微喷带灌溉对小麦灌浆期冠层温湿度变化和粒重的影响

引用本文

王东, 徐学欣, 张洪波, 林祥, 赵阳. 微喷带灌溉对小麦灌浆期冠层温湿度变化和粒重的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(10): 1564-1574
WANG Dong, XU Xue-Xin, ZHANG Hong-Bo, LIN Xiang, ZHAO Yang. Effects of Irrigation with Micro-sprinkling Hoses on Canopy Temperature and Humidity at Filling Stage and Grain Weight of Wheat. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(10): 1564-1574 复制到剪切板

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微喷带灌溉对小麦灌浆期冠层温湿度变化和粒重的影响

王东^*, 徐学欣, 张洪波, 林祥, 赵阳

山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室/山东小麦玉米周年高产高效生产协同创新中心, 山东泰安 271018

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 王东, E-mail: wangd@sdau.edu.cn, Tel: 0538-8247828

收稿日期:2014-12-16 接受日期:2015-04-06 网络出版日期:2015-07-09

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271660), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201503130)和山东省农业重大应用技术创新课题资助

摘要

2012—2013和2013—2014年度田间试验中设小麦灌浆初期不灌水(W0)、畦灌(W1)和小麦专用微喷带灌溉(W2) 3个处理, 并在灌浆中后期设置不同微喷时间和水量处理, 以明确微喷带灌溉对小麦灌浆期冠层温、湿度和粒重的影响。灌浆初期10:00进行W2处理, 当日中午穗层温度降低6.8~11.3℃, 降幅明显大于W1处理; 灌水后第2~4天与W1无显著差异, 第4天与W0无显著差异。W2处理当日叶片水势显著大于W1处理, 当日光合速率和次日叶片水势与光合速率及千粒重和籽粒产量均与W1无显著差异, 且显著大于W0处理; W2的灌水利用效率显著大于W1处理。在小麦灌浆后期于10:00、12:00、14:00时采用微喷带喷水5 mm和10 mm均显著降低冠层温度, 提高冠层相对湿度、旗叶水势和群体光合速率, 且微喷时间越早越有利。本试验结果表明, 小麦灌浆初期微喷补灌或中后期在预报高温当天10:00时微喷补水5~10 mm, 可显著提高粒重和籽粒产量。

关键词: 小麦; 微喷带; 灌溉; 冠层温度; 冠层湿度; 粒重

Effects of Irrigation with Micro-sprinkling Hoses on Canopy Temperature and Humidity at Filling Stage and Grain Weight of Wheat

WANG Dong^*, XU Xue-Xin, ZHANG Hong-Bo, LIN Xiang, ZHAO Yang

College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Cooperative Innovation Centre of Shandong Wheat-Corn Crops, Tai’an 271018, China

Abstract

We carried out a two-year field experiment in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 growing seasons of winter wheat, with treatments of no irrigation (W0), border irrigation (W1), and irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses special for wheat (W2). The W2 treatment was conducted at different time of a day in early or late grain filling stage with different amounts of irrigation in the middle and late filling stages. The results showed that the spike layer temperature of W2 decreased by 6.8-11.3°C after irrigating with micro-sprinkling hoses at 10:00 a.m. in early grain filling stage, and the decline was significantly greater than that of W1. However, no significant difference in temperature of spike layer was observed between W2 and W1 from the 2nd day to the 4th day after irrigation and between W2 and W0 at the 4th day after irrigation. The leaf water potential on the irrigation day was significantly higher in W2 than in W1. In contrast, leaf photosynthetic rate on the irrigation day, as well as leaf water potential and leaf photosynthetic rate on the next day were similar between W2 and W1. As a result, the grain weight and the grain yield in W2 and W1 were higher than that in W0 treatment. Besides, the irrigation water use efficiency of W2 was significantly higher than that of W1. When 5 or 10 mm of water was sprayed by micro-sprinkling hoses at 10:00, 12:00, and 14:00 hours in the late grain filling, the canopy temperature decreased significantly whereas the canopy relative humidity, the flag leaf water potential, and the canopy apparent photosynthetic rate tended to increase. During a day, earlier irrigation resulted in better improvement of water status and photosynthetic performance for wheat leaf. Our results suggest that supplementary irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses should be conducted at early grain-filling stage or at 10:00 on a day during middle-to-late grain filling with 5-10 mm water spray each time when daily high temperature is forecasted.

Keyword: Wheat; Micro-sprinkling Hoses; Irrigation; Canopy temperature; Canopy humidity; Grain weight

