不同降水年型旱地小麦休闲期耕作的蓄水增产效应

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孙敏, 温斐斐, 高志强, 任爱霞, 邓妍, 赵维峰, 赵红梅杨珍平, 郝兴宇, 苗果园. 不同降水年型旱地小麦休闲期耕作的蓄水增产效应. 作物学报, 2014, 40(8): 1459-1469[SUN Min, WEN Fei-Fei, GAO Zhi-Qiang, REN Ai-Xia, DENG Yan, ZHAO Wei-Feng, ZHAO Hong-Mei, YANG Zhen-Ping, HAO Xing-Yu, MIAO Guo-Yuan. Effects of Farming Practice during Fallow Period on Soil Water Storage and Yield of Dryland Wheat in Different Rainfall Years. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2014, 40(8): 1459-1469] 复制到剪切板

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不同降水年型旱地小麦休闲期耕作的蓄水增产效应

孙敏, 温斐斐, 高志强^*, 任爱霞, 邓妍, 赵维峰, 赵红梅杨珍平, 郝兴宇, 苗果园

山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 高志强, E-mail:gaozhiqiang1964@126.com, Tel: 0354-6287187

收稿日期:2014-06-04

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24), 国家自然科学基金项目(31101112), 山西省回国留学人员科研项目(2009037)和山西省青年基金项目(2010021028-3)资助;

摘要

为明确旱地小麦通过休闲期耕作实现蓄水增产的技术途径, 2009—2012年连续3个小麦生长季, 在山西省闻喜县进行了休闲期深翻、深松或无耕作的田间试验, 以明确不同耕作措施对土壤水分变化、小麦产量形成的影响。结果表明, 深翻和深松处理播种期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量增加, 枯水年增加63~91 mm, 平水年增加41~70 mm, 丰水年增加54~74 mm, 尤其在枯水年和丰水年生育后期蓄水效果仍显著, 休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高, 枯水年提高147%~205%。深翻和深松处理在枯水年和丰水年可促进小麦生育后期吸收300 cm土层土壤水分, 使产量和产量构成因素显著提高, 尤其在枯水年产量提高34%~45%。在平水年, 穗数、穗粒数和产量显著提高, 且在平水年和丰水年深翻和深松处理对产量构成因素中的穗数影响最大。深翻和深松处理后降水生产效率和水分利用效率显著提高。不同降水年型休闲期耕作条件下, 穗数与播种至拔节期120~180 cm、拔节至开花期60~120 cm土层土壤贮水减少量关系密切, 穗粒数与播种至拔节期60~120 cm土层关系密切, 产量与拔节至开花期60~120 cm、开花至成熟期120~ 180 cm土层关系密切。总之, 在本研究条件下, 旱地小麦休闲期深翻或深松耕作有利于蓄积休闲期降水, 改善底墒, 尤其枯水年的效果更为明显; 有利于增加土壤水分, 促进小麦向深层吸收土壤水分, 优化产量构成, 实现增产。在枯水年和平水年, 以休闲期深翻效果较好, 在丰水年以休闲期深松效果较好。

关键词: 降水年型; 旱地小麦; 深翻和深松; 土壤水分; 产量; 水分利用效率

Effects of Farming Practice during Fallow Period on Soil Water Storage and Yield of Dryland Wheat in Different Rainfall Years

SUN Min, WEN Fei-Fei, GAO Zhi-Qiang^*, REN Ai-Xia, DENG Yan, ZHAO Wei-Feng, ZHAO Hong-Mei, YANG Zhen-Ping, HAO Xing-Yu, MIAO Guo-Yuan

College of Crop Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China

Fund:

Abstract

Soil water storage (SWS) is the critical factor influencing wheat yield in dryland area. A field experiment was carried out in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province from July 2009 to June 2012 (three cropping seasons) to study the effect of tillage during fallow period on annual SWS and wheat yield. Compared to no tillage (NT), deep plowing (DP), subsoiling (SS) increased SWS in 0-300 cm soil layer at sowing stage by 63-91 mm in dry year, 41-70 mm in normal rainfall year and 54-74 mm in humid year. The annual SWS efficiency was much improved by tillage during fallow period, especially the late growth stage of wheat in dry and humid years, resulting in increases of grain yield and yield components. In dry year, wheat yield was enhanced as high as 34% (SS) and 45% (DP). In normal rainfall year, spike number, grain number per spike, and grain yield significantly increased in DP and SS compared to NT. In yield components, spike number received the largest effect of tillage, either DP or SS, under normal and rich rainfall conditions. In DP and SS treatments, spike number had close correlation with 120-180 cm soil water reduction from sowing to jointing and 60-120 cm soil water reduction from jointing to anthesis, grain number per spike was correlated with 60-120 cm soil water reduction from sowing to jointing, and grain yield was correlated with 60-120 cm soil water reduction from jointing to anthesis and 120-180 cm soil water reduction from anthesis to maturity. Clear, tillage during fallow period could significantly increase rainfall productive efficiency and water use efficiency in rainfed field. DP and SS have positive effects on SWS during fallow period and utilization of water in deep soil layers. The improved water utilization is the basis for improved yield components and high yield ultimately. Tillage during fallow period is recommended with DP practice in dry and normal rainfall years and SS practice in humid year.

Keyword: Rainfall years; Dryland wheat; Deep plowing and subsoiling; Soil water; Yield; Water use efficiency

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干旱缺水一直是影响旱地小麦产量的主要因素。目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]}。深翻可打破犁底层等障碍层次, 提高土壤渗水速度, 最大限度地接纳天然降水, 尤其是土壤耕层越厚, 越疏松, 越有利于雨季贮水蓄墒^{[ 3]}, 有利于促进小麦根系生长, 吸收深层土壤水分, 提高水分利用效率^{[ 4]}。深松通过深松铲疏松土壤, 加深耕层而不翻转土壤, 可降低土壤容重, 打破犁底层, 增强土壤对降水的蓄纳能力, 促进作物对土壤深层水分的吸收, 提高自然降水利用率和作物产量^{[ 5]}。研究表明, 在连续2年免耕的基础上, 深松可有效增加土壤水分利用效率, 保墒增产效果明显^{[ 6]}。

山西地处黄土高原半干旱地区的东缘, 降水量少且分布不均, 是影响该区小麦生产水平的主要因素。小麦休闲期降雨相对较多, 占全年降雨的60%以上, 但夏季温度高, 地表水分蒸发损失多, 达不到伏雨春用的目的^{[ 7]}。如何通过合理耕作最大限度地利用休闲期降水实现旱地小麦高产、稳产逐渐受到重视, 但前人对休闲期不同耕作蓄水效果的研究结果不尽一致。刘爽等^{[ 8]}研究表明, 休闲期免耕和深松显著增加土壤含水率, 具有良好的保墒作用。Wang等^{[ 9]}研究表明, 休闲期深翻可打破土壤犁底层, 增加土壤孔隙度及蓄水容量, 提高土壤渗水速度。毛红玲等^{[ 10]}在渭北旱塬麦田试验表明, 前茬小麦收获后立即实施深松及免耕处理较深翻保墒作用好,可增加0~300 cm平均土壤含水率。可见, 旱地麦田休闲期免耕、深翻、深松都有一定蓄水效果, 但研究不同耕作措施对土壤水分运行的规律有待深入, 合理采用休闲期耕作保水技术提升旱地小麦土壤水分贮备水平, 实现高产、稳产。为此, 本研究尝试在前茬小麦收获后的休闲期深翻或深松以蓄涵雨水, 再于8月下旬旋耕耙耱, 探索不同降水年型休闲期深翻、深松对小麦产量的影响及其生理机制, 以确定旱地小麦高产、高效的休闲期蓄水保墒技术途径。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

山西农业大学闻喜试验基地的丘陵旱地无灌溉条件, 并采用夏季休闲制, 即从前茬小麦收获至下茬小麦播种为裸地。2009—2010年度, 6月15日测定土壤肥力, 0~20 cm土层含有机质8.65 g kg^-1、全氮0.74 g kg^-1、碱解氮32.93 mg kg^-1、速效磷20.08 mg kg^-1; 2010—2011年度, 6月18日测定, 0~20 cm土层含有机质8.57 g kg^-1、全氮0.65 g kg^-1、碱解氮32.83 mg kg^-1、速效磷20.11 mg kg^-1; 2011—2012年度, 6月10日测定, 0~20 cm土层含有机质8.72 g kg^-1、全氮0.78 g kg^-1、碱解氮40.16 mg kg^-1、速效磷19.87 mg kg^-1。

采用国内较常用的降水年型划分标准^{[ 11]}划分降水年型。试验区域近10年(2002—2012年)的年均降水量为499.1 mm (表1), 2009—2010年度总降水量低于年均降水量32.9%, 属于枯水年; 2010—2011年度总降水量接近年均降水量, 属于平水年; 2011— 2012年度总降水量高于年均降水量34.9%, 属于丰水年。

表1 试验点全年降水量及其分布 Table 1 Rainfall and its distribution in the experimental location (mm)

