减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统中作物产量的影响

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刘小明, 雍太文, 苏本营, 刘文钰, 周丽, 宋春, 杨峰, 王小春, 杨文钰. 减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统中作物产量的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(9): 1629-1638[LIU Xiao-Ming, YONG Tai-Wen, SU Ben-Ying, LIU Wen-Yu, ZHOU Li, SONG Chun, YANG Feng, WANG Xiao-Chun, YANG Wen-Yu. Effect of Reduced N Application on Crop Yield in Maize-Soybean Intercropp-ing System. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(9): 1629-1638] 复制到剪切板

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减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统中作物产量的影响

刘小明¹, 雍太文^1,^*, 苏本营¹, 刘文钰¹, 周丽¹, 宋春^1,², 杨峰¹, 王小春¹, 杨文钰¹

¹四川农业大学农学院 / 农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 四川成都 611130

²四川农业大学资源环境学院生态环境研究所, 四川成都 611130

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 雍太文, E-mail:yongtaiwen@sicau.edu.cn; 杨文钰, E-mail:wenyu.yang@263.net

收稿日期:2014-06-16

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271669, 31201169), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-04-PS19)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201203096)资助;

摘要

通过田间试验, 研究了种植模式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 kg N hm^-2)对作物产量和大豆光合特性、干物质积累的影响。结果表明, 大豆叶片P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r和植株干物质积累量随生育时期的推移呈先增加后降低的趋势。与单作相比, 套作处理大豆的P_n、G_s、T_r在V5期(玉米大豆共生期)显著降低, 但在R2、R4、R6期(玉米收获后)无显著差异, 地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在各生育时期呈降低趋势, R4~R6期的作物生长率和经济系数则显著提高。玉米-大豆套作体系下, 施氮显著提高了大豆花后叶片P_n、G_s、T_r和植株地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量, 增加了大豆单株荚数和产量, 与习惯施氮(240 kg N hm^-2)相比, 减量施氮处理(180 N kg hm^-2)大豆的P_n在R4、R6期提高了3.57%、11.82%, 总干物质积累量在R6、R8期提高了5.06%、10.21%, 单株荚数、产量提高了8.30%、10.15%。减量施氮处理下, 玉米-大豆套作系统的总产量最高, 总经济系数为0.49, LER达2.17。玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高大豆光合特性和干物质积累, 提高大豆产量和玉米-大豆套作系统总产。

关键词: 减量施氮; 光合特性; 干物质积累; 产量; 大豆; 玉米-大豆套作

Effect of Reduced N Application on Crop Yield in Maize-Soybean Intercropp-ing System

LIU Xiao-Ming¹, YONG Tai-Wen^1,^*, SU Ben-Ying¹, LIU Wen-Yu¹, ZHOU Li¹, SONG Chun^1,², YANG Feng¹, WANG Xiao-Chun¹, YANG Wen-Yu¹

¹Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

²Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

Fund:

Abstract

Maize-soybean strip relay intercropping pattern is widely adopted in Southeast China. Whereas the traditional fertilized measures used by farmers are not good for high yield of soybean. In order to get high yield for both maize and soybean in this system, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of reduced N application on photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of soybean, and the system crop yield. The experiment included three planting patterns (maize monocropping, soybean monocropping and maize-soybean relay strip intercropping) and three rates of N fertilizer application (0, 180, 240 kg ha^-1). The results demonstrated that, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (G_s), stomatal conductance (C_i), photosynthetic capacity (T_r), dry matter accumulation of soybean increased initially and then decreased in the later stage. Compared with soybean monocropping, theP_n,G_s, andT_r of intercropped soybean decreased significantly in the intergrowth stage (V5), but had no significant differences at R2, R4, and R6 stages. Although the below-ground, above-ground and total dry matter accumulation of soybean significantly decreased during the whole growth period, the crop growth rate from R4 to R6 stages and economic coefficient significantly increased. In the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, N application significantly enhanced theP_n,G_s,T_r, dry matter accumulation, pod number per plant, and grain yield of soybean. Compared with the conventional N application (240 N kg ha^-1),P_n of soybean under the reduced amount of N application (180 kg N ha^-1) increased by 3.57% and 11.82% at R4 and R6 stages, respectively. Furthermore, the total dry matter accumulation increased by 5.06% and 10.21% at R6 and R8 stages, and pod number per plant and grain yield increased by 8.30% and 10.15%, respectively. Finally, the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system possessed the highest yield under the N application rate of 180 kg N ha^-1, with the economic coefficient and land equivalent ratio (LER) of 0.49 and 2.17, respectively. Taken together, the reduced N application in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system can increase the yield of soybean and whole the system through improving soybean photosynthetic characteristics and enhancing dry matter accumulation.

Keyword: Reduced N application; Photosynthetic characteristics; Dry matter accumulation; Yield; Soybean; Maize-soybean intercropping

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氮肥在农业生产中占有重要地位, 施入土壤中的氮肥50%以上通过氮素损失途径进入大气和水体中, 造成严重的生态环境问题, 如温室效应增加、水体富营养化等^{[ 1, 2]}。我国是世界上最大的氮肥生产国和消费国, 且氮肥利用水平远低于发达国家, 由氮肥损失引发的生态环境问题已成为众多专家和学者共同关注的焦点^{[ 3]}。减量施氮正是在这种背景下发展起来的一种高效施氮方式。众多研究表明, 适当减少氮肥施用量不会对作物产量产生显著影响, 而且显著提高氮肥利用效率, 并从氮肥损失、土壤氮素转化、土壤微生物等方面进行了深层次的机制探讨。邹晓锦等^{[ 4]}研究发现, 与习惯施肥相比, 氮肥减量10%和20%处理的玉米产量并没有降低, 而氮肥利用效率则显著增加; 战秀梅等^{[ 5]}研究氮肥减量后移对春玉米的影响表明, 与习惯施肥相比, 氮肥利用率提高了20.7%, 氮的吸收利用效率和收获指数也显著提高; Constantin等^{[ 6]}研究填闲作物、免耕和减氮处理的影响发现, 减量施氮降低了氮肥的淋溶、土壤有机氮以及土壤反硝化作用和氨挥发所带来的氮肥损失; Ruan等^{[ 7]}研究减量施氮对蔬菜土壤线虫群体和作物产量影响表明, 与习惯施氮相比, 减量施氮并没有降低番茄的产量, 且提高了土壤线虫群落结构, 降低了根瘤病的丰度。前人关于减量施氮的研究大多集中在单一作物或在当地条件下^{[ 4, 5, 6, 7]}, 对西南地区近几年发展起来的玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式尚未见报道。

玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式自推广以来, 迅速发展, 推广面积逐年扩大, 对当地农民增收和农业增产作出重要贡献, 已成为四川省和农业部的主推模式^{[ 8, 9]}。该模式中的大豆替代了传统玉米-甘薯套作模式中的甘薯, 改变了作物间的作用关系和作物的生态地位, 促进了玉米生长, 提高了玉米产量, 但传统的根区穴施施肥方式下, 大豆的产量和氮肥利用效率均显著下降^{[ 10, 11]}, 不利于该模式作物间和谐生长和进一步推广应用。因此, 本试验在单作和套作模式下, 研究不同施氮量对大豆生育关键时期的光合特性、干物质积累以及作物产量的影响, 旨在探明改变作物施肥方式后, 套作大豆在受前期遮阴的影响下, 玉米收获后大豆的光合特性、干物质积累的恢复状况, 以及它们对大豆产量的影响, 为玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式施肥技术的优化和双高产的形成奠定理论基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验点及供试品种

试验于2012年3月至2013年10月在四川省现代粮食产业(仁寿)示范基地进行。2012年基础土壤pH 6.8, 含有机质17.26 g kg^-1、全氮0.90 g kg^-1、全磷0.50 g kg^-1、全钾14.28 g kg^-1、碱解氮77.35 mg kg^-1、速效磷22.83 mg kg^-1和速效钾196.63 mg kg^-1。供试玉米品种为登海605, 由山东登海种业股份有限公司提供; 大豆品种为南豆12, 由四川省南充市农业科学研究所提供。

1.2 试验设计

采用二因素裂区设计, 主因素为种植模式(图1), 分别为玉米单作(MM), 大豆单作(SS), 玉米-大豆套作(IMS); 副因素为玉米大豆施氮总量, 分别为NN不施氮(对照), RN减量施氮(180 N kg hm^-2, 根据当地玉米施氮量确定), CN习惯施氮(240 N kg hm^-2, 根据当地玉米与大豆的总施氮量确定), 且玉米与大豆施氮比为3∶1, 共9个处理, 重复3次。每个处理连续种3带, 带长6 m、带宽2 m, 小区面积36 m²。玉米单作和大豆单作采用等行距种植, 玉米行距100 cm、大豆行距50 cm, 玉米穴距17 cm, 大豆穴距34 cm, 玉米穴留1株, 大豆穴留2株; 玉米-大豆套作采用宽窄行种植, 玉米宽行160 cm, 窄行40 cm, 玉米宽行内种2行大豆, 大豆行距40 cm, 玉米与大豆间距60 cm, 穴距17 cm, 玉米穴留1株, 密度每公顷5.85万株, 大豆穴留2株, 密度每公顷11.7万株。保证在单、套作方式下, 各作物单位土地面积的种植密度和施肥水平一致。玉米氮肥分2次施用, 即玉米底肥和大喇叭口期追肥, 大豆氮肥一次性施用。玉米单作和大豆单作按传统株间穴施方式施肥。玉米-大豆套作体系按玉米、大豆一体化施肥方式, 玉米底肥统一按株间穴施72 kg N hm^-2实施; 玉米大喇叭口期追肥则与大豆磷钾肥混合一起同时施用, 在玉米、大豆之间, 距玉米25 cm处开沟施肥, 各作物氮肥施用方式及施用量见表1; 单、套作玉米及单作大豆的磷钾肥随底肥施用, 每公顷玉米施用量为P₂O₅ 105 kg、K₂O 112.5 kg, 每公顷大豆施用量为P₂O₅ 63 kg、K₂O 52.5 kg。2012年, 玉米4月1日播种, 7月29日收获; 大豆6月10日播种, 10月31日收获; 2013年, 玉米4月3日播种, 8月1日收获; 大豆6月11日播种, 10月29日收获。

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	图1 不同种植模式示意图Fig. 1 Maize-soybean planting patterns

表1 不同种植模式的氮肥施用量 Table 1 N application rates under different planting patterns (kg hm^-2)

1.3 测定项目

1.3.1 光合参数于大豆五节期(V5)、盛花期(R2)、结荚期(R4)和鼓粒期(R6), 从每个小区选择长势一致的植株4株, 采用便携式光合系统测定仪LI-6400 (LI-COR, Lincoln, USA), 在晴天上午9:00至11:00, 测定大豆叶片净光合速率 P_n, 同时得到气孔导度 G_s、蒸腾速率 T_r、胞间二氧化碳浓度 C_i等光合参数。测定时叶室内设置为蓝光, 光强度1000 μmol m^-2 s^-1, 温度24~28℃, 相对湿度65%~75%, CO₂浓度0.350‰。选取大豆顶部倒数第3片完全展开三出复叶的中间叶片, 重复测定3次。

1.3.2 干物质积累量于大豆五节期(V5)、盛花期(R2)、结荚期(R4)、始粒期(R5)、鼓粒期(R6)及成熟期(R8), 采用传统挖掘法在每个小区选择长势一致的植株6株(3穴), 将植株样按地上部和地下部分开, 均在105℃下杀青30 min后以75℃烘至恒重, 测定干物质重。

1.3.3 产量调查收获玉米、大豆时, 从各小区取2行共12 m²计产, 连续取10株考种, 调查大豆产量构成。

1.4 相关计算

(1) 作物生长率 = ( W₂- W₁)/( T₂- T₁)

该参数反映群体的绝对生长速率, 也可以用于表达农作物的平均生长速率。 W₂- W₁表示一定期间内每平方米土地面积上植株干物质重的净增长速率; T₂- T₁为2次测定期间的间隔时间。

(2) 土地当量比率^{[ 12]} LER = L_c+ L_s

L_c = 套作玉米籽粒产量/单作玉米籽粒产量; L_s = 套作大豆籽粒产量/单作大豆籽粒产量。 LER>1表示套作系统有产量优势; LER<1则无产量优势。

(3) 种间相对竞争能力^{[ 12]} A_cs= ( Y_ic/ Y_sc)-( Y_is/ Y_ss)

A_cs为玉米相对于大豆的竞争能力; Y_ic、 Y_is为玉米、大豆在套作时的籽粒产量; Y_sc、 Y_ss为玉米、大豆在单作时的籽粒产量。 A_cs>0, 表明玉米竞争能力强于大豆; A_cs<0, 表明玉米竞争能力弱于大豆。

(4) 竞争比率^{[ 12]} CR_cs= ( Y_ic/ Y_sc)/( Y_is/ Y_ss)

CR_cs为玉米相对于大豆的竞争比率; Y_ic、 Y_is为玉米、大豆在套作时的籽粒产量; Y_sc、 Y_ss为玉米、大豆在单作时的籽粒产量。 CR_cs>1, 表明玉米比大豆竞争能力强; CR_cs<1, 表明玉米比大豆竞争能力弱。

(5) 经济系数 = 籽粒产量/地上部植株干物质重

(6) 玉米-大豆套作系统(IMS)的总籽粒产量 = 套作玉米籽粒产量+套作大豆籽粒产量

1.5 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003整理数据; 采用SigmaPlot10.0软件作图; 采用DPS7.05软件分析数据, 测验LSD显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 大豆叶片光合特性

