J Z , Su Z F , Ling L . Investigation on the population quality of high yield and its optimizing control programme in rice

Ling Q H

(凌启鸿) , (张洪程) , (蔡建中) , (苏祖芳) , (凌励) . (水稻高产群体质量及其优化控制探讨) . (中国农业科学) , 1993 , 26 ( 6 ): 1 - 11 Ling Q H

江苏农学院，扬州 225001

本文从水稻栽培学角度提出了高产群体质量这一新的理论问题。重点论述了水稻抽穗后物质生产量、群体总颖花量、粒叶比、有效及高效LAI、平均茎鞘重、颖花根活量以及有效分蘖率等与高产形成的关系，分别分析了它们在群体质量上的意义，并在有些方面初步指明了作为高产群体质量指标的数量范围。文章还阐述了高产群体质量优化控制的基本程序。　

... 育种与栽培学家一直将提高水稻增产潜力作为主要目标^[4], 水稻高产不仅需要足够的个体数量, 也要提高群体内各个体质量^[5] ...

2010

0.0

0.3579

. 2010, 17:235-242

Plant type and its effects on canopy structure at heading stage in various ecological areas for two-line hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu

... 水稻抽穗期株型是决定产量的关键性因素, 显著影响冠层的光合作用^[6] ...

... 机插与手插早播处理产量和单穗重均较好, 说明适中的株高、茎集散度和叶片形态, 合理配置冠层结构, 有利于提高光能利用率^[6] ...

1968

1.643

0.0

... 为指南^[4], 在特定生产条件下将有利于高产性状的最佳组配^[7], 包括个体和群体2个水平^[8] ...

... 一般认为, 上三叶长而宽且叶角小、增大比叶重和株高有利于高产^[7,14] ...

1996

0.0

1.494

. 1996, 10:115-120

Theories and methods of rice breeding for maximum yield

(水稻超高产育种的理论和方法) . (中国水稻科学) , 1996 , 10 : 115 - 120 Yang S R , Zhang L B , Chen W F , Xu Z J , Wang J M . Theories and methods of rice breeding for maximum yield

Yang S R

(杨守仁) , (张龙步) , (陈温福) , (徐正进) , (王进民) . (水稻超高产育种的理论和方法) . (中国水稻科学) , 1996 , 10 : 115 - 120 Yang S R

Rice breeding for maximum yield is a hot topic today in the world and a tremendous challenge as well. China's population is now approaching 1. 2 billion people. It is a country where rice constitutes a lion's share in grain production. The higher and higher the yield we seek, the more and more difficult the task will be. It is a breeding for maximum yield. Since there is no ready theory and method for us to follow, we have to grope along through trial and error. In this paper, the author attempts to make a comprehensive analysis of and systemize the valuable experience acquired by so many people through decades of painstaking labor, in order to further refine the theories and methods for combining ideal plant morphology with the utilization of vigor, as well as for optimized conbination of traits and criteria for selecting hybrid progeny put forward in the past, for reference and trial application by colleagues at home and abroad.

水稻超高产育种是当前世界性的热门课题，也是难题。现在我国人口已近十二亿，水稻是我国粮食生产的大头。高产更高产，难度越来越大。它的超高产育种，既无现成的理论和方法可循，就只能摸索前进。本文试图将几十年来多少人的汗水心血所凝成的宝贵经验，全面加以分析整理，藉以进一步完善过去所提出的理想株形与优势利用相结合的大方向，优化性状组配以及杂交后代选择标准等理论和方法，以供国内外同行参考试用。

... 为指南^[4], 在特定生产条件下将有利于高产性状的最佳组配^[7], 包括个体和群体2个水平^[8] ...

1997

0.0

0.605

... 个体株型包括株高、上三叶叶形和穗型特征, 群体特征含叶面积指数、粒叶比和收获指数等形态指标^[1,9] ...

... 比叶重高有利于扩大叶源量且直立性好^[17], 袁隆平^[9]认为上三叶应挺直、窄、凹、厚, 上三叶比叶重以机直播最低, 机插次之, 手插最高, 且随播期延迟均显著降低 ...

... 袁隆平^[9] ...

