施氮量对江苏不同年代中粳稻品种产量与群体质量的影响

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陈露, 张伟杨, 王志琴, 张耗, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 施氮量对江苏不同年代中粳稻品种产量与群体质量的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(8): 1412-1423[CHEN Lu, ZHANG Wei-Yang, WANG Zhi-Qin, ZHANG Hao, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Population Quality of Mid-seasonJaponicaRice Cultivars at Different Decades in Jiangsu Province . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2014, 40(8): 1412-1423] 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

施氮量对江苏不同年代中粳稻品种产量与群体质量的影响

陈露, 张伟杨, 王志琴, 张耗, 刘立军, 杨建昌^*

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 杨建昌, E-mail:jcyang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979317

收稿日期:2014-04-16

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271641), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103003, 201203079), 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B14, 2012BAD04B08, 2013BAD07B09)和江苏高校优势学科建设工程专项(JS2011)资助;

摘要

以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的12个中粳稻品种(含超级稻)为材料。依据种植推广年代结合株型和基因型将其分为20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代、90年代和2000年以后6个类型, 进行0N (不施氮, 0N)、240 kg hm^-2(中氮, MN)和360 kg hm^-2(高氮, HN) 3种氮肥用量处理, 并观察其对水稻产量和群体质量的影响。结果表明, 产量随品种改良逐步提高, 在0N、MN和HN条件下, 由20世纪50年代早期品种到2000年以后的超级稻品种, 产量增幅分别为4.45~4.64、5.89~5.93和8.45~8.62 t hm^-2。2000年以前的中粳稻品种产量表现为MN>HN>0N; 2000年以后的超级稻品种则表现为HN>MN>0N。2000年以前的中粳稻品种在MN处理下具有较高群体质量指标(茎蘖成穗率、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累、有效叶面积和高效叶面积指数、粒叶比、着粒密度、剑叶光合速率和根系氧化力), 2000年以后的超级稻品种则在高氮处理下具有较高的群体质量指标。这些结果表明, 早期品种对氮肥响应较现代超级稻品种敏感, 超级稻品种则在高氮水平下具有更高的产量。群体质量的改善是品种改良增加产量以及超级稻品种在高氮水平下物质生产和产量提高的重要原因。

关键词: 粳稻; 品种改良; 氮肥; 产量; 群体质量; 超级稻

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Population Quality of Mid-seasonJaponicaRice Cultivars at Different Decades in Jiangsu Province

CHEN Lu, ZHANG Wei-Yang, WANG Zhi-Qin, ZHANG Hao, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang^*

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:

Abstract

Great progress has been made in the mid-seasonjaponica rice breeding, but little information is available on understanding how nitrogen (N) application rate affects population quality and grain yield during the improvement of cultivars. In this study, 12 typical mid-seasonjaponica rice cultivars (including super rice) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and after 2000 according to their application times. Three N rates, i.e. zero N (0N), 240 kg ha^-1 N (MN), and 360 kg ha^-1 N (HN), were applied. Grain yield and some population quality indexes, such as grain-leaf ratio, percentage of productive tillers, leaf photosynthetic rate and root oxidation activity, were determined. The results showed that from 1950s to the present time, the grain yield was increased by 4.45-4.64, 5.89-5.93, and 8.45-8.62 t ha^-1 in treatments of 0N, MN, and HN, respectively. The grain yield was progressively increased with the improvement of cultivars, showing a trend of MN > HN > 0N for the cultivars bred in the 20th century, and HN > MN > 0N for the super rice cultivars bred in the 21st century. The percentage of productive tillers, dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity, effective and high effective leaf area index, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate, and root oxidation activity were the highest at the MN rate for cultivars bred in the 20th century, while at the HN rate for cultivars bred in the 21st century, among the three N rates. The results suggest that the response to N rates is more sensitive for the cultivars bred in the early decades than for the modern super rice cultivars, and the latter could produce a higher grain yield at the HN rate. Enhancement in population quality contributes to the increase in biomass and grain yield in the improvement of rice cultivars and for the super rice at the HN rate.

Keyword: Japonica rice; Improvement of cultivars; Nitrogen fertilizer; Grain yield; Population quality; Super rice

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水稻是世界三大禾谷类作物之一, 为约30亿人口提供了35%~60%的饮食热量^{[ 1]}。江苏省稻作历史悠久, 地处长江中下游地区, 作为全国水稻生产和消费大省, 常年水稻种植面积200万公顷以上, 其中粳稻面积83%左右^{[ 2, 3]}。随着人口的增加和可耕地面积的减少, 人类21世纪的粮食安全问题越来越受到国际社会的关注。在这种背景下, 实现水稻“高产更高产”这一目标已成为稻作科技工作者面临的严峻挑战。优化群体结构、塑造高质量群体是获取高产的重要前提。水稻高产群体质量指标是指能不断优化群体结构, 实现高产更高产的各项形态、生理指标^{[ 4]}。已有研究表明, 氮肥对水稻分蘖发生^{[ 5, 6]}、干物质积累^{[ 7, 8, 9]}、叶面积指数^{[ 10, 11]}、粒叶比^{[ 12, 13]}、叶片光合速率^{[ 14, 15]}、根系活性^{[ 16, 17]}等群体质量指标均有一定的影响。

以往曾对中粳水稻品种改良过程中产量、株型等农艺和根系活性等生理性状的变化特点进行了研究^{[ 18, 19]}, 但有关在中粳稻品种改良过程中产量和群体质量对氮肥的响应的研究却鲜有报道。本试验以近60年来在江苏省生产上广泛应用的12个代表性中粳稻品种为材料, 研究不同施氮量对中粳水稻品种产量与群体质量的影响, 以期进一步认识氮素在粳稻产量形成中的作用与机制, 塑造高质量群体, 为水稻高产和氮肥高效利用的育种和栽培提供理论依据和实践指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与栽培概况

试验于2012—2013年在扬州大学江苏省作物栽培重点实验室农场进行。以江苏省近60年来各阶段具有代表性的12个中粳稻品种(含超级稻)为材料。依据种植推广年代结合株型和基因型将其分为20世纪50年代、60年代、70年代、80年代、90年代和2000年以后6个类型(表1)。各材料均能在扬州正常抽穗结实。试验地前茬作物为小麦, 耕作层含有机质2.04%、有效氮106.2 mg kg^-1、速效磷 28.5 mg kg^-1、速效钾93.6 mg kg^-1。于5月12日至13日播种, 6月9日至12日移栽, 株行距14.5 cm× 25.0 cm, 双本栽插。全生育期水分管理等按常规高产栽培, 严格控制病虫草害。

表1 供试中粳稻品种 Table 1 The tested japonica rice cultivars

1.2 试验设计

采用裂区设计, 氮肥处理为主区, 品种为裂区(小区)。小区面积27.1 m × 7.0 m, 随机区组排列, 重复3次。各主区间用塑料薄膜包埂, 保证各小区单独排灌。全生育期设置3种氮肥水平, 即不施氮肥(0N), 全施氮240 kg hm^-2 (中氮, MN)和施氮 360 kg hm^-2 (高氮, HN)。所施氮肥依据含氮率折合成尿素按基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥 = 5∶1∶4施用。移栽前施过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 13.5%) 225 kg hm^-2和氯化钾(含K₂O 52%) 225 kg hm^-2。

1.3 取样与测定

1.3.1 茎蘖动态移栽后每7 d定点调查各小区20穴茎蘖数, 直至茎蘖数稳定。

1.3.2 干物重与叶面积分别于分蘖中期(移栽后20 d)、穗分化始期(移栽后38~41 d)、抽穗期和成熟期, 从各小区取2个5穴(按群体平均茎蘖数取样), 采用美国LI-COR公司生产的Li-Cor 3050型叶面积仪测定绿叶面积, 并分器官测定干物质重。抽穗期测定总叶面积、有效叶面积(有效分蘖的叶面积)和高效叶面积(有效分蘖顶部3张叶片的叶面积)。

1.3.3 粒叶比有3种表示形式, 即颖花数/叶面积、实粒数/叶面积、粒重/叶面积, 颖花数、实粒数、粒重分别指总颖花数、总实粒数、总粒重, 叶面积指抽穗期叶面积。

1.3.4 株高与叶基角于齐穗后10 d, 各小区选取生长基本一致的10株, 测定主茎顶三叶叶角(叶片与主茎的夹角)。成熟前1 d, 从各小区按照平均穗数选取生长基本一致的10株, 测定株高。用于测定株高的主茎穗同时用于考查其穗长、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数目。