由图2可知, 随生育时期的推移, 大豆的 P_n、 G_s、 C_i及 T_r均呈先增加后降低的趋势, 其中, P_n在R4期达最高。V5期(玉米和大豆共生期), 与SS相比, IS的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r显著降低, 其中, NN、RN和CN下的 P_n分别降低74.24%、75.70%和77.27%; R2、R4、R6期, IS的 P_n、 G_s、 C_i与SS差异不显著。单作、套作模式下大豆的 P_n、 G_s、 C_i和 T_r在各施氮水平间的变化规律不一致。单作模式下, V5期, CN的 P_n显著高于NN和RN, 但 G_s、 C_i和 T_r在施氮处理间无显著变化; R2、R4期, 施氮处理间的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r随施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势, 以CN最高; R6期, 施氮处理间的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势, 以RN最高。套作模式下, V5期, 施氮处理间的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r差异不显著; R2、R4、R6期, 施氮处理的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r高于不施氮处理, 其中, 2013年, R4、R6期, 施氮处理间的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r以RN最高, P_n分别比NN高27.18%、41.85%, 比CN高3.57%、11.82%; G_s分别比NN高21.21%、137.5%, 比CN高5.26%、46.15%; T_r分别比NN高27.24%、150.30%, 比CN高5.53%、57.14%。

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图2 种植模式和施氮水平对大豆叶片光合特性的影响SS: 大豆单作; IS: 大豆套作; NN: 不施氮; RN: 减氮量; CN: 习惯用氮。图柱上的小写字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平显著。Fig. 2 Effect of different N application rates and planting patterns on leaf photosynthesis characteristic of soybeanSS: soybean monocropping; IS: soybean intercropping; NN: zero N application; RN: reduced N application; CN: conventional N application.Bars superscripted by different small letters are significantly different among different treatments at 0.05 probability level.

2.2 大豆植株干物质积累量

大豆的地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量随生育时期的推移呈先增加后降低的趋势, 在R6期达到最高(图3)。V5~R6期, 与SS相比, IS的地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量呈降低趋势, 其中, R6期(2013年), NN、RN与CN下的总干物质积累量分别降低39.02%、12.70%、20.66%。各生育时期, 单作、套作模式下大豆的地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在各施氮处理间的变化规律不一致。单作模式下, V5~R5期(2012年)和V5~R6期(2013年), 地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在施氮处理间以CN最高, 其中, 2013年, 总干物质积累量分别比NN高25.83%、17.19%、15.15%、4.46%, 比RN高6.37%、13.66%、12.20%、4.74%; R8期, 减量施氮处理的干物质积累量呈增加趋势, 2年平均值RN比NN高11.33%, 比CN高9.91%。套作模式下, V5期, 地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在施氮处理间差异不显著; R2~R8期, 地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在施氮处理间以RN最高, 其中, 2013年, 地上部干物质积累量分别比NN高52.13%、60.13%、45.73%、28.13%, 比CN高31.95%、3.58%、4.48%、10.84%; 总干物质积累量分别比NN高47.97%、53.19%、42.77%、26.83%, 比CN高26.67%、5.80%、5.06%、10.21%。

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	图3 种植模式和施氮水平对大豆干物质积累的影响SS: 大豆单作; IS: 大豆套作; NN: 不施氮; RN: 减氮量; CN: 习惯用氮。Fig. 3 Effect of different N application rates and planting patterns on dry matter accumulation of soybeanSS: soybean monocropping; IS: soybean intercropping; NN: zero N application; RN: reduced N application; CN: conventional N application.

2.3 大豆作物生长率

由表2可知, V5~R2期, SS>IS; R2~R5期(2012年)和R4~R6期(2013年), SS

表2 种植模式和施氮水平对大豆作物生长率的影响 Table 2 Effect of different N application rates and planting patterns on crop growth rate of soybean (g m^-2 d^-1)

2.4 大豆产量构成因素

与SS相比, IS的单株荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重呈增加趋势, 2年平均值分别提高4.20%、8.86%和5.81% (表3)。单作、套作模式下大豆的单株荚数、单荚粒数及百粒重在各施氮处理间的变化规律不一致。单作模式下, 单株荚数表现为NN和RN间差异不显著, RN显著高于CN, 2年平均值RN比CN高18.43%; 单荚粒数以RN最高, 2年平均值RN比NN和CN高5.81%和5.13%; 百粒重在减量施氮处理下呈降低的趋势, 2年平均值RN比CN低1.61%。套作模式下, 单株荚数以RN最高, 2年平均值RN比NN和CN高42.90%和8.30%; 单荚粒数表现为施氮处理低于不施氮处理, 2年平均值RN比NN低2.01%; 百粒重在减量施氮处理下呈增加的趋势, 2年平均值RN比CN高3.10%。

表3 种植模式和施氮水平对大豆产量构成因素的影响 Table 3 Effect of different N application rates and planting patterns on yield components of soybean

2.5 玉米、大豆产量及经济系数

2.5.1 产量由表4可知, 与MM (SS)相比, IM和IS的产量在不施氮处理下呈降低趋势, 2年平均值分别降低13.60%、9.84%, 而施氮处理下, IM的产量无显著变化, 但IS的产量则显著提高, RN和CN下2年平均值分别提高16.26%和34.66%。施氮水平对玉米、大豆产量影响显著, 单作、套作模式下均以RN最高, 其中套作模式下, 玉米、大豆的产量2年平均值RN比NN高33.90%、42.61%, 比CN高8.04%、10.15%。进一步分析玉米-大豆套作系统的总产量, 各施氮处理间仍以RN最高, 2年平均值比NN和CN高35.78%和8.51%。

表4 种植模式和施氮水平对玉米、大豆产量及经济系数的影响 Table 4 Effect of different N application rates and planting patterns on yield and economic coefficient of maize and soybean

2.5.2 经济系数与MM(SS)相比, IM的经济系数无显著变化, 而IS的经济系数显著增加, 2年平均值提高27.78%, 说明套作更有利于大豆干物质向籽粒运转(表4); 与NN相比, 施氮可以提高玉米单作、

套作和大豆套作的经济系数, 以RN最高, 而大豆单作在施氮后经济系数降低, CN的降低达显著水平。玉米-大豆套作系统的总经济系数显著高于大豆单作, 但与MM、IM的差异不显著, 施氮处理间仍以RN最高, 2年平均值为0.49。

2.6 土地当量比率(LER)、种间竞争力(A_cs)及竞争比率(CR_cs)

由表5可知, 玉米-大豆套作体系表现出明显的种间产量优势(LER>1), 玉米的种间竞争能力弱于大豆(A_cs<0, CR_cs<1)。土地当量比率(LER)随施氮量的增加而增加, CN下, 由于SS的产量显著低于IS, 致使LER显著升高; RN下, 玉米-大豆套作系统的总产量最高(表4), 2年平均值LER达2.17。与CN相比, NN和RN的种间竞争力(A_cs)和竞争比率(CR_cs)明显提高, 说明减量施氮处理降低了大豆对玉米的竞争作用。RN下, 2012年, 玉米大豆间存在一定竞争(A_cs<0, CR_cs<1), 但随着大豆培肥及固氮能力改善, 连续种植后, 2013年竞争力下降, 玉米和大豆的种间竞争力(A_cs)接近0, 竞争比率(CR_cs)接近1, 说明玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥条件下, 玉米和大豆间的竞争作用减弱, 使作物间和谐共生, 有利于玉米大豆协调增产。