2006

0.0

1.889

. 2006, 39:679-685

Studies on the characteristics of rice plant with heavy panicle

(重穗型水稻株型特征研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2006 , 39 : 679 - 685 Ma J , Ma W B , Ming D F , Yang S M , Zhu Q S . Studies on the characteristics of rice plant with heavy panicle

Ma J

(马均) , (马文波) , (明东风) , (杨世民) , (朱庆森) . (重穗型水稻株型特征研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2006 , 39 : 679 - 685 Ma J

1四川农业大学水稻研究所

【Method】Using 15 indica rice varieties with different panicle weight, some plant type characteristics in heavy panicle type of hybrid rice (HPT) and their relation to yield and its components were studied. 【Result】The leaf area index (LAI) of HPT varieties was lower than that of medium panicle type (MPT) and light panicle type (LPT) varieties, but its decreasing rate of LAI and efficient LAI after heading was slower and had much higher percentage of efficient LAI, specific leaf weight and ratio of grain to leaf area (cm2) in comparison with MPT and LPT varieties. The length, width, thickness and area of top 3 leaves of HPT varieties were significant larger than those of MPT and LPT varieties, and these components of top 3 leaves were significantly and positively correlated with the number of spikelets and filled grains, grain weight per panicle and grain yield. The flag leaf in HPT varieties was erect with sorrow leaf angle, and their leaf angle of 2nd and 3rd leaf from top increased in sequence. The plant height of HPT varieties were higher than that of MPT and LPT varieties, and their leaf site of top 3 leaves also increased in sequence. Therefore, HPT varieties had an ideal plant type and could increase the utilization efficiency of sunlight energy. 【Conclusion】The ideal plant type characteristics and their adjuncts for HPT varieties were proposed in this paper.

【目的】对重穗型杂交籼稻的一些主要的株型因子及其与产量和产量构成的关系进行研究。【方法】以15个不同穗重型籼稻品种为材料，随机区组设计。【结果】重穗型品种的LAI比中、轻穗型品种有适当降低，但齐穗后其LAI和高效叶面积的衰减较慢，高效叶面积率、比叶重、粒叶比有显著提高。重穗型品种上部3叶的长度、宽度、厚度和面积均显著大于中、轻穗型品种，且它们均与每穗粒数、实粒数、单穗重、籽粒产量呈显著正相关；重穗型品种剑叶叶角小而挺直，倒2、3叶叶角顺次适当增大；重穗型品种的株高有所增加，上部3叶叶位均有所提高，尤其是剑叶。【结论】这种较优的叶层结构利于形成较为理想的受光姿态，提高光能利用率，是重穗型品种的特性及其理想株型因子配置。

... 水稻株型特征与单穗重、产量及栽培措施等密切相关^[10] ...

... 1 不同种植方式对株型结构的影响水稻株型结构与产量关系密切^[10], 受遗传因子、栽培措施和生态条件的制约^[14] ...

... 马均等^[10]认为理想的重穗型杂交稻剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶长度分别达到40~45 cm、50~55 cm、50~60 cm, 宽度分别为2 ...

... 水稻穗部性状是水稻能否高产的重要表现, 马均等^[10]认为重穗型品种理想的穗部性状为单穗重4 ...

... ^[10], 适当增大叶基角有利于提高光能利用率 ...

2000

0.0

1.299

. 2000, 16(2):21-23

Discussion of developing rice planting machine in China

(我国水稻种植机械发展问题探讨) . (农业工程学报) , 2000 , 16 ( 2 ): 21 - 23 Wu C Y , Jin C Q , Lu Y , Tu A F . Discussion of developing rice planting machine in China

Wu C Y

(吴崇友) , (金诚谦) , (卢晏) , (涂安富) . (我国水稻种植机械发展问题探讨) . (农业工程学报) , 2000 , 16 ( 2 ): 21 - 23 Wu C Y

该文概述了我国水稻种植机械重要发展历程,描述了我国水稻种植机械现状,分析存在的问题,从我国的国情出发提出了我国水稻种植机械的开发原则和技术对策.