1.3.5 根系活性与叶片光合速率分别于穗分化始期、抽穗期和灌浆中期各小区取代表性植株挖根3穴(每穴以稻株基部为中心, 挖取20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm的土块), 装于70目的筛网袋中, 先用流水再用农用压缩喷雾器将根冲洗干净, 称取根鲜重, 取部分根按章骏德等方法^{[ 20]}测定根系活力, 其余根用于测定干重。在上述各时期采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合测定仪测定稻株最上部展开叶的光合速率。叶室CO₂浓度为380 μmol mol^-1, 使用红蓝光源, 光量子通量密度(PFD)为1400 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 温度28~30℃, 各小区重复测定6张叶片。

1.3.6 考种与计产成熟期从各小区取2个5穴, 考察每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。以各小区实收计产。

1.4 数据分析

用SAS软件统计分析数据, 用SigmaPlot 10.0绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 试验因子及其互作效应的方差分析

由表2可见, 各测定指标在氮肥处理间、品种间的差异以及品种与处理的互作效应均显著或极显著, 而年度间差异以及年度与品种、年度与氮肥的交互效应不显著(表2)。鉴于产量是本试验最重要的数据, 文中的产量仍将2年的数据分别列出, 其他测定数据用两年的平均数表示。

表2 不同处理下水稻的产量、成熟期干物重、抽穗期总叶面积指数、颖花/叶粒叶比、叶基角、株高和着粒密度的年度与品种间的方差分析 Table 2 Analysis-of-variance of F-values of grain yield, shoot biomass at maturity, total leaf area index at heading, top three leaves angel 10 days after heading, plant height at mature and grains per panicle of rice

2.2 不同氮肥水平下水稻产量及其构成因素

在全生育期总施氮量0~360 kg hm^-2条件下, 产量均随品种改良大幅度提高(图1-A, B)。当总施氮量为0、240和360 kg hm^-2时, 由20世纪50年代早期品种到90年代品种, 产量增幅分别为3.71~ 3.72、4.71~4.96和4.91~4.94 t hm^-2左右。在这3种施氮量条件下, 2000年以后的超级稻品种又较20世纪90年代品种分别增产14.33%~15.75%、10.83%~13.49%、42.96%~45.30%。表明超级稻的产量又有了大幅度的提高。在全生育期总施氮量 240 kg hm^-2条件下, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种产量较不施氮处理显著增加, 当施氮量增加至 360 kg hm^-2时, 产量则呈现下降的趋势, 表现为MN>HN>0N; 对于2000年以后的超级稻品种, 在施氮量0~360 kg hm^-2条件下, 产量随着施氮量的增加而增加, 表现为HN>MN>0N。与不施氮肥相比, 施用240 kg hm^-2氮肥后, 50年代的早期中粳稻品种的产量增加了86.05%~90.57%, 2000年以后的超级稻品种的产量增加了46.89%~48.21% (图1-A, B)。说明早期品种较超级稻品种对氮肥的响应更敏感。

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图1 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中产量及产量构成因素的变化0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮240 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮360 kg hm^-2。Fig. 1 Changes of grain yield and its components for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates0N: no nitrogen was applied; MN: 240 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; HN: 360 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied.

从产量构成因素分析, 品种改良或施用氮肥后产量的提高主要在于总颖花量的增加(图1-C, D)。在3种施氮量条件下, 总颖花量和产量均表现出同步增长的趋势, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种总颖花量在总施氮量0~360 kg hm^-2范围内, 均随着施氮量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势; 2000年以后的超级稻品种总颖花量则随着施氮量的增加而增加。总颖花量的增加主要在于每穗粒数的增加, 以超级稻品种最为明显(图1-E, F)。自20世纪50年代品种开始, 结实率逐步提高, 但由20世纪90年代品种到2000年以后的超级稻品种, 结实率又有下降的趋势。超级稻品种较低的结实率限制了其产量的充分发挥。各个年代品种的结实率均随着施氮量的增加呈现降低的趋势(图1-G, H)。品种改良过程中穗数呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 20世纪80年代以前的品种穗数随着施氮量的增加表现为先增加后降低; 90年代以后的品种, 穗数随着施氮量的提高而提高(图1-I, J)。千粒重随着品种改良呈现先降低后增加的趋势, 各个年代品种的千粒重均随着施氮量的提高而降低(图1-K, L)。

2.3 不同氮肥水平下水稻茎蘖动态与成穗率

无论是何种施氮量, 各年代品种的茎蘖数均随着生育进程逐渐增加, 并在拔节期达到最大值, 随后平稳下降(图2)。各年代品种的最高分蘖数和最终有效分蘖数随品种改良均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。各年代品种的最高茎蘖数均随施氮量的增加而增加, 表现为HN>MN>0N。20世纪80年代以前的品种最终有效分蘖数随施氮量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 表现为MN>HN>0N; 90年代以后的品种和2000年以后的超级稻品种最终有效分蘖数随施氮量的增加而增加, 表现为HN>MN>0N。在不同施氮量条件下, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种茎蘖成穗率表现为MN>HN>0N, 而2000年以后的超级稻品种则表现为HN>MN>0N (图2)。再次表明现代品种特别是超级稻品种更适应于高施氮量。

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图2 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中茎蘖动态变化0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮240 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮360 kg hm^-2。Fig. 2 Changes of the number of tillers for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates0N: no nitrogen was applied; MN: 240 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; HN: 360 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied.

2.4 不同氮肥水平下水稻干物质积累

各年代品种在各生育时期的干物质积累均随着品种改良有显著提高(图3)。在同一施氮量, 各年代品种的干物质积累在分蘖中期差异不显著, 而穗分化始期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物质积累均随着品种改良显著增加。与20世纪50年代的早期中粳稻品种相比, 当施氮量分别为0、240和360 kg hm^-2时, 2000年以后的超级稻品种全生育期总干物质增幅分别为7.60、10.15和14.55 t hm^-2。2000年以前的中粳稻品种, 总生物产量均随着施氮量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 表现为MN>HN>0N, 而2000年以后的超级稻品种, 总生物产量随着施氮量的增加而增加, 表现为HN>MN>0N (图3)。

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图3 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中干物质积累变化0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮240 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮360 kg hm^-2; MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期;
HD: 抽穗期; MA: 成熟期。Fig. 3 Changes of the biomass for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates0N: no nitrogen was applied; MN: 240 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; HN: 360 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; MT: mid tillering;
PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading; MA: maturity.

2.5 不同氮肥水平下水稻抽穗期叶面积指数

在同一施氮量, 各年代中粳稻品种的抽穗期总叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数(有效茎蘖叶面积指数)和高效叶面积指数(有效茎蘖顶部3张叶片叶面积指数)均随品种改良呈现不断增加的趋势。当施氮量分别为0、240和360 kg hm^-2时, 与20世纪50年代早期中粳稻品种相比, 2000年以后的现代超级稻品种抽穗期有效叶面积指数增幅分别为157.50%、125.07%和185.77%, 而高效叶面积指数增幅分别为238.46%、129.44%和207.46%。2000年以前的中粳稻品种抽穗期的总叶面积指数、有效叶面积指数和高效叶面积指数均表现为MN>HN>0N, 而2000年以后的超级稻品种则表现为HN>MN>0N (表3)。

表3 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中叶面积指数(LAI)的变化 Table 3 Changes of the leaf area index(LAI) for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates

2.6 不同氮肥水平下水稻群体粒叶比

在江苏中粳稻品种改良过程中, 颖花/叶(cm²)、实粒/叶(cm²)和粒重/叶(cm²)均呈现不断增加的趋势(表4), 说明随品种改良, 群体总颖花量的增加超过了叶面积指数的增加, 即库的增加超过了叶量的增加, 增加了叶源对产量的贡献, 进而提高产量。由表4还可以看出, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种颖花/叶(cm²)均随着施氮量的增加而增加, 当施氮量增加至360 kg hm^-2时, 又呈现下降的趋势, 表现为MN>HN> 0N; 对于2000年以后的超级稻品种, 在全生育期总施氮量0~360 kg hm^-2条件下, 颖花/叶(cm²)均随着施氮量的增加而增加, 表现为HN>MN>0N。2000年以前的中粳稻品种实粒/叶(cm²)均表现为MN>0N>HN, 2000年以后的超级稻品种表现为0N>HN>MN, 高氮条件下各个年代中粳稻品种的实粒/叶(cm²)均不高, 这可能与该条件下品种较低的结实率有关。各个年代中粳稻品种的粒重/叶(cm²)均随着施氮量的增加而降低, 表现为0N>MN>HN (表4)。