表5 玉米-大豆套作体系的土地当量比(LER)、种间竞争力(A_cs)及竞争比率(CR_cs) Table 5 Land equivalent ratio, competition, and competition ratio of maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems

3 讨论

3.1 减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中大豆光合产物积累的影响

光合作用是作物干物质积累的主要来源。在间套作种植模式下, 高位作物对低位作物的影响主要集中在光资源的利用上, 低位作物光合有效辐射降低^{[ 13]}、净光合速率( P_n)、气孔导度( G_s)、蒸腾速率( T_r)下降^{[ 14, 15, 16]}、导致干物质积累量显著降低^{[ 17]}。本研究中, 在玉米-大豆套作种植系统中, 大豆播种于玉米行间, 前期生长受到玉米遮阴的影响, 玉米和大豆共生生长(大豆V5期)时, 大豆的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r显著低于单作, V5~R2期作物生长率显著下降, 导致干物质积累量也显著降低, 与王竹等^{[ 15]}、宋艳霞等^{[ 18]}研究结果一致。

玉米-大豆套作体系中, 玉米收获后, 大豆进行一段时间的恢复生长, 光合特性已有明显提高, R2、R4、R6期, 大豆的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r在单作与套作模式间无显著差异, 但整个生育期套作大豆的干物质积累量呈下降趋势, 主要是由于其前期生长受玉米阴蔽的影响, 抑制了大豆旺长。前人研究表明, 施氮对大豆光合作用和干物质积累有显著影响。谷秋荣等^{[ 19]}研究发现, 3种施肥处理各时期大豆叶片 P_n、 G_s、 C_i、叶绿素含量及成熟期产量均较对照有不同幅度的提高; 谢甫绨等^{[ 20]}研究表明, 不同施肥处理下各品种单株干物质积累均呈“S”型曲线, 随着施肥量的增加, 单株干物质积累量也增大。本研究中, 大豆植株干物质积累量也呈“S”型曲线变化, 干物质积累量峰值出现在鼓粒期(R6期); 施氮相对于不施氮提高了大豆叶片 P_n、 G_s、 T_r及植株干物质积累量, 与前人研究一致^{[ 19, 20]}。但单作模式下, V5、R2、R4期, 与不施氮和减量施氮处理相比, 习惯施氮处理始终保持较高的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r和干物质积累量, 说明传统施肥方式下大豆在R4期以前旺长加剧, 落花落荚加重, 致使R4~R6期的作物生长率显著降低, 最终经济系数和产量下降。而套作模式下, R4、R6期, 减量施氮处理大豆的叶片 P_n、 G_s、 T_r和干物质积累量高于不施氮和习惯施氮处理, 且套作大豆在R4~R6期仍保持较高的作物生长率, 显著高于单作大豆。说明玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于大豆光合特性和干物质积累的恢复, 促进了大豆花后的生长, 且提高了经济系数, 最终促进了大豆产量的提高。另一方面, 雍太文等^{[ 21]}在前期研究中发现, 玉米-大豆套作条件下, 与习惯施氮相比, 减量施氮提高了大豆R2、R5期单株根瘤数量、根瘤干重和根瘤固氮潜力, 表明降低施氮量、远离根区施肥、以及整合施肥时期之后, 玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥不仅能够满足玉米对氮肥的需求, 而且促进了大豆的生物固氮, 使植株根系对氮素的吸收能力增加, 为地上部植株生长提供充足的营养, 以促进叶片更好地生产和积累光合物质, 为大豆花荚的形成奠定了物质基础, 从而促进了产量的提高, 但有关减量一体化施肥促进玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆生物固氮的作用机理还有待进一步研究。

3.2 减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系产量的影响

合理的间作套种有利于增加作物产量, 尤其是禾本科作物与豆科作物的间套种植, 具有明显的间套优势。王秋杰等^{[ 22]}研究表明, 小麦套作花生相对于两作物持续种植有明显的产量优势, 4年平均增产分别为27.7%和14.3%; Haugaard-Nielsen等^{[ 23]}研究表明, 豌豆-大麦间作系统中产量提高25%~38%; Willey等^{[ 24]}和Oljaca等^{[ 25]}研究发现, 玉米和豆类间作分别增产38%和54%; Li等^{[ 26]}研究表明, 小麦和大豆间作可增产28%~30%; Subedi等^{[ 27]}研究发现, 小麦和豌豆间作可增产17%~42%。

雍太文等^{[ 28]}在前期研究中发现, 小麦-玉米-大豆套作体系下玉米始终占据优势生态位, 大豆处于竞争劣势, 与单作相比, 套作体系下玉米产量显著提高, 大豆则呈降低趋势^{[ 11]}, 不利于套作系统玉米、大豆双高产。本研究中, 玉米-大豆套作系统具有明显的产量优势(LER>1), 施氮处理下, 玉米的产量在单作与套作模式间无显著变化, 套作大豆的产量显著高于单作, 且以减量施氮处理的最高, 说明玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高大豆产量, 促进玉米、大豆双高产。Yang等^{[ 12]}研究表明, 甘蔗-大豆间作系统中, 甘蔗的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率弱于大豆, 甘蔗产量与单作无显著变化, 间套优势主要取决于大豆作物。本研究也表明, 玉米的种间竞争力和竞争比率弱于大豆(A_cs<0, CR_cs<1), 另外, 与习惯施氮相比, 减量施氮处理下玉米对大豆的种间竞争力和竞争比率明显提高, 2013年, 种间竞争力(A_cs)接近0, 竞争比率(CR_cs)接近1, 说明玉米-大豆减量一体化施肥促进了套作体系中玉米大豆和谐共生, 从而提高套作系统的产量。从产量构成因素来看, 与单作相比, 不施氮时, 套作大豆的单株荚数显著降低, 而施氮时, 套作大豆的单株荚数则显著提高, 且套作模式下, 大豆的单株荚数在施氮处理间以减量施氮处理最高, 说明玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥提高了大豆的单株荚数, 从而提高了大豆产量。张正翼等^{[ 29]}通过研究24份品种在套作下的产量和产量构成发现, 单株荚数对大豆产量影响最大, 其次为百粒重和单荚粒数, 与本试验结果一致。另外, 万燕等^{[ 30]}在不同施氮水平下研究套作大豆的氮代谢规律发现增施氮肥促进大豆株高增加、节间伸长, 花荚脱落数增加, 产量降低, 在本研究中也得到体现, 习惯施氮处理大豆的单株荚数低于减量施氮处理, 但有关玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥如何促进大豆花荚形成的生理机制还有待进一步研究。

