不同生育时期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

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陈传永, 王荣焕, 赵久然, 徐田军, 王元东, 刘秀芝, 刘春阁, 裴志超, 成广雷, 陈国平. 不同生育时期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(9): 1650-1657[CHEN Chuan-Yong, WANG Rong-Huan, ZHAO Jiu-Ran, XU Tian-Jun, WANG Yuan-Dong, LIU Xiu-Zhi, LIU Chun-Ge, PEI Zhi-Chao, CHENG Guang-Lei, CHEN Guo-Ping. Effects of Shading on Grain-Filling Properties and Yield of Maize at Different Growth Stages. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(9): 1650-1657] 复制到剪切板

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不同生育时期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

陈传永^1,^*, 王荣焕^1,^*, 赵久然^1,^*, 徐田军¹, 王元东¹, 刘秀芝¹, 刘春阁¹, 裴志超², 成广雷¹, 陈国平¹

¹北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心, 北京100097

²北京市农业技术推广站, 北京 100029

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 赵久然, E-mail:maizezhao@126.com, Tel: 010-51503936

**同等贡献(Contributed equally to this work)

收稿日期:2014-06-16

基金:本研究由北京市农林科学院科技创新基金项目(CXJJ201309), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(nycytx-02), 北京市科技计划(D121100003512001)和北京市农林科学院青年科研基金项目(QN201115)资助;

摘要

为探索不同时期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响, 2012—2013年以玉米品种京科968与郑单958为试验材料, 在大田条件下用透光率50%的遮阳网分别于13叶全展期(T1)、吐丝期(T2)、吐丝后15 d (T3)遮光处理, 每期遮光7 d, 以自然光照为对照, 并利用Logistic方程y =A/(1+Be^-Cx)比较不同遮光处理玉米籽粒灌浆过程。结果表明,不同时期遮光均导致玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量不同程度降低, 且遮光时期越晚降幅越大, 其中产量差异显著; 遮光导致灌浆高峰持续期与活跃灌浆天数(P)缩短, 最大灌浆速率(G_max)与平均灌浆速率均下降, 籽粒终极生长量(A)降低; 品种特性决定粒重、穗粒数与灌浆参数的关系, 同一品种的粒重与灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_max)呈显著正相关, 品种间的粒重差异由活跃灌浆天数(P)决定, 同一品种的穗粒数与最大灌浆速率(G_max)呈显著正相关, 品种间的穗粒数差异由灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_max)决定。选择适宜品种, 提高籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量(W_max)与最大灌浆速率(G_max), 并延长活跃灌浆天数(P)是玉米在光胁迫环境下获得高产、稳产的重要途径。

关键词: 玉米; 遮光; 灌浆特性; 产量

Effects of Shading on Grain-Filling Properties and Yield of Maize at Different Growth Stages

CHEN Chuan-Yong^1,^**, WANG Rong-Huan^1,^**, ZHAO Jiu-Ran^1,^*, XU Tian-Jun¹, WANG Yuan-Dong¹, LIU Xiu-Zhi¹, LIU Chun-Ge¹, PEI Zhi-Chao², CHENG Guang-Lei¹, CHEN Guo-Ping¹

¹Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China

²Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension, Beijing 100029, China

Fund:

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the effect of shading at different growth stages on grain filling properties and yield of maize (Zea maysL.). The Field experiments were carried out using maize cultivars (Jingke 968, Zhengdan 958) with shading of 50% at the 13th leaf fully expanded (T1), the silking (T2) and the15th day after silking (T3) for seven days in 2012-2013. The natural light condition without shading was used as the control. The Logistic equation was used to analyze the grain filling process. The results showed that grains per ear, 1000-kernel weight and yield were all decreased to a different degree under shading conditions at different growth stages, and the decrease rate of grain yield was increased with lasting shading duration. The yield was significantly different under different shading treatments. The duration of the maximum grain filling and active grain-filling period (P) were shortened, the maximum and mean grain-filling rate (G_max) decreased and the final grain weight (A) reduced under shading conditions. The relation among grain weight, grain number per ear and grain yield was determined by characteristics of maize cultivar. The grain weight of the same cultivar was significantly positively correlated with grain weight with the maximum grain-filling rate (W_max), and the grain weight of different maize cultivars was determined by active grain-filling period (P). The grain number per ear of the same maize cultivar was significantly positively correlated withG_max, and the grain number per ear of different maize cultivars was determined byW_max. It is an important way to keep a high or stable yield by selecting the suitable cultivar, improvingW_max andG_max and prolonging active grain-filling period (P) under weak light stress.

Keyword: Maize; Shading; Grain-filling properties; Grain yield

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玉米是C₄作物, 具有较高的光饱和点, 充足的光照和适宜的温度是玉米产量形成和品质改善的前提^{[ 1, 2]}。近年来, 由于气候条件与种植区域变化, 玉米生产中因晚播、阴雨、越区种植等因素造成的玉米生育期内光照不足的现象时有发生。光照不足引起的弱光胁迫影响玉米的生长发育、光合特性及产量构成。前人研究表明: 遮光限制玉米营养器官和生殖器官发育^{[ 3, 4, 5]}, 降低光合生产能力^{[ 6, 7, 8]}, 干物质积累减少^{[ 9]}, 败育粒数显著增多, 籽粒体积和粒重降低^{[ 10, 11, 12]}, 产量下降^{[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]}, 且产量降幅取决于遮光时期和遮光强度。其中, 花粒期是籽粒灌浆形成期, 也是影响玉米产量及其构成因素的关键时期^{[ 8, 11]}。利用Logistic方程可准确地拟合玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 对玉米籽粒灌浆进行生长分析^{[ 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]}。目前, 对籽粒灌浆的研究多集中在自然光照条件下, 而对遮光条件下玉米籽粒灌浆特性的研究鲜有报道。本文选取适应性广、具有良好推广前景的玉米新品种京科968与近年来我国推广面积最大的玉米品种郑单958为

试验材料, 在不同生育时期短期遮光处理, 参考朱庆森等^{[ 24]}、黄振喜等^{[ 19]}和王育红等^{[ 22]}的方法, 利用Logistic拟合方程推导出一系列次级参数, 分析玉米籽粒灌浆特征参数, 系统比较遮光条件下玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 探讨不同时期遮光对玉米灌浆特性的影响, 以期为玉米高产、稳产栽培, 制定适时调控栽培管理措施提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点

试验于2012、2013年5月至9月份, 在北京市昌平区小汤山国家精准农业研究示范基地进行。试验田0~20 cm耕层土壤养分见表1。2012年和2013年玉米生育期积温分别为3237℃、3536℃, 降水量分别为539.30 mm、447.10 mm, 总日照时数分别为976 h、1001 h; 吐丝后积温分别为1527℃、1745℃, 降水量分别为389.90 mm、330.45 mm, 总日照时数分别为445 h、506 h。