表4 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中粒叶比的变化 Table 4 Changes of grain-leaf ratio for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates

品种类型 Cultivar type	品种 Cultivar	颖花/叶 Spikelet/leaf (cm²)			实粒/叶 Filled grains/leaf (cm²)			粒重/叶 Grain yield (mg)/leaf (cm²)
品种类型 Cultivar type	品种 Cultivar	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN
1950s	黄壳早Huangkezao	0.50 d	0.58 b	0.51 d	0.30 g	0.31 g	0.27 f	6.61 i	6.62 h	5.45 h
	桂花球Guihuaqiu	0.50 d	0.58 b	0.52 cd	0.39 ef	0.42 e	0.36 e	11.75 f	11.13 e	9.48 e
	平均Average	0.50	0.58	0.52	0.34	0.37	0.31	9.18	8.87	7.46
1960s	金南风Jinnanfeng	0.60 bc	0.64 a	0.63 b	0.38 f	0.39 f	0.35 e	10.10 h	9.45 g	8.36 g
	桂花黄Guihuahuang	0.50 d	0.54 c	0.49 d	0.43 e	0.43 de	0.37 e	10.85 g	10.36 f	8.92 f
	平均Average	0.55	0.59	0.56	0.40	0.41	0.36	10.47	9.91	8.64
1970s	徐稻2号Xudao 2	0.60 bc	0.63 a	0.61 b	0.53 a	0.53 a	0.46 bc	13.08 d	12.31 c	10.62 c
	黎明Liming	0.52 d	0.57 c	0.55 c	0.47 cd	0.47 bc	0.42 d	12.27 e	11.68 d	10.00 d
	平均Average	0.56	0.60	0.58	0.50	0.50	0.44	12.68	11.99	10.31
1980s	泗稻8号Sidao 8	0.57 c	0.64 a	0.61 b	0.46 d	0.46 bcd	0.43 cd	11.29 fg	11.11 e	10.37 cd
	盐粳2号Yanjing 2	0.57 c	0.63 bc	0.61 b	0.49 bcd	0.50 b	0.45 bcd	12.53 e	11.66 d	10.56 c
	平均Average	0.57	0.64	0.61	0.48	0.48	0.44	11.91	11.39	10.47
1990s	镇稻88 Zhendao 88	0.57 c	0.65 a	0.63 b	0.52 ab	0.54 a	0.50 a	14.26 c	13.62 a	12.94 a
	淮稻5号Huaidao 5	0.58 c	0.63 a	0.61 b	0.50 abc	0.50 b	0.45 bcd	13.87 c	12.86 b	11.77 b
	平均Average	0.58	0.64	0.62	0.51	0.52	0.48	14.07	13.24	12.35
2000-	淮稻9号Huaidao 9	0.65 a	0.63 a	0.69 a	0.52 ab	0.45 cde	0.48 ab	16.15 a	13.66 a	13.07 a
	连粳7号Lianjing 7	0.63 ab	0.64 a	0.69 a	0.52 ab	0.48 bc	0.51 a	15.55 b	13.70 a	13.35 a
	平均Average	0.64	0.64	0.69	0.52	0.47	0.49	15.85	13.68	13.21

0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮240 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮360 kg hm^-2。同一栏内标以不同字母的值在0.05水平上差异显著。

0N: no nitrogen was applied; MN: 240 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; HN: 360 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied. Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different at 0.05 probability level.

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图4 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中株高(A)与叶基角(B)的变化0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮240 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮360 kg hm^-2。Fig. 4 Changes of plant height (A) and top three leaves angle (B) for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates0N: no nitrogen was applied; MN: 240 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; HN: 360 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied.

2.7 不同氮肥水平下水稻株高与叶基角

由图4-A可知, 江苏中粳稻品种改良过程中, 株高呈现先降低后增加的趋势。各年代中粳稻品种株高均随施氮量的增加而提高, 表现为HN>MN>0N。抽穗期顶三叶叶角随品种改良显著降低。与20世纪50年代的早期中粳稻品种相比, 2000年以后的超级稻品种降低幅度为45.94%~54.18%。施氮量对叶着生角度有明显的影响, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种抽穗期顶三叶叶角表现为0N>HN>MN, 2000年以后的超级稻品种则表现为0N>MN>HN (图4-B)。

2.8 不同氮肥水平下水稻根系氧化力与叶片光合速率

江苏中粳稻品种改良过程中, 根系氧化力显著增加, 各年代品种的根系氧化力在穗分化始期达到最高峰, 其次是抽穗期, 灌浆至成熟期最低(图5-A~ C)。2000年以前的中粳稻品种各生育时期的根系氧化力均表现为MN>HN>0N, 2000年以后的超级稻品种则表现为HN>MN>0N。

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图5 江苏省不同氮肥水平下中粳稻品种改良过程中根系氧化力(A~C)与光合速率(D~F)的变化0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮240 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮360 kg hm^-2; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期;
MF: 灌浆中期。Fig. 5 Changes of root oxidation activity (A-C) and photosynthetic rate (D-F) for japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu under different nitrogen application rates0N: no nitrogen was applied; MN: 240 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; HN: 360 kg hm^-2 nitrogen was applied; PI: panicle initiation;
HD: heading; MF: middle grain filling stage.

叶片光合速率也随品种改良过程而显著增加(图5-D~F)。叶片光合速率对氮肥的响应的变化与根系氧化力对氮肥响应的趋势一致。与其他品种相比, 2000年以后的超级稻品种灌浆结实期根系氧化力和光合速率均下降较快, 这可能是超级稻结实率偏低的一个重要生理原因。

2.9 不同氮肥水平下水稻穗部性状

穗长随品种改良呈现逐渐增加的趋势(表5)。随品种改良, 一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数不断增加, 其中以二次枝梗数增加更为显著。在品种改良过程中每穗粒数显著增加, 每穗粒数的增加幅度超过了穗长增加的幅度。因此, 着粒密度随着品种改良也呈现显著增加的趋势。在不同施氮量条件下, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和着粒密度均表现为MN>HN>0N, 2000年以后的现代超级稻品种则表现为HN>MN>0N (表5)。

相关分析表明, 产量与成熟期干物重、抽穗至成熟期干物质积累、抽穗期总叶面积指数(LAI)、颖花/叶(cm²)、着粒密度、叶片光合速率和根系氧化力均极显著正相关 ( r = 0.799~0.976, P< 0.01)。说明群体质量的改善是品种改良过程中产量提高的重要原因。施氮量通过调控群体质量实现对产量的调控。

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	表5 Table. 5

3 讨论

本课题组等曾研究了江苏水稻品种在改良过程中的产量变化特点^{[ 18, 19, 21]}, 但有关氮肥对不同时期水稻品种产量及群体质量的影响等缺乏研究。本研究较为系统地观察了不同时期江苏中粳稻品种对氮肥响应与群体质量的变化特点。目前尚未检索到这方面的研究报道。

本研究表明, 无论是在不施氮、还是施氮情况下, 水稻产量均随品种改良而逐步提高, 说明育种的进步是江苏中粳稻产量提高的一个重要原因。不同时期品种对氮素的响应存在差异。在全生育期总施氮量240 kg hm^-2条件下, 2000年以前的中粳稻品种产量较不施氮处理显著增加, 当施氮量增加至360 kg hm^-2时, 产量又呈现下降的趋势; 现代超级稻品种则在总施氮量0~360 kg hm^-2条件下, 产量随施氮量的增加而增加。说明早期品种对氮肥响应较现代品种敏感, 现代超级稻品种的耐肥性高于早期品种, 更适宜在高氮肥条件下生长。这些不同时期品种对氮肥响应的差异, 可供育种和栽培策略制定提供参考。早期中粳稻品种在同一年代不同品种的产量及产量构成因素间差异达显著水平, 而同一年代的现代超级稻品种间的产量及产量构成因素间差异不显著(表未列出)。这些说明, 如何突破水稻单产瓶颈, 进一步挖掘现代品种的产量潜力, 并育成更高产量的水稻品种是当代农业科技工作者面临的严峻挑战。