Show Figures

小麦灌浆期冠层温湿度是由土壤-植物-大气连通体内的热量和水汽流决定的, 既能反映作物和大气之间的能量交换^[1], 也是影响小麦叶片光合性能和籽粒产量的重要因素^{[2, 3]}。一般来说, 气温20~24℃、相对湿度60%~80%是小麦籽粒灌浆较适宜的温、湿度范围^[3]。而我国黄淮和北部冬麦区在小麦灌浆期内经常发生高温低湿型干热风, 其基本特征是日最高气温> 32℃, 14:00时的空气相对湿度< 30%、风速> 3 m s^{-1 [4]}。这种气象灾害天气能在很短时间内强烈破坏小麦的光合作用和水分平衡, 显著降低籽粒灌浆速率, 造成减产, 一般在干热风较轻年份减产5%~10%, 在较重年份达10%~30%^{[5, 6]}。干热风会引起叶片气孔部分闭合, 抑制光合蒸腾, 重干热风下叶片光合还明显受到非气孔限制^[2]。干热风发生的时期不同, 籽粒灌浆速率下降的幅度也不同, 表现为灌浆中期> 灌浆后期> 灌浆前期, 重度干热风> 轻度干热风; 干热风后, 虽经冬小麦自身修复和后续灌浆, 最终千粒重仍不同程度降低, 降低幅度最大的来自灌浆后期重度干热风, 千粒重降低5.4 g, 降幅达14.5%, 其次来自灌浆中期重度和轻度干热风, 千粒重分别降低9.7%和4.8%, 再次为灌浆后期轻度干热风, 而灌浆前期干热风对千粒重影响不显著^[6]。黄淮海地区68个气象台站1961— 2010年50年间的气象数据表明, 气候变暖背景下, 虽然各地区在不同年代干热风灾害总体表现减少趋势, 但地区间存在明显差异, 河北省南部地区轻干热风和重干热风出现的平均日数最多, 分别超过8 d和4 d, 危害最重; 河南中部、西北部及河北石家庄附近一带轻干热风和重干热风出现的平均日数分别为6.0~8.0 d和2.5~3.5 d; 北京、天津、河南南部、山东中部一带轻干热风和重干热风出现的平均日数分别为2.0~6.0 d和0.5~2.5 d, 今后干热风仍是影响该地区小麦生产最重要的农业气象灾害之一^[7]。因此, 如何抵御干热风危害, 减少产量损失, 是当前亟待解决的技术难题。

为抵御和减轻干热风的危害, 前人在耐高温、抗干热风品种选育方面做了大量工作, 亦提出了调整播种期、喷施生长调节剂、遮阴等措施^{[3, 8]}。还有研究提出, 灌浆期喷灌或短时喷雾能显著改善田间小气候, 减轻干热风危害, 提高籽粒产量^{[9, 10]}。本课题组前期研究发明了适用于小麦生育中后期微喷灌溉的小麦专用微喷带(ZL20122 0356553.7)^[11], 取得显著的节水高产效果^{[12, 13]}。本文在前期研究的基础上, 拟探讨微喷带灌溉对小麦灌浆期冠层温、湿度变化及粒重的影响, 以期创建通过改善冠层小气候抵御干热风的新技术途径, 为实现小麦高产高效栽培提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

山东省兖州市小孟镇史家王子村(35.67° N, 116.69° E)和岱岳区道朗镇玄庄村(36.21° N, 116.92° E)试验田坡度分别为0.218%和0.265%。播种前试验地0~20 cm土层土壤养分状况和0~200 cm各土层土壤水分状况见表1。2012— 2013年度, 小麦生育期内总降水量238.0 mm, 其中播种-拔节期92.0 mm, 拔节-开花期10.5 mm, 开花-成熟期135.5 mm; 2013— 2014年度, 小麦生育期内总降水量191.6 mm, 其中播种-拔节期47.6 mm, 拔节-开花期32.7 mm, 开花-成熟期111.3 mm。

1.2 试验设计

2012— 2013年度设3个灌水处理(W0、W1和W2), 3次重复。小区畦宽(左侧畦梗中心线至右侧畦梗中心线的垂直距离) 2 m, 畦面宽1.6 m, 畦梗宽0.4 m, 畦长80.0 m, 面积160 m², 小区间设1.0 m保护行。每小区等行距种植8行小麦, 实际行距22.9 cm。对各处理均于小麦拔节初期采用畦灌方式灌溉, 灌水量为100 mm, 之后W0不再灌水, W1和W2于灌浆初期(开花后第10天10:00)灌第二水。其中, W1处理仍采用畦灌方式, 改口成数为90%, 即当水流前锋到达畦长长度的90%位置时停止灌水, 用水表计量的实际灌水量为58.0 mm; W2处理则采用小麦专用微喷带(ZL20122 0356553.7)灌溉, 灌水前测定土壤含水量, 设定0~140 cm土层土壤目标相对含水量为70%, 根据灌水定额公式计算所需灌水量(CIR, mm), CIR =100γ _bdD_h(θ _t-θ _n) ^{[13, 14]}。式中, γ _bd (g cm^-3)为土壤容重; D_h (cm)为灌水前土壤含水量的测定深度, 即140 cm; θ _t (mg water g^-1 dry soil)为目标土壤含水量, 即田间持水量乘以目标土壤相对含水量; θ _n (mg Water g^-1 dry soil)为灌溉前0~140 cm土层土壤平均含水量。自小区边行向内数, 均在第4行与第5行之间沿小麦种植行向(畦长方向)铺设一条微喷带。微喷带进水端装有压力表、水表和闸阀, 进水端水压为0.02 MPa, 灌水量为29.4 mm。灌溉水水源为井水, 从水源至微喷带之间采用直径为110 mm的PVC水龙带输水。