表1 土壤养分含量状况 Table 1 Soil nutrient in the experiment

1.2 材料与设计

供试品种为京科968和郑单958。以全生育期自然光照为对照(CK), 采用透光率为50%的遮光网分别于13叶全展(T1)、吐丝期(T2)和吐丝后15 d (T3)遮光, 每时期连续遮光7 d, 随机区组设计, 3次重复, 6行区, 行长7.5 m, 每小区面积27 m², 密度52 500株 hm^-2。整地时施用烘干鸡粪6000 kg hm^-2作底肥, 拔节期追施尿素270 kg hm^-2, 其他管理同当地大田生产。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 粒重测定在玉米吐丝期, 选取长势、穗型基本一致的植株挂牌标记。自吐丝后15 d起, 每隔7 d在每小区标记的植株上取3个果穗, 每穗取中部籽粒100粒, 于105℃烘箱中杀青30 min, 80℃烘至恒重后称重。

1.3.2 灌浆速率模拟以开花后天数( x)为自变量, 开花后每隔7 d测得的百粒重为因变量( y), 用Logistic方程 y =A/(1 +Be ^-Cx)模拟籽粒灌浆过程, 得到Logistic方程参数 A、 B、 C (其中, A为终极生长量, B为初值参数, C为生长速率参数)。达到最大灌浆速率的天数 T_max = (ln B)/ C, 灌浆速率最大时的生长量 W_max = A/2, 最大灌浆速率 G_max = ( C× W_max)/2, 灌浆活跃期 P (大约完成总积累量的90%) = 6/C。

1.3.3 测产及考种内容以每小区收获中间2行测产, 选取20个平均穗考种。测定穗长、穗粗、秃尖长度、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重和籽粒含水率。

1.4 统计分析

采用CurveExpert 1.3软件拟合灌浆方程, 使用DPS软件进行相关统计分析, Microsoft Excel 2003软件计算数据、绘制图表。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同时期遮光对玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响

遮光条件下2个品种的产量、穗粒数和千粒重均低于同时期对照(表2), 其中各处理间产量差异显著, 穗粒数与千粒重在部分处理间差异显著。产量、穗粒数和千粒重在T1、T2、T3条件下较CK分别下降8.38%、14.67%、29.02%, 4.62%、8.65%、19.55%, 3.32%、6.27%和10.75%。品种间比较, 京科968的产量、穗粒数和千粒重在T1、T2、T3条件下较CK分别下降6.20%、13.97%、24.03%, 2.77%、8.35%、15.76%, 2.96%、5.89%和10.02%; 郑单958的产量、穗粒数和千粒重在T1、T2、T3条件下较CK分别下降10.55%、15.37%、34.02%, 6.47%、8.95%、23.33%, 3.68%、6.65%、11.47%。说明不同时期遮光均导致玉米产量及其构成因素下降, 且遮光时期越晚降幅越大, 产量及构成因素的降幅为京科968<郑单958。

表2 不同时期遮光条件下的玉米产量与产量构成因素 Table 2 Yield and its components of maize under different shading treatments

2.2 不同时期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆特性的影响

2.2.1 籽粒灌浆动态不同时期遮光处理条件下, 玉米籽粒增重仍符合慢—快—慢的“S”形生长曲线(图1), 随着遮光时期推迟, 粒重增加趋势变缓, 籽粒灌浆速率呈单峰曲线变化(图2)。不同时期遮光处理下籽粒灌浆速率达到最大的时间基本一致, 且最终粒重、平均灌浆速率在T1、T2、T3条件下较CK分别降低3.51%、6.54%、11.05%; 3.15%、6.40%和10.96%。在CK、T1、T2、T3条件下, 京科968最终粒重、平均灌浆速率较郑单958分别高2.41%、2.98%、1.89%、3.55%; 2.64%、2.77%、1.64%和3.37%。

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图1 不同处理条件下的玉米籽粒增重动态曲线CK: 自然光照; T1: 13叶期遮光; T2: 吐丝期遮光; T3: 吐丝后15 d遮光。Fig. 1 Dynamics curve of grain weight-increasing of maize under different treatments at different stagesCK: natural light condition without shading; T1: shading treatment at the 13th leaf fully expanded; T2: shading treatment at the silking;
T3: shading treatment at the 15th day after silking.

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	图2 不同处理条件下的玉米灌浆速率缩写同图1。Fig. 2 Grain-filling rate of maize under different treatmentsAbbreviations are the same as given in Fig. 1.

2.2.2 籽粒灌浆特征参数利用Logistic方程拟合不同时期遮光条件下的玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 计算得出拟合方程参数值和决定系数(表3), 其决定系数均在0.99以上, 说明Logistic方程可以较好地描述玉米籽粒灌浆过程。由表3可知, 处理间比较, 不同时期遮光均导致籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量( W_max)、最大灌浆速率( G_max)和活跃灌浆天数( P)不同程度降低, 在T1、T2、T3条件下较CK分别降低3.42%、6.71%、9.40%; 2.10%、3.54%、5.12%; 1.34%、3.29%、4.51%; 达到最大灌浆速率的天数( T_max)无明显变化。与郑单958比较, 京科968达到最大灌浆速率的天数( T_max)推迟0.5 d左右, 在CK、T1、T2、T3条件下, 活跃灌浆天数(P)分别延长1.61、2.02、1.00和0.38 d; 籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量( W_max)分别高2.64%、3.14%、2.05%和0.19%; 最大灌浆速率( G_max)分别低0.85%、1.29%、0.19%和0.67%。

对Logistic拟合方程求导得到2个拐点, 将籽粒灌浆过程分为籽粒灌浆缓增期, 高峰持续期和后期(表3和图2) 3个阶段。不同处理条件下, 玉米籽粒灌浆高峰起始期差别不大, 均为授粉后16.50 d左右; 灌浆高峰结束期随遮光时期推迟而提前, CK、T1、T2和T3分别在授粉后37.16、37.13、36.55和36.37 d。品种间比较, 在CK、T1、T2、T3条件下, 京科968和郑单958灌浆高峰起始时间分别在授粉后16.70、16.82、16.77、16.71 d; 16.49、16.84、16.54、16.74 d, 结束期则分别在授粉后37.62、37.56、36.88、36.44 d; 36.70、36.69、36.21、36.30 d; 灌浆高峰持续期分别为20.93、20.74、20.11、19.73 d; 20.22、19.85、19.68和19.56 d, 京科968籽粒灌浆高峰期持续期较郑单958分别延长0.71、0.89、0.44和0.17 d。

表3 不同玉米品种各处理条件下的籽粒灌浆特征参数 Table 3 Characteristic parameters of maize at grain-filling stage under different treatments

表3和图2表明, 在不同时期遮光条件下, 同一品种灌浆高峰起始时间无明显变化, 但结束时间提前, 导致灌浆高峰持续期缩短, 且灌浆强度降低, 最大灌浆速率与平均灌浆速率均下降, 籽粒终极生长量降低。相同处理下, 尽管郑单958最大灌浆速率( G_max)较高, 但因籽粒灌浆高峰持续期与活跃灌浆天数(P)相对较短, 导致粒重和产量低于京科968。