4 结论

花期后, 套作大豆的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r与单作差异不显著, 干物质积累量显著降低, R4~R6期的作物生长率和经济系数显著提高; 减量施氮提高了大豆的 P_n、 G_s、 T_r、干物质积累量和单株荚数。玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥促进了大豆花后光合特性的恢复和干物质的积累, 提高了大豆的经济系数及产量, 最终提高了系统总产。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[22]	王秋杰, 寇长林, 王永岐, 王兴仁, 张福锁. 砂地小麦套作花生的产量优势及其与养分利用效率关系的研究. 作物学报, 1999, 25: 70-75 Wang Q J, Kou C L, Wang Y Q, Wang X R, Zhang F S. Studies on yield advantage of wheat and peanut relay intercropping system and its relation with nutrient utilization efficiency in sand y land . Acta Agron Sin, 1999, 25: 70-75 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[23]	Haugaard-Nielsen H, Ambus Pand Jensen E S. Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pe-barley intercropping. Field Crops Res, 2001, 70: 101-109 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[24]	Willey R W, Osiru D S O. Studies on mixtures of maize and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to plant population. J Agric Sci, 1972, 79: 517-529 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.041]
[25]	Oljaca S, Cvetkovic R, Kovacevic D, Vasic G, Momirovic N. Effect of plant arrangement pattern and irrigation on efficiency of maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaeolus vulgaris) intercropping system. J Agric Sci, 2000, 135: 261-270 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.041]
[26]	Li L, Sun J H, Zhang F S, Li X L, Yang S C, Rengel Z. wheat-maize or wheat-soybean strip intercropping: I. Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients. Field Crops Res, 2001, 71: 123-137 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.474]
[27]	Subedi K D. Wheat intercropped with tore (Brassica campestris var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum) in the subsistence farming system of the Nepalese hills. J Agric Sci, 1997, 128: 283-289 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.041]
[28]	雍太文, 杨文钰, 向达兵, 陈小容, 万燕. 小麦/玉米/大豆套作的产量、氮营养表现及其种间竞争力的评定. 草业学报, 2012, 21(1): 50-58 Yong T W, Yang W Y, Xiang D B, Chen X R, Wan Y. Production and N nutrient performance of wheat-maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system and evaluation of interspecies competition. Acta Pratacult Sin, 2012, 21(1): 50-58 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.664]
[29]	张正翼, 龚万灼, 杨文钰, 马琳. 套作模式下不同大豆品种(系)主要农艺性状与产量的关系. 大豆科学, 2007, 26: 680-686 Zhang Z Y, Gong W Z, Yang W Y, Ma L. Correlation between nagronomic characters and yield in relay-planting soybeans. Soybean Sci, 2007, 26: 680-686 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	万燕, 闫艳红, 杨文钰. 不同氮肥水平下叶面喷施烯效唑对套作大豆生长和氮代谢的影响. 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2012, 38: 185-196 Wan Y, Yan Y H, Yang W Y. Effects of foliar spraying uniconazole on growth and nitrogen metabolism of relay strip intercropping soybean under different nitrogen levels. J Zhejiang Univ (Agric Life Sci), 2012, 38: 185-196 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.717]

2010

0.0

Science. 2010, 327(5968):1008-1010

Significant Acidification in Major Chinese Croplands

J. H. Guo 1 , * , X. J. Liu 1 , * , Y. Zhang 1 , J. L. Shen 1 , W. X. Han 1 , W. F. Zhang 1 , P. Christie 1 , 2 , K. W. T. Goulding 3 , P. M. Vitousek 4 , F. S. Zhang 1 , †

1 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. 2 Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK. 3 Department of Soil Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. 4 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ↵ †To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zhangfs@cau.edu.cn .

... 氮肥在农业生产中占有重要地位, 施入土壤中的氮肥50%以上通过氮素损失途径进入大气和水体中, 造成严重的生态环境问题, 如温室效应增加、水体富营养化等^[1,2] ...

2002

2.859

0.0

. 2002, 91:null-null

Nitrogen and phosphorus transport by surface from a silty clay loam soil under sugarcane in the humid tropical environment of Mauritius

2008

0.0

1.979

... 我国是世界上最大的氮肥生产国和消费国, 且氮肥利用水平远低于发达国家, 由氮肥损失引发的生态环境问题已成为众多专家和学者共同关注的焦点^[3] ...

2011

0.0

... 邹晓锦等^[4]研究发现, 与习惯施肥相比, 氮肥减量10%和20%处理的玉米产量并没有降低, 而氮肥利用效率则显著增加 ...

... 前人关于减量施氮的研究大多集中在单一作物或在当地条件下^[4,5,6,7], 对西南地区近几年发展起来的玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式尚未见报道 ...

2011

0.0

1.883

. 2011, 17:861-868 DOI:10.11674/zwyf.2011.0501

Effects of nitrogen fertilization methods on yield, profit and nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize

College of Land and Environment Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University ， Key Laboratory of Soil and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rates and methods on yield, profit, post-anthesis dry matter, N accumulation and translocation, nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize. The objective of this experiment was to make a scientific suggestion for high-yield management and N efficient utilization of spring maize. The results show that the yield and profit are increased by 3.91% and 592 RMB/ha under the reducing and postponing N application (RPN, N 240 kg/ha, 1/5 basal, 2/5 topdressing at the jointing stage and 2/5 topdressing at the bell-mouthed stage) compared with farmers’ practice (FP, N 280 kg/ha, 1/5basal and 4/5 topdressing at the jointing stage). The treatment of nitrogen fertilizer single basal application (SBN, N 240 kg/ha, total basal into 15 cm) has the best yield and profit, and the yield is increased by 11.48% and the profit is increased by 2032 RMB/hm2 compared with FP. In addition to these, the harvest index (HI), dry matter, nitrogen translocation and its rate, rate of contribution to grain, N use efficiency (NUE), agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE), N uptake efficiency (NUPE), N partial factor productivity (PFP) and N harvest index (NHI) were increased significantly (P<0.05) under RPN and SBN treatments. The post-anthesis dry matter and N accumulation amount, and their ratios to the total are the highest under N240/3, are higher under N240/1, but the ratios are lower, and are lower under N2480/2, but the ratios are higher. There are many controversies on single basal application (SBN) of nitrogen fertilizer, so it could not conclude that SBN can be used to replace the farmers’ practice. It has got higher yield and N efficiency for the RPN treatment, so the reducing and postponing N application (RPN) is a scientific nitrogen fertilizer application method.