2013— 2014年度设置两组试验。第1组采用裂区设计, 主区为灌水处理(W0、W1和W2), 各处理灌溉方式、试验小区畦田规格及水源、输水方式和水表安装位置等均与2012— 2013年度相同, 拔节初期3个处理均采用畦灌方式灌水105 mm, 灌浆初期(开花后10 d)对W1和W2再分别灌水54.6 mm (畦灌)和31.8 mm (微喷带灌溉); 副区为微喷带灌水量处理, 灌浆中后期(开花后第26、第28和第33天)当预报日最高气温超过32℃时, 于当日10:00采用小麦专用微喷带(ZL20122 0356553.7)进行一次微喷, 设置3个微喷水量处理, 分别为0、5和10 mm; 各处理的编号依次为W0、W0 (5 mm)、W0 (10 mm), W1、W1 (5 mm)、W1 (10 mm), W2、W2 (5 mm)、W2 (10 mm)。第2组试验是在拔节初期畦灌105 mm+开花后第10天微喷带灌溉31.8 mm的基础上再进行裂区设计, 当日预报最高气温超过33℃时(花后第26天), 采用微喷带微喷, 以微喷启动时间为主区, 微喷水量为副区。微喷启动时间设置10:00、12:00、14:00、16:00共4个水平, 微喷水量设置0、5和10 mm共3个水平。

表1 试验田土壤基础肥力和土壤含水量 Table 1 Soil fertility and soil water content of the experimental plot

两年度供试品种均为济麦22, 播前施纯氮105 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅150 kg hm^-2、K₂O 150 kg hm^-2, 拔节期施纯氮135 kg hm^-2。氮肥为尿素(含N 46%), 磷肥为磷酸二铵(含P₂O₅ 46%, 含N 18%), 钾肥为氯化钾(含K₂O 60%)。两年度播种期分别为2012年10月8日和2013年10月6日, 均于小麦四叶期定苗, 基本苗为180株m^-2。其他管理措施同一般高产田。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 小麦冠层温湿度日变化 2012— 2013年度于小麦开花后10 d灌水处理当日的11:00、13:00、15:00、17:00时, 及灌水后第2、第3、第4天的8:00、10:00、12:00、13:00、15:00和17:00时, 分别测定小麦穗层、穗下20 cm和穗下40 cm处的行间温度。每小区距畦首20、40和60 m处设3个测量区, 每个测量区内自小区边行起在第1、第2、第3、第4行间均放置温度计, 以每小区12点的平均值作为小区的冠层温度测定值。同时, 在无灌溉处理小区穗上1.0 m处测定大气温度。

2013— 2014年度于小麦开花后第26天的10:00、11:00、12:00、13:00、14:00、15:00、16:00、17:00和18:00时, 用KTH-1型温湿度计分别测定小麦穗层、穗下36 cm和穗下72 cm处的行间温度和相对湿度; 10:00、12:00、14:00和16:00喷水处理于微喷后立即测定冠层温、湿度, 实际测定时间依次为10:15、12:15、14:15和16:15。按2012— 2013年度方法, 每小区测定12个点取平均值, 并在无灌溉处理小区穗上1.0 m处测定大气温度和相对湿度。

1.3.2 小麦旗叶水势和光合速率日变化 2012— 2013年度于小麦开花后10 d灌水当日的11:00、13:00、15:00和17:00及灌水后第2天的8:00、10:00、12:00、13:00、15:00和17:00, 用Psypro型露点水势测量系统(Wescor, 美国)和CIRAS-2型光合作用测定系统(Hansatech, 英国)测定旗叶水势和光合速率日变化。选小区中部距畦首41 m处, 自边行起随机测定第1、第2、第3、第4行小麦旗叶各1片, 取平均值。

2013— 2014年度于小麦开花后第26天的10:00、12:00、14:00、16:00和18:00, 用Psypro型露点水势测量系统(Wescor, 美国)和GXH-3051型CO₂红外线分析仪(北京均方理化科技研究所)测定旗叶水势和群体光合速率。另外, 10:00、12:00、14:00和16:00喷水的处理于微喷后立即测定, 实际测定时间分别为10:15、12:15、14:15和16:15。每小区中部(距畦首41 m处)自小区边行起随机选择第1、第2、第3、第4行小麦旗叶各1片测量水势, 取平均值为该小区的旗叶水势; 于每小区距畦首22、42和62 m处测定旗叶光合速率, 3个测量区平均值为该小区的群体光合速率。测定群体光合速率时使用的同化箱长100 cm、宽100 cm、高120 cm, 框架外罩以透光性良好的投影膜, 透光率95%左右, 箱内装有一个80W的风扇, 用于搅匀箱内气体。测定时每隔20 s读取一次数据, 同步测定土壤呼吸。

$C A P = \frac{∆ C \times 10^{6} \times V \times 3600}{∆ M} \times \frac{273}{273 + T} \times \frac{44}{22} 4 \times \frac{1000}{L}$

式中, CAP为群体表观净光合速率(μ mol CO₂ m^-2 h^-1), Δ C为作物群体净光合实际同化CO₂浓度差(10^-6); V为同化箱体积(m³); Δ M为测定时间(s); T为同化箱温度(℃); L为测定群体所占的土地面积(m²)。

1.3.3 小麦产量及灌水利用效率小麦成熟期, 在各试验小区距畦首25、50和75 m处取2 m × 1 m范围内的小麦, 全部收获脱粒, 每小区总收获面积为6 m², 待籽粒自然风干至含水率为12.5%时分别称重, 计算平均产量, 同时取样测定千粒重。灌水利用效率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1) = 籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)/灌水量(mm)^[15]。