2.3 籽粒灌浆参数、穗粒数、千粒重与产量的通径分析

相关分析表明(表4), 灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)、穗粒数( x₅)、千粒重( x₆)与产量均呈显著或极显著正相关。通径分析表明, 不同品种灌浆参数与产量构成参数对产量的直接通径系数除活跃灌浆天数( x₂)和最大灌浆速率( x₄)为负向效应外, 均为正向效应, 各参数对产量的直接作用因品种而异。京科968表现为灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)>活跃灌浆天数( x₂)>穗粒数( x₅)>千粒重( x₆)>最大灌浆速率( x₄)>达到最大灌浆速率的天数( x₁),且灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)通过穗粒数( x₅)、千粒重( x₆)对产量的间接作用正相关程度较高, 其他各参数通过另外参数对产量的间接作用总和也均为正相关; 郑单958各参数对产量的直接作用表现为, 穗粒数( x₅)>活跃灌浆天数( x₂)>灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)>最大灌浆速率( x₄)>千粒重( x₆)>达到最大灌浆速率的天数( x₁), 穗粒数( x₅)通过活跃灌浆天数( x₂)、灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)、千粒重( x₆)对产量的间接作用为正相关, 除达到最大灌浆速率的天数( x₁)外, 其他各参数通过另外参数对产量的间接作用总和也均为正相关。分析结果表明, 活跃灌浆天数( x₂)、灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)、穗粒数( x₅)对产量直接贡献较大, 活跃灌浆天数( x₂)、最大灌浆速率( x₄)、千粒重( x₆)的间接作用较大, 且间接通过灌浆速率最大时的生长量( x₃)、穗粒数( x₅)的正效应较大。进一步分析发现, 籽粒灌浆参数与千粒重、穗粒数的相关性存在品种间差异(表5), 京科968千粒重与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量( W_max)呈极显著相关, 与活跃灌浆天数( P)呈显著相关, 穗粒数与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量( W_max)呈极显著相关, 与最大灌浆速率( G_max)呈显著相关; 郑单958千粒重与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量( W_max)呈极显著相关, 穗粒数与最大灌浆速率( G_max)呈显著相关。

表4 籽粒灌浆参数、穗粒数、千粒重与产量的通径分析 Table 4 Path and regression analysis of effect of grain-filling parameters, grains per ear, 1000-kernel weight with grain yield

表5 不同玉米品种灌浆特征参数与千粒重和穗粒数的相关系数 Table 5 Correlations coefficient of grain-filling parameters with 1000-grain weight and grains per ear of maize

3 讨论

3.1 不同生育时期遮光对玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

不同时期遮光导致玉米籽粒产量不同程度降低^{[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]}, 但遮光对产量构成因素影响的研究结果不尽一致。有研究认为不同时期遮光均降低穗粒数与千粒重^{[ 2, 7, 13, 18]}, 也有研究认为营养生长阶段遮光导致穗粒数和产量下降, 对千粒重无显著影响; 开花期遮光导致穗粒数下降, 千粒重上升, 产量显著下降; 灌浆期遮光导致千粒重和穗粒数均下降, 产量显著下降^{[ 9, 16]}。关于不同时期遮光对产量降幅的影响, 贾士芳等^{[ 7]}研究发现, 授粉前0~14 d遮光处理的产量降幅最大; 张吉旺等^{[ 8]}发现不同时期遮光对玉米产量降幅的影响为花粒期>穗期>苗期, 其中花粒期遮光主要影响玉米籽粒发育, 导致败育粒增加, 籽粒体积和干重降低^{[ 3, 7, 10, 25]}。本研究表明, 不同时期遮光均导致产量及其构成因素下降, 其中穗粒数降幅高于千粒重, 产量下降主要是穗粒数与千粒重共同作用的结果, 这与张吉旺等^{[ 8]}研究的结果不同; 遮光时期对产量及构成因素下降幅度的影响均为吐丝后15 d>吐丝期>13叶全展, 这与张吉旺等^{[ 8]} 的研究结果类似。品种间比较, 在相同遮光条件下, 产量及构成因素均表现为京科968>郑单958, 且产量及构成因素降幅表现为京科968<郑单958, 说明玉米对遮光引起的弱光胁迫响应存在品种间差异。本研究结果表明, 京科968对弱光胁迫的耐受性优于郑单958。

3.2 不同生育期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆及灌浆参数的影响

玉米粒重与产量取决于籽粒灌浆过程^{[ 26, 27]}, 对籽粒灌浆过程进行方程拟合, 推导出具有生物学意义的特征参数, 能更好地解释籽粒灌浆过程。关于粒重与籽粒灌浆特征参数的关系有多种观点, 刘霞等^{[ 21]}研究认为, 玉米粒重与缓增持续期、快增期灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率和灌浆持续期呈显著正相关, 受平均灌浆速率影响较小; 张海艳等^{[ 23]}认为, 玉米粒重形成取决于灌浆速率, 而不是灌浆持续时间; 杨青华等^{[ 28]}指出, 粒重由平均灌浆速率和灌浆持续时间共同决定; 刘明等^{[ 29]}认为, 粒重与平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率显著正相关, 与灌浆活跃期相关较小; 陈晨等^{[ 30]}认为, 玉米粒重与活跃灌浆期、平均灌浆速率显著相关。本试验研究表明, 品种特性决定粒重与灌浆参数的关系, 京科968粒重与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量和活跃灌浆天数呈极显著或显著相关, 郑单958粒重与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量呈极显著相关, 品种间粒重差异由活跃灌浆天数决定, 这与李绍长等^{[ 31]}的研究结果一致。综合分析表明, 不同时期遮光对籽粒达到最大灌浆速率的天数无明显影响, 产量降低主要是籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量降低、最大灌浆速率减小、灌浆高峰持续期与活跃灌浆天数缩短, 灌浆强度降低导致穗粒数减少, 千粒重降低所致。

4 结论

不同时期遮光均导致玉米籽粒灌浆高峰持续期与活跃灌浆天数缩短、灌浆强度降低, 最大灌浆速率、籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量与平均灌浆速率均下降, 籽粒终极生长量减少, 致使玉米穗粒数与千粒重下降, 产量降低, 且遮光时期越晚降幅越大。品种特性决定粒重、穗粒数与灌浆参数的关系, 粒重与灌浆速率最大时的生长量呈显著正相关, 品种间的粒重差异由活跃灌浆天数决定, 穗粒数与最大灌浆速率呈显著正相关, 品种间的穗粒数差异由灌浆速率最大时的生长量决定。在遮光条件下, 京科968较郑单958适应性强。因此, 选择适宜品种, 通过栽培调控措施提高籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量与最大灌浆速率, 延长活跃灌浆天数是玉米在光胁迫环境下获得高产、稳产的重要途径。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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1995

0.0

... 玉米是C₄作物, 具有较高的光饱和点, 充足的光照和适宜的温度是玉米产量形成和品质改善的前提^[1,2] ...