1.2 试验设计

供试品种为运旱20410, 由山西省闻喜县农委提供。前茬小麦收获时留高茬(20~30 cm), 7月上旬耕作, 采用随机区组设计, 设休闲期深翻(深度25~30 cm, DP)、休闲期深松(深度30~40 cm, SS)、对照(休闲期不进行任何耕作处理, CK) 3个处理。重复3次, 小区面积50 m × 6 m = 300 m²。8月底对各处理进行旋耕、耙耱; 9月底或10月初播种, 播前施纯氮、P₂O₅和K₂O各150 kg hm^-2; 基本苗315×10⁴株 hm^-2, 行距20 cm, 机械条播。2009年, 7月15日深翻、深松, 8月20日旋耕、耙耱, 9月29日播种; 2010年, 7月15日深翻、深松, 8月28日旋耕、耙耱, 9月29日播种; 2011年, 7月10日深翻、深松, 8月25日旋耕、耙耱, 10月1日播种。

1.3 取样及测定方法

于前茬小麦收获后45 d、60 d, 当季小麦播种期(收获后107 d)、越冬期(收获后178 d)、拔节期(收获后303 d)、孕穗期(收获后316 d)、开花期(收获后325 d)、成熟期(收获后365 d), 用土钻取0~300 cm (每20 cm为一土层)土样, 烘干后测定土壤含水量。

成熟期调查单位面积穗数、每穗平均粒数及千粒重; 每小区取50株测定生物产量, 收获20 m²实测产量。

1.4 计算方法及统计方法

采用Microsoft Excel 2003软件处理数据和作图, 用DPS和SAS 9.0软件统计分析, 用LSD法检验差异显著性, 显著性水平设定为 α=0.05。按文献[12]方法计算土壤水分。

SWS _i = W _i × D _i × H _i × 10 / 100, 式中, SWS为蓄水量(mm), i为土层, W为土壤质量含水量(%), D为土壤容重(g cm^-3), H为土层厚度(cm)。

Δ W= W₁- W₂, 式中, Δ W为某生育阶段一定土层土壤贮水减少量(mm); W₁为该阶段末一定土层土壤蓄水量(mm); W₂为该阶段初一定土层土壤蓄水量(mm)。

WSE = D / R'×100%, 式中, WSE为土壤蓄水效率(%); D为某时期一定土层中增加的蓄水量(mm); R'为同时期降水量(mm)。

E_f= R₁-Δ W', 式中, E_f为休闲期土壤水分蒸发量(mm); R₁为休闲期降水量(mm); Δ W'为休闲期始末0~300 cm土壤蓄水量之差(mm)。

WUE_r= Y /( R₁ +R₂), 式中, WUE_r为作物降水生产效率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1); Y为小麦经济产量(kg hm^-2); R₁ +R₂为年降水量(mm)。

WUE= Y / E _y= Y /( R₁+ R₂ +Δ W''), 式中, WUE为水分利用效率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1); Y为小麦产量(kg hm^-2); E _y为作物全年耗水量(mm), R₁、 R₂分别为休闲期和生育期降水量(mm); Δ W''为收获期与休闲期处理前0~300 cm土壤蓄水量之差(mm)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同降水年型休闲期耕作对全年土壤水分变化的影响

深翻、深松与对照全年0~300 cm土壤蓄水量表现先升后降的变化趋势, 播种期出现峰值(图1), 且丰水年最高, 枯水年最低。可见, 降水量是影响旱地麦田土壤水分的主要因素。

深翻和深松处理后, 全年0~300 cm土壤蓄水量提高, 且枯水年和丰水年前茬收获后60 d至当季小麦成熟与对照差异显著, 平水年前茬收获后45 d至当季小麦越冬差异显著。说明休闲期深翻或深松有利于蓄积降水, 提高全年土壤蓄水量, 尤其在枯水年和丰水年至生育后期蓄水效果仍显著。在枯水年和平水年, 深翻处理全年土壤蓄水量高于深松处理, 且枯水年播种至成熟两处理间差异显著, 平水年前茬收获后60 d至当季小麦播种差异显著; 在丰水年, 深松处理播种至孕穗土壤蓄水量显著高于深翻处理, 开花到成熟显著低于深翻处理。可见, 枯水年和平水年深翻效果较好, 尤其在枯水年; 丰水年深松效果较好, 且由于提升土壤水分, 促进小麦生长的同时增加耗水, 降低了生育后期土壤水分。

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图1 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的全年土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。PH: 收获后; SBS: 播种期; PS: 越冬期; JS: 拔节期; BS: 孕穗期; AS: 开花期; MS:成熟期。Fig. 1 Soil water storage of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice. PH: post harvest; SBS: sowing stage; PS: prewintering stage; JS: jointing stage;
BS: booting stage; AS: anthesis; MS: maturity.

2.2 不同降水年型休闲期耕作对小麦主要生育时期土壤水分垂直变化的影响

2.2.1 对播种期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量的影响随降水量的增加, 0~300 cm土层内水分含量低的土层下移且范围缩小。在枯水年和平水年, 深翻、深松和对照播种期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量均表现“高—低—高”的变化趋势, 且枯水年以100~180 cm土层较低, 平水年以160~220 cm土层较低; 丰水年表现“低—高—低”的变化趋势, 以260~300 cm土层较低(图2)。

深翻和深松处理后, 播种期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量提高。枯水年, 深翻和深松处理较对照分别提高91 mm和63 mm, 平水年分别提高70 mm和41 mm, 丰水年分别提高54 mm和74 mm。深翻和深松处理后, 播种期0~300 cm各土层(除丰水年220~240 cm土层外)土壤蓄水量提高, 且枯水年0~220 cm、240~260 cm和280~300 cm, 平水年20~40 cm和60~180 cm, 丰水年20~220 cm各土层土壤蓄水量与对照差异显著。在枯水年和平水年, 深翻处理各土层土壤蓄水量高于深松处理, 且枯水年0~160 cm、200~220 cm和280~300 cm, 平水年60~80 cm和140~160 cm两处理间差异显著; 在丰水年, 深松处理0~240 cm和280~300 cm高于深翻处理, 且20~ 40 cm、60~140 cm、180~220 cm两处理间差异显著。可见, 深翻或深松有利于蓄积休闲期降水, 改善底墒, 枯水年效果较好, 且枯水年更有利于蓄积深层土壤水分。此外, 枯水年、平水年深翻效果较好, 而丰水年深松效果较好。

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	图2 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的播种期土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。Fig. 2 Soil water storage at sowing stage of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.

2.2.2 对拔节期和开花期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量的影响深翻、深松和对照拔节期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量均表现“高—低—高”的变化趋势(图3)。在枯水年, 深翻和深松处理后, 拔节期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量显著提高; 在平水年, 20~140 cm和200~240 cm显著提高; 在丰水年, 40~200 cm显著提高。可见, 深翻或深松的蓄水效果可延续至拔节期, 且枯水年0~160 cm、平水年60~140 cm、丰水年60~180 cm效果明显, 尤其是枯水年。在枯水年, 深翻处理0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量高于深松处理, 且0~60 cm和80~300 cm土层两处理间差异显著; 在平水年, 深翻处理20~280 cm各土层高于深松处理, 且20~60 cm、100~120 cm和220~240 cm差异显著; 在丰水年, 深松处理0~300 cm各土层高于深翻处理, 且0~20 cm、120~140 cm和200~260 cm土层差异显著。

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	图3 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的拔节期土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。Fig. 3 Soil water storage at jointing stage of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.

在0~300 cm深度范围内, 深翻、深松和对照开花期土壤蓄水量均表现随土壤深度逐渐升高的变化趋势(图4)。在枯水年和丰水年, 深翻和深松处理后, 开花期0~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量提高, 且枯水年 0~300 cm, 丰水年0~40 cm和60~300 cm与对照差异显著; 在平水年, 深翻和深松处理后, 0~80 cm和100~300 cm土层土壤蓄水量提高, 但仅120~160 cm土层差异显著。深翻处理各土层土壤蓄水量高于深松处理。可见, 在枯水年和丰水年深翻和深松处理增加蓄水的效果至开花期仍显著, 尤其对枯水年0~300 cm、丰水年140~280 cm土层。

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图4 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的开花期土壤蓄水量DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。Fig. 4 Soil water storage at anthesis of three farming treatments during fallow period tillage treatments under different annual rainfall levelsDP: deep plowing during fallow stage; SS: subsoiling during fallow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.