1.4 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007处理数据和作图, 用DPS 7.05软件统计分析, 用LSD法检验差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 小麦冠层温度日变化

2012— 2013年度于小麦灌浆初期(开花后10 d)进行灌水处理, 处理后0~4 d可见冠层温度变化在处理间有明显差异(图1)。

在灌水当天, W0的穗层温度在11:00— 17:00与气温无显著差异; 而W1和W2的穗层温度在11:00— 15:00低于W0处理(P< 0.05), 在11:00时分别比W0低4.8℃和11.3℃, 在13:00时分别低1.8℃和6.8℃; 到17:00时, W2和W1的穗层温度与W0无显著差异。穗下20 cm和40 cm处11:00— 17:00的温度变化与穗层呈现相似的变化规律, 即W1和W2的温度低于W0 (P< 0.05), 其最大温差出现在11:00 (穗下20 cm和40 cm温度, W1低9.8℃和11.7℃, W2低14.2℃和14.6℃), 13:00后随着气温的降低处理间温差逐渐缩小, 但到17:00时仍有一定的温差, 穗下20 cm处W1和W2的温度比W0低3.0℃和2.6℃, 穗下40 cm处温度低4.7℃和4.2℃。

灌水后第2天, W0处理8:00— 10:00的穗层温度, 10:00、13:00和15:00的穗下20 cm温度, 10:00— 17:00的穗下40 cm温度均显著高于气温(P< 0.05), 而W1和W2的穗层及穗下20 cm和40 cm温度在观测期内均低于W0, 且与W0的温差以13:00时最大, 穗层、穗下20 cm和40 cm的平均温差分别为5.4℃、11.1℃和17.8℃。W1与W2比较, 8:00时W2处理的穗层、穗下20 cm和40 cm温度均低于W1, 此后则与W1无显著差异。

灌水后第3天, W0的穗层温度在8:00— 17:00与气温无显著差异, 而穗下20 cm和40 cm的温度8:00时低于气温(P< 0.05), 10:00— 15:00时高于气温(P< 0.05), 至17:00又与气温无显著差异。W1与W2处理3个观测高度的温度在全观测期均无显著差异, 但在12:00— 15:00显著低于W0的温度(P< 0.05), 最大温差出现在15:00 (穗层, 4.9℃)、13:00 (穗下20 cm, 8.7℃)、15:00 (穗下40 cm, 14.8℃)。与W0相比, 灌浆期补水的2个处理使8:00— 17:00穗层、穗下20 cm和40 cm的平均温度分别降低2.3℃、5.7℃和9.7℃。

灌水后第4天, 各处理的穗层温度均低于气温, W0的穗下20 cm和40 cm温度在观测期与气温无显著差异, W1和W2在不同观测高度的温度无显著差异。虽然W1和W2对穗层已无显著降温效果, 但穗下20 cm和40 cm的温度仍显著低于W0 (P< 0.05), 尤其在12:00, 温差分别为5.0℃和6.0℃。

上述结果表明, 在小麦灌浆初期采用微喷带于10:00时灌溉, 当日中午穗层温度可降低6.8~11.3℃, 降温幅度明显好于畦灌处理; 灌水后第2、第3、第4天, 微喷灌处理与畦灌处理仍有明显的降温效果, 但两处理之间无显著差异, 均以穗下40 cm处的降温幅度最大, 其次是穗下20 cm处, 再次是穗层, 对穗层的降温作用可延续至灌水后第3天。

2013— 2014年度于小麦灌浆后期(开花后26 d)进行微喷灌处理, 处理当天的冠层温度变化如图2所示。无喷水处理在10:15— 18:00期间, 穗层温度

与气温无显著差异, 而穗下36 cm和72 cm的温度高于气温; 两微喷水量处理显著降低了3个观测高度的温度(P< 0.05), 且两微喷水量处理间无显著差异, 说明在小麦灌浆后期于10:00、12:00、14:00或16:00微喷水5~10 mm均可显著降低冠层温度。

2.2 小麦冠层相对湿度日变化

2013— 2014年度于小麦灌浆后期(开花后26 d)微喷灌处理当天测定冠层相对湿度, 结果两微喷水量处理明显提高了穗层及穗下36 cm和72 cm的相对湿度(图3)。无喷水处理在全观测期内穗层相对湿度与大气湿度无显著差异, 而穗下36 cm和72 cm的相对湿度高于大气湿度(P< 0.05); 与无喷水处理相比, 两微喷水量处理自喷水后至当日18:00持续增加穗层、穗下36 cm和72 cm的相对湿度(P< 0.05)。以穗层相对湿度为例, 当微喷时间为10:00时, 5 mm和10 mm喷水量在处理后15 min使相对湿度提高82.5%和105.9%, 微喷后1 h至18:00, 两微喷水量处理穗层平均相对湿度升高至41.6%和47.5%, 比无喷水处理分别提高53.3%和75.3%; 当微喷时间为12:00时, 微喷后15 min穗层相对湿度提高112.2% (5 mm微喷水量)和118.0% (10 mm微喷水量), 微喷后1 h至18:00两微喷水量处理穗层平均相对湿度分别为42.5%和44.9%, 比无喷水处理分别提高52.6%和61.0%; 当微喷时间为14:00时, 微喷水量为5 mm和10 mm处理提高即时(处理后15 min)穗层相对湿度的百分率达到最高, 两处理均为152.1%, 微喷后1 h至18:00, 两微喷水量处理穗层平均相对湿度分别为49.5%和50.1%, 比无喷水处理分别提高53.2%和54.9%; 当微喷时间为16:00时, 即时穗层相对湿度提高87.2% (5 mm微喷水量)和113.9% (10 mm微喷水量), 微喷后1 h至18:00平均相对湿度分别提高31.0%和37.7%。