2006

0.0

1.742

. 2006, 17:657-662

Effects of shading on the growth, development and grains yield of summer corn

Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong Province,College of Agronomy,Shand ong Agricultural University,Tai’an 271018,China

Under field condition,this paper studied the effects of shading on the growth, development,and grain yield of summer maize varieties ND108 and YD13.The resul ts showed that shading decreased maize yield significantly,and the effect was d iffered with different shading period and intensity.With a shading intensity of 50% and 90%,the grain yield of ND108 and YD13 was decreased by 67.5% and 79.4% ,and 82.9% and 86.7% when shading at flowering-maturing stage,and by 34.1% and 55.3%,and 47.2%,65.7% when shading at joining-flowering stage,respectively. Shading at seedling-joining stage had a relatively smaller effect,with the grai n yield decreased by 16.9% and 24.5%,and 18.9% and 24.3%,respectively.Shading had a larger effect on YD13 than on ND108,and the effect of shading period was larger than that of shading intensity.Under shading,the growth and developmen t of maize was retarded,and the effect was increased with increasing shading in tensity.Shading at joining-flowering stage affected spike differentiation signi ficantly,reflecting in the marked decrease of the numbers of silks and tassels, and the effect was also larger on YD13 than on ND108.The leaf and plant growth was restrained significantly when shading at seedling stage and at flowering-m aturing stage.

在大田条件下研究了不同时期和不同程度遮荫对夏玉米产量及生长发育的影响.结果表明，遮荫显著降低玉米产量.不同时期遮荫对其影响不同，花粒期（从开花到成熟期）遮荫的影响最显著，农大108（ND108）和掖单13号（YD13）遮荫50%、90%处理分别减产67. 5%、79.4%和82.9%和86.7%，其次是穗期（从拔节到开花期）遮荫，ND108和YD13分别减产34.1%、55.3%和47.2%、65.7%，而苗期（从出苗到拔节期）遮荫对其影响相对较小，ND108和YD13分别减产16.9%、24.5%和18.9%、24.3%.遮荫对YD13产量的影响大于ND10 8.遮荫时期对玉米产量的影响显著地大于遮荫程度.遮荫后两个玉米品种的生育进程都延迟，并随着遮荫程度的增加，对其影响加剧.穗期遮荫显著影响玉米的穗分化，花丝数和雄穗分枝数显著降低，对YD13的影响大于ND108.苗期和穗期遮荫显著抑制玉米叶面积、株高和茎节的生长.

... 玉米是C₄作物, 具有较高的光饱和点, 充足的光照和适宜的温度是玉米产量形成和品质改善的前提^[1,2] ...

... 有研究认为不同时期遮光均降低穗粒数与千粒重^[2,7,13,18], 也有研究认为营养生长阶段遮光导致穗粒数和产量下降, 对千粒重无显著影响 ...

1990

0.0

1.889

. 1990, 23:28-34

Effects of shading treatment at different stages of plant development on grain production of corn and observations of tip kernel abortion

东北农学院

对生育期相近、化学成分含量不同的5个品种（品系）共3个类型大豆种子形成发育过程中单粒种子的蛋白质及脂肪的毫克数，新鲜种子与干种子蛋白质及脂肪含量变化的研究发现：（1）同一品种单粒种子蛋白质和脂肪毫克数的积累形式相同，但类型间存在差异；（2）不同大豆品种新鲜种子的蛋白质及脂肪含量均随种子的发育而呈增加的趋势；（3）在种子发育过程中，烘干种子的蛋白质含量的变化，在高蛋白大豆中呈增加的趋势，而在高脂肪大豆中则保持相对持平趋势；烘干种子的脂肪含量，在高蛋白大豆中无明显增加，而高脂肪大豆则持续增加。兼用型大豆的蛋白质和脂肪含量的变化分别与高蛋白大豆和高脂肪大豆相似。

... 前人研究表明: 遮光限制玉米营养器官和生殖器官发育^[3,4,5], 降低光合生产能力^[6,7,8], 干物质积累减少^[9], 败育粒数显著增多, 籽粒体积和粒重降低^[10,11,12], 产量下降^{[13,14,15,16,17,18]}, 且产量降幅取决于遮光时期和遮光强度 ...

... 张吉旺等^[8]发现不同时期遮光对玉米产量降幅的影响为花粒期>穗期>苗期, 其中花粒期遮光主要影响玉米籽粒发育, 导致败育粒增加, 籽粒体积和干重降低^[3,7,10,25] ...

2013

0.0

. 2013, 33:4315-4323 DOI:10.5846/stxb201204250591

Effects of low-light stress on maize ear development and endogenous hormones content of two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) with different shade-tolerance

Light is one of the most important environmental factor influecing the growth and development of maize ( Zea mays L.). Sufficient light during the growing period is the basis of high yield formation of maize. However, there are always prolonged rainy days during maize growing season in the Huang-huai-hai region, which are detrimental for maize yield formation. And prolonged rainy days at flowering stage bring more severe damage to maize production. Low-light environment leads to a decrease in photosynthetic rate, a reduction and redistribution of biomass, an extension of anthesis to silking interval, and a significant reduction of ear kernel number and grain yield. And there are significant differences in maize genotypes responses to low light stress. Previous studies have elucidated the effects of endogenous hormones on the apical kernels abortion and under low-light stress. However, whether the endogenous hormones have influence on the whole ear development process is unknown. A split plot experiment was conducted under field conditions during 2010 and 2011, to study the effects of shading and light recovery on the growth and development of maize ear and endogenous hormones of two maize hybrids. The main plots are light treatment (natural light and 50% shading) and sub-plots are cultivars (low light sensitive hybrid YY22 and low light tolerance hybrid ZD958). In the low light treatment, maize plants were shaded with 50% transmittance shading nets from 3 days before tasselling to 10 days after silking. The results showed that the growth and development of maize ear was delayed, ear length, ear diameter, ear dry weight, ear row number, kernel number and kernel sink capacity were significantly decreased while barren tip increased under low light conditions with low light sensitive maize hybrids changed more. Spikelet ovary in ear apical showed signs of abortion at silking stage. The abortion progress of the kernel could not be disrupted by the recovery of natural light. ABA and ZR content of both maize hybrids ears increased under low-light stress while GA content and GA/ABA ratio of both maize hybrids decreased. IAA content and IAA/ABA ratio of ZD958 was increased while YY22 decreased. The recovery of natural light in a short time had little effect on the established hormone synthetic mechanisms.