通过田间试验研究了农民习惯施肥、氮肥减量及减量后移、氮肥一次性深施对春玉米产量、效益、花后干物质和氮素积累与转移情况及氮的吸收和利用的影响。结果表明，与习惯施肥处理（N用量 280 kg/hm2，口肥和拔节期追肥比例为1:4，N280/2，）相比，氮肥减量后移处理（N 用量240 kg/hm2，口肥、拔节期和大喇叭口期追肥比例为1:2:2，N240/3）增产3.91%，增收592 元/hm2；氮肥一次性深施处理（N 用量240 kg/hm2，播种时一次深施在15cm处，N240/1）增产11.48%，增收2032元/hm2；氮肥减量后移处理（N240/3）和氮肥一次性深施处理（N240/1）的经济系数、后期干物质和氮的转移量、转移效率及对子粒的贡献率显著提高，氮肥利用率（NUE）、氮肥农学利用率（ANUE）、氮素吸收效率（NUPE）和氮肥偏生产力（PFP）、氮收获指数（NHI）也显著提高。氮肥减量后移处理（N240/3）花后干物质和氮的积累量及占总量的比例最高；氮肥一次性深施处理（N240/1）花后干物质和氮积累量较高，但所占比例较低；习惯施肥处理（N 280/2）干物质和氮积累量较低，但所占比例较高。由于关于一次性施肥存在较多争议，因此尚不能认为氮肥一次性深施方式可以替代农民习惯施肥；而氮肥减量后移处理既获得了较高的产量，也提高了氮效率，是一种科学的施肥方式。

... 战秀梅等^[5]研究氮肥减量后移对春玉米的影响表明, 与习惯施肥相比, 氮肥利用率提高了20 ...

... 前人关于减量施氮的研究大多集中在单一作物或在当地条件下^[4,5,6,7], 对西南地区近几年发展起来的玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式尚未见报道 ...

2010

2.859

0.0

. 2010, 135:null-null

Effects of catch crops, no till and reduced nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen leaching and balance in three long-term experiments

... Constantin等^[6]研究填闲作物、免耕和减氮处理的影响发现, 减量施氮降低了氮肥的淋溶、土壤有机氮以及土壤反硝化作用和氨挥发所带来的氮肥损失 ...

... 前人关于减量施氮的研究大多集中在单一作物或在当地条件下^[4,5,6,7], 对西南地区近几年发展起来的玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式尚未见报道 ...

2013

2.106

0.0

. 2013, 66:null-null

Effects of conventional and reduced N inputs on nematode communities and plant yield under intensive vegetable production

... Ruan等^[7]研究减量施氮对蔬菜土壤线虫群体和作物产量影响表明, 与习惯施氮相比, 减量施氮并没有降低番茄的产量, 且提高了土壤线虫群落结构, 降低了根瘤病的丰度 ...

... 前人关于减量施氮的研究大多集中在单一作物或在当地条件下^[4,5,6,7], 对西南地区近几年发展起来的玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式尚未见报道 ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 27:1-7

Develop relay-planting soybean, revitalize soybean industry

中国大豆供求失衡,振兴大豆产业势在必行.北方大豆正面临单位土地产出率低带来的比较效益低下、产销分离引起的成本增加、大面积重迎茬种植带来的减产严重、油酯和蛋白质含量不高等不利因素,限制了进一步发展.套作大豆作为南方新型旱地多熟种植模式的主体作物,具有与主要粮食作物和谐共存,蛋白质含量高、利于食用和加工业的发展,减轻季节性干旱的危害、实现抗旱增收等优点,发展潜力巨大.作者认为稳定北方大豆面积,提高单产,大力发展南方套作大豆是振兴我国大豆产业的必然之路.

... 玉米-大豆带状复合种植模式自推广以来, 迅速发展, 推广面积逐年扩大, 对当地农民增收和农业增产作出重要贡献, 已成为四川省和农业部的主推模式^[8,9] ...

2009

0.0

2009

0.0

0.5

... 该模式中的大豆替代了传统玉米-甘薯套作模式中的甘薯, 改变了作物间的作用关系和作物的生态地位, 促进了玉米生长, 提高了玉米产量, 但传统的根区穴施施肥方式下, 大豆的产量和氮肥利用效率均显著下降^[10,11], 不利于该模式作物间和谐生长和进一步推广应用 ...

2009

0.0

1.889

. 2009, 42:3170-3178

Analysis of the nitrogen transfer, nitrogen uptake and utilization in the two relay-planting systems

(四川农业大学农学院)

【Objective】 The aim of this paper was to study the mechanisms of interspecific nitrogen facilitation and transfer in the relay-planting systems of wheat/maize/soybean and wheat/maize/sweet potato. 【Method】 The methods of root barrier and 15N-isotope dilution were used to investigate the nitrogen transfer, nitrogen uptake and utilization in the two relay-planting systems.【Result】 Comparing the no barrier with solid barrier, the results showed that the 15N total uptake and crop recovery rate of wheat were highly remarkable and 15N% abundance and N% content of soil was lower obviously than that of solid barrier. In the wheat/maize/soybean system with no barrier, the 15N total uptake, 15N grain uptake, 15N crop recovery rate, soil 15N% abundance and N% content of maize increased by 17.62%, 24.52%, 17.63%, 13.9% and 10.1%, respectively. But in the wheat/maize/sweetpotato system with no barrier, the value of above index reduced by 50.19%, 42.58%, 33.42%, 29.6% and 5.2%, respectively. For soybean, the 15N total uptake, 15N grain uptake, and 15N crop recovery rate reduced, but the soil N% content increased by 6.06%. For sweetpotato, the 15N total uptake and crop recovery rate increased, but soil 15N% abundance and N% content reduced by 0.9% and 4.95%. 【Conclusion】 There existed nitrogen interspecific competition and facilitation and nitrogen transfer in the two relay-planting systems. In the wheat/maize/soybean system, the nitrogen uptake from fertilizer, soil fertility remaining and sustainable crop production were better than the system of wheat/maize/sweetpotato.

【目的】探讨“小麦/玉米/大豆”(以下简称麦/玉/豆)和“小麦/玉米/甘薯”(以下简称麦/玉/薯)两种三熟套作体系的氮素种间竞争促进作用和高效吸收利用特性。【方法】采用根系分隔盆栽试验和15N土壤稀释标记法,研究两种三熟套作体系的氮素转移及吸收利用情况。【结果】不分隔与分隔相比,两种体系中小麦的15N总吸收量和15N作物回收率提高,土壤残留15N%丰度及总N含量降低。“麦/玉/豆”中玉米的15N总吸收量、籽粒15N吸收量、15N作物回收率、土壤残留15N%丰度及总N含量提高17.62%、24.52%、17.63%、13.9%和10.1%,“麦/玉/薯”则降低50.19%、42.58%、33.42%、29.6%和5.2%;降低了大豆的15N总吸收量、籽粒15N吸收量和15N作物回收率,但土壤总N含量提高6.06%;提高了甘薯的15N总吸收量和15N作物回收率,但土壤残留15N%丰度和总N含量降低0.9%和4.95%。【结论】两种体系均存在氮素种间竞争促进作用和氮素转移,“麦/玉/豆”较“麦/玉/薯”更有利于肥料氮的吸收、土壤肥力的保持和周年作物的可持续生产。

... 雍太文等^[28]在前期研究中发现, 小麦-玉米-大豆套作体系下玉米始终占据优势生态位, 大豆处于竞争劣势, 与单作相比, 套作体系下玉米产量显著提高, 大豆则呈降低趋势^[11], 不利于套作系统玉米、大豆双高产 ...