水稻群体质量有诸多指标, 其中花后干物质生产被认为是最重要的一个指标^{[ 22, 23, 24]}。童平等^{[ 22]}指出, 水稻产量高低与其干物质积累密切相关。在超高产育种条件下, 生物产量要有所突破, 籽粒产量才能有所创新^{[ 22]}。凌启鸿等^{[ 23, 24]}认为, 要提高产量, 关键是提高抽穗至成熟期的物质积累, 水稻产量与抽穗期的干物质量呈开口向下的抛物线关系, 而与成熟期干物质积累量及抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量呈线性相关。本研究表明, 随品种改良, 江苏中粳稻品种成熟期干物质重和抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累显著增加。2000年以前的中粳稻品种在中氮肥条件下有较高的花后干物质积累, 而现代超级稻品种在高氮肥条件下具有较高的花后干物质积累。说明较高的抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累是现代超级稻品种夺取高产的重要原因。

提高产量, 首先要增加颖花量^{[ 4]}。但在育种和栽培中, 随着颖花量的增加, 叶面积也同时增加, 而且叶面积的增加往往会超过颖花量的增加, 结果造成群体过大, 严重的发生倒伏。在这样条件下, 虽颖花量增加了, 因结实率降低而产量不高^{[ 25]}。为解决这一矛盾, 凌启鸿等^{[ 25]}提出了通过提高粒叶比来提高产量的途径。他们认为, 粒叶比是衡量水稻源库关系是否协调、光合生产力好坏的一个重要指标。还有研究表明, 粒叶比与叶片光合速率、光合源的质量有密切关系^{[ 26]}。我们在本研究中观察到, 与早期品种相比, 2000年以后的现代超级稻品种显著提高了颖花/叶面积、实粒数/叶面积和粒重/叶面积以及光合速率, 且在高氮肥条件下仍能维持较高的粒叶比和叶片光合速率, 而2000年以前的中粳稻品种则在中氮肥条件下保持较高的粒叶比与光合速率, 在高氮条件下粒叶比较中氮处理降低。说明随品种改良, 江苏中粳稻品种的源库协调关系得到改善; 现代超级稻品种在高氮肥条件下库的增加仍可超过叶面积的增加, 保持源库关系协调。这可能是超级稻品种适应高肥的能力强、特别是抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量高的一个重要原因。

有学者指出, 茎蘖成穗率是衡量水稻群体质量的一个综合指标^{[ 23, 27]}。在获得适宜穗数的条件下控制群体的最高总茎蘖数, 尽量减少无效分蘖, 尽可能提高成穗率, 可显著提高产量。本研究中, 江苏中粳稻品种的茎蘖成穗率随品种改良而显著增加, 2000年以前的品种在中氮肥条件下具有较高的茎蘖成穗率, 而现代超级稻品种在高氮肥条件下具有较高的茎蘖成穗率。说明在江苏中粳稻品种改良过程中, 个体与群体的矛盾得到协调, 群体质量不断提高。本研究还观察到, 早期品种产量的获得主要是靠增加穗数发挥群体优势, 现代品种则主要是依靠增加每穗粒数、发挥大穗优势而夺取高产。

20世纪60年代推出的第一个矮秆水稻品种“IR8”掀起了一场“绿色革命”, 然而在“IR8”诞生后的30多年的时间里, 品种本身的产量潜力停滞不前, 长期徘徊在10 t hm^-2左右的水平^{[ 28]}。矮秆品种存在无效分蘖多、穗子较小、叶面积指数过高、抗倒伏能力差等不足, 因此, 有必要对矮秆株型的某些性状进行修正^{[ 29]}。20世纪80年代末至90年代初, 国际水稻研究所率先实施了旨在提高产量潜力(15 t hm^-2)的新株型育种计划^{[ 30]}。水稻新株型, 有人称之为“超级稻”。1996年, 我国农业部启动实施了旨在大幅度提高水稻产量的“中国超级稻育种计划”。超级稻品种(组合)是通过理想株型塑造与杂种优势利用相结合选育的单产大幅度提高、品质优良、抗性较强的新型水稻品种组合, 有着巨大的增产潜力^{[ 31]}。以往的一些研究表明, 超级稻品种具有株型好(株高适中、叶片挺立、抗倒性强)、生物产量高、库容(总颖花)量大的共同特征, 但同时又存在着结实率低而不稳定等突出问题^{[ 32, 33]}。本研究也观察到, 在不同的施氮量条件下, 随品种改良, 江苏中粳稻品种的株型与群体结构也得到改良, 产量潜力得以提高。与早期品种相比, 现代超级稻品种顶三叶着生角度相对较小, 但超级稻品种灌浆结实期的叶片光合速率和根系氧化力下降较快, 说明其后期衰老较快。如何提高超级稻品种的结实率, 以进一步发挥其增产潜力, 是一项需要深入探讨的课题。

4 结论

无论是在低氮还是在高氮水平, 产量随品种改良而提高。早期品种对氮肥响应较现代超级稻品种敏感, 表现为中氮(240 kg hm^-2)的产量高于高氮 (360 kg hm^-2)的产量, 现代超级稻品种则在高氮水平下具有更高的产量。品种改良使产量增加以及超级稻品种在高氮下有更好的产量表现主要在于高的颖花量与高的干物质生产特别是花后高的干物质积累。群体质量指标的改善(粒叶比高、茎蘖成穗率高、叶光合速率高、顶部叶片着生角度减小等)是在品种改良过程中以及超级稻品种在高氮水平下物质生产和产量提高的重要原因。通过提高灌浆中期后根系氧化力等技术途径提高超级稻品种的结实率, 可以进一步实现其产量潜力。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[10]	刘立军, 徐国伟, 吴长付, 杨建昌. 实地氮肥管理下的水稻生长发育和养分吸收特性. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 167-173 Liu L J, Xu G W, Wu C F, Yang J C. Characteristics of growth, development and nutrient uptake in rice under site specific nitrogen management. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 167-173 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[11]	曾勇军, 石庆华, 潘晓华, 韩涛. 施氮量对高产早稻氮素利用特征及产量形成的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 1409-1416 Zeng Y J, Shi Q H, Pan X H, Han T. Effects of nitrogen application amount on characteristics of nitrogen utilization and yield formation in high yielding early hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 1409-1416 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[12]	薛亚光, 葛立立, 王康君, 颜晓元, 尹斌, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 不同栽培模式对杂交粳稻群体质量的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 280-291 Xue Y G, Ge L L, Wang K J, Yan X Y, Yin B, Liu L J, Yang J C. Effects of different cultivation patterns on population quality of japonica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 280-291 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[13]	薛亚光, 陈婷婷, 杨成, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 中粳稻不同栽培模式对产量及其生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 466-476 Xue Y G, Chen T T, Yang C, Wang Z Q, Liu L J, Yang J C. Effects of different cultivation patterns on the yield and physiological characteristics in mid-season japonica rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 466-476 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[14]	Li M Y, Wang Z Q, Zeng L, Shi Q H, Pan X H, Tan X M. Effects of water deficit and increased nitrogen application in the late growth stage on physiological characters of anti-aging of leaves in different hybrid rice varieties. Agric Sci & Tech, 2012, 13: 2311-2322 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.796]
[15]	Wang L F, Chen Y Y. Photosynthetic characterization at different senescence stages in an early senescence mutant of rice Oryza sativa L. Photosynthetica, 2011, 49: 140-144 [本文引用:1]
[16]	唐拴虎, 徐培智, 张发宝, 陈建生, 谢春生. 一次性全层施用控释肥对水稻根系形态发育及抗倒伏能力的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 63-69 Tang S H, Xu P Z, Zhang F B, Chen J S, Xie C S. Influence of single basal application controlled-release fertilizer on morphologic deve-lopment of root system and lodging resistance of rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 63-69 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.883]
[17]	郑圣先, 聂军, 戴平安, 郑颖俊. 控释氮肥对杂交水稻生育后期根系形态生理特征和衰老的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 188-194 Zheng S X, Nie J, Dai P A, Zheng Y J. Effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on the morphological and physiological characteristics and senescence of root system during late growth stages of hybrid rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 188-194 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.883]
[18]	张耗, 谈桂露, 薛亚光, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 江苏省粳稻品种近60年演进过程中产量与形态生理特征的变化. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 133-140 Zhang H, Tan G L, Xue Y G, Wang Z Q, Liu L J, Yang J C. Changes in grain yield and morphological and physiological characteristics during 60-year evolution of japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 133-140 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.667]
[19]	熊洁, 陈功磊, 王绍华, 丁艳锋. 江苏省不同年代典型粳稻品种的产量及株型差异. 南京农业大学学报, 2011, 34(5): 1-6 Xiong J, Chen G L, Wang S H, Ding Y F. The difference in grain yield and plant type among typical japonica varieties in different years in Jiangsu Province. J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2011, 34(5): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 0.916]
[20]	章骏德, 刘国屏, 施永宁. 植物生理实验法. 南昌: 江西人民出版社, 1982. pp52-57 Zhang J D, Liu G P, Shi Y N. Experimental Method for Plant Physiology. Nanchang: Jiangxi People’s Publishing House, 1982. pp52-57(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[21]	杨建昌, 王朋, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 949-955 Yang J C, Wang P, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 949-955 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[22]	童平, 杨世民, 马均, 吴合洲, 傅泰露, 李敏, 王明田. 不同水稻品种在不同光照条件下的光合特性及干物质积累. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 505-510 Tong P, Yang S M, Ma J, Wu H Z, Fu T L, Li M, Wang M T. Photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of hybrid rice varieties under different light conditions. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 505-510 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.742]
[23]	凌启鸿, 苏祖芳, 张海泉. 水稻成穗率与群体质量的关系及其影响因素的研究. 作物学报, 1995, 21: 463-469 Ling Q H, Su Z F, Zhang H Q. Relationship between earbearing tiller percentage and population quality and its influential factors in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 1995, 21: 463-469 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3] [CJCR: 1.667]
[24]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 丁艳峰. 水稻丰产高效技术及理论. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2005 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Ding Y F. Theory and Technology of High Yield and High Efficiency in Rice. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2005 (in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[25]	凌启鸿, 杨建昌. 水稻群体“粒叶比”与高产栽培途径的研究. 中国农业科学, 1986, 19(3): 1-8 Ling Q H, Yang J C. Studies on “Grain-leaf Ratio” of population and cultural approaches of high yield in rice plants. Sci Agric Sin, 1986, 19(3): 1-8 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.889]
[26]	赵明, 李少昆, 王志敏, 王树安. 论作物源的数量、质量关系及其类型划分. 中国农业大学学报, 1998, 3(3): 53-58 Zhao M, Li S K, Wang Z M, Wang S A. Exposition on genotypes classification and relationship between quality and quantity of crop source. J ChinaAgric Univ, 1998, 3(3): 53-58 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.1053]
[27]	苏祖芳, 张娟, 王辉斌, 杜永林, 张亚洁. 水稻群体茎蘖动态与成穗率和产量形成关系的研究. 江苏农学院学报, 1997, 18(1): 36-41 Su Z F, Zhang J, Wang H B, Du Y L, Zhang Y J. Study on relationship of tiller development of rice population with the effective ear percentage and rice formation. Jiangsu Agric Coll, 1997, 18(1): 36-41 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[28]	胡文新. 国际水稻研究所新株型水稻的研究背景和现状. 江西农业学报, 2001, 13(4): 51-54 Hu W X. Background and current status of research on new plant type rice. Acta Agric Jiangxi, 2001, 13(4): 51-54 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.9866]
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[31]	程式华, 曹立勇, 陈深广, 朱德峰, 王熹, 闵绍楷, 翟虎渠. 后期功能型超级杂交稻的概念及生物学意义. 中国水稻科学, 2005, 19: 280-284 Cheng S H, Cao L Y, Chen S G, Zhu D F, Wang X, Min S K, Zhai H Q. Conception of late-stage vigor super hybrid rice and its biological significance. Chin J Rice Sci, 2005, 19: 280-284 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[32]	Cheng S H, Zhuang J Y, Fan Y Y, Du J H, Cao L Y. Progress in research and development on hybrid rice: a super-domesticate in China. Ann Bot, 2007, 100: 959-966 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.657]
[33]	Peng S B, Khush G S, Virk P, Tang Q Y, Zou Y B. Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential. Field Crops Res, 2008, 108: 32-38 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]