2010-2011年以耐荫性较弱的玉米杂交种豫玉22和耐荫性较强的玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,在抽雄前3 d开始进行弱光胁迫处理,吐丝后10 d恢复自然光照,研究弱光胁迫及光恢复对不同耐荫型玉米果穗生长发育及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明:弱光胁迫下,玉米果穗生长发育明显减缓,穗长、穗粗和果穗干物质积累显著减小,秃尖度变大;穗行数、穗粒数和籽粒库容显著降低;吐丝期果穗顶部小穗子房发育停滞,已有败育迹象的籽粒在恢复自然光照后无明显改善;豫玉22果穗和籽粒性状在处理间的差异程度均大于郑单958。弱光胁迫下,两玉米杂交种果穗的ABA和ZR含量均升高,而GA含量和GA/ABA比值均降低;IAA含量和IAA/ABA比值在郑单958果穗中表现为升高,而豫玉22则表现为下降。

2010

0.0

0.9866

. 2010, 22(1):5-7

Effects of shading on agronomic traits and ear development of maize cultivars (Zea mays) with different plant types

以不同株型玉米品种为材料,在大田采用人工遮光处理,研究了弱光胁迫对不同株型玉米品种的农艺性状、穗部性状和产量的影响.结果表明,拔节至吐丝期遮光处理导致玉米生长发育迟缓,吐丝期株高、茎粗、叶面积等农艺性状和雌穗长、雌穗粗、雌穗鲜重等穗部性状均下降,可见花丝数减少;成熟期,穗部性状除千粒重增加,其余均降低.紧凑型品种浚单20对遮光的敏感性显著低于平展型品种豫玉22.

2005

0.0

1.667

. 2005, 31:381-385

Effects of seedling shading and light intensity transfer on photosynthetic efficiency of different maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, Henan 450002, Zhengzhou

The intensity of light can affect morphological and physiological characters of corn leaves. Seedling stage is the key period to the differentiation and development of leaves. The lack of light in this phase will surely influence morphological construction, physiological characters and photosyntheti

研究了苗期遮光及光照转换对两个玉米杂交种叶片光合速率、荧光特性的影响。结果表明，遮光条件下叶片叶绿素含量，尤其是叶绿素a的含量下降，光合速率(Pn)降低，但遮光后叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b值的下降幅度均表现为杂交种掖单22小于丹玉13。与此相同，遮光使丹玉13 Pn的下降显著大于掖单22。由遮光转入自然光下后Pn迅速下降

2007

0.0

1.742

. 2007, 18:2456-2461

Effects of weak light stress on grain yield and photosynthetic traits of maize

... 有研究认为不同时期遮光均降低穗粒数与千粒重^[2,7,13,18], 也有研究认为营养生长阶段遮光导致穗粒数和产量下降, 对千粒重无显著影响 ...

... 关于不同时期遮光对产量降幅的影响, 贾士芳等^[7]研究发现, 授粉前0~14 d遮光处理的产量降幅最大 ...

2007

0.0

1.667

. 2007, 33:216-222

Effects of shading in field on photosynthetic characteristics in summer corn

Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong Province, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China

The summer corn ( Zea mays L.) in Huanghuaihai region of China grows under high temperature and low light in the season of the year, and there is a large area of corn intercropping with winter wheat in Shandong Province. With the change of ecological factors and productive conditions, corn is shaded by winter wheat at the seedling stage, and grow under high temperature and low light at grain forming stage, which decreased grain yield. However, there are few reports on the effects of shading on photosynthesis of corn. This research attempted to study the photosynthetic foundation for the effects of shading on grain yield of corn, and provide theoretical evidence to improve yield and quality of summer corn. Effects of different shading degrees and different shading stages in field on photosynthetic characteristics of summer corn were studied. The field was shaded by the nets with 50% and 90% shading over the plants. The positions of the nets were raised with the growth of corn plant, and the distance between the nets and the top of corn plants remained in about 2.5m. So that only the illumination intensity condition was changed, while the aeration condition and relative humidity were not changed. Other environmental changes might be due to the change of illumination intensity. The results showed that there were significant effects of shading in field on photosynthetic characteristics of summer corn, so that grain yield of corn were decreased significantly. When shaded by 50% and 90%, grain yield of ND108 decreased by 16.9% and 24.5% respectively from seedling to jointing stage, by 34.1% and 55.3% respectively from jointing to flowering stage, and by 67.5% and 79.4% respectively from flowering to maturity stage. Correspondently, leaf area index of corn were decreased by 53.6% and 64.3%, 22.1% and 23.0%, 66.2% and 79.4% respectively, net photosynthesis rate of corn were decreased by 28.6% and 49%, 36.6% and 59.6%, 43.9% and 64.7% respectively in three shading stage. Both ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (PEPCase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activities of corn leaves were decreased significantly in different shading treatments. Effects of different shading stages on photosynthetic characteristics of corn were significantly higher than those of different shading degree.

在大田条件下研究不同时期和不同程度遮荫对夏玉米光合特性及其产量的影响。结果表明，遮荫对玉米叶片的光合特性有显著影响，导致玉米籽粒产量显著降低，农大108（ND108）苗期遮荫50%和90%的籽粒产量分别比对照降低16.9%和24.5%，穗期遮荫分别降低34.1%和55.3%，花粒期遮荫分别降低67.5%和79.4%。遮荫后玉米的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和净光合速率等都显著降低。不同生育时期对遮荫的响应不同，苗期遮荫50%和90%处理的叶面积指数分别较对照降低53.6%和64.3%，穗期分别降低22.1%和23.0%，花粒期分别降低66.2%和79.4%。遮荫50%和90%处理叶片的光合速率苗期分别较对照降低28.6%和49.0%，穗期分别降低36.6%和59.6%，花粒期分别降低43.9%和64.7%。遮荫使玉米叶片的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性显著降低，不同遮荫时期对其影响不同，花粒期遮荫影响最显著。遮荫时期对玉米光合特性的影响大于遮荫程度对其影响。

... 其中, 花粒期是籽粒灌浆形成期, 也是影响玉米产量及其构成因素的关键时期^[8,11] ...

... 本研究表明, 不同时期遮光均导致产量及其构成因素下降, 其中穗粒数降幅高于千粒重, 产量下降主要是穗粒数与千粒重共同作用的结果, 这与张吉旺等^[8]研究的结果不同 ...

... 遮光时期对产量及构成因素下降幅度的影响均为吐丝后15 d>吐丝期>13叶全展, 这与张吉旺等^[8] 的研究结果类似 ...

1988

1.513

0.0

... 灌浆期遮光导致千粒重和穗粒数均下降, 产量显著下降^[9,16] ...