... 近年来, 随着经济结构的转变, 中国农村优质劳动力不足, 水稻种植迫切需要向轻简化、机械化、规模化方向发展^[11] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, (1):19-22

Research on the process of rice planting mechanization-process of rice planting mechanization developing fastly to rapidly

(水稻种植机械化进程分析研究#cod#x02014;水稻种植机械化由快速向高速发展的进程) . (中国农机化) , 2011 , ( 1 ): 19 - 22 Zhang W Y , Yuan Z H , Wu C Y , Jin M . Research on the process of rice planting mechanization-process of rice planting mechanization developing fastly to rapidly

Zhang W Y

(张文毅) , (袁钊和) , (吴崇友) , (金梅) . (水稻种植机械化进程分析研究#cod#x02014;水稻种植机械化由快速向高速发展的进程) . (中国农机化) , 2011 , ( 1 ): 19 - 22 Zhang W Y

水稻生产在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,水稻机械化是发展水稻生产的重要保障之一,其中种植机械化又是水稻机械化的难点,因此发展水稻种植机械化是实现水稻全程机械化的重点.分析研究十一五这五年水稻种植机械化所取得的成果和经验以及十二五期间要面临的问题,认为要实现2015年水稻种植机械化水平达到45%,必需依靠行政推动,充分发挥农业部水稻专家组的作用,解决双季稻区的机械化种植农艺与农机结合的问题,加快农业装备的研制与改进.

... 中国已形成机(手)插为主体、多种种植方式并存的水稻种植模式, 目前水稻种植机械化由快速向高速发展^[12] ...

2010

0.0

... 稻为主^[13], 探讨杂交籼稻高产种植技术及其株型特征具有实际意义 ...

2009

0.0

1.889

. 2009, 42:3067-3077

Effects of precise and quantitative cultivation on plant type and yield of rice in high altitude and cold ecological area

(精确定量栽培对高海拔寒冷生态区水稻株型及产量的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2009 , 42 : 3067 - 3077 Li J H , Li G H , Zhang Y G , Luo Q R , Yang C D , Wang S H , Liu Z H , Wang Q S , Ding Y F . Effects of precise and quantitative cultivation on plant type and yield of rice in high altitude and cold ecological area

Li J H

(李景蕻) , (李刚华) , (张应贵) , (罗启荣) , (杨从党) , (王绍华) , (刘正辉) , (王强盛) , (丁艳锋) . (精确定量栽培对高海拔寒冷生态区水稻株型及产量的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2009 , 42 : 3067 - 3077 Li J H

(南京农业大学农学院/农业部作物生长调控重点开放实验室)

【Objective】 Correlation between plant type indexes and yield components of rice as well as precise and quantitative cultivation on its mechanism of increase production were studied in special ecology area under high-altitude and cold. 【Method】 By using japonica rice landraces Dabaigu and new varieties Lijing 10 as test materials to analyze the correlation between plant type indexes and yield components at heading stage and research on growth and development as well as ecological and physiological characteristics of rice. The target of main attack on increasing production was studied to compare the precise and quantitative cultivation and conventional cultivation and the effects of precise and quantitative cultivation on plant type and yield of rice in high altitude and cold ecological area were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that there were differences in characteristics of plant type and grain yield components such as effective panicles, total number of spikelets among different populations. The notable characteristics of high-yield group were that the length of top three leaves were longer. The angles of top three leaves were smaller, the specific leaf weight was high at heading stage and closely related to the traits of leaves, stems and panicles. The length of internode on stem distributed reasonably, bottom internode was shorter while top internode was longer. A significantly positive correlation was observed between first branch numbers, second branch numbers and grain yield. 【Conclusion】 Enlarged sink (increased total number of spikelets) and the promoted sources (increased the leaf area index after heading stage and the specific leaf weight) were the main reasons of increased rice yield. It is concluded that synchronizing nitrogen and water application in precise and quantitative cultivation and organ formation in high-yield rice, increasing the leaf area index and simultaneously promoting total number of spikelets, rice yield could significantly increase rice yield in high-altitude eco-areas.