2003

0.42

0.0

... 水稻是世界三大禾谷类作物之一, 为约30亿人口提供了35%~60%的饮食热量^[1] ...

1997

0.0

... 江苏省稻作历史悠久, 地处长江中下游地区, 作为全国水稻生产和消费大省, 常年水稻种植面积200万公顷以上, 其中粳稻面积83%左右^[2,3] ...

2006

0.0

... 江苏省稻作历史悠久, 地处长江中下游地区, 作为全国水稻生产和消费大省, 常年水稻种植面积200万公顷以上, 其中粳稻面积83%左右^[2,3] ...

2000

0.0

... 水稻高产群体质量指标是指能不断优化群体结构, 实现高产更高产的各项形态、生理指标^[4] ...

... 提高产量, 首先要增加颖花量^[4] ...

1997

0.0

... 已有研究表明, 氮肥对水稻分蘖发生^[5,6]、干物质积累^[7,8,9]、叶面积指数^[10,11]、粒叶比^[12,13]、叶片光合速率^[14,15]、根系活性^[16,17]等群体质量指标均有一定的影响 ...

2011

0.0

0.3962

. 2011, (3):6-8

Effect of N-fertilizer management on the tiller, dry matter weight and yield of rice

通过大田试验研究了氮肥运筹方式对辽星1号和辽优5218分蘖动态、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明，辽星1号以处理2(4∶3∶2∶1)的产量为最高，达到771.5 kg/667m2，比处理3(3∶5∶2)增产16.7％，辽优5218以处理3(3∶5∶2)的产量为最高，达到851.3 kg/667m2。减少前期氮肥用量有利于提高水稻的有效穗数，同时，粒肥的施用能够促进水稻的灌浆，提高千粒重。

2006

0.0

1.889

. 2006, 39:2286-2293

Effects of the site-specific nitrogen management on yield and dry matter accumulation of rice in cold areas of Northeastern China

东北农业大学资源与环境学院

Experiments of two fertilization methods, site-specific nitrogen management (SSNM) and farmer’s fertilization practice (FFP), were conducted to solve the problem of excessive N application on rice in cold area, and to study their effects on dry matter accumulation of rice, the chlorophyll meter values (SPAD values) in leaves, tiller number as well as yield. Experiment results showed that compared with FFP, SSNM significantly decreased the average N rate by 33.8%, increased dry matter weight after heading period by 4.3%~29.1%, and increased filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight by 0.1~12.5 percent point and 0.3~1.8g correspondingly, as well as increased average yield by 4.3% and 14.7%(P < 0.05) in 2004 and 2005 respectively. There were significantly positive correlations(P<0.01) between dry matter weight after heading period and yield, and accumulation rate of dry matter makes rice yield increase. The result suggested that SSNM is an outstanding achievement in N application in cold area of Northeastern China, and is a valid agriculture approach.

【目的】以寒地5个粳稻品种为试验材料，研究实地氮肥管理的增产机理。【方法】2004和2005年，通过农民习惯施肥和实地氮肥管理的大田对比试验和不同SPAD阈值的小区试验，探讨实地氮肥管理对水稻群体质量、干物质积累规律和氮积累的影响。【结果】与农民习惯施肥相比，实地氮肥管理使氮肥总量平均减少了33.8%，水稻成穗率平均提高了12.3%（P＜0.05），灌浆期水稻叶面积指数提高了14.1%～27.6% （P＜0.05），抽穗期以后水稻干物质增加了4.3%～29.1%，抽穗后干物重与产量呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01)，产量平均增加了9.8%；抽穗后氮积累量增加了11.8%～55.1% (P＜0.05)，氮肥吸收利用率和农学利用率分别提高了38.5%～133.4%（P＜0.05）和 39.78%～194.26%（P＜0.05）。【结论】该技术通过改善水稻群体质量，增加抽穗后LAI，促进干物质和氮积累，增加水稻产量和氮肥利用率。

2004

2.474

0.0

2002

2.474

0.0

2007

0.0

1.494

. 2007, 21:167-173

Characteristics of growth, development and nutrient uptake in rice under site specific nitrogen management

With typical rice cultivars as materials,the growth and development characteristics and nutrient uptake in rice under site-specific nitrogen management(SSNM)were studied.SSNM could decrease N rate to a greater extent without any sacrifice in grain yield,when compared with farmers’ fertilizer practice(FFP).Number of productive panicles under SSNM was a little lower than that under FFP,but productive tiller rate was much higher under SSNM.Leaf area index(LAI)and root weight were lower under SSNM than those under FFP before panicle initiation,but the results were reversed after heading stage.SSNM increased efficient and high efficient LAI rates at the heading stage,dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity stage,ratio of root to shoot,photosynthetic rate in flag leaves after heading stage and light transmission rate in rice population at the full heading stage.The uptake peaks of N,P,K under SSNM were all from panicle initiation to heading.During this period,the uptakes of N,P,K were about 45.6%-46.2%,39.6%-43.6%,and 44.2%-45.2% of total at maturity,which were all much higher than those under FFP.Reasons for yield increase and nutrient uptake laws in rice under SSNM were discussed.