2.2.3 对各生育阶段土壤贮水减少量的影响在枯水年和平水年, 播种至开花期0~60 cm土层土壤贮水减少量较多, 深翻和深松条件下, 开花至成熟期土壤贮水减少量在枯水年240~300 cm土层和平水年120~180 cm土层较多; 在丰水年, 播种至拔节期0~60 cm和120~180 cm土层土壤贮水减少量较多, 拔节至开花期60~120 cm及开花至成熟期240~300 cm较多(表2)。

在枯水年, 深翻和深松处理后, 播种至拔节期60~180 cm、拔节至开花期0~120 cm和240~300 cm、开花至成熟期0~300 cm土层土壤贮水减少量增加, 播种至拔节期0~60 cm和180~300 cm、拔节至开花期120~240 cm土层土壤贮水减少量减少; 在平水年, 播种至拔节期60~180 cm、拔节至开花期0~300 cm、开花至成熟期0~180 cm增加, 播种至拔节期0~ 60 cm和180~300 cm、开花至成熟期180~300 cm减少; 在丰水年, 播种至拔节期0~240 cm、拔节至开花期60~120 cm、开花至成熟期120~300 cm增加, 拔节至开花期0~60 cm和180~300 cm、开花至成熟期60~120 cm减少。

在枯水年, 深翻处理播种至拔节期0~180 cm、拔节至开花期0~300 cm、开花至成熟期180~300 cm各土层土壤贮水减少量多于深松处理; 在平水年, 深翻处理播种至拔节期0~300 cm、拔节至开花期0~60 cm 和180~240 cm、开花至成熟期0~180 cm和240~300 cm多于深松处理; 在丰水年, 深松处理播种至拔节期0~240 cm、拔节至开花期0~ 300 cm、开花至成熟期120~180 cm多于深翻处理, 且播种至拔节期60~180 cm、拔节至开花期0~ 300 cm土层两处理间差异显著。说明深翻或深松促进了小麦各生育阶段向土壤深层吸收水分, 尤其在枯水年和丰水年休闲期耕作可促进生育后期吸收300 cm深处土壤水分。且枯水年、平水年采用深翻, 丰水年采用深松促进向土壤深层吸收水分的效果更明显。

表2 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下各生育阶段的土壤贮水减少量 Table 2 Soil water decrease during different periods of three farming treatments in fallow period tillage under different annual rainfall levels (mm)

年型 Type of annual rainfall	生育阶段 Growing period	处理 Treatment	土层 Soil depth
年型 Type of annual rainfall	生育阶段 Growing period	处理 Treatment	0-60 cm	60-120 cm	120-180 cm	180-240 cm	240-300 cm
枯水年 Dry year	播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing	深翻DP	14.30 a	9.51 a	5.62 a	5.64 a	9.43 c
		深松SS	14.23 a	9.48 a	2.97 a	6.58 a	14.74 b
		对照CK	21.23 a	3.62 a	1.39 a	14.32 a	33.93 a
	拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis	深翻DP	46.05 a	20.56 a	4.27 a	6.71 a	9.92 a
		深松SS	42.56 ab	17.88 ab	2.91 a	5.41 a	5.74 a
		对照CK	27.75 b	12.30 b	5.36 a	8.55 a	2.21 a
	开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity	深翻DP	10.91 a	9.23 a	5.02 a	8.40 a	26.81 a
		深松SS	14.24 a	9.95 a	5.52 a	6.55 a	24.24 a
		对照CK	8.82 a	4.75 a	0.50 b	2.79 a	2.47 b
平水年 Normal year	播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing	深翻DP	37.29 a	31.72 a	10.52 a	3.89 a	9.59 ab
		深松SS	33.91 a	24.16 ab	6.89 ab	2.08 b	6.13 b
		对照CK	47.73 a	23.86 b	4.27 b	5.01 a	12.63 a
	拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis	深翻DP	36.37 a	24.18 a	13.29 a	12.94 a	13.66 b
		深松SS	34.68 a	24.58 a	14.11 a	11.97 a	14.92 a
		对照CK	11.98 b	9.68 b	9.38 b	5.65 b	6.38 c
	开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity	深翻DP	8.38 a	8.26 a	8.63 a	3.75 a	5.46 a
		深松SS	8.03 a	7.48 a	8.13 a	5.24 a	5.13 a
		对照CK	7.93 a	7.04 a	5.84 b	5.91 a	5.25 a
丰水年 Humid year	播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing	深翻DP	39.70 a	22.82 b	48.25 b	20.70 a	-24.35 ab
		深松SS	41.15 a	28.15 a	51.32 a	22.05 a	-29.23 b
		对照CK	31.02 b	17.97 c	38.30 c	14.57 b	-27.97 a
	拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis	深翻DP	26.40 c	36.41 b	24.41 b	22.54 c	21.51 c
		深松SS	33.32 b	39.46 a	27.63 a	29.08 b	28.51 b
		对照CK	35.38 a	32.18 c	28.07 c	34.88 a	32.64 a
	开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity	深翻DP	12.64 a	17.89 b	14.99 a	22.63 a	29.20 a
		深松SS	8.71 b	17.39 b	15.52 a	21.76 a	26.93 b
		对照CK	9.72 b	22.65 a	13.58 b	21.34 a	27.55 b

每一年度中, 同一生育阶段数据后不同字母表示处理间有显著差异( P<0.05)。DP: 休闲期深翻; SS: 休闲期深松; CK: 无耕作对照。

In each growing season, values in the same grow stage followed by different letters are significantly different at P<0.05. DP: deep powing at follow stage; SS: subsoiling at follow stage; CK: control with no farming practice.

2.3 不同降水年型休闲期耕作对产量构成因素的影响及其与土壤水分变化的关系

2.3.1 对产量和产量构成因素的影响深翻、深松和对照的小麦产量均以丰水年(5060.03 kg hm^-2)最高, 枯水年(3426.11 kg hm^-2)最低(表3)。在枯水年, 深翻和深松处理后, 产量和产量构成因素显著提高, 穗数提高4.8%~11.2%、穗粒数提高6.5%~16.7%、千粒重提高8.0%~16.5%、产量提高34.1%~44.5%; 在平水年, 穗数、穗粒数、产量显著提高, 穗数提高11.4%~20.0%、穗粒数提高7.7%~8.2%、产量提高23.8%~29.4%; 在丰水年, 产量和产量构成因素显著提高, 穗数提高24.2%~27.0%、穗粒数提高9.2%~ 9.9%、千粒重提高4.8%~9.0%、产量提高30.2%~ 35.1%。在枯水年深翻处理的产量和3个产量构成因素均显著高于深松处理, 在平水年深翻处理的穗数显著高于深松处理, 在丰水年深松处理的穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著高于深翻处理。可见, 深翻和深松处理在枯水年的增产幅度最大, 其次是丰水年。在平水年和丰水年, 深翻和深松处理对产量构成因素中的穗数影响最大。

表3 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的产量和产量构成因素 Table 3 Yield and yield components of three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levels

2.3.2 各生育阶段土壤贮水减少量与产量和产量构成因素的关系不同降水年型休闲期耕作条件下, 播种至拔节期120~240 cm、拔节至开花期60~300 cm、开花至成熟期60~240 cm土层土壤贮水减少量与穗数呈显著或极显著正相关; 播种至拔节期0~120 cm土层土壤贮水减少量与穗粒数呈显著或极显著正相关; 播种至拔节期60~180 cm、拔节至开花期60~ 180 cm和240~300 cm、开花至成熟期120~240 cm土层土壤贮水减少量与产量呈显著或极显著正相关(表4)。且穗数与播种至拔节期120~180 cm、拔节至开花期60~120 cm土层的土壤贮水减少量关系更密切, 穗粒数与播种至拔节期60~120 cm土层的土壤贮水减少量关系更密切, 产量与拔节至开花期60~120 cm、开花至成熟期120~180 cm土层的土壤贮水减少量关系更密切。

2.4 不同降水年型休闲期耕作对降水利用状况的影响

深翻和深松处理后, 休闲期土壤蓄水效率、降水生产效率和水分利用效率均显著提高, 尤其枯水年可分别提高147%~205%、34%~45%和26%~33% (表5)。在枯水年, 深翻处理休闲期土壤蓄水效率、降水生产效率和水分利用效率均显著高于深松处理; 在平水年, 深翻处理休闲期土壤蓄水效率、降水生产效率、水分利用效率高于深松处理, 且休闲期土壤蓄水效率两处理间差异显著; 在丰水年, 深松处理休闲期土壤蓄水效率、降水生产效率、水分利用效率均显著高于深翻处理。可见, 深翻或深松能更好地蓄纳自然降水, 改善底墒, 实现增产, 从而提高降水生产效率和水分利用效率。在枯水年和平水年, 深翻效果较好, 尤其是在枯水年, 而在丰水年深松效果较好。

表4 各生育阶段土壤贮水减少量与产量和产量构成因素的相关系数 Table 4 Correlation coefficients between soil water storage decrease during different growing periods and yield and its components

表5 不同降水年型3种休闲期耕作处理下的降水利用状况 Table 5 Utilization of rainfall in three farming treatments during fallow period under different annual rainfall levels

3 讨论

3.1 旱地小麦休闲期耕作的蓄水效应

研究表明, 旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作方式对冬小麦播种前底墒具有明显的影响。旱平地休闲期深松和深翻都比免耕有效蓄雨保墒, 可提高播前底墒^{[ 13]}。深松可蓄积50%的休闲期降水, 并保存于土壤中^{[ 14]}。深翻消除了土壤隔阂, 增强了土壤接纳降水的能力^{[ 15]}。本研究条件下, 休闲期耕作提高播种期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量, 显著提高休闲期土壤蓄水效率。枯水年休闲期深翻和深松分别提高休闲期蓄水效率205%和147%, 平水年分别提高57%和30%,

丰水年分别提高24%和32%。可见, 枯水年和平水年休闲期深翻效果较好; 丰水年休闲期深松效果较好。说明, 休闲期耕作能疏松土壤, 加深耕层, 增加土壤对自然降水的蓄纳能力。且雨水较少年份采用休闲期深翻可形成沟垄, 利于接纳降水, 又可将秸秆翻于土壤下层, 使秸秆尽快腐熟, 利于土壤蓄积水分, 且深翻对土壤的搅动程度较大, 打破了多年形成的耕底层, 利于水分下渗。此外, 2009—2010年度夏季休闲期7月、8月、9月降水分别为50.0、71.7和51.4 mm, 2010—2011年度分别为132.3、219.5和49.7 mm, 2011—2012年度分别为154.4、63.4和242.1 mm。2009—2010、2010—2011两年度休闲期较多降水集中在8月, 而2011—2012年度主要集中在9月, 而本试验操作是休闲期耕作后在8月底浅旋耙耱, 2011—2012年度采用深松较深翻效果好, 可能是由于深松较深翻降低土壤容重, 更容易接纳雨水。不同年型如何合理地采用深翻、深松、免耕轮换的耕作方式蓄水保墒, 仍待多年定位研究。