【目的】研究高寒水稻产量构成和株型特征的关系,明确精确定量栽培对高寒水稻增产的机理。【方法】以当地品种传统粳稻品种大白谷和新品种丽粳10号为试验材料,对抽穗期不同株型特征指标与产量及产量构成的相关分析,研究高海拔地区水稻生长发育特性及其生理生态特点,探讨高寒生态区水稻增产的主攻目标,以精确定量栽培和常规栽培相比较,分析精确定量栽培对高寒生态区水稻株型和产量的影响。【结果】不同产量群体之间株型方面以及有效穗、颖花量等产量构成因子方面都存在着差异,高产群体的显著特征是植株上部三叶叶长较长;上部三叶叶角较小;抽穗期叶片的比叶重大,且与叶片、茎秆及穗部性状关系密切;茎秆各节间配置合理,基部节间短,穗下节间较长;一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和产量呈显著正相关。【结论】扩库(增加总颖花量)和强源(增加抽穗后LAI,提高比叶重)均可提高高寒生态区水稻产量,水稻精确定量栽培的氮肥运筹、水分管理方面与高产水稻器官建成同步,提高叶面积指数的同时,促进总颖花量的增长,可显著地提高该生态区水稻的产量。

... 1 不同种植方式对株型结构的影响水稻株型结构与产量关系密切^[10], 受遗传因子、栽培措施和生态条件的制约^[14] ...

... 一般认为, 上三叶长而宽且叶角小、增大比叶重和株高有利于高产^[7,14] ...

... 叶基角与产量呈正相关, 与前人结论^[14]有所差异, 这可能与品种不同有关, 本试验3种种植方式的剑叶、倒二叶、倒三叶叶基角分别小于10#cod#x000b0 ...

1990

0.0

... 优良的株型结构是高产的骨架^[15], 水稻的长势主要体现在群体叶片数量和质量上 ...

1994

0.0

... 上三叶生长发育与穗分化同步进行, 高效叶面积与穗部性状密切相关^[16] ...

2006

0.0

0.605

. 2006, 21(4):1-6

Progress in ideal plant type breeding in rice

(水稻理想株型育种研究进展) . (杂交水稻) , 2006 , 21 ( 4 ): 1 - 6 Shi L J , Deng Q Y , Liu G H , Zhuang W , Chen L Y . Progress in ideal plant type breeding in rice

Shi L J

(石利娟) , (邓启云) , (刘国华) , (庄文) , (陈立云) . (水稻理想株型育种研究进展) . (杂交水稻) , 2006 , 21 ( 4 ): 1 - 6 Shi L J

理想株型与杂种优势利用相结合是实现水稻单产突破的重要途径之一.综述了理想株型的概念、株型构成因子及其相互关系、国内外株型育种的主要理论及存在的问题.提出了动态理想型的株型观点和水稻动态理想型的主要塑造途径,对水稻动态理想型育种进行了展望.

1995

0.0

... 理想株型着眼于塑造优良的受光姿态^[18], 一般认为剑叶叶角小, 倒二、倒三叶叶角顺次增大的宝塔形叶层结构, 其光合利用率高 ...

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:921-929 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00921

Comparison of rice plant types in northeast region of China

(东北地区水稻主要株型性状比较分析) . (作物学报) , 2009 , 35 : 921 - 929 Li H Y , Hou Y M , Chen Y H , Quan C Z , Yan P , Liu M H , Wu H T , Chen W F , Xu Z J . Comparison of rice plant types in northeast region of China

Li H Y

(李红宇) , (侯昱铭) , (陈英华) , (权成哲) , (闫平) , (刘梦红) , (武洪涛) , (陈温福) , (徐正进) . (东北地区水稻主要株型性状比较分析) . (作物学报) , 2009 , 35 : 921 - 929 Li H Y

1Rice Institute，Shenyang Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology，Ecology，Genetics and Breeding，Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Breeding of Liaoning，Shenyang 110161，China；2 Rice Institute of Jilin Province，Gongzhuling 136100,China;3Wuchang Rice Institute,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural sciences，Wuchang 150229，China；4Plant Protection Institute，Academy of Heilongjiang Land-Reclaimalbe Sciences，Jiamusi 154000，China