以代表性水稻品种为材料，研究了实地氮肥管理模式下水稻的生长发育和养分吸收规律。与农民习惯施肥方法相比，实地氮肥管理在产量不降低甚至有所提高的前提下可以较大幅度地降低施氮量。实地氮肥管理水稻有效穗数有所下降，但其分蘖成穗率明显提高。穗分化前实地氮肥管理水稻叶面积指数和根质量低于农民习惯施肥法，抽穗后结果则相反。实地氮肥管理提高了抽穗期水稻的有效叶面积和高效叶面积的比率、抽穗至成熟的干物质积累、抽穗后根冠比和剑叶的光合速率以及齐穗期群体透光率。实地氮肥管理水稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收高峰均出现在穗分化至抽穗期，此阶段氮、磷、钾的吸收量约占最终总吸收量的45.6%~46.2%、39.6%~43.6％和44.2%～45.2％，均明显高于农民习惯施肥方法。对实地氮肥管理产量提高原因及养分吸收规律进行了讨论。

2008

0.0

1.667

. 2008, 34:1409-1416 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.01409

Effects of nitrogen application amount on characteristics of nitrogen utilization and yield formation in high yielding early hybrid rice

ZENG Yong-Jun,SHI Qing-Hua*,PAN Xiao-Hua,HAN Tao

Two early season hybrid rice combinations, Luliangyou 996(two-line) and Jinyou 463(three-line) were used to study the characteristics of nitrogen utilization and yield formation under different N application amounts. The results showed that with the increasing of N amount the contents of chlorophyll in leaf and the nitrogen accumulation in stem, leaf, and spike increased, the leaf area index( LAI ) enlarged and the dry matter accumulation before full heading especially from tillering to full heading pro-moted, the amount and the distribution rate of N accumulation in stem and leaf increased, but N dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and N production efficiency (NPE) decreased. The yields of the two rice combination were mainly affected by spikelets per panicle and the number of effective panicles. Optimum N rate increased the rate of the tillers with more than the critical stem-weight (a standard dry weight of stem used for judging whether the tiller grew into effective panicle or not) and the spikelets per panicle. But, the excessive N application decreased the rate of the tillers with more than the critical stem-weight and the spikelets per panicle, resulting in the decrease of dry matter production in late growing stages especially after milky ripe. Under the fertile soil condition in this study, optimum N amount was 225 kg per hectare for Luliangyou 996 which has large spike and compact plant and 180 kg per hectare for Jinyou 463 which has smaller spike, relax plant, and strong tillering ability.

以高产早稻组合陆两优996(两系)和金优463(三系)为材料, 通过不同的氮肥施用量对其氮素吸收特征、群体结构及产量形成进行了研究。结果表明: (1) 施氮有利于增加叶片叶绿素含量以及茎、叶、穗中的氮素含量, 提高叶面积指数, 促进齐穗期以前特别是分蘖盛期至齐穗期的干物质生产和氮素积累。施氮量增加, 分配到茎和叶中氮素的量及比例增加, 干物质生产效率和稻谷生产效率下降。(2) 每穗粒数和有效穗数是影响双季早稻产量的最主要因素, 适量施氮可以提高临界茎重以上的茎蘖比例, 增加每穗粒数。过量施氮会抑制水稻的前期分蘖, 降低临界茎重以上的茎蘖比例, 使每穗粒数降低, 同时影响后期特别是乳熟期以后的物质生产和氮素吸收。本试验条件下, 穗型较大、株型紧凑的组合陆两优996, 施氮量以225 kg hm -2 为宜; 而分蘖力较强、穗型较小、株型较松散的组合金优463, 施氮量以180 kg hm -2 为宜。

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:280-291 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00280

Effects of different cultivation patterns on population quality of japonica hybrid rice

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

A high quality of population is necessary to achieve high grain yield in rice, but little information is available on understanding how cultivation patterns affect population quality. In this study, two japonica hybrid rice cultivars Changyou 3 and Changyou 5 were grown in the field, with six cultivation patterns including no nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding cultivation (control), cultivation for high yielding and high efficiency(CHYHE), super high yielding cultivation (SHY), cultivation for super high yielding and high efficiency (SHYHE) and cultivation for high use efficiency of N （ HUEN ） . The results showed that, the average yields of two cultivars under SHY and SHYHE were 12.0 t ha -1 and 10.9 t ha -1 , respectively, and 41.6% and 29.1% higher than these of control. Compared with the control, the SHY and SHYHE also significantly increased percentage of productive tillers, biomass from heading to mature, efficient and high efficient leaf area, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate and SPAD values after anthesis , root-shoot ratio, and root bleeding after heading. The results indicated that the population quality of rice could be improved and higher yield could be achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

以杂交粳稻常优 3 号和常优 5 号为材料，设置未施氮处理 (0N) 、当地高产栽培 ( 对照 ) 、高产高效栽培、超高产栽培、超高产高效栽培和氮肥高效利用栽培等 6 种不同栽培模式，并观察上述栽培模式对水稻产量和群体质量的影响。结果表明，两品种超高产栽培和超高产高效栽培的产量平均分别达 12.0 t hm -2 和 10.9 t hm -2 ，较当地常规高产栽培分别高出 41.6% 和 29.1% 。与当地常规高产栽培相比，超高产栽培和超高产高效栽培等处理的茎蘖成穗率明显提高，抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累增加，有效叶面积和高效叶面积比率增加。上述两处理还提高了水稻粒叶比，改善了源库关系，并提高了剑叶的光合速率和叶绿素含量以及抽穗后的根冠比和根系伤流量。这些结果表明，通过栽培技术的集成与优化，可以改善水稻群体质量，获得更高产量。

2010

0.0

1.667

. 2010, 36:466-476 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.00466

Effects of different cultivation patterns on the yield and physiological characteristics in mid-season japonica rice

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Donghai Farm of Jiangsu Province, Donghai 222312, China

Rice is one of the most important food crops in China . The realization of continuously high yield has great significance in ensuring food security and society stability . Meanwhile, low nitrogen (N) use efficiency is a serious problem in rice production in China. The objective of this study was to investigate if a cultivation technique could coordinately increase both grain yield and N use efficiency in rice. Mid-season japonica rice cultivars were used with the treatments of local high-yielding cultivation (control), super high-yielding cultivation, and high-yielding and high N use efficiency cultivation (HHC). The characteristics of grain yield formation under different cultivation systems and their physiological basis were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with the control, the HHC significantly increased biomass of root and shoot, root cytokinin concentration and root oxidation activity, grain-leaf ratio, leaf photosynthetic rate during the mid and late grain filling periods, nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation in stems and sheaths at the heading time, remobilization of carbon accumulated from heading to mature stage, and harvest index. The HHC increased grain yield by 31% and agronomic N use efficiency (increased grain yield per unit N application) by 57% when compared with the control. The results suggest that root and shoot growth could be improved and high grain yield and high N use efficiency could be achieved through integrating and optimizing cultivation techniques in rice production.

旨在探讨水稻高产与氮肥高效利用的栽培技术。以中粳稻品种，设置当地高产栽培 ( 对照 ) 、超高产栽培和高产高效栽培等处理，比较分析在不同栽培技术体系下产量形成特点及其生理原因。与对照相比，高产高效栽培增加了根和地上部植株干重、提高了根系细胞分裂素含量、根系氧化力、粒叶比、灌浆中后期叶片光合速率、抽穗期茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物累积量、物质运转率和收获指数；产量增加了 31% ，氮肥农学利用率 ( 单位施氮量增加的产量 ) 增加了 57% 。说明通过栽培技术的集成优化，可以促进植株生长，进而获得高产和氮肥高效利用的效果。

2012

0.796

0.0

2011

0.0

2006

0.0

1.883

. 2006, 12:63-69 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2006.0111

Influence of single basal application controlled-release fertilizer on morphologic deve-lopment of root system and lodging resistance of rice

1 Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute;Guangdong AAS;Guangzhou 510640;China;2 Fertilizer and Balanced Fertilization Laboratory;College of Natural Resources and Environment Science;South China Agricultural University;Guangzhou 510642;China

Previous studies have proved that root system development,which is directly related to fertilizer management,significantly affects the lodging resistance and grain yield of rice.However,no report regarding the influence of controlled-release fertilizers(CRF) on rice root-system development has been found so far.Pot trials with 6 fertilization treatments and cylinder trials with 5 fertilization treatments were conducted using 3 CRFs as experiment materials in 2003 to investigate the effects of single application of controlled-release fertilizer on root system morphologic development of and lodging resistance of rice.Result showed that two controlled-release fertilizer treatments with single basal application of Nongke controlled-release fertilizer(BNCRF) and bulk blend fertilizer with resin coated urea(BRCU),increased root dry weight by 26.56%—35.24% and 17.99%—37.35% respectively compared to 4 split application of Nongke rice-specific fertilizer(SNRSF),14.57%—23.24% and 7.52%—24.34% respectively compared with single application of rice-specific fertilizer BNRSF.In addition,BNCRF and BRCU increased root volume by 13.94%—41.77% and 19.02%—30.42% compared to SNRSF,3.99%—26.54% and 9.40%—16.40% compared to BNRSF,respectively.In comparison with the SNRSF,the proportion of deep root distribution,root depth index and diameter of basal stem in BNCRF and BRCU treatment are much higher.The effects of single basal application of controlled-release fertilizer with MgNH 4 PO 4 coated(BLCRF) were not as significant as BNCRF and BRCU on benefiting the development of root system and stem probably due to its lower K rate.However,BLCRF still increased dry root weight by 10.16%—16.84% compared to SNRSF with high K rate.It was concluded that single basal application of CRFs significantly promoted the development of rice root system,obviously multiplied root mass in deep layer,thus improved lodging resistance.