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图1 开花后10 d灌水各处理的小麦冠层温度日变化(2012-2013)
0 DAI: 喷灌当天; 1 DAI: 喷灌后第2天; 2 DAI: 喷灌后第3天; 3 DAI: 喷灌后第4天。W0: 灌浆初期不灌水; W1: 畦灌; W2: 专用微喷带灌溉。Fig. 1 Diurnal variation of temperature in wheat canopy under irrigation at 10 days after anthesis (2012-2013)
0 DAI: the day of irrigation; 1 DAI: the 2nd day of irrigation; 2 DAI: the 3rd day of irrigation; 3 DAI: the 4th day of irrigation.
W0: no irrigation; W1: border irrigation; W2: irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses special for wheat.

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	图2 开花后26 d微喷当天小麦冠层温度日变化(2013-2014)Fig. 2 Diurnal variation of temperature in wheat canopy under micro-sprinkling irrigation at 26 days after anthesis (2013-2014)

两微喷水量处理比较, 在中午高温时间(12:00和14:00)进行微喷处理, 5 mm和10 mm喷水量, 对提高穗层相对湿度的效果相同, 但10 mm喷水量比5 mm喷水量对提高15:00以前穗下72 cm相对湿度有显著效果; 10:00进行微喷, 穗层和穗下36 cm在16:00以前的相对湿度表现为10 mm喷水量处理高于5 mm喷水量处理, 但穗下72 cm的相对湿度在大部分观测时间表现为两喷水量处理差异不显著; 16:00进行微喷, 两喷水量处理在穗层和穗下36 cm的即时(处理后15 min)增湿效果有显著差异, 之后两处理无显著差异(图3)。因此, 小麦灌浆后期采用微喷带于10:00、12:00、14:00或16:00时微喷5~10 mm水可显著提高冠层相对湿度。

2.3 小麦旗叶水势、光合速率及群体光合速率的变化

2012— 2013年度比较3种灌水方式, 在灌水当天, W2 (微喷灌)处理在11:00— 17:00的旗叶水势最高, 其次为W1, W0处理最低, 且处理间差异显著(P< 0.05); 同期W2的旗叶光合速率也显著高于W0, 但与W1无显著差异。灌水后第2天8:00— 17:00的旗叶水势和光合速率, W2与W1无显著差异, 但显著高于W0 (图4)。

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	图3 开花后26 d微喷当天小麦冠层相对湿度(RH)日变化(2013-2014)Fig. 3 Diurnal variation of relative humidity (RH) in wheat canopy under micro-sprinkling irrigation at 26 days after anthesis (2013-2014)

2013— 2014年度比较不同微喷水量处理对当日旗叶水势和群体光合速率的影响。微喷后至18:00, 两微喷水量处理的旗叶水势均显著高于无喷水处理, 而两微喷水量处理在大部分观测时间点无显著差异(图5)。群体光合速率的日变化特点, 两微喷水量处理显著优于无喷水处理, 二者之间因微喷启动时间不同而在某些观测时间点呈现显著差异, 尤其是10:00和12:00进行微喷, 但16:00微喷处理对群体光合效率没有显著影响(图5)。总体来看, 小麦灌浆后期采用微喷带于10:00、12:00、14:00时微喷5~10 mm水可显著提高当日叶片水势和群体光合速率, 但在本试验处理范围内微喷启动时间越早对改善叶片水分状况和光合性能越有利。

2.4 不同处理对小麦粒重、籽粒产量和灌水利用效率的影响

两年度试验结果表明, W2的千粒重和籽粒产量与W1无显著差异, 均显著大于W0处理; W2的灌水利用效率大于W1 (表4)。说明灌浆初期灌溉可显著提高小麦粒重和籽粒产量, 采用微喷带补灌不仅能获得高产, 而且比畦灌处理减少了灌水量, 显著提高灌水利用效率。在拔节期和灌浆初期灌溉的基础上, 灌浆中后期遇高温天气时采用微喷带于10:00微喷, 可显著提高粒重和籽粒产量, 每次微喷水5 mm和10 mm效果相当; 在拔节期灌水而灌浆初期无灌溉的条件下, 灌浆中后期遇高温天气时每次微喷水10 mm可显著提高粒重和产量, 而每次微喷水5 mm对粒重和产量无显著影响(表4)。