2013

2.474

0.0

. 2013, 146:null-null

Crop yield, nitrogen acquisition and sugarcane quality as affected by interspecific competition and nitrogen application

Yang W T , Li Z X , Wang J W , Wu P , Zhang Y

While economic efficiency of sugarcane ( Saccharum sinensis Roxb)–legume intercropping has attracted a lot of attention around the world, interspecific competition between sugarcane and legume has not been studied so far. A three-year (2009–2011) field experiment was conducted by using a randomized block design with two N application levels (N1, 300 kg hm −2 and N2, 525 kg hm −2 ) and four crop arrangement patterns (soybean monoculture, sugarcane monoculture, 1:1 row sugarcane–soybean intercropping, 1:2 row sugarcane–soybean intercropping). The crop yield and nitrogen acquisition of sugarcane and soybean, and quality of sugarcane juice were determined at the maturity stages of soybean or sugarcane. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was used to evaluate the potential advantages of the intercrops, aggressivity (AG), and competitive ratio (CR) which based on crop yield and nitrogen acquisition were used to evaluate interspecific competition between sugarcane and soybean. The results indicated that sugarcane–soybean intercropping system had intercropping advantages based on total LER in the three-year. Sugarcane had lower AG and CR values than soybean. The quality of sugarcane juice was not significantly different between intercropping and monoculture, except the excessive nitrogen application (N2) in 2011, which reduced the apparent purity and gravity of sugarcane juice significantly compared with normal nitrogen application (N1). This paper suggests that the intercropping advantage of sugarcane–soybean system is mainly contributed by soybean. The introduction of soybean in a sugarcane field does not significantly affect the quality of sugarcane juice.

... (2) 土地当量比率^[12]LER = L_c+L_s ...

... LER(3) 种间相对竞争能力^[12]A_cs= (Y_ic/Y_sc)-(Y_is/Y_ss) ...

... A_cs(4) 竞争比率^[12]CR_cs= (Y_ic/Y_sc)/(Y_is/Y_ss) ...

... Yang等^[12]研究表明, 甘蔗-大豆间作系统中, 甘蔗的种间竞争力和营养竞争比率弱于大豆, 甘蔗产量与单作无显著变化, 间套优势主要取决于大豆作物 ...

2008

2.578

0.0

. 2008, 64:null-null

Shoot and root competetion in potato-maize intercropping: effects on growth and yield

... 在间套作种植模式下, 高位作物对低位作物的影响主要集中在光资源的利用上, 低位作物光合有效辐射降低^[13]、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)下降^[14,15,16]、导致干物质积累量显著降低^[17] ...

2010

0.862

0.0

. 2010, 48:143-155 DOI:10.1007/s11099-010-0019-2

Photosynthesis, water, use efficiency and tit 3C of five cowpea genotypes grown in mixed culture and at diferent densities with sorghum

1.Cape Peninsula University of Technology Faculty of Applied Science PO Box 652 Cape Town 8000 South Africa 2.University of Cape Town Botany Department Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa 3.Tshwane University of Technology Chemistry Department Private Bag X680 Pretoria 0001 South Africa

A field experiment involving two planting densities (83,333 and 166,666 plants per ha), two cropping systems (monoculture and mixed culture) and five cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)] genotypes was conducted at Nietvoorbij (33°54S, 18°14E), Stellenbosch, South Africa, to select cowpea material with superior growth and water-use efficiency (WUE). The results showed significantly higher photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration in leaves of plants at low density and in monoculture due to greater chlorophyll (Chl) levels relative to those at high density and in mixed culture. As a result, C concentration in leaves and the amount of C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B accumulated in shoots at low density and under monoculture were also much higher. Even though no marked differences in photosynthetic rates were found between and among the five cowpea genotypes, leaf C concentration and shoot C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B contents differed considerably, with Sanzie exhibiting the highest C concentration and C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B contents in shoots, followed by Bensogla and Omondaw, while ITH98-46 and TVu1509 had the lowest shoot concentration and contents of C, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B. WUE (calculated as photosynthate produced per unit water molecule transpired) was significantly greater in plants at low density and monoculture relative to those at high density and in mixed culture. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in δ 13 C values of sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)] and cowpea, with higher δ 13 C values being obtained for plants at low density and in monoculture relative to those at high density or in mixed culture. The five cowpea genotypes also showed significant differences in δ 13 C values, with Sanzie exhibiting the most negative value ( i.e. low WUE) and ITH98-46, the least negative δ 13 C value ( i.e. high WUE). Whether measured isotopically or from gas-exchange studies, sorghum (a C 4 species) exhibited much higher WUE relative to cowpea (a C 3 species). Both correlation and regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between WUE from gas-exchange studies and δ 13 C values from isotopic analysis of cowpea and sorghum shoots.

2007

0.0

1.667

. 2007, 33:1502-1507

Effects of shading in maize/ soybean relay-cropping system on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of soybean

College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, Sicuan, China

The maize/soybean relay-cropping experiment was conducted using three plant types of maize(with erect, semi-erect and flat leaves), and the mono-cropping soybean as control. The results showed that different plant-types of maize led to a different micro-climate for soybean growth, which was a direct factor leading to the changes in morphological and photosynthetic characters of soybean leaves after four-leaf age stage. Poor light resulted in lower SLW, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyl a/b ratio and higher LAI . And the more the shading, the lower photosynthetic ability and yield were. After harvesting maize, the photosynthesis inhibition is by shading at early stage of soybean could be ameliorated, its photosynthetic capacity recovered gradually. The restoration capability of soybean that in relay-cropping with erect maize was better than in others, and similar to that in mono-cropping at late growing stage. From the section at early bloom, we found that under shading, the leaf thickness decreased, epidermis cell became larger, cuticle became thinner, the differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue was unconspicuous, intercellular space was larger. In conclusion, the relay-cropping with erect maize can reduce the shading stress and increase yield in soybean.

在“玉/豆”套作模式下研究了不同株型玉米遮荫对大豆光合特性与产量效益的影响。结果表明，不同株型玉米下大豆生长的温、湿度和透光率是导致大豆叶片形态和光合特性在四叶期后出现差异的直接原因。田间光照不足导致大豆叶面积指数增加，比叶重减小，光合速率和叶绿素a/b值降低，且荫蔽越严重，光合能力越弱，产量越低。玉米收获后，大豆前期遭受的光合抑制得到缓解，光合生产逐渐恢复，恢复能力最强的为紧凑型玉米下的大豆，其生育后期的光合能力已接近单作大豆。初花期组织切片观察发现，随着荫蔽程度的加重，大豆叶片变薄，表皮细胞体积变大，角质层变薄，栅栏组织和海绵组织分化不明显，细胞间隙增大。总之，与紧凑型玉米套作，可减缓大豆生长过程中的弱光胁迫，保证全年高产、高效。

... 本研究中, 在玉米-大豆套作种植系统中, 大豆播种于玉米行间, 前期生长受到玉米遮阴的影响, 玉米和大豆共生生长(大豆V5期)时, 大豆的P_n、G_s、T_r显著低于单作, V5~R2期作物生长率显著下降, 导致干物质积累量也显著降低, 与王竹等^[15]、宋艳霞等^[18]研究结果一致 ...