Eighty-one rice cultivars and lines tested in regional trial in Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces in 2006 and 2007 were used to study the plant-type characteristics and their relationships with yield in Shenyang, Gongzhuling, and Wuchang. The results indicated that the plant-types of most cultivars and lines in northeast region of China were EPT (erect panicle type) or SEPT (semi-erect panicle type) according to PNC (panicle-neck curvature), DPT (dense panicle type) or SDPT (semi-dense panicle type) according to grain density, MPT (middle panicle type) or HPT (heavy panicle type) according to panicle weight and low part panicle superior. Most rice cultivars or lines were CPT (curve panicle type) or SEPT in Heilongjiang, SEPT in Jilin and EPT in Liaoning; semi-dense or loose panicle type, and MPT (middle panicle type) or TPT (thin panicle type) in Jilin and Heilongjiang, and dense panicle type and HPT(heavy panicle type) in Liaoning. Large vascular bundles in neck (LVBN), small vascular bundles in neck (SVBN),large vascular bundles in the second internode (LVBS) and small vascular bundles in the second internode (SVBS) ranked as Liaoning＞Jilin＞Heilongjiang; length and width of the top three leaves of Liaoning cultivars were the largest, but basic angle less than that of Jilin and Heilongjiang. LVBN, SVBN, LVBS, and SVBS were very positively correlated with primary branches, primary branch grains, secondary branches, secondary branch grains, and secondary branch grain rate, but negatively correlated with seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of primary branch and secondary branch. Cluster analysis showed that most cultivars in northeast of China were high-yielding or mid-yielding. With a tendency of more vascular bundles, longer and wider the top three leaves, higher plant, larger biomass and smaller angle of leaf.

以2006年和2007年辽宁、吉林、黑龙江3省水稻区域试验品种(系)为材料，分别在辽宁沈阳、吉林公主岭和黑龙江五常研究了水稻的株型特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明东北地区多数品种是穗型直到半直立(82.6%)、着粒密度中到稀(80.2%)、穗重轻到中(72.8%)、二次枝梗分布下部优势型(98.8%)。黑龙江主要是弯、半直立穗型品种，吉林以半直立穗型品种为主，辽宁则以直立穗型品种为主。吉林和黑龙江品种多数是中、稀穗型和中、轻穗型，辽宁主要是中、密穗型和中、重穗型。穗颈大、小维管束数和第2节间大、小维管束数平均值表现为辽宁＞吉林＞黑龙江。辽宁上三叶长、宽大于吉林和黑龙江，但叶基角较小。穗颈大、小维管束数和第2节间大、小维管束数与一、二次枝梗数和一、二次枝梗粒数及二次枝梗粒率呈极显著正相关，与一、二次枝梗结实率和千粒重呈负相关。聚类分析结果表明，东北地区育种单位选育的品种多数处于中、高产量水平，总体上有穗型直立、着粒密度大、重穗型、穗颈维管束数多、上三叶长且宽而角度小、株高和生物产量高有利于高产的趋势。

... 李红宇等^[19]的研究表明, 东北高产品种穗型直立或半直立(颈穗弯曲度0 ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:86-98 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00086

The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars

(水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 86 - 98 Zhang H C , Ma Q , Yang X , Li M , Ge M J , Li G Y , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Gao H , Liu Y Y . The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars

Zhang H C

(张洪程) , (马群) , (杨雄) , (李敏) , (葛梦婕) , (李国业) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (高辉) , (刘艳阳) . (水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律) . (作物学报) , 2012 , 38 : 86 - 98 Zhang H C

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China?

Based on the concept of the highest population productivity of N fertilization, we carried out a field experiments with 50 early-maturing late japonica rice varieties which were the representativein the region of Yangtze River, using seven nitrogen applying levels (0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300, 337.5 kg ha^-1), to investigate the difference of the most population productivity of N fertilization in varieties. Its relationships with yield components, plant-type characteristics and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were also analyzed. The main results were as follows. (1)With the basic yield capacity of sandy loam being 6 t ha^-1, optimum N levels of 50 tested varieties which were corresponding to their highest population yield converged in the range of 225–300 kg ha^-1, while the highest grain yield showed significant differences, varying from 7.42 to 11.02 t ha^-1.(2) There was significantly positive correlation between the highest productivity of N fertilization and the total spikelet number, with the correlation coefficient of 0.865. The top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significantly larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. (3) The highest productivity of N fertilizer rose as the high-efficiency leaf area and the weight per panicle increased. Compared with middle- and low-level yielding cultivars, top- and high-level yielding cultivars performed superior plant type characteristics: the plant height ranged from 105–110 cm, the width of basal internodes was circa 0.65 cm, the high-efficiency leaf area index was higher than 5, and panicles were big. (4) Generally speaking, the theoretical highest population productivity of N fertilization increased with the increasing of corresponding applied N amount. But within each group of similar optimum N level, various rice cultivars produced significantly different grain yields. (5) Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, six varieties with high yield and high efficiency were selected and recommended.