3 讨论

农田表面温度的高低依赖于农田表面与大气之间的能量交换平衡, 由土壤-植物-大气连续体内的热量和水汽流决定, 受作物、土壤、大气三方面因子的综合影响^[16]。有研究指出, 冠气温度差与0~50 cm土层土壤相对湿度有良好相关^[17], 利用防雨棚分别控制土壤重量含水量为田间持水量的45%、55%、65%、70%和80%, 小麦乳熟期的平均和最高冠层温度随着土壤含水量的增加整体呈下降趋势^[18], Zhang等^[19]采用盆栽的方法, 在水稻扬花期分别控制土壤体积含水量为24%、55%、90%和175%, 也得到基本一致的结论。本试验发现, 在灌浆初期无灌水处理的小麦穗层(R²=0.8994, P< 0.01)、穗下20 cm (R²=0.8351, P< 0.01)和穗下40 cm (R²=0.8453, P< 0.01)的温度均与气温呈极显著正相关(n=23), 但各层温度与气温的差值不仅在一天之内有较大变化, 而且各天之间也有较大差异, 穗层和穗下20 cm处的冠气温差与气温无显著相关, 穗下40 cm处的冠气温差与气温呈显著正相关(R²=0.4014, P< 0.05, n=23)。这可能与自然风速和小麦中上部冠层空气流通程度有关^[10]。灌溉后各灌水处理的冠层温度显著降低, 以冠层中部和基部的温度平均降幅较大; 微喷灌处理灌水后当日中午小麦穗层及中部、基部冠层的温度降幅显著大于畦灌处理。

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图4 开花后10 d灌水当天的小麦旗叶水势和光合速率(P_n)日变化(2012-2013)
W0: 灌浆初期不灌水; W1: 畦灌; W2: 专用微喷带灌溉。Fig. 4 Diurnal variations of water potential and photosynthetic rate (P_n) of wheat flag leaf under the irrigation at 10 days after anthesis (2012-2013)
W0: no irrigation; W1: border irrigation; W2: irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses special for wheat.

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	图5 开花后26 d微喷当天小麦旗叶水势和群体光合速率日变化(2013-2014)Fig. 5 Diurnal variations of water potential of flag leaf and canopy apparent photosynthetic rate under the micro-sprinkling irrigation at 26 days after anthesis (2013-2014)

表4 不同处理小麦籽粒重、籽粒产量和灌水利用效率 Table 4 Grain weight, grain yield, and irrigation water use efficiency of wheat in different treatments

冠层温度与作物自身的生理特性有关, 不同品种冬小麦开花至灌浆期的冠层温度和水分利用效率均存在显著差异, 冠层温度较低的品种, 其产量和水分利用效率较高^[20]。冠层温度持续偏低的大麦品种在花后功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等方面具有显著优势, 且叶绿素含量、净光合速率下降缓慢^[21]。冠层温度不仅是作物、土壤、大气综合作用的结果, 其变化也会对作物叶片气体交换和光合同化等带来显著影响^[22]。在冠气温差较小时, 随冠气温差的增大, 蒸腾速率呈上升趋势, 而当冠气温差> 0℃后, 随冠气温差的增大, 蒸腾速率不再增加, 甚至出现下降趋势^[23]。遇干热风时, 麦田喷雾1.0~1.5 mm, 冠层温度迅速降低, 虽然受空气温度和相对湿度及风速的影响, 在喷雾停止50~60 min后, 冠层温度又回升至与未喷雾处理相同的水平, 但喷雾处理的小麦籽粒产量提高291 kg hm^{-2 [9]}。在干热风条件下, 遮阴或补灌措施亦能提高小麦旗叶持绿面积、叶绿素质量分数, 降低叶片黄化指数、类胡萝卜素质量分数、渗透调节物质质量分数, 有效缓解干热风对小麦的伤害^[24]。本试验在小麦灌浆初期采用微喷带喷水29.4 mm, 对穗层的降温作用可延续至灌水后第3天, 而且第4天小麦冠层中部和基部的温度仍显著低于未灌水的处理。研究还表明, 在小麦灌浆后期于10:00、12:00、14:00和16:00时微喷补水5 mm或10 mm均显著降低冠层温度, 提高冠层相对湿度, 且微喷时间越早, 对改善小麦叶片水分状况和光合性能越有利。

花后20~22 d和花后28~30 d, 8:00— 17:30进行30℃高温处理极显著地降低小麦粒重, 以花后20~22 d高温对粒重的影响最大^[25]。一般认为, 灌浆期空气相对湿度在75%左右比较适宜, 可获得较高的千粒重^[26], 高温低湿或高温高湿均不利于粒重和产量的提高^[27]。增加土壤含水量有助于缓解空气高温低湿对小麦的胁迫, 但当土壤含水量过高时, 则易损害部分根系, 出现高土壤含水量不能供给高蒸腾的现象^[28]。小麦灌浆中后期喷灌可降低冠层附近的气温, 提高田间水汽压, 减小冠层-大气水汽压驱动势, 降低水汽流量, 使冠层附近蒸发力减小, 有效降低叶片蒸腾和地面蒸发, 从而缓解和减弱高温下植株过度蒸腾失水对生理和生长造成的不良影响, 显著提高产量和水分利用效率^[29]。本试验进一步证明, 灌浆初期微喷补灌或中后期在预报高温当日10:00时微喷, 每次5~10 mm水, 可明显改善小麦冠层温湿度条件, 提高粒重和籽粒产量。