王红光等^{[ 16]}研究表明, 休闲期耕作有利于提高冬小麦整个生育期0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量。本研究条件下, 休闲期耕作提高全年0~300 cm土壤蓄水量, 实现伏雨春夏用, 尤其枯水年和丰水年, 到生育后期休闲期耕作的蓄水效果仍显著。说明枯水年的干旱有利于根系下扎, 休闲期耕作蓄纳雨水于深层土壤中, 更能促进根系下扎吸收深层土壤水分; 丰水年休闲期耕作蓄纳雨水, 供生育后期利用。此外, 2009—2010年度(枯水年)播种至越冬期降水量为64.5 mm, 2010—2011年度(平水年)为27.1 mm, 2010—2011年度(丰水年)为137.4 mm。本研究作为枯水年和丰水年例证的2个生长年度播种至越冬期降水量较大, 而作为平水年例证的2010—2011年度播种至越冬期降水量较少, 也可能是造成本研究结果的部分原因。

3.2 旱地小麦休闲期耕作土壤水分变化特征

黄土高原半干旱地区降水多集中在夏季休闲期。在这种情况下, 小麦生育期内水分的来源在很大程度上取决于其对土壤深层水分利用的可能性^{[ 17, 18, 19]}。土壤贮水减少量在反映土壤水分消耗情况的同时, 也可间接反映小麦根系的生长情况。本研究条件下, 播种至开花期土壤贮水减少量在枯水年和平水年0~ 60 cm土层较多, 在丰水年, 播种至拔节期0~60 cm及拔节至开花期60~120 cm较多; 开花至成熟期土壤贮水减少量在枯水年和丰水年240~300 cm土层及平水年120~180 cm土层较多。说明, 丰水年可促进生育中期根系吸收120 cm深处土壤水分, 枯水年和丰水年可促进生育后期根系主要吸收240~300 cm土层土壤水分。

通过耕作可以改善土壤状况, 影响根系生长和分布。王永华等^{[ 20]}研究表明, 耕作能改善土壤结构, 提高作物根系对土壤养分和深层土壤水分的吸收。肖继兵等^{[ 21]}研究表明, 深翻打破了限制作物根系生长的土层, 促进根系下扎, 有利于小麦对深层土壤水分的吸收。王法宏等^{[ 22]}研究表明, 由于深松改善了土壤的理化性状和根系的生长环境, 促进了小麦根系尤其是深层土壤根系的生长发育。本研究条件下, 深翻或深松可促进生育前期根系不仅吸收0~ 60 cm土层土壤水分, 还可吸收180 cm深处土壤水分。生育后期土壤贮水减少量在枯水年0~300 cm土层较多, 在平水年0~180 cm较多, 在丰水年120~300 cm较多。说明休闲期深翻或深松促进了小麦对各生育阶段向土壤深层吸收水分, 且加强了对300 cm土层内水分的利用。

3.3 旱地小麦休闲期耕作的增产效应

休闲期深松为冬小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境, 延缓了小麦叶片衰老, 有利于小麦粒重增加, 显著提高了产量^{[ 23]}。在豫西旱作条件下, 休闲期免耕和深松能提高土壤水分及养分含量, 减轻旱作区小麦生育期尤其是生育后期的水肥胁迫, 从而提高产量^{[ 24]}。在陇东旱塬, 深翻有利于提高冬小麦产量与水分利用效率, 减轻连年免耕造成的产量下降^{[ 25]}。本研究条件下, 深翻或深松显著提高穗数、穗粒数和籽粒产量, 在枯水年和丰水年显著提高千粒重, 且在枯水年影响3个产量构成因素的共同作用最终影响了产量; 在平水年和丰水年, 主要是通过提高穗数实现增产。休闲期耕作促进小麦生育前期深层吸水, 为增加有效穗数提供保证, 实现伏雨春夏用, 促进籽粒灌浆, 提高了产量。最终, 休闲期耕作显著提高不同年型降水生产效率和水分利用效率。

4 结论

不同降水年型休闲期耕作条件下, 播种到拔节期120~180 cm、拔节到开花期60~120 cm土壤水分变化与旱地冬小麦单位面积穗数的关系密切, 播种到拔节期60~120 cm土壤水分变化与穗粒数的关系密切, 拔节到开花期60~120 cm、开花到成熟期 120~180 cm土壤水分变化与籽粒产量的关系密切。休闲期深翻或深松可提高全年0~300 cm土壤蓄水量, 促进吸收深层土壤水分, 提高产量和水分利用效率, 尤其枯水年, 休闲期土壤蓄水效率提高147%~205%, 产量提高34%~45%, 水分利用效率提高26%~33%。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[7]	白一茹, 邵明安. 黄土高原雨养区坡面土壤蓄水量时间稳定性. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(7): 45-50 Bai Y R, Shao M A. Temporal stability of soil water storage on slope in rain fed region of Loess Plateau. Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(7): 45-50 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[8]	刘爽, 武雪萍, 吴会军, 梁二, 蔡典雄. 休闲期不同耕作方式对洛阳冬小麦农田土壤水分的影响. 中国农业气象, 2007, 28: 292-295 Liu S, Wu X P, Wu H J, Liang E, Cai D X. Influence of different tillage practices during summer fallow on soil moisture in winter wheat field in Luoyang. Chin J Agrometeorol, 2007, 28: 292-295 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.474]
[9]	Wang X B, Cai D X, Hoogmoed W B, Oenema O, Perdok U D. Developments in conservation tillage in rained regions of North China. Soil Till Res, 2007, 93: 239-250 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[10]	毛红玲, 李军, 贾志宽, 王蕾. 旱作麦田保护性耕作蓄水保墒和增产增收效应. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(8): 44-51 Mao H L, Li J, Jia Z K, Wang L. Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures on dryland wheat field. Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(8): 44-51 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[11]	张北赢, 徐学选, 刘文兆, 陈天林. 黄土丘陵沟壑区不同降水年型下土壤水分动态. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 1234-1240 Zhang B Y, Xu X X, Liu W Z, Chen T L. Dynamic changes of soil moisture in loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 1234-1240 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.742]
[12]	侯贤清, 王维, 韩清芳, 贾志宽, 严波, 李永平, 苏秦. 夏闲期轮耕对小麦田土壤水分及产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 2524-2533 Hou X Q, Wang W, Han Q F, Jia Z K, Yan B, Li Y P, Su Q. Effects of rotational tillage during summer fallow on wheat field soil water regime and grain yield. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22: 2524-2533 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.742]
[13]	侯贤清, 韩清芳, 贾志宽, 李永平, 杨宝平. 半干旱区夏闲期不同耕作方式对土壤水分及小麦水分利用效率的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(5): 52-58 Hou X Q, Han Q F, Jia Z K, Li Y P, Yang B P. Effects of different tillage practices in summer fallow period on soil water and crop water use efficiency in semi-arid areas. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2009, 27(5): 52-58 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[14]	付增光, 杜世平, 廖允成. 渭北旱地小麦留茬深松膜侧沟播耕作技术体系研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 2003, 21(2): 13-17 Fu Z G, Du S P, Liao Y C. Studies on tillage system of stubble mulching and subsoiling and furrow sowing on side of film mulch for dryland winter wheat in Weibei Plateau. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2003, 21(2): 13-17 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[15]	Baumhardt R L, Jones O R. Residue management and tillage effects on soil-water storage and grain yield of dryland wheat and sorghum for a clay loam in Texas. Soil Till Res, 2002, 68: 71-82 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[16]	王红光, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉, 王东. 耕作方式对旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 675-682 Wang H G, Yu Z W, Zhang Y L, Shi Y, Wang D. Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 675-682 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[17]	Lampurlanes J, Angas P, Cantero Martinez C. Root growth, soil water content and yield of barley under different tillage systems on two soils in semiarid conditions. Field Crops Res, 2001, 69: 27-40 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[18]	Fitter A H. Plant Root Growth: an Ecological Perspective. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991. pp229-243 [本文引用:1]
[19]	Pearson G J, Mann I G, Zhang Z. Changes in root growth within successive wheat crops in a cropping cycle using minimum and conventional tillage. Field Crops Res, 1991, 28: 117-133 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[20]	王永华, 王玉杰, 冯伟. 两种气候年型下不同栽培模式对冬小麦根系时空分布及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2826-2837 Wang Y H, Wang Y J, Feng W. Effects of different cultivation patterns on the spatial temporal distribution characteristics of roots and grain yield of winter wheat in two climatic years. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2826-2837 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[21]	肖继兵, 孙占祥, 杨久廷, 张玉龙, 郑家明, 刘洋. 半干旱区中耕深松对土壤水分和作物产量的影响. 土壤通报, 2011, 42: 709-714 Xiao J B, Sun Z Y, Yang J T, Zhang Y L, Zheng J M, Liu Y. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture and crop yield cultivation in semi arid region. Chin J Soil Sci, 2011, 42: 709-714 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.99]
[22]	王法宏, 王旭清, 任德昌, 于振文, 余松烈. 土壤深松对小麦根系活性的垂直分布及旗叶衰老的影响. 核农学报, 2003, 17: 56-61 Wang F H, Wang X Q, Ren D C, Yu Z W, Yu S L. Effect of soil deep tillage on root activity and vertical distribution. Acta Agric Nucl Sin, 2003, 17: 56-61 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[23]	黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对旱作冬小麦旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20: 1355-1361 Huang M, Wu J Z, Li Y J, Yao Y Q, Zhang C J, Cai D X, Jin K. Effects of tillage pattern on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat under dry farming. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2009, 20: 1355-1361 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.742]
[24]	李友军, 黄明, 吴金芝, 姚宇卿, 吕军杰. 不同耕作方式对豫西旱区坡耕地水肥利用与流失的影响. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(2): 42-45 Li Y J, Huang M, Wu J Z, Yao Y Q, Lü J J. Effects of different tillage on utilization and run-off of water and nutrient in sloping farmland of Yuxi dryland area. J Soil Water Conserv, 2006, 20(2): 42-45 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.265]
[25]	张建军, 王勇, 唐小明, 樊廷禄, 李尚中, 党翼, 王磊. 陇东黄土旱塬不同耕作方式及施肥处理对冬小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2010, 28(1): 247-254 Zhang J J, Wang Y, Tang X M, Fan T L, Li S Z, Dang Y, Wang L. The effects of different tillage methods and fertilizer treatment on yield of winter wheat and soil fertility in the loess plateau of east Gansu. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2010, 28(1): 247-254 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2006