通过盆栽试验、网箱栽培试验研究了一次性全层施用控释肥对水稻根系形态发育及抗倒伏能力的影响。结果表明,采用等养分量的自研控释肥一次性施用(BNCRF)和国产包膜尿素复混肥一次性施用(BRCU)处理收获期根系重量比专用肥分次施用[SNRSF(ck)]处理分别增加26.56%～35.24%和17.99%～37.35%,比专用肥一次性施用(BNRSF)处理分别增加14.57%～23.24%和7.52%～24.34%;根系体积比SNRSF处理分别增加13.94%～41.77%和19.02%～21.40%,比BNRSF处理分别增加3.99%～26.54%和9.40%～16.40%;根系的深层分布比例、根深指数和茎基部都明显大于SNRSF处理。采用低钾含量的国产磷酸铵镁包膜控释肥(BLCRF)处理,其促根壮茎效果虽逊于高钾含量的BNCRF和BRCU处理,但收获期的根系重量仍较高钾含量的SNRSF处理增加10.16%～16.84%。说明一次性全层施用控释肥能明显促进水稻的根系生长发育,增加深层根数量,显著改善抗倒伏能力。

2006

0.0

1.883

. 2006, 12:188-194

Effect of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on the morphological and physiological characteristics and senescence of root system during late growth stages of hybrid rice

采用微区和小区试验的方法,研究了控释氮肥对杂交水稻生育后期根系形态生理特征及对根系衰老过程中膜脂过氧化产物和活性氧清除酶活性的影响.研究表明,施用控释氮肥,明显地增加杂交水稻生育后期的根干重、根长和根长密度,而根半径减小;提高根系活力和吸收面积,使杂交水稻生育后期根系中MDA含量降低和SOD、POD和CAT的活性提高.控释氮肥中,氮的逐渐释放,可减少具有强烈伤害的活性氧产物速率及其累积数量,提高活性氧清除酶的活性,在很大程度上延缓了杂交水稻生育后期根系的衰老和吸氮能力的衰退.

2010

0.0

1.667

. 2010, 36:133-140 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2010.00133

Changes in grain yield and morphological and physiological characteristics during 60-year evolution of japonica rice cultivars in Jiangsu Province, China

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China

Great progress has been made in japonica rice breeding . However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement . In this study, 12 typical japonica rice cultivars (including super rice) applied in the production in Jiangsu province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s in the 20th century and since 2000 according to their application times. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships, morphology and physiology were investigated. Results showed that the grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. The percentage of filled grains was increased for cultivars from 1950s to 1980s in 20th century, whereas it was decreased for those at 1990s in 20th century and since 2000. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. With the improvement of rice cultivars, biomass, especially after heading, and harvest index were simultaneously increased. At main growth stages, with the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight, root-shoot ratio, root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate were increased significantly, but root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate during grain filing for super rice were declined rapidly. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly increased total, effective, high-effective leaf areas and grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area) at heading, and increased panicle length, number of primary and secondary panicle branches greatly. From 1950s to 1990s in the 20th century, plant height was reduced, while it was increased significantly for super rice since 2000, with a plant height of about 120 cm. The leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems were significantly decreased with the improvement of rice cultivars. The results indicate that agronomical and physiological characteristics of japonica cultivars are improved during the evolution, and low percentage of filled grains limits grain yield potential in super rice cultivars.

以江苏省近 60 年来各阶段具有代表性的 12 个粳稻品种 ( 含超级稻 ) 为材料，依据种植推广年代结合株型和基因型将其分为 20 世纪 50 年代、 60 年代、 70 年代、 80 年代、 90 年代和 2000 年以后 6 个类型，研究了品种演进过程中产量和形态生理的变化特征。结果表明，随着品种演进产量逐步提高，其原因主要是总颖花量的增加，而这又主要由于每穗粒数的显著增多。自早期的 50 年代品种，结实率逐步提高，但 90 年代品种和 2000 年以后的超级稻品种，结实率有下降的趋势，穗数和千粒重无明显变化。随着品种演进，生物产量和收获指数同步提高，以抽穗后增加的量尤为明显，主要生育期根干重、根冠比、根系氧化力和叶片光合速率显著增加，但现代超级稻品种的根系活力和叶片光合速率在结实期下降较快。品种改良提高了抽穗期总叶面积、有效叶面积、高效叶面积和粒叶比，还增加了穗长、着粒密度、一次和二次枝梗数目。由 20 世纪 50 年代到 90 年代品种，植株高度降低，而 2000 年以后的超级稻品种显著上升，升至 120 cm 左右。抽穗期顶三叶叶片角度则随品种更替显著降低。上述结果说明随品种演进，粳稻的农艺、生理性状和产量均有明显改良，但超级稻较低的结实率限制了其产量潜力的发挥。

... 以往曾对中粳水稻品种改良过程中产量、株型等农艺和根系活性等生理性状的变化特点进行了研究^[18,19], 但有关在中粳稻品种改良过程中产量和群体质量对氮肥的响应的研究却鲜有报道 ...

... 3 讨论本课题组等曾研究了江苏水稻品种在改良过程中的产量变化特点^[18,19,21], 但有关氮肥对不同时期水稻品种产量及群体质量的影响等缺乏研究 ...

2011

0.0

0.916

... 3 讨论本课题组等曾研究了江苏水稻品种在改良过程中的产量变化特点^[18,19,21], 但有关氮肥对不同时期水稻品种产量及群体质量的影响等缺乏研究 ...

1982

0.0

... 20 cm的土块), 装于70目的筛网袋中, 先用流水再用农用压缩喷雾器将根冲洗干净, 称取根鲜重, 取部分根按章骏德等方法^[20]测定根系活力, 其余根用于测定干重 ...

2006

0.0

1.667

. 2006, 32:949-955

Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

Rice is a most important food crop in China and its grain yield per hectare has been over 6 ton in recent years, which is 65% higher than that of the world, on average. Improvement in rice cultivars plays an important role in the increase of the grain yield. However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement. In this study, 16 typical mid-season indica rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of early tall (ET), improved tall (IT), dwarf cultivars (DC), semi-dwarf cultivars (SDC), semi-dwarf hybrid (SDH), and super rice (SR), according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships and plant types were investigated. Results showed that grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. DC had the greatest, whereas SR had the least, percentage of filled grains. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. From ET to DC, plant height was reduced and biomass and harvest index were simultaneously increased, especially the harvest index increased more. From DC to SR, plant height was a little increased, and biomass dramatically increased, especially after heading, and harvest index a little changed. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly reduced the leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems and increased leaf area at heading. Increase in spikelets, however, was more than that in leaf area, which resulted in the increase of grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area at heading). With the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight and the ratio of root to shoot were increased, but the amount of root bleeding sap was reduced. The speed of reduction in the concentration of zeatin and zeatin riboside in root bleeding sap and leaves from heading to maturity was SR>SDH>SDC. The results suggest that enlargement of sink resulted from large panicles, increase in biomass especially from heading to maturity and improvement of plant type contribute to the increase of grain yield for modern rice cultivars. Low root activity may account for the low percentage of filled grains for SR. Approaches to further increase in grain yield of rice were discussed based on the evolution characteristics of the cultivars.