2008

2.474

0.0

. 2008, 107:null-null

Light interception and utilization in relay intercrops of wheat and cotton

2001

2.8

0.0

. 2001, 14:null-null

Effects of partial shading of the potato plant on photosynthesis of treated leaves, leaf area expansion and allocation of nitrogen and dry matter in component plantparts

2009

0.0

0.95

. 2009, 31:474-479

The effects of shading on photosynthetic and fluorescent characteristics of soybean seedlings under maize-soybean relay cropping

选用4个耐荫性有差异的大豆品种为材料，通过与单作比较，研究了不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性对套作遮荫的响应差异。结果表明，套作遮荫提高了大豆叶片叶绿素含量、总叶绿素与类胡萝卜素比值（Chl(a+b)/Car）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶片初始荧光（Fo）、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量（Fv′/Fm′）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）；使叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值（Chla/b）、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、气孔限制值（Ls）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光猝灭（NPQ）呈减小趋势。套作遮荫降低了大豆地上部分干物质积累量，其干物质积累量与Pn呈极显著正相关。耐荫性相对较好的材料，如贡选1号和南豆12在套作遮荫下Pn下降较少，且有着相对较高的Chlb、Car分子组成比例、Fo和Fv/Fm。

2010

0.0

. 2010, 29:900-905

Effects of different nitrogen forms on leaves photosynthesis characteristics and yields of soybean

在大田条件下研究了3种施肥类型对豫豆29叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:3种施肥处理各时期叶片光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、叶绿素含量、成熟期产量均较对照有不同幅度的提高,除结荚期气孔导度外,以单施铵态氮肥处理提高最多,且不同叶位之间叶绿素含量表现为倒3叶>倒2叶>倒1叶.因此,施用铵态氮肥能够提高大豆叶片叶绿素含量,改善大豆叶片光合特性,促进大豆生长,优化产量构成因素,提高大豆产量.

... 谷秋荣等^[19]研究发现, 3种施肥处理各时期大豆叶片P_n、G_s、C_i、叶绿素含量及成熟期产量均较对照有不同幅度的提高 ...

... 施氮相对于不施氮提高了大豆叶片P_n、G_s、T_r及植株干物质积累量, 与前人研究一致^[19,20] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 29:223-227

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic physiology and dry matter accumulation of soybean with quality genotypes

以6个不同品质基因型大豆品种为试材,探讨了苗期追施尿素对叶片光合生理和植株干物质积累的影响.结果表明:随着生育进程,各品种的叶面积指数、叶色值和光合速率呈单峰曲线变化,干物质积累呈"S"型曲线.苗期追施尿素会对开花期至鼓粒初期大豆的叶面积指数、光合速率和叶色值产生显著影响,单株干物质积累最大速率和平均速率在施肥处理间均存在极显著差异.追施氮肥会使单株干物质最大积累速率出现时间提前,以高蛋白品种提前天数最多.

... 谢甫绨等^[20]研究表明, 不同施肥处理下各品种单株干物质积累均呈“S”型曲线, 随着施肥量的增加, 单株干物质积累量也增大 ...

... 施氮相对于不施氮提高了大豆叶片P_n、G_s、T_r及植株干物质积累量, 与前人研究一致^[19,20] ...

2014

0.0

0.95

... 另一方面, 雍太文等^[21]在前期研究中发现, 玉米-大豆套作条件下, 与习惯施氮相比, 减量施氮提高了大豆R2、R5期单株根瘤数量、根瘤干重和根瘤固氮潜力, 表明降低施氮量、远离根区施肥、以及整合施肥时期之后, 玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥不仅能够满足玉米对氮肥的需求, 而且促进了大豆的生物固氮, 使植株根系对氮素的吸收能力增加, 为地上部植株生长提供充足的营养, 以促进叶片更好地生产和积累光合物质, 为大豆花荚的形成奠定了物质基础, 从而促进了产量的提高, 但有关减量一体化施肥促进玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆生物固氮的作用机理还有待进一步研究 ...

1999

0.0

1.667

. 1999, 25:70-75

Studies on yield advantage of wheat and peanut relay intercropping system and its relation with nutrient utilization efficiency in sandy land

Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002

The results of a long-term sited experiment that dealt with two cropping systems and their response to fertilization show that there were evident yield advantages in wheat and peanutrelay intercropping system with a four-year average wheat yield increase by 27.7%and peanut by 14. 3%compared with s

通过长期定位试验，研究了砂区小麦套作花生、小麦和花生接续种植两种种植方式的产量及施肥效应。结果表明小麦套作花生相对于二作物接续种植有明显的产量优势。4年平均增产分别为27.7%和14.3%，在不施化肥时，这种效应更为明显，但其与施用化肥的增产效应相比甚小。两种方式下，单施或配合施用氮磷化肥均有显著的增产效果，

... 王秋杰等^[22]研究表明, 小麦套作花生相对于两作物持续种植有明显的产量优势, 4年平均增产分别为27 ...

2001

2.474

0.0

. 2001, 70:null-null

Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pe-barley intercropping

... Haugaard-Nielsen等^[23]研究表明, 豌豆-大麦间作系统中产量提高25%~38% ...

1972

2.041

0.0

... Willey等^[24]和Oljaca等^[25]研究发现, 玉米和豆类间作分别增产38%和54% ...

2000

2.041

0.0

... Willey等^[24]和Oljaca等^[25]研究发现, 玉米和豆类间作分别增产38%和54% ...

2001

2.474

0.0

. 2001, 71:null-null

wheat-maize or wheat-soybean strip intercropping: I. Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients

... Li等^[26]研究表明, 小麦和大豆间作可增产28%~30% ...

1997

2.041

0.0

... Subedi等^[27]研究发现, 小麦和豌豆间作可增产17%~42% ...

2012

0.0

1.664

2007

0.0

... 张正翼等^[29]通过研究24份品种在套作下的产量和产量构成发现, 单株荚数对大豆产量影响最大, 其次为百粒重和单荚粒数, 与本试验结果一致 ...

2012

0.0

0.717

... 另外, 万燕等^[30]在不同施氮水平下研究套作大豆的氮代谢规律发现增施氮肥促进大豆株高增加、节间伸长, 花荚脱落数增加, 产量降低, 在本研究中也得到体现, 习惯施氮处理大豆的单株荚数低于减量施氮处理, 但有关玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥如何促进大豆花荚形成的生理机制还有待进一步研究 ...