2.367

0.0

... 目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]} ...

2005

2.367

0.0

... 目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]} ...

1998

0.0

... 目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]} ...

... 深翻可打破犁底层等障碍层次, 提高土壤渗水速度, 最大限度地接纳天然降水, 尤其是土壤耕层越厚, 越疏松, 越有利于雨季贮水蓄墒^[3], 有利于促进小麦根系生长, 吸收深层土壤水分, 提高水分利用效率^[4] ...

1997

0.0

1.667

... 目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]} ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:1051-1061 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.01051

Effect of tillage mode on diurnal variations of water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of flag leaf after anthesis and water use efficiency in wheat

1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai’an 271018, China; 2 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences / State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Beijing 100093, China

Water resource shortage has become the urgent problem limiting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain of China. A crucial target of wheat production is to develop water-saving agriculture to reduce irrigation water and increase the water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of this study was to understand the effects of tillage practices on soil moisture content, water potential and consumption in plants, diurnal variation of chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic in flag leaf after anthesis, and grain yield in wheat under flexible irrigation conditions. A high-yielding wheat cultivar, Jimai 22, was continuously planted in the same plot across two growing seasons from 2007 to 2009. Five tillage modes were established with flexible irrigation after measuring soil moisture, which were strip rotary tillage (SR), strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and plowing tillage (P). The moisture contents of soil layers within 0–200 cm were measured at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages. In the 2008–2009 growing season, the diurnal variation of water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic in flag leaf were measured at 22 d and 24 d after anthesis. The SRS and RS treatments had the lowest moisture content in different soil layers of 60–200 cm below surface. The result indicated that subsoiling had the effect to promote water absorption of wheat in deep soil layers. From anthesis to maturity, the water consumption of SRS treatment exhibited the highest amount and ratio from soil and the lowest ratio from precipitation and irrigation. Compared with SR treatment, SRS treatment had higher water potential from 6:00 to 18:00 and larger values of F v / F m and Φ PSII of flag leaf from 8:00 to 14:00. Clearly, subsoiling was favorable to keep high physiological activity from mid to late filling stage. The positive effect of subsoiling was confirmed by the comparison between RS and R treatments. Among the five tillage treatments, SRS produced the highest grain yield of 9 516.48 kg ha −1 in 2007–2008 growing season and 8 957.92 kg ha −1 in 2008–2009 growing season. The yield level of RS had no significant difference from that of SRS treatment. In contrast, SR and R treatments showed the lowest yields in all treatments. As for WUE, the ranking sequence of treatments was SRS > RS > P > SR or R. Therefore, we recommend SRS as the best tillage practice for high yield and water saving in wheat producing areas with similar ecological conditions to the experiment.

2007—2009年小麦生长季, 以高产小麦品种济麦22为试验材料, 利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量, 研究高肥力条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对土壤含水量、小麦开花至成熟阶段耗水量及其水分来源、旗叶水势和叶绿素荧光参数日变化、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕处理成熟期60~200 cm各土层的土壤含水量均低于其他处理, 表明深松促进了小麦对深层土壤贮水的吸收。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段的土壤贮水消耗量及其占阶段耗水量的比例最高, 其降水量和灌水量占阶段耗水量的比例最低。深松+条旋耕处理在6:00~18:00的旗叶水势、8:00~14:00的旗叶最大光化学效率( F v / F m )和实际光化学效率( Φ PSII )均高于条旋耕处理, 表明深松有利于小麦旗叶在灌浆中后期保持较高的生理活性, 深松+旋耕和旋耕处理间的规律与其一致。深松+条旋耕处理在2个生长季的籽粒产量分别为9 516.48和8 957.92 kg hm −2 , 与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异, 翻耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于上述处理。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率最高, 深松+旋耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于翻耕处理。本试验条件下, 深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水高效的耕作方式。

... 目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]} ...

... 深松通过深松铲疏松土壤, 加深耕层而不翻转土壤, 可降低土壤容重, 打破犁底层, 增强土壤对降水的蓄纳能力, 促进作物对土壤深层水分的吸收, 提高自然降水利用率和作物产量^[5] ...

2008

0.0

1.889

. 2008, 41:78-85

Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no tillage 2 years later

中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院

【Objective】In order to improve the water use efficiency under conservation tillage, we study the effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage.【Method】A field experiment of 40cm subsoiling under no-tillage was conducted from 2005 to 2006. Based on the observational data of soil moisture and crop yield, the physical basis of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was analyzed. 【Result】The results showed that: during oats growth season, 0-100cm soil water storage under subsoil was more than no-tillage. In the 0-100cm soil depth, the soil moisture in 50-100cm under subsoiling were more compared with no-tillage, which increased with the soil depth increasing when it’s dry; decreased with the soil depth increasing when it’s rainy. Compared with no-tillage, Subsoiling can reduce the water consumption of oats in the 0-50 cm soil layer and improve the efficient use of water in the 50-100cm soil layer by root system. Subsoiling increased the yield by 18.29％ average increase rate in two years. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency by 16.8% average increase rate in two years. The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation, well-proportioned rainfall was better to increase yield and water use efficiency. Meanwhile, subsoiling decreased bulk density, which increased the available precipitation.【Conclusion】Subsoiling contained more soil moisture and improved water use efficiency. The The effects of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was affects by precipitation and soil bulk density.

【目的】研究两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响，提高保护性耕作条件下对土壤水分的利用效率。【方法】土壤免耕第3年的基础上深松40 cm，2005～2006年连续两年通过田间试验观测深松对土壤水分的影响，分析深松保墒增产的机理。【结果】莜麦作物生育期0～100 cm土壤贮水量，深松显著高于对照。在0～100 cm的土层剖面上，50～100 cm土壤水分含量深松显著高于对照，干旱少雨时，土壤水分含量随土层深度增加而增加；降雨集中时，随土层深度增加而减少。与对照相比，深松减少了0～50 cm的作物耗水量,促进根系对50～100 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。土壤深松处理比对照两年平均增产18.29％，水分利用效率增加9.68％。保墒增产效果受降水量的影响，分布均匀的降雨有利于增产并提高水分利用效率。另一方面，深松降低了表层土层容重，增加接纳雨水的能力，增强作物对水分的利用效率。【结论】在免耕的基础上深松，是北方农牧交错带有效增加水分利用效率的保护性轮耕措施。

... 目前, 有关旱地小麦蓄水保墒技术的研究已取得较大进展, 特别是深耕翻技术、深松耕技术在旱作生产上发挥了重大作用^{[1,2,3,4,5,6]} ...

... 研究表明, 在连续2年免耕的基础上, 深松可有效增加土壤水分利用效率, 保墒增产效果明显^[6] ...

2011

0.0

1.299

. 2011, 27(7):45-50

Temporal stability of soil water storage on slope in rain fed region of Loess Plateau

The analysis of temporal stability of soil water storage (SWS) is a theoretical basis for the accurate prediction of the soil moisture which can provide help for the vegetation restoration and reconstruction. The profile SWS on a slope was obtained by neutron probe from October 2005 to September 2006 in Liudaogou watershed on rain-fed region of Loess Plateau. The temporal stability of the SWS was conducted by classical statistical and temporal stability analysis. The results showed that SWS in the different months had moderate variability. The coefficients of variation of SWS under dry condition were lower than that under wet condition. The cumulative frequency of 0-4 m SWS changed less than that of the other depths. The mean relative differences of the 0-4 m SWS ranged from -39% to 53% with lower standard deviation (5.6%). The 0-4 m SWS had higher spearman rank correlation coefficients up to 0.8 with significant correlation. The results of the temporal stability preliminarily determined the representative sites. The spearman rank correlation coefficients were small when the SWS varied greatly, but increased when the SWS remained more or less stable. The spearman rank correlation coefficients can provide a convenient way to estimate the temporal stability of SWS in the study area.