以江苏省近60年生产上应用的16个代表性中籼品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料，依品种应用时期结合株型和基因型，将供试品种分为早期高秆（ET）、改良高秆（IT）、矮秆（DC）、半矮秆常规品种（SDC）、半矮秆杂交稻（SDH）和超级稻（SR）6个类型，研究其产量、源库关系和株型变化特性。结果表明，随着品种改良，籽粒产量逐步提高。这主要是由于总颖花量的增加，其关键在于每穗粒数的增多；结实率以DC最高，SR最低，千粒重变化不大。由ET到DC，植株高度降低，生物产量与收获指数同步提高，收获指数的提高更为明显。由DC到SR，植株高度略有增加，生物产量明显提高，抽穗后增加的量尤为显著，收获指数变化较小。品种改良明显减小了顶部3叶的着生角度，增加了抽穗期的叶面积，但颖花量的增加超过叶面积的增加，导致粒叶比（颖花数与叶面积之比）提高。随品种的演进，抽穗期根重以及根冠比提高，但根系伤流液量减少。抽穗至成熟根系伤流液和叶片中玉米素＋玉米素核苷浓度下降的速度表现为SR>SDH>SDC。依据品种演进特征，对进一步提高产量的途径进行了讨论。

... 3 讨论本课题组等曾研究了江苏水稻品种在改良过程中的产量变化特点^[18,19,21], 但有关氮肥对不同时期水稻品种产量及群体质量的影响等缺乏研究 ...

2008

0.0

1.742

. 2008, 19:505-510

Photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of hybrid rice varieties under different light conditions

1 Institute of Rice Research, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China; 2 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, Sichuan, China; 3 Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, Chengdu 610072, China

The study on the photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumul ation of twelve hybrid rice varieties in the eco-environments with low- and hi gh light intensity showed that the adaptation ability of the varieties to eco-e nvironment was mainly depended on the varieties themselves, and there existed greater differences among them. The differences in net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and chlorophyll content (Chl) were more significant among the varieties than between the eco-environments. The grain yield had significant positive correlations with P n and total dry matter mass (TDM), the etermination coefficient R 2 being 0.584 and 0.590, respectively, but no significant correlations with the export percentage of the matter in stem-sheath (EPMSS) and the transformation percentage of the matter in stem-sheath (TPMSS). In the eco-environment with high light intensity, the leaf thickness and dry matter accumulation increased, while the EPMSS and TPMSS decreased. Under enough sunlight condition, the high proportion of matter in grain yield was mainly come from the photosynthesis at late growth stages; while under insufficient sunlight condition, it was mainly originated from the early growth stages photosynthesis.

对12个杂交水稻品种在两类生态条件下的光合特性及干物质积累进行了研究.结果表明:水稻适应环境的能力主要由其自身因素决定，品种之间存在较大差异.品种间的净光合速率和叶绿素含量差异均比生态区域间的差异更显著.产量与总干物质量和净光合速率呈显著正相关，决定系数 R 2 分别为0.584和0.590，与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率相关不显著.与低光强地区相比，高光强地区叶片厚度和干物质积累量增加，茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率降低.在光照充足的条件下，产量中来自于后期光合积累物质的比例较大；在光照不足的条件下，产量中来自于前期干物质积累及其转运的比例较大.

... 水稻群体质量有诸多指标, 其中花后干物质生产被认为是最重要的一个指标^[22,23,24] ...

... 童平等^[22]指出, 水稻产量高低与其干物质积累密切相关 ...

... 在超高产育种条件下, 生物产量要有所突破, 籽粒产量才能有所创新^[22] ...

1995

0.0

1.667

. 1995, 21:463-469

Relationship between earbearing tiller percentage and population quality and its influential factors in rice

Jiangsu Agricultural collgeg,Yangzhou,225009

... 水稻群体质量有诸多指标, 其中花后干物质生产被认为是最重要的一个指标^[22,23,24] ...

... 凌启鸿等^[23,24]认为, 要提高产量, 关键是提高抽穗至成熟期的物质积累, 水稻产量与抽穗期的干物质量呈开口向下的抛物线关系, 而与成熟期干物质积累量及抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量呈线性相关 ...

... 有学者指出, 茎蘖成穗率是衡量水稻群体质量的一个综合指标^[23,27] ...

2005

0.0

... 水稻群体质量有诸多指标, 其中花后干物质生产被认为是最重要的一个指标^[22,23,24] ...

1986

0.0

1.889

. 1986, 19(3):1-8

Studies on “Grain-leaf Ratio” of population and cultural approaches of high yield in rice plants

江苏农学院

... 在这样条件下, 虽颖花量增加了, 因结实率降低而产量不高^[25] ...

... 为解决这一矛盾, 凌启鸿等^[25]提出了通过提高粒叶比来提高产量的途径 ...

1998

0.0

0.1053

... 还有研究表明, 粒叶比与叶片光合速率、光合源的质量有密切关系^[26] ...

1997

0.0

... 有学者指出, 茎蘖成穗率是衡量水稻群体质量的一个综合指标^[23,27] ...

2001

0.0

0.9866

. 2001, 13(4):51-54

Background and current status of research on new plant type rice

为了突破现有水稻品种的产量水平,国际水稻研究所从1990年开始利用热带粳稻( 爪哇稻)资源育成了一种被称为新株型(NPT)的水稻.该水稻具有穗大、无效分蘖少、茎秆粗、叶片挺直等特点,预期在热带地区的产量潜力为12～15 t/hm2.在大田试验中发现 ,部分新株型水稻表现出了较高的产量潜力,同时也存在生物产量低、结实率低、抗病虫能力差等问题.综述了新株型的育种背景、在大田试验中的表现及其改良途径.

... 20世纪60年代推出的第一个矮秆水稻品种“IR8”掀起了一场“绿色革命”, 然而在“IR8”诞生后的30多年的时间里, 品种本身的产量潜力停滞不前, 长期徘徊在10 t hm^-2左右的水平^[28] ...

1989

0.0

... 矮秆品种存在无效分蘖多、穗子较小、叶面积指数过高、抗倒伏能力差等不足, 因此, 有必要对矮秆株型的某些性状进行修正^[29] ...

1989

0.0

... 20世纪80年代末至90年代初, 国际水稻研究所率先实施了旨在提高产量潜力(15 t hm^-2)的新株型育种计划^[30] ...

2005

0.0

1.494

. 2005, 19:280-284

Conception of late-stage vigor super hybrid rice and its biological significance

China initiated its research program of super rice breeding in 1996, in reference of new plant type rice breeding program of IRRI. The super hybrid rice was depicted as the combination of ideo-plant type and strong subspecies heterosis,and the targeted grain yield for single season cropping in 2005 is 12 t/hm 2 under the scale of 6.67 hm 2 . The status of super hybrid rice breeding program in China and high-yielding rice breeding program in other countries were introduced. Xieyou 9308, a super hybrid developed by China National Rice Research Institute(CNRRI), showed high-yielding potential in combination with ideo-plant type and vigorous leaf and root in late growth period. It yielded the record of 11 837 kg/hm 2 under 6 67 hm 2 and (12 282) kg/hm 2 in small plot at Xinchang, Zhejiang in 2000. Based on its performance, the conception of late-stage vigor super hybrid rice and its biological significance are formulated. Meanwhile, the further breeding strategy for super hybrid rice is discus sed.

在借鉴国际水稻研究所新株型育种经验基础上，我国于1996年开始实施中国超级稻育种计划，采取的技术路线是理想株型塑造与籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用相结合，至2005年的目标产量是在百亩（6.67 hm2）规模下单季稻达到12 t/hm2（800 kg/667 m2）。介绍了国外水稻超高产育种和国内超级稻育种的基本情况，着重介绍了由中国水稻研究所育成的超级杂交稻组合“协优9308”。该组合表现出高产与优良株型的完美结合，生育后期青秆黄熟，结实率高，籽粒饱满。2000年在浙江新昌验收百亩片平均产量达到11 837 kg/hm2，最高产田块产量达到12 282 kg/hm2。以“协优9308”为例，提出了“后期功能型”超级杂交稻的概念和生理特征，并对今后的超级杂交稻育种策略进行了讨论。

... 超级稻品种(组合)是通过理想株型塑造与杂种优势利用相结合选育的单产大幅度提高、品质优良、抗性较强的新型水稻品种组合, 有着巨大的增产潜力^[31] ...

2007

0.657

0.0

... 以往的一些研究表明, 超级稻品种具有株型好(株高适中、叶片挺立、抗倒性强)、生物产量高、库容(总颖花)量大的共同特征, 但同时又存在着结实率低而不稳定等突出问题^[32,33] ...

2008

2.474

0.0