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:1826-1834 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01826

Effects of low-light stress on kernel setting and metabolism of carbon and nitrogen in different maize (Zea mays L) genotypes

1 Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China?; 2 China Meteorological Administration•Henan Key Laboratory of Agrometeorological Support and Applied Technique, Zhengzhou 450003, China; 3 Henan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Zhengzhou 450003, China

Light is one of the important factors influencing kernel growth and development of maize ( Zea mays L.). A split plot experiment was conducted under field conditions to study the effects of low-light stress and light recovery on kernel setting, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of different maize genotypes in 2011 and 2012. Light treatments (natural light and 50% shading from three days before tasselling to ten days after silking) were the main plots and cultivars [low light sensitive hybrid (Yuyu 22) and low light tolerance hybrid (Zhengdan 958)] were sub-plots. The results showed that low-light stress delayed the growth and development of kernels, raised the number of abortive kernel, reduced kernel volume and dry weight. Contents of soluble sugar, sucrose and starch of apical kernel were increased while the content of nitrogen and C/N ratio decreased. Starch grain density in kernel endosperm cells of YY22 reduced while that of ZD958 almost remained the same. Differences between treatments of YY22 were greater than those of ZD958, the reduction of kernel growth and development was greater in the apical than in the middle of ear. ZD958 showed stronger compensatory effect after light recovery, differences between light treatments and the control in kernel volume, dry weight, kernel carbon and nitrogen contents and C/N ratio of ZD958 were lower than that of YY22. The declines of the starch synthesis and C/N ratio are the primary causes leading to kernel abortion.

以不耐阴型玉米豫玉 22 和耐阴型玉米郑单 958 为试验材料，设置自然光照和弱光胁迫 2 个处理，研究弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米籽粒建成和碳氮代谢的影响，探求弱光胁迫下碳氮代谢与籽粒建成的关系。结果表明，弱光胁迫下，玉米籽粒生长发育减缓，败育数增加，体积和干重降低；果穗顶部籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖含量和全氮含量升高 , 淀粉含量和碳氮比降低；豫玉 22 胚乳细胞中淀粉粒密度降低，郑单 958 与对照相近。弱光胁迫下，不耐阴型玉米豫玉 22 果穗籽粒的生长发育减缓程度大于耐阴型玉米郑单 958 ，同一基因型果穗顶部籽粒生长发育减缓程度大于中部籽粒，耐阴型玉米郑单 958 在恢复自然光照后籽粒体积、干重、籽粒碳氮含量和碳氮比与对照之间的差异均小于豫玉 22 ，表现出更强的补偿效应。淀粉合成能力和碳氮比的下降可能是弱光胁迫条件下籽粒发育不良以致最终造成败育的主要原因。

1985

0.0

... 其中, 花粒期是籽粒灌浆形成期, 也是影响玉米产量及其构成因素的关键时期^[8,11] ...

2012

0.0

0.965

1980

0.0

. 1980, 21:null-null

Effects of dense planting and artificial shading on five maize hybrids

... 1 不同生育时期遮光对玉米产量及其构成因素的影响不同时期遮光导致玉米籽粒产量不同程度降低^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19]}, 但遮光对产量构成因素影响的研究结果不尽一致 ...

... 有研究认为不同时期遮光均降低穗粒数与千粒重^[2,7,13,18], 也有研究认为营养生长阶段遮光导致穗粒数和产量下降, 对千粒重无显著影响 ...

2008

0.0

0.525

1986

0.716

0.0

1995

1.513

0.0

... 灌浆期遮光导致千粒重和穗粒数均下降, 产量显著下降^[9,16] ...

2005

0.0

2011

0.0

0.965

. 2011, 19(1):74-77

Response of Xundan maize hybrids to low-light stress

从拔节期到吐丝期进行50%遮荫处理,研究玉米品种浚单18、浚单20和浚单22对弱光胁迫的响应.结果表明,遮光处理使3个品种的植株矮化变细,叶片净光合速率、比叶重、地上干物质积累及吐丝期和成熟期叶面积指数均显著减少,中上部叶片功能期缩短1～3d,雌雄间隔期延长1～2d;遮光处理还造成果穗缩短变细,穗粒数和子粒产量显著减少;遮光显著提高子粒中蛋白质的相对含量,赖氨酸相对含量也有所增加,而淀粉和油分相对含量则减少,但与对照相比,差异均不显著.综合性状表明,浚单20的耐荫性优于浚单22和浚单18.

... 有研究认为不同时期遮光均降低穗粒数与千粒重^[2,7,13,18], 也有研究认为营养生长阶段遮光导致穗粒数和产量下降, 对千粒重无显著影响 ...

2007

0.0

1.889

. 2007, 40:1898-1906

Photosynthetic characteristics during grain filling stage of summer maize hybrids with high yield potential of 15000 kg ha^-1

山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室

【Objective】It is very important to study photosynthesis of super high-yielding maize hybrids, so a field trail was conducted to research the relation to photosynthetic traits and yield of over-15000 kg ha-1 summer maize hybrids during grain filling period. 【Method】Three summer maize hybrids (XY335, DH3632 and DH3806) were planted at 78000 plants ha-1 in National Corn Project Technology Research Center (Shandong) randomly. Above-ground biomass partitioning and photosynthetic characteristics of ear leaves were investigated to evaluate yield formation of three super high-yielding maize hybrids during grain filling period.【Result】Yields of three-type maize hybrids were over 15000 kg ha-1, and yield of XY335 was higher than that of DH3632 and DH3806 significantly (P＜0.05). Characteristic of grain filling analyzed by Richards equation showed XY335 had the higher grain-filling rate, the longer active growing period, and it reached the maximum grain-filling rate earlier than DH3632 and DH3806. The result indicated grain-filling traits like XY335 was favorable to high yield in the experiment. The leaves’ photosynthetic physiology quantity of XY335 was highest of the three-type hybrids. XY335 had high net photosynthetic rate (Pn), PEPCase activity, RuBPCase activity and chlorophyll a/b value after anthesis, and the leaf area index (LAI) and soluble protein content decreased slowly from 20d and 30d after flowering, respectively. 【Conclusion】To obtain 15000 kg ha-1 of super high-yielding breeding and cultivation in practice, we need to improve the leaves photosynthetic physiology quantity to maintain high grain-filling rate and long active growing period after anthesis, enhance the solar energy use efficiency.

【目的】探讨产量15 000 kgha-1以上夏玉米籽粒灌浆期的光合特性及其与产量形成的关系。【方法】在多年高产试验基础上，选用3个具有高产潜力的玉米杂交种，采用78 000株/ha的密度大田种植。以地上生物量及其分配、果穗叶的光合特征参数来评价产量15 000 kgha-1以上的夏玉米光合生理活性；以Richards模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程。【结果】3个玉米杂交种均可实现15 000 kgha-1以上的高产，以先玉335（XY335）产量最高。对籽粒产量形成的Richards解析表明，籽粒灌浆启动快且高灌浆速率持续时间和生长活跃期（50 d以上）长的杂交种更容易实现高产。产量15 000 kgha-1以上3个杂交种表现出灌浆前期净光合速率、PEPCase活性和RuBPCase活性较高，后期净光合速率、叶面积指数和可溶性蛋白含量下降缓慢的特点，整个灌浆期间叶绿素a/b比值始终较高。3个杂交种中XY 335叶片光合生理活性最高，净光合速率和叶面积的高值持续期分别达50 d和60 d以上。【结论】在玉米高产高密度栽培条件下，重视叶片的光合生理活性的改善可提高光能利用效率，维持较高灌浆速率和较长活跃生长期，实现15 000 kgha-1以上的高产目标。

... 利用Logistic方程可准确地拟合玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 对玉米籽粒灌浆进行生长分析^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

... 试验材料, 在不同生育时期短期遮光处理, 参考朱庆森等^[24]、黄振喜等^[19]和王育红等^[22]的方法, 利用Logistic拟合方程推导出一系列次级参数, 分析玉米籽粒灌浆特征参数, 系统比较遮光条件下玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 探讨不同时期遮光对玉米灌浆特性的影响, 以期为玉米高产、稳产栽培, 制定适时调控栽培管理措施提供理论依据 ...