4 结论

小麦灌浆初期畦灌或采用微喷带灌溉均能显著降低冠层温度、提高叶片水势和光合速率, 但微喷带灌溉处理对灌后当日田间小气候的影响比传统畦灌处理更大。灌浆初期采用微喷带喷水29.4 mm对穗层的降温作用可延续至灌水后第3天, 对小麦冠层中部和基部的降温作用可延续至第4天。小麦灌浆中后期遇高温, 于10:00— 16:00采用微喷带微喷补水, 喷水量5 mm或10 mm, 均显著降低冠层温度, 提高冠层相对湿度, 显著提高粒重和产量, 微喷时间越早效果越好。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[14]	Jalilian J, Modarres-Sanavy S A M, Saberali S F, Sadat-Asilan K. Effects of the combination of beneficial microbes and nitrogen on sunflower seed yields and seed quality traits under different irrigation regimes. Field Crops Res, 2012, 127: 26-34 [本文引用:1]
[15]	韩占江, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽. 测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 457-465 Han Z J, Yu Z W, Wang D, Zhang Y L. Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 457-465 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[16]	史长丽, 郭家选, 梅旭荣, 赵全胜, 卢志光. 夏玉米农田表面温度影响因素分析. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 48-56 Shi C L, Guo J X, Mei X R, Zhao Q S, Lu Z G. Analysis of the factors influencing surface temperature in summer maize field. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 48-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[17]	石培华, 梅旭荣, 冷石林, 杜宝华. 冠层温度与冬小麦农田生态系统水分状况的关系. 应用生态学报, 1997, 8: 332-334 Shi P H, Mei X R, Leng S L, Du B H. Relationship between canopy temperature and water condition of winter wheat farmland ecosystem. Chin J Appl Ecol, 1997, 8: 332-334 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	李丽, 申双和, 李永秀, 韩小梅, 汪秀敏, 李倩, 邹学智. 不同水分处理下冬小麦冠层温度、叶片水势和水分利用效率的变化及相关关系. 干旱地区农业研究, 2012, 30(2): 68-72 Li L, Shen S H, Li Y X, Han X M, Wang X M, Li Q, Zou X Z. Variation and interrelationship of winter wheat canopy temperature, leaf water potential and water use efficiency under different water treatments. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2012, 30(2): 68-72 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	Zhang W Z, Han Y D, Du H J. Relationship between canopy temperature at flowering stage and soil water content, yield components in rice. Rice Sci, 2007, 14: 67-70 [本文引用:1]
[20]	徐银萍, 宋尚有, 樊廷录. 旱地冬小麦扬花至灌浆期冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系. 甘肃农业科技, 2013, (7): 21-26 Xu Y P, Song S Y, Fan T L. Relationship between canopy temperature and water use efficiency/grain yield among dryland winter wheat genotypes from blooming to grain filling period. Gansu Agric Sci Tech, 2013, (7): 21-26 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	胡单, 王长发. 大麦冠层温度及其与光合性能的关联. 西北农业学报, 2011, 20(2): 62-67 Hu D, Wang C F. Relationships between canopy temperature and physiological characters of barley. Acta Agric Boreali-Occident Sin, 2011, 20(2): 62-67 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	Sabine S, Abdoulaye S, Bertrand M, Baboucarr M, Folkard A. Canopy microclimate and gas-exchange in response to irrigation system in lowland rice in the Sahel. Field Crops Res, 2014, 163: 64-73 [本文引用:1]
[23]	周颖, 刘钰, 蔡甲冰, 施垌林. 冬小麦主要生长期内冠气温差与蒸腾速率的关系. 山西农业科学, 2011, 39: 939-942 Zhou Y, Liu Y, Cai J B, Shi J L. Relationship between canopy-air temperature difference and transpiration rate at main growth stages in winter wheat. J Shanxi Agric Sci, 2011, 39: 939-942 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	王勇, 马廷蕊, 赵刚, 党翼, 李尚忠, 张建军, 唐小明, 王磊. 遮荫补灌提高陇东旱塬区小麦对干热风的抗逆适应. 灌溉排水学报, 2013, 32(2): 78-80 Wang Y, Ma T R, Zhao G, Dang Y, Li S Z, Zhang J J, Tang X M, Wang L. Effect of shading and irrigation on wheat resilience and adaption to dry-hot wind in Longdong Arid High-area. J Irrig Drain, 2013, 32(2): 78-80 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	封超年, 郭文善, 施劲松, 彭永欣, 朱新开. 小麦花后高温对籽粒胚乳细胞发育及粒重的影响. 作物学报, 2000, 26: 399-405 Feng C N, Guo W S, Shi J S, Peng Y X, Zhu X K. Effect of high temperature after anthesis on endosperm cell development and grain weight in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2000, 26: 399-405 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	高金成, 王润芳, 沈玉华, 许连彭, 朱克明, 杨健全. 小麦粒重形成的气象条件研究: I. 粒花乳熟期适宜灌浆的气象条件分析. 中国农业气象, 2001, 22(3): 44-49 Gao J C, Wang R F, Shen Y H, Xu L P, Zhu K M, Yang J Q. Study on meteorological conditions for wheat grain weight formation: I. Analysis of suitable meteorological conditions for grain filling at flower and milk stages. Chin J Agromet, 2001, 22(3): 44-49 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[27]	王位泰, 王智丽, 张天峰, 蒲金涌, 刘世雄, 车向军, 黄斌. 生态气候因子对黄土高原中部冬小麦粒重的影响规律分析, 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(12): 131-135 Wang W T, Wang Z L, Zhang T F, Pu J Y, Liu S X, Che X J, Huang B. A study on impact of eco-climatic factors on seed weight of winter wheat in the middle of Loess Plateau. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2013, 29(12): 131-135 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[28]	李卫民, 张佳宝, 朱安宁. 空气温湿度对小麦光合作用的影响. 灌溉排水学报, 2008, 27(3): 90-92 Li W M, Zhang J B, Zhu A N. Effects of air temperature and humidity on the photosynthesis of winter wheat. J Irrig Drain, 2008, 27(3): 90-92 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	刘海军, 康跃虎, 刘士平. 喷灌对农田小气候的影响研究, 中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(4): 103-107 Liu H J, Kang Y H, Liu S P. Effects of sprinkler irrigation on the field microclimate. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2003, 11(4): 103-107 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2002