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1)在基础地力产量为6 t hm^-2的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在225~300 kg hm^-2, 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异, 变动在7.42~11.02 t hm^-2, 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关(r = 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5), 穗型较大。(4)品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。(5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm^-2)与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。

... 2 机械化种植的株型特征对产量构成的影响理想的水稻株型结构可以最大限度提高群体的光能利用率, 从而增加产量^[20] ...

1991

0.0

1.494

. 1991, 5:67-71

Studies on canopy properties and its relation to dry matter production in japonica rice varieties with different plant types

(不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征和物质生产关系的研究) . (中国水稻科学) , 1991 , 5 : 67 - 71 Chen W F , Xu Z J , Zhang L B , Yang S R . Studies on canopy properties and its relation to dry matter production in japonica rice varieties with different plant types

Chen W F

(陈温福) , (徐正进) , (张龙步) , (杨守仁) . (不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征和物质生产关系的研究) . (中国水稻科学) , 1991 , 5 : 67 - 71 Chen W F

Using japonica rice varieties with different plant types, studies were made on canopy properties in relation to dry matter production and yield. The results show that varieties responsiveness to nitrogen supply varied with plant types, and there were significant differences in the canopy development and the rate of dry matter production among varieties with different plant types. The more was the nitrogen supply, the more the differences of declining rate of leaf area after heading would be, and the less would be the differences of increasing rate of leaf area before heading among varieties with different plant types. The LAI at the heading stage had a significant quadratic regression relationship with grain yield and the rate of dry matter production after heading. The results also indicate that the LAI leading to maximum grain yield was basically consistent with the LAI conductive to maximum rate of dry matter prodriction, and that grain yield was positively corelated with the rate of dry matter production after heading.

对不同株型粳稻品种的冠层特征与群体物质生产和产量的关系进行了研究。结果表明，品种的株型不同，对肥力的反应不同，冠层发展动态和干物质生产速度亦有明显差异．表现为随着肥力水平的提高，不同株型品种同抽穗前叶面积增长速度的差异减小，抽穗后叶面积衰减速度的差异增大。抽穗期的LAI与抽穗后群体干物质生产速度和产量之间呈二次曲线回归关系，获得最高产量的最适LAI与获得最大干物质生产速度的最适LAI基本上是一致的，抽穗后群体干物质生产速度与产量之间亦呈现出极显著的正相关。

... 茎蘖夹角和总叶片数与产量均呈极显著正相关, 说明在植株较高时, 适度松散有利于叶冠层的空间分布^[21], 机插和手插处理茎蘖夹角显著高于机直播 ...

2000

0.0

0.55

... 高产是穗数与大穗的有机结合^[22], 本研究中最高产处理的穗数均不是最高, 说明足穗条件下大穗是高产的重要原因 ...

2012

0.0

1.889

. 2012, 45:2147-2158 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.11.003

Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice

(大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状) . (中国农业科学) , 2012 , 45 : 2147 - 2158 Gong J L , Hu Y J , Long H Y , Chang Y , Li J , Zhang H C , Ma R R , Wang X Y , Dai Q G , Huo Z Y , Xu K , Wei H Y , Deng Z Z , Ming Q L . Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice

Gong J L

(龚金龙) , (胡雅杰) , (龙厚元) , (常勇) , (李杰) , (张洪程) , (马荣荣) , (王晓燕) , (戴其根) , (霍中洋) , (许轲) , (魏海燕) , (邓张泽) , (明庆龙) . (大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状) . (中国农业科学) , 2012 , 45 : 2147 - 2158 Gong J L