2009

0.0

1.667

. 2009, 35:309-316 DOI:10.1016/S1875-2780(08)60063-2

Optimal model for dynamic characteristics of grain weight commonly used in wheat and maize

Abstract To establish a common model of grain weight (GW) for at least 2 crops with wider application under different conditions, 3 cultivars of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and 4 cultivars of summer maize ( Zea mays L.) were used in field experiments in 4 environments during 2006–2008. A common GW model, y = a /(1+ b e − cx ), was proposed with normalized GW and grain filling duration for both crops. Based on the results from this study, the parameters of a , b , and c were 1.0624, 52.8653, and 6.7609 ( r = 0.9916, P a value, which was around 1. However, the b and c values varied in different conditions. The b value changed slightly with density and shifted from 45.3379 to 66.9306 in different cultivars; whereas, the c value had small differences among different cultivars and densities. This normalized GW dynamic model could eliminate the variance of the model parameters caused by location, year, cultivar, and planting density, thus, predict GW increase reliably and easily when the GW max , grain filling duration, and b value were determined.

... 利用Logistic方程可准确地拟合玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 对玉米籽粒灌浆进行生长分析^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2007

0.0

0.965

. 2007, 15(6):75-78

Effects of planting density on filling process, yield and quality of different maize varieties

以鲁单981(大粒型)、泉星2101(小粒型)两个不同粒型玉米品种为材料,研究了3种种植密度对玉米子粒灌浆进程、产量及品质的影响.结果表明,增加种植密度可提高单位面积玉米产量,促进大粒型品种LD981灌浆前期单粒重的提高,但均不利于大粒型和小粒型品种在灌浆后期维持较高的粒重.种植密度对玉米单粒重的影响主要是缓增持续期、快增期灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率和灌浆持续期所致,而平均灌浆速率对其影响较小.随着密度的增加,可溶性总糖含量逐渐升高,直链淀粉含量先升高后降低,但支链淀粉、总淀粉、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量表现为先降低后略有升高.

... 利用Logistic方程可准确地拟合玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 对玉米籽粒灌浆进行生长分析^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

... 关于粒重与籽粒灌浆特征参数的关系有多种观点, 刘霞等^[21]研究认为, 玉米粒重与缓增持续期、快增期灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率和灌浆持续期呈显著正相关, 受平均灌浆速率影响较小 ...

2010

0.0

0.965

. 2010, 18(1):77-81

Study on different ecotypes of summer corn in grouting parameters with fuzzy cluster analysis

采用灌溉处理和自然降水处理2种种植模式和聚类分析法,对12个不同生态类型的夏玉米灌浆特性进行分析研究.结果表明,灌水处理条件下,不同品种干物质积累均较自然降水条件下有所提高,且不同程度的延长灌浆持续时间.模糊聚类分析表明,灌溉和自然降水两种处理均分为3种类型,灌水处理下,金豫8号为代表的品种干物质积累量最多,平均灌浆速率较高,灌浆持续时间一般;洛06-2为代表的品种灌浆持续时间较长,但平均灌浆速率和干物质积累量都处于中等水平;郑单958为代表的品种,灌浆特性一般.自然降水处理以中科4号、洛玉5号、金豫8号为代表的品种归为第一类,此类品种灌浆性能最好,干物质积累量最大;金赛29干物质积累量、灌浆持续时间和平均灌浆速率等灌浆特性较差,归为第二类;以郑单958为代表的品种灌浆性能一般,归为第三类.灌水处理对金赛29、浚单20、郑单958、中科4号有明显的增产效果;金豫8号平均灌浆速率和干物质积累量均最大,灌浆性能较为突出.

... 利用Logistic方程可准确地拟合玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 对玉米籽粒灌浆进行生长分析^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2007

0.0

0.965

. 2007, 15(3):67-70

Analysis on kernel filling characteristics for different maize types

以普通玉米、糯玉米、爆裂玉米和甜玉米为材料,用Logistic方程拟合子粒灌浆过程,分析一系列次级灌浆参数.结果表明:不同类型玉米粒重表现为普通玉米＞糯玉米＞甜玉米＞爆裂玉米,不同部位粒重表现为下部＞中部＞上部.相关分析表明,玉米子粒最终粒重的高低主要取决于灌浆速率的大小,而不是灌浆持续时间的长短.

... 利用Logistic方程可准确地拟合玉米籽粒灌浆过程, 对玉米籽粒灌浆进行生长分析^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

... 张海艳等^[23]认为, 玉米粒重形成取决于灌浆速率, 而不是灌浆持续时间 ...

1988

0.0

1.667

. 1988, 14:182-193

Growth analysis on the process of grain filling in rice

Jiangsu Agricultural College; Yangzhou; Jiangsu Province

Richards equation W=A/(1+Be~(-kt)) 1/N was used to describe theweight increasing of the strong and the weak grains of six rice varieties(including hybrids).According to N values in the equation of theweak grain,the grain-filling processes of the six rice varieties fall intotwo types,one was synchron

用 Richards 方程 W=A/(1+Be~(-kt))1/N 配合农垦57号、汕优63号等6个品种(含杂种)强、弱势粒的籽粒增重资料。依弱势粒配得方程的 N 值,将此6个水稻品种的籽粒灌浆状况分为两个类型,即:01的异步灌浆型。并据籽粒生长速率曲线的两个拐点,将籽粒灌浆过程划分为:前,中(盛)、后(至90%A 止)3个期。同时导出:起始生长势 Ro=K/N,生

2013

0.0

1.667

. 2013, 39:912-918 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.00912

Relationship of ear differentiation with kernel development and barrenness in maize (Zea mays L.)

Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of China / Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

Two cultivars ZD958 and DH661 were used to analyze the effect of different planting densities (45 000 plant ha -1 , 75 000 plant ha -1 , 10 5000 plant ha -1 ) on kernel development and barrenness in maize ( Zea may s L.). The results showed that increasing plant density had little effects on the time of ear primordia differentiation (the ear primordia presented at 28–29 days after sowing under different densities) and the total number of floret primordia during silking. However, the differentiation of ear was postponed under high density, the number of abortive florets and unfertilized florets increased with the increase of plant density. Compared with low-density, the high density reduced number of normal florets per ear by 100.0 for DH661 and by 76.4 for ZD958. Additionally, the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) was elongated, the ratio of the silked-plants was decreased (ratio of DH661 was 93.64% and that of ZD958 was 81.80% under high density), the time of silking was delayed, the number of silked florets per ear was reduced and the pollen shedding duration was shortened with increasing plant density, which results in the increment of abortion after fertilization. Interestingly, kernel abortion would also occur during grain-filling, especially in 10 days after anthesis. The kernel number per ear had a positive correlation with the bottom transmittance at silking, 10 d after silking and 20 d after silking, while the ratio of abortive floret was negatively correlated with the bottom transmittance before flowering significantly.