分析区域土壤蓄水量（SWS）时间稳定性为准确预测土壤墒情提供了理论保障，同时为植被恢复和重建工作提供帮助。利用中子仪获得黄土高原雨养区六道沟流域坡面2005年10月至2006年9月间剖面SWS，通过时间稳定性分析，研究该区域SWS的时间稳定性特征。结果表明：不同月份SWS均表现为中等变异，干旱条件下的变异系数比湿润条件下小。0～4 m的SWS累积概率比其他土层的变化小，平均相对偏差的变化范围（-39%～53%）及标准差（5.6%）较小，spearman秩相关系数均达到0.8以上且呈现出极显著相关，通过时间稳定性分析可以初步确定研究区平均SWS的代表性测点。SWS变化较大时，spearman秩相关系数较小，而SWS变化较小时，spearman秩相关系数较大。spearman秩相关系数为分析该区域SWS的时间稳定性提供了便捷途径。

... 小麦休闲期降雨相对较多, 占全年降雨的60%以上, 但夏季温度高, 地表水分蒸发损失多, 达不到伏雨春用的目的^[7] ...

2007

0.0

1.474

. 2007, 28:292-295

Influence of different tillage practices during summer fallow on soil moisture in winter wheat field in Luoyang

采用连续5a的田间定位试验资料,研究了洛阳地区休闲期4种不同耕作方式对冬小麦农田土壤水分变化、水分利用效率及作物产量的影响.结果表明:休闲期不同耕作方式对冬小麦播种前底墒具有明显的影响,与传统耕作方式相比,免耕和深松覆盖处理可以显著增加土壤含水率,具有良好的保墒作用;各处理以深松覆盖作物产量和水分利用效率最高,其次为免耕处理,深翻处理效果较差.因此,洛阳地区采用深松覆盖保护性耕作方式比较有利.

... 刘爽等^[8]研究表明, 休闲期免耕和深松显著增加土壤含水率, 具有良好的保墒作用 ...

2007

2.367

0.0

. 2007, 93:239-250 DOI:10.1016/j.still.2006.05.005

Developments in conservation tillage in rained regions of North China

Abstract Dryland regions in northern China account for over 50% of the nation's total area, where farming development is constrained by adverse weather, topography and water resource conditions, low fertility soils, and poor soil management. Conservation tillage research and application in dryland regions of northern China has been developed since the 1970s. Demonstration and extension of conservation tillage practices is actively stimulated by the Chinese government since 2002, following the recognition of the increased rate of degradation of the environment due to erosion and water shortage in North China. This paper reviews the research conducted on conservation tillage in dryland regions of northern China, and discusses the problems faced with the introduction and application of conservation tillage practices. Most of the studies reported have shown positive results of soil and water conservation tillage practices. These practices generally involve a reduction in the number and intensity of operations compared to conventional tillage, with direct sowing or no-till as the strongest reduction. Crop yields and water use efficiency have increased (with up to 35%) following the implementation of reduced tillage practices. Under no-till, crop yields are equivalent to or higher than those from conventional tillage methods, especially in dry years. However, during wet years yields tend to be lower (10–15%) with no-till. Other benefits are an increased fallow water storage and reductions in water losses by evaporation. In order to fully exploit the advantages of conservation tillage, systems have to be adapted to regional characteristics. Farmers’ adoption of conservation tillage is still limited.

... Wang等^[9]研究表明, 休闲期深翻可打破土壤犁底层, 增加土壤孔隙度及蓄水容量, 提高土壤渗水速度 ...

2010

0.0

1.299

. 2010, 26(8):44-51

Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures on dryland wheat field

为了揭示渭北旱塬连作麦田不同保护性耕作措施F土壤蓄水保墒效果和冬小麦增产增收效应.于2007-2009年通过田间试验研究了渭北旱塬夏闲期免耕、深松和翻耕等3种耕作方式对麦出夏闲期蓄水保墒效果,以及3种耕作处理与平衡施肥、常规施肥和低肥等3种施肥处理组合对冬小麦生育期土壤水分动态、产量和经济效益的影响.免耕和深松较翻耕保墒作用好,夏闲期免耕、深松较翻耕0～300 cm土层3 a平均土壤含水率分别增加了0.6和0.5个百分点,平均贮水量分别增加了24.2和21.5 mm;生育期内平衡施肥免耕、深松较翻耕处理0～200 cm土层2 a平均土壤贮水量分别增加了17.7和14.4 mm;以平衡施肥深松处理产量最高,2 a平均产量高达5033.1 kg/hm2,较平衡施肥翻耕和平衡施肥免耕分别增产5.5%和6.3%;以平衡施肥免耕经济效益最高,2 a平均纯收益高达5 553.7元/hm2,较平衡施肥深松和平衡施肥翻耕分别增收3.3%和9.2%.综合考虑各处理上壤蓄水保墒效果和小麦增产增收效应,平衡施肥深松处理是渭北旱塬连作麦田较佳的耕作和施肥处理组合.

... 毛红玲等^[10]在渭北旱塬麦田试验表明, 前茬小麦收获后立即实施深松及免耕处理较深翻保墒作用好,可增加0~300 cm平均土壤含水率 ...

2008

0.0

1.742

. 2008, 19:1234-1240

Dynamic changes of soil moisture in loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns

1 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;  2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;  3 Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Based on field determinations, the dynamic changes of soil moisture in dry farml and, Robinia pseudoacacia forestland, Hippophae shrubland and Bothrioc hloa ischaemum grassland in loess hilly and gully region under effects of diff erent yearly precipitation patterns were analyzed. The results showed that yearly precipitation pattern had definite effects on the seasonal variation and profile distribution of soil moisture. In normal year, soil moisture in dry farmland had a gentle seasonal variation; in dry year, it decreased slowly before rainy s eason but increased markedly after rainy season; while in rainy year, it had an overall increase and the increment was remarkable after rainy season. The soil moisture in R. psendoacacia forestland, Hippophae shrubland, and B. isc haemun grassland decreased as a whole in normal year. In dry year, soil moisture in Hippophae shrubland decreased first and increased then, while that in R. psendoacacia forestland and B. ischaemun grassland varied in “W” ty pe, with the minimum in June and August. In rainy year, the seasonal variation of soil moisture in R. psendoacacia forestland and Hippophae shrubland presen ted “V” type, and that in B. ischaemu grassland fluctuated markedly, with the minimum in August. In dry farmland, the active and sub-active layers of soi l moisture were deeper in dry year than in normal year, and the sub-active laye r disappeared in rainy year. In R. psendoacacia forestland and B. ischaemu grassland, the active layer of soil moisture was deeper in dry and rainy year s than in normal year; while in Hippophae shrubland, this active layer was s hallower in dry and rainy years than in normal year.

采用定位监测法，对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同降水年型下旱农坡地、刺槐林、沙棘灌丛和白羊草地土壤水分的时空变化规律进行了分析.结果表明，降水年型对研究区不同植被类型土壤水分的季节变化和剖面垂直变化均有一定影响.旱农坡地平水年土壤水分的季节变化平缓；枯水年雨季前土壤水分缓慢减小，雨季后显著增加；丰水年则整体增加，且雨季后增加明显. 刺槐林、沙棘灌丛和白羊草地平水年土壤水分的季节变化表现为整体降低；枯水年沙棘灌丛土壤水分先减后增，刺槐林与白羊草地呈“W”型曲线变化，两个最低值均出现在6月和8月；丰水年沙棘灌丛和刺槐林土壤水分的季节变化呈“V”型，白羊草地的波动较大，最低值出现在8月.旱农坡地枯水年的土壤水分活跃层和次活跃层深度较平水年下移，丰水年次活跃层消失；丰水年和枯水年，刺槐林和白羊草地土壤水分活跃层深度均较平水年下移，沙棘灌丛则上移.

... 采用国内较常用的降水年型划分标准^[11]划分降水年型 ...

2011

0.0

1.742

. 2011, 22:2524-2533

Effects of rotational tillage during summer fallow on wheat field soil water regime and grain yield

1Chinese Institute of Water-saving Agriculture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 2Minister of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Production and Ecology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; 3Guyuan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guyuan 756100, Ningxia, China

In 2007-2010, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rotational tillage practices during summer follow on the soil water regime and grain yield in a winter wheat field in Southern Ningxia arid area. Three treatments were installed, i.e ., T 1 (no-tillage in first year, subsoiling in second year, and no-tillage in third year), T 2 (subsoiling in first year, no-tillage in second year, and subsoiling in third year), and CT (conventional tillage in the 3 years). Through the three years of the tillage practices, the soil water storage efficiency in treatments T 1 and T 2 was increased averagely by 15.2% and 26.5%, respectively, as compared to CT. In treatments T 1 and T 2 , the potential rainfall use rate was higher, being 37.8% and 38.5%, respectively, and the rainfall use efficiency was increased averagely by 9.9% and 10.7%, respectively, as compared to CT. Rotational tillage during summer fallow could decrease the soil ineffective evaporation significantly, and save the soil water effectively in wheat growth season. At early growth stage, the water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer in treatments T 1 and T 2 was increased averagely by 6.8% and 9.4%, as compared to CT; at jointing, heading, and filling stages, the water storage in 0-200 cm soil layer in treatments T 1 and T 2 had a significant increase, giving greater contribution to the wheat yield than the control.Different rotational tillage practices increased the water consumption by wheat, but in the meantime, increased the grain yield and water use efficiency. In treatments T 1 and T 2 , the water consumption by wheat through the three years was increased averagely by 5.2% and 6.1%, whereas the grain yield and the water use efficiency were increased averagely by 9.9% and 10.6%, and by 4.5% and 4.3%, respectively, as compared to CT. Correlation analysis showed that in Southern Ningxia arid area, the soil water storage at sowing, jointing, heading, and filling stages, especially at heading stage, could have significant effects on the winter wheat grain yield.