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州225009 2.江苏省作物栽培技术指导站，南京210036 3.浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所，浙江宁波315040 4.浙江省宁波市种子公司，浙江宁波315012

【Objective】The objective of this study was to reveal sink components characteristics and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice and explore approaches to increase group productivity of it. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with eight representative large panicle hybrid japonica rice varieties (A18/F7562, A2/F7563, A20/F7501, A5/F9249, A2/F7513, A20/F7503, Yongyou 8 and Yongyou 13) and two medium panicle conventional japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing 7 and Wujing 15) as materials. Grain yield components characteristics, total spikelets, sink and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were analyzed systematically. 【Result】Grain yield, total spikelets, sink, panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were higher than medium panicle conventional japonica rice significantly, while No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, seed-setting rate of primary branches and seed-setting rate of secondary branches followed an opposite tendency accordingly. With the increasing spikelets per panicle, grain yield, total spikelets, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches of large panicle hybrid japonica rice increased firstly and then decreased, while panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle followed a growing trend and No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, ratio of No. of branches of primary branches to No. of branches of secondary branches, ratio of total grains of primary branches to total grains of secondary branches and seed-setting rate of primary branches did with a declining tendency accordingly. The others and spikelets per panicle were significantly correlated with the exception of grain yield, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches. In order to enlarge spikelets per panicle, it was almost contributed by primary branches from medium panicle to prejudiced large panicle, and secondary branches were the major factors from prejudiced large panicle to large panicle (from large panicle to extra large panicle or from extra large panicle to super large panicle). The increase of 1000-grain-weight was the key point of harvesting super high yield of large panicle hybrid japonica rice on the basis of certain No. of panicles and stabilized seed-setting rate. Increase of total spikelets was the basis of increase of grain yield, while the emphasis was to increase sink. Therefore, stable 1000-grain-weight was needed for increasing total spikelets. 【Conclusion】 Under the experimental conditions, the applicable spikelets per panicle (250 or so) was the best choice for ideal grain yield and its components with high total spikelets and sink filling for large panicle hybrid japonica rice. With the advancement of breeding and techniques, its optimum would be higher.

【目的】旨在探讨大穗型杂交粳稻库容构成特征及其穗部性状，探索其群体生产力增长途径。【方法】采用大田试验，以具有代表性的8个大穗型杂交粳稻品种（A18/F7562、A2/F7563、A20/F7501、A5/F9249、A2/F7513、A20/F7503、甬优8号和甬优13号）和2个中等穗型常规粳稻品种（武运粳7号和武粳15）为材料，对大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成特征、群体颖花量、库容量、穗部性状等进行系统的研究。【结果】大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量、穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数显著或极显著高于中等穗型常规粳稻，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗结实率和二次枝梗结实率极显著低于中等穗型常规粳稻。随着每穗粒数的增加，大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率先增后减，穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数不断增加，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一、二次枝梗数比值、一、二次枝梗总粒数比值和一次枝梗结实率不断降低，除产量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率外其它与每穗粒数的相关均达到显著或极显著水平。每穗粒数的提高由中等穗型到偏大穗型，主要依靠一次枝梗的贡献，而由偏大穗型到大穗型以及特大穗型和超大穗型，则主要依靠二次枝梗的贡献。在满足一定穗数和具备稳定的结实率的基础上，提高千粒重，是充分利用大穗型杂交粳稻获取超高产的关键；提高群体颖花量是增加产量的基础，而提高库容量是增加产量的重点，在提高群体颖花量的同时还需兼顾千粒重的稳定。【结论】在本试验条件下，大穗型杂交粳稻每穗粒数250左右时穗粒结构合理，群体颖花量高，库容充实足，产量最理想。随着水稻品种和栽培技术的不断进步，其最适值还将可能更高。

... 水稻高产的株型结构也因品种类型、生态气象条件、肥水运筹和播期不同而异, 在季节允许的条件下应尽早播栽和保证基本苗从而提高个体质量, 在足穗基础上争取大穗更易获得高产^[23] ...