以郑单 958 (ZD958) 和登海 661 (DH661) 为试材，比较研究了 4.5 、 7.5 、 10.5 万株 hm -2 三个种植密度下，雌穗分化与籽粒发育及败育的关系。结果表明，密度对玉米雌穗原基开始分化的时间无影响 ( 不同密度下，穗原基均在播后 28~29 d 左右开始分化 ) ，对吐丝期分化的小花总数影响很小。但是高密度推迟了雌穗的分化进程，增加了败育花和未受精花的数目，导致正常成熟小花数目的降低。与低密度相比，高密度下 DH661 正常小花数减少了 100.0 个， ZD958 减少了 76.4 个。高密度加大了雌雄穗吐丝开花间隔，降低了吐丝植株的比例 (DH661 吐丝植株占 93.64% ； ZD958 的占 81.80%) ，推迟了吐丝时间，使单株吐丝量减少，散粉持续时间缩短，导致败育增加。正常受精的小花在灌浆期也会发生籽粒败育，尤其是在花后 10 d 左右败育严重。相关分析表明，玉米最终的穗粒数与开花期以及花后 10 d 、 20 d 的冠层底部透光率相关性显著，花败育率与开花前冠层底部透光率显著负相关。

1998

2.474

0.0

. 1998, 56:null-null

Grain yield components in maize: I. Ear growth and kernel set

... 2 不同生育期遮光对玉米籽粒灌浆及灌浆参数的影响玉米粒重与产量取决于籽粒灌浆过程^[26,27], 对籽粒灌浆过程进行方程拟合, 推导出具有生物学意义的特征参数, 能更好地解释籽粒灌浆过程 ...

2005

2.638

0.0

. 2005, 272:111-123 DOI:10.1007/s11104-004-4211-7

Grain yield and kernel weight of two maize genotypes differing in nitrogen use efficiency at various levels of nitrogen and carbohydrate availability during flowering and grain filling

1.Institute of Plant Nutrition University of Hohenheim D-70593 Germany 2.Institute of Biology II, Cell Biology University of Freiburg D-79104 Freiburg Switzerland 3.Department of Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali Università di Padova Agripolis – Via Romea, 16 35010 Legnaro (PD) Italy 4.Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics University of Hohenheim D-70593 Stuttgart Germany 5.Department of Crop Science, Institute of Plant Nutrition Humboldt University of Berlin Invalidenstr. 42 D-10115 Berlin Germany

Grain yield per plant (GYP) and mean kernel weight (KW) of maize ( Zea mays L.) are sensitive to changes in the environment during the lag phase of kernel growth (the time after pollination in which the potential kernel size is determined), and during the phase of linear kernel growth. The aim of this study was to assess genotypic differences in the response to environmental stresses associated with N and/or carbohydrate shortage at different phases during plant development. The rate and timing of N and carbohydrate supply were modified by application of fertilizer, shading, and varying the plant density at sowing, at silking or at 14 d after silking. The effects of these treatments on the photosynthetic capacity, grain yield and mean kernel weight were investigated in two hybrids differing in N use efficiency. The total above-ground biomass and grain yield per plant of the efficient hybrid responded little to altered environmental conditions such as suboptimal N supply, enhanced inter-plant competition, and shading for 14 d during flowering, when compared to the less efficient genotype. We conclude that grain yields in the efficient genotype are less sensitive not only to N stress, but also to carbohydrate shortage before grain filling. Shading of N deficient plants from 14 d after silking to maturity did not significantly reduce grain yield in the non-efficient genotype, indicating complete sink limitation of grain yield during grain filling. In the efficient genotype, in contrast, grain yield of N-deficient plants was significantly reduced by shading during grain filling. The rate of photosynthesis declined with decreasing foliar N content. No genotypic differences in photosynthesis were observed at high or low foliar N contents. However, at high plant density and low N supply, the leaf chlorophyll content after flowering in the efficient genotype was higher than that in the non-efficient genotype. Obviously, the higher source capacity of the efficient genotype was not due to higher photosynthetic N use efficiency but due to maintenance of high chlorophyll contents under stressful conditions. In the efficient genotype, the harvest index was not significantly affected by N fertilization, plant density, or shading before the grain filling period. In contrast, in the non-efficient genotype the harvest index was diminished by N deficiency and shading during flowering. We conclude that the high yielding ability of the efficient genotype under stressful conditions was associated with formation of a high sink capacity of the grains under conditions of low carbohydrate and N availability during flowering and with maintenance of high source strength during grain filling under conditions of high plant density and low N availability.

2007

0.0

0.965

. 2007, 15(3):71-74

Effects of different soil texture on characteristics of grain filling and yield of high-oil corn

在池栽条件下,以高油玉米HE-2为试验材料,采用Logistic方程对其子粒灌浆过程进行拟合,探讨了年际间不同质地土壤条件下高油玉米子粒灌浆特性及产量的变化.结果表明:不同质地土壤(砂土、粘土、壤土)间子粒灌浆持续时间(T)、最大灌浆速率到达时间(Tm)、K、最大灌浆速率(Vm)和平均灌浆速率(Va)存在明显差异;进一步分析表明,平均灌浆速率(Va)和灌浆持续时间(T)同决定粒重的大小,其中灌浆持续时间(T)起主要作用.两年产量均表现为粘土＞壤土＞砂土.

... 杨青华等^[28]指出, 粒重由平均灌浆速率和灌浆持续时间共同决定 ...

2013

0.0

0.965

... 刘明等^[29]认为, 粒重与平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率显著正相关, 与灌浆活跃期相关较小 ...

2012

0.0

0.965

... 陈晨等^[30]认为, 玉米粒重与活跃灌浆期、平均灌浆速率显著相关 ...

2000

0.0

0.965

. 2000, 8(4):45-47

The relationship between endosperm cell differentiating and grain filling

采用生长分析法和细胞计数法研究了掖单13和石单3号两个玉米品种子粒灌浆与胚乳细胞增殖的关系,结果表明:同一品种粒重的差异是由灌浆速度决定的,而不同品种粒重的差异则是灌浆持续期的长短造成的.胚乳细胞数与灌浆速度和灌浆持续期均呈极显著相关,表明胚乳细胞数的不同是引起粒重不同的主要原因.同时对库容提出新的表达式.

... 本试验研究表明, 品种特性决定粒重与灌浆参数的关系, 京科968粒重与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量和活跃灌浆天数呈极显著或显著相关, 郑单958粒重与籽粒灌浆速率最大时的生长量呈极显著相关, 品种间粒重差异由活跃灌浆天数决定, 这与李绍长等^[31]的研究结果一致 ...