2007—2010年在宁南旱区研究了夏闲期免耕/深松/免耕（T 1 ）、深松/免耕/深松（T 2 ）、连年翻耕（CT）3种耕作方式对麦田土壤水分及产量的影响.结果表明：经过3年夏闲期T 1 和T 2 处理后，农田土壤蓄水效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高15.2%和26.5%；T 1 和T 2 处理的降水潜在利用率较高，分别达到37.8%和38.5%，降水生产效率平均分别较连年翻耕处理提高9.9%和10.7%.夏闲期轮耕能显著降低休闲期的土壤无效蒸发，有效保蓄小麦生长期的土壤水分.在冬小麦生长前期，T 1 和T 2 处理0～200 cm土层土壤水分平均分别较连年翻耕处理增加6.8%和9.4%；在拔节-抽穗-灌浆期，与连年翻耕处理相比，两处理可显著提高0～200 cm土层土壤蓄水量，对作物产量的贡献率较高.不同轮耕模式在增加作物耗水量的同时也提高了作物产量及水分利用效率，与CT处理相比，3年T 1 和T 2 处理作物耗水量平均分别提高5.2%和6.1%，产量分别增加9.9%和10.6%，作物水分生产效率分别提高4.5%和4.3%.相关分析表明，在干旱缺水的宁南地区，冬小麦播种期、拔节-抽穗-灌浆期的土壤蓄水量可显著影响产量，尤其抽穗期的土壤蓄水量对产量的影响更大.

2009

0.0

. 2009, 27(5):52-58

Effects of different tillage practices in summer fallow period on soil water and crop water use efficiency in semi-arid areas

在宁南旱平地进行了夏闲期深松、免耕及传统翻耕(对照)对土壤水分及后作冬小麦水分利用效率影响的研究结果表明,夏闲期深松和传统翻耕能有效地蓄雨保墒,提高旱平地冬小麦播前的土壤贮水量,深松和翻耕土壤蓄墒率极显著高于免耕处理,深松处理较翻耕高0.79%；夏闲期末深松处理0～200 cm土壤贮水量(310.78 mm)分别较免耕、传统翻耕高8.23 mm、1.61 mm.深松和免耕较传统翻耕显著改善了冬小麦苗期的土壤水分状况,对越冬期0～60 cm耕层土壤水分状况的改善有利于冬小麦的越冬.苗期0～200 cm土壤贮水量深松、免耕分别较传统翻耕(351.05 mm)高35.9 mm、28.8mm,不同的耕作处理对后作冬小麦苗期的土壤水分影响差异主要在80 cm以上土层.冬小麦返青期降雨主要使0～80 cm土层土壤贮水量有所增加,处理间的差异减小.夏闲期深松处理能有效地增加对降雨的蓄保能力,提高旱地冬小麦播前及整个生长阶段0～200 cm的土壤贮水量.不同耕作方式的冬小麦产量以夏闲期翻耕处理最高(3 475.9 kg/hm2),与深松处理(3 322.0 kg/hm2)无显著差异,免耕显著低于其它2种耕作处理；水分利用效率以翻耕最高[14.12 kg/(hm2·mm)],深松次之[13.62 kg/(hm2·mm)],免耕处理显著低于前二者[10.64 kg/(hm2·mm)].

... 旱平地休闲期深松和深翻都比免耕有效蓄雨保墒, 可提高播前底墒^[13] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 21(2):13-17

Studies on tillage system of stubble mulching and subsoiling and furrow sowing on side of film mulch for dryland winter wheat in Weibei Plateau

试验结果表明,留茬、深松、膜侧沟播是融"深松储水效应"、"残茬覆盖保水增肥效应"和"起垄覆膜沟播聚水、保水、增温、透光效应"于一体的旱地小麦机械化保护性耕作技术体系,具有极好的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益;夏闲期留茬覆盖、深松耕可把占小麦全生产年度50%的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中,较传统翻耕法多蓄水76.2 mm,蓄水率达50%以上;在夏闲期多蓄水的基础上,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术,既可以把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住,又可把小麦生育期的降水量最大限度地蓄住,加之地膜覆盖的增温效应,从而使旱地小麦的水、热条件明显改善,达到既增产增收,又保水保土的效果.

... 深松可蓄积50%的休闲期降水, 并保存于土壤中^[14] ...

2002

2.367

0.0

... 深翻消除了土壤隔阂, 增强了土壤接纳降水的能力^[15] ...

2012

0.0

1.667

. 2012, 38:675-682 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2012.00675

Effects of tillage regimes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation in dryland wheat

Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture / Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

The area of dryland wheat is large in Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region, where grain yield of wheat was low and unstable because of deficient and variable precipitation. Conservation tillage is an important cultivation mode to stimulate crop production and has been a hotspot in cultivation research of winter wheat. Minimum tillage and no-tillage are believed to significantly increase grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland wheat. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of tillage modes on water consumption and dry matter accumulation of wheat in hill area of Shandong Province in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 growing seasons. Compared to strip rotary tillage (SR), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and rotary tillage (R) treatments, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS) treatment was beneficial to reduce water consumption amount from sowing to pre-winter stage, increase water consumption amount from anthesis to maturity stage, and promote the ratio of water consumption after anthesis to the total water consumption. The water reduction amount in 0–20 cm soil layer was lower in SRS treatment than in RS and R treatments from sowing to jointing, while that in 40–160 cm soil layer was higher in SRS treatment than in SR and R treatments from jointing to maturity.In the whole growing period of 2009–2010 and seedling, anthesis, and filling stages of 2010–2011, the evaporation of SRS was lower than that of RS or R treatment, which was equivalent to that of SR with no significant difference. SRS treatment had the highest dry matter accumulation amount from anthesis to maturity stage. Compared to SR and R treatments, SRS treatment had higher water consumption amount and water use efficiency. There was no significant difference between SRS and SR treatments in water consumption and water use efficiency, but the grain yield was the highest in SRS treatment. Therefore, SRS treatment is considered as the best tillage treatment under the experimental condition.

黄淮海地区旱地小麦种植面积较大，降水少且年际间变化幅度大造成其产量低而不稳。耕作措施可影响土壤的蓄水，于2009—2011年连续2个小麦生长季，设置条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、深松+旋耕和旋耕4种耕作方式处理，研究耕作方式对黄淮海地区旱地小麦耗水特性和干物质积累的影响。结果表明，深松+条旋耕处理有利于降低小麦播种至冬前阶段的耗水量，提高开花至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例。2009—2010年度，深松+条旋耕处理播种至拔节阶段0~20 cm土层贮水减少量显著低于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理，拔节至成熟阶段40~160 cm土层贮水减少量显著高于条旋耕和旋耕处理。2009—2010年度的各生育时期和2010—2011年度的苗期、开花期、灌浆期，深松+条旋耕处理株间蒸发量显著低于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理，与条旋耕处理无显著差异。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理，耗水量显著高于条旋耕和旋耕处理，水分利用效率高于深松+旋耕和旋耕处理，与条旋耕处理无显著差异，而且籽粒产量最高，是本试验条件下的最优耕作方式。

... 王红光等^[16]研究表明, 休闲期耕作有利于提高冬小麦整个生育期0~200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量 ...

2001

2.474

0.0

... 在这种情况下, 小麦生育期内水分的来源在很大程度上取决于其对土壤深层水分利用的可能性^[17,18,19] ...

1991

0.0

... 在这种情况下, 小麦生育期内水分的来源在很大程度上取决于其对土壤深层水分利用的可能性^[17,18,19] ...

1991

2.474

0.0

... 在这种情况下, 小麦生育期内水分的来源在很大程度上取决于其对土壤深层水分利用的可能性^[17,18,19] ...

2012

0.0

1.889

. 2012, 45:2826-2837 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.14.005

Effects of different cultivation patterns on the spatial temporal distribution characteristics of roots and grain yield of winter wheat in two climatic years

河南农业大学农学院/国家小麦工程技术研究中心, 郑州450002

【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different cultivation patterns on the spatial-temporal distributions of winter wheat roots, and grain yields. 【Method】 Four cultivation patterns including local cultivation pattern usually used by farmers (T1), cost-saving, high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation pattern (T2), super high-yielding cultivation pattern (T3), and cost-saving, stable yield and high efficiency cultivation pattern (T4) were designed in the present study. The effects of these four cultivation patterns on the grain yields and spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of roots (total dry root weights, TDRW; total root lengths, TRL; dry root weight density, DRDW; root length density in different soil layers, RLD; etc) were measured in fixed field experiment. 【Result】The results showed that wheat root growth was greatly affected by different cultivation patterns. Dry weights and lengths of total roots in 1 m soil layer firstly increased, then decreased in all of cultivation patterns during the whole growth and development periods. The peak value for the root growth appeared earlier in T1 cultivation pattern than those of other parameters. And TDWR and TRL in T1 cultivation pattern reached the maximum at the heading stage. T2, T3 and T4 cultivation patterns could alleviate the growth rates of roots and the maximum rates of root growth in these cultivation patterns were delayed to the anthesis. The distributions of roots in both T1 and T3 cultivation patterns appeared mainly at the above layers of soil, but rarely at the lower layers. Both T2 and T4 cultivation patterns helped to improve the growth of roots at the deep layers of soil, and their DRWD and RLD in deep soil layers were significantly more than those of T1 and T3 cultivation patterns. Grains per spike and 1 000-grain-weight in T2, T3 and T4 cultivation patterns were significantly more than those of T1 in the two years of experiment, and differences in yields in these cultivation patterns were no significant between the two years of experiment. However, difference in yield of T1 cultivation pattern (570.3 kg?hm-2) was significant between the two years of experiment. This indicated that T1 cultivation pattern had lower capacity to resist the adverse environments.【Conclusion】 With the comprehensive considerations for both the data in the present study and ecological conditions in the north of Henan province, both T2 and T4 cultivation patterns effectively decreased the adverse effects of abiotic environments on development and yields, achieved higher and stable yields，cost saving and high efficiency. The reasons are that T2 and T4 cultivation patterns were designed according to many efficient methods, such as reducing fertilizer inputs (applied N180-240 kg, P2O575-90 kg, K2O 60-90 kg, organic manure 3 000 kg per hectare), deep ploughing, and wide-narrow rowing, decaying fertilization, etc.

【目的】探讨不同栽培模式对冬小麦根系时空分布及产量的影响。【方法】在大田定位试验条件下，设置农民习惯栽培（T1）、相对于农民习惯栽培的节本增产增效栽培（T2）、超高产栽培（T3）和相对于超高产栽培的节本保产增效栽培（T4）等4种栽培模式，比较分析两种气候年型条件下不同栽培模式对冬小麦根系总干重（TDRW）、总根长（TRL）以及不同土层中根干重密度（DRWD）、根长密度（RLD）的时空分布及产量的影响。【结果】冬小麦根系生长受栽培模式调控效应较大，在两种气候年型条件下冬小麦生育中后期不同栽培模式根系时空分布基本一致，即1 m土层的TDRW、TRL均随生育期的推进呈现先升后降的变化特征，T1的根系生长高峰期出现较早，TDRW、TRL均于抽穗期达最大值，T2、T3、T4可延缓根系过早衰减，生长高峰推迟至开花期；不同土层中DRWD、RLD的分布表现不同，T1和T3的根系主要集中在上、中土层，下层土壤中分布相对较少，T2和T4有利于促进小麦整个生育期内深层土壤的根系分布，DRWD和RLD均明显增加。4种栽培模式相比，两种年型下T2、T3、T4的穗粒数和千粒重均较T1显著增加，年型产量差较小，对产量的调控效应强，而T1的年型产量差较大（570.3 kg•hm-2），说明其在应对异常气候对产量的缓解效应相对较差。【结论】综合考虑本试验研究结果和豫北高产灌区生态条件，小麦播量控制在120—150 kg•hm-2，每hm2施纯N180—240 kg、P2O5 75—90 kg、K2O 60—90 kg、有机肥3 000 kg，合理水肥运筹，结合机械深耕、宽窄行播种以及推迟追肥时期等多项调控措施优化集成的T2、T4两种栽培模式，能有效缓解异常气候对小麦生长发育和产量的负面影响，实现高产稳产、节本高效的目标。

... 王永华等^[20]研究表明, 耕作能改善土壤结构, 提高作物根系对土壤养分和深层土壤水分的吸收 ...

2011

0.0

0.99

... 肖继兵等^[21]研究表明, 深翻打破了限制作物根系生长的土层, 促进根系下扎, 有利于小麦对深层土壤水分的吸收 ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 17:56-61

Effect of soil deep tillage on root activity and vertical distribution

Deep tillage(broke plough pan)and cultivation before winter coming(cut off some roots in shallow soil layer)could obviously affect the mass root activity of wheat and it's spatial distribution.Deep tillage improved the physical and chemical properties of the soil,so was the root living condition.Comparison with the CK(conventional tillage),the spatial distribution of root activity intend to deepen and the root activity in deep soil layer was stronger with the soil of deep tilage,which was beneficial to delay the senescence of plant and increase grain yield.It was also found that cultivation before winter coming could improve the mass root activity in subsoil layer (below 20 cm),and its effect was the same as that of deep tillage.

土壤深松打破犁底层可改变土壤的理化性状 ,从而改善小麦根系的生长条件。与对照 (未深松 )相比 ,小麦的群体根系活性明显提高 ,垂直分布下移 ,使深层土壤的群体根系活性相对提高 ,进而对延缓地上部衰老和提高产量产生积极效应。

... 王法宏等^[22]研究表明, 由于深松改善了土壤的理化性状和根系的生长环境, 促进了小麦根系尤其是深层土壤根系的生长发育 ...

2009

0.0

1.742

. 2009, 20:1355-1361

Effects of tillage pattern on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat under dry farming

1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China; 2 Luoyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luoyang 471022, Henan, China; 3 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different tillage patterns, i.e., deep plowing once, no-tillage, subsoiling, and conventional tillage, on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat, as well as the soil moisture and nutrient status under dry farming. No-tillage and subsoiling increased the SOD and POD activities and the chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, decreased the MDA and O〖SX（B-*3〗-〖〗·〖SX）〗2 contents, and postponed the senescence of flag leaf. Under non-tillage and subsoiling, the moisture content in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer at anthesis and grain-filling stages was decreased by 413% and 623% and by 550% and 927%, respectively, and the contents of alkali-hydrolysable N, available P, and available K in this soil layer also increased significantly, compared with those under conventional tillage. Deep plowing once decreased the moisture content and increased the nutrients contents in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer, but the decrement and increment were not significant. The post-anthesis biomass, post-anthesis dry matter translocation rate, and grain yield under no-tillage and subsoiling were 434% and 476%, 1556% and 1351%, and 1022% and 926% higher than those under conventional tillage, respectively. It could be concluded that no-tillage and subsoiling provided better soil conditions for the post-anthesis growth of winter wheat, under which, the flag leaf senescence postponed, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and translocation accelerated, and grain yield increased significantly, being the feasible tillage practices in dry farming winter wheat areas.

在旱作条件下研究了一次深翻、免耕、深松和传统耕作4种耕作方式对冬小麦花后旗叶衰老、小麦籽粒产量及土壤水分和养分状况的影响.结果表明：免耕和深松提高了小麦旗叶SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量，降低了MDA和O 2 - ·含量，延缓了小麦叶片的衰老进程;同时，免耕、深松在开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13％、6.23％和5.50％、9.27％，土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作.一次深翻0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量低于传统耕作，土壤养分含量高于传统耕作，但两处理间差异不显著.与传统耕作相比，免耕和深松花后干物质生产量分别提高4.34％和4.76％，花后干物质转运率分别提高15.56％和13.51％，产量分别提高10.22％和9.26%.免耕和深松为冬小麦花后生长发育提供了良好的环境，延缓了小麦叶片衰老，促进了花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒的转运，从而使籽粒产量显著提高，是旱作麦区适宜的耕作方式.

... 3 旱地小麦休闲期耕作的增产效应休闲期深松为冬小麦开花后生长发育提供了良好的环境, 延缓了小麦叶片衰老, 有利于小麦粒重增加, 显著提高了产量^[23] ...

2006

1.265

0.0

... 在豫西旱作条件下, 休闲期免耕和深松能提高土壤水分及养分含量, 减轻旱作区小麦生育期尤其是生育后期的水肥胁迫, 从而提高产量^[24] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 28(1):247-254

The effects of different tillage methods and fertilizer treatment on yield of winter wheat and soil fertility in the loess plateau of east Gansu

在陇东旱塬覆盖黑垆土的土壤上,通过3年冬小麦田间试验研究了不同耕作方式及不同施肥处理对旱塬冬小麦产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:传统深耕配施有机无机肥有利于作物高产和提高WUE;免耕年限增加不利于产量的增加;随着耕作年限的延长,传统耕作和免耕配施有机无机肥土壤有机质含量均有不同程度提高,传统耕作土壤有机质含量从试验前的11.75 g/kg提高到13.0 g/kg,提高了10.6%,免耕土壤有机质含量从试验前的11.75 g/kg提高到13.93 g/kg,提高了18.6%.从产量、WUE和土壤养分等方面综合分析,在陇东旱塬以传统深耕配施有机无机肥有利于增加作物产量,提高WUE,改善土壤肥力状况.因此,传统耕翻配施有机无机肥是目前陇东黄土旱塬培肥土壤和抗逆减灾最为有效的措施之一. Abstract： The effects of different tillage methods and fertilizer treatments on the yield and water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat and soil fertility was studied in loess plateau of east Gansu through fixed experiment for 3 years. The results showed that traditional tillage improved the yield and the water use efficiency of winter wheat, while more than two consecutive years of no-tillage resulted in the reduction of yield, so the third year should be with tillage. With the elongation of cultivation duration, the organic carbon content in both traditional tillage and no-tillage increased, which was improved from 11.75 g/kg to 13.0 g/kg in traditional tillage and from 11.75 g/kg to 13.93 g/kg in no-tillage method. Analyzed from yield, water use efficiency and soil fertility, traditional tillage had a positive effect on the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat and soil fertility. So traditional tillage combined with mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizer is an effective way for soil fertility and disaster reduction in the loess plateau of east Gansu at present.

... 在陇东旱塬, 深翻有利于提高冬小麦产量与水分利用效率, 减轻连年免耕造成的产量下降^[25] ...