0.0

张喜英, 裴东, 陈素英. 用冠气温差指导冬小麦灌溉的指标研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10: 102-105

Zhang X

, Pei

, Chen S

Use of crop water stress index as indicators for scheduling irrigation in winter wheat. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2002, 10: 102-105 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Canopy-ambient air temperature differences( Tc-Ta )for six irrigation treatments of winter wheat were monitored during booting to grain filling period at Luancheng Station from 2000 to 2001 season．The results showed that the midday Tc-Ta was closely related to soil moisture condition Soil moisture at 60％ of field capacity for the 1m soil profile of winter wheat corresponded with the changing of Tc-Ta from positive to negative． For a non-water-stressed treatment， Tc-Ta was negatively related to the atmospheric vapor pressure difference( VPD )．A baseline equation of Tc-Ta with VPD was established to calculate the Tc-Ta under non-water-stressed condition for the purpose of calculation of crop water stres index( CWSI )．The relation of average CWS1 with grain yield was non-linear．With the decrease in CWSI ，grain yield increased．When CWS1 was at about 0．1～ 0．2，the grain yield of winter wheat reached the optimum ． Thus，the average CWSI at 0．1～ 0 2 might be taken as the indicator for irrigation scheduling of winter wheat．

对6个不同灌水处理的冬小麦测定其冠气温差，计算水分胁迫指数，并建立水分胁迫指数与冬小麦产量之间的关系结果表明，冠气温差与土壤含水量有良好的相关关系，冠气温差由正值变为负值相对应的lm 土层土壤含水量为田间持水量的60％左右，可作为灌水的下限指标。对充分供水的冬小麦，中午时段随大气饱和水汽压差的增加，冠气温差的负值越大，具有良好的线性关系。据此建立了充分供水条件下冠气温差与饱和水汽压差的关系方程，作为基线方程，计算不同灌水处理的冬小麦旺盛生长期间水分胁迫指数( CWSI )。水分胁迫指数与最终作物经济产量的关系是一非线性关系，随水分胁迫指数的减少而产量增加，但当水分胁迫指数减少到一定程度时产量达到最大，这时水分胁迫指数若再减少，产量反而降低。结果显示平均水分胁迫指数在0.1～0.2左右，是冬小麦最优产量所允许的水分供应状态。

... 小麦灌浆期冠层温湿度是由土壤-植物-大气连通体内的热量和水汽流决定的, 既能反映作物和大气之间的能量交换^[1], 也是影响小麦叶片光合性能和籽粒产量的重要因素^[2,3] ...

2013

0.0

赵风华, 居辉, 欧阳竹. 干热风对灌浆期冬小麦旗叶光合蒸腾的影响. 华北农学报, 2013, 28(5): 144-148

Zhao F

, Ju

, Ouyang

Effects of dry-hot wind on photosynthesis and transpiration of flag leaf of winter wheat at filling stage. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2013, 28(5): 144-148 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Dry-hot wind with high air temperature,low moisture and specified wind is one of weather disasters for wheat in the north of China. Photosynthesis and transpiration of flag leaf play important roles in grain-filling of wheat.Photosynthetic rate(A n ),transpiration rate(T r ),stomatal conductance(G s ),and intercellular CO 2 concentra-tion( C i ) were measured before and after sever and mild dry-hot wind generated by an experimental device. The re-sults show that:the stress indexes(SI) of A n ,T r and G s were 0.88,0.68 and 0.83 under sever dry-hot wind,and were 0.32,0.19 and 0.18 under mild dry-hot wind;G s showed significant positive correlations with A n and T r under sever,mild,and none dry-hot wind;C i significantly increased under sever dry-hot wind,however insignificantly var-ied under mild dry-hot wind. Some conclusions were drawn that:both photosynthesis and transpiration can be signifi-cantly stressed by dry-hot wind,and more significantly stressed by sever dry-hot wind;larger stomatal limitation with less G s was the main cause for decreases of A n and Trunder dry-hot wind,moreover,nonstomatal limitation showed significant influence on A n under sever dry-hot wind;nonstomatal factors lead to the larger SI of A n than that of T r under the same dry-hot wind.

采用人工模拟干热风方法,对灌浆期冬小麦进行重度干热风(重)、轻度干热风(轻)和无干热风(CK)平行对比试验。结果发现:重度干热风对旗叶光合速率(A n )、蒸腾速率(T r )和气孔导度(G s )的胁迫指数(SI)为0.88,0.68,0.83,轻度干热风对A n 、T r 和G s 的SI为0.32,0.19,0.39;在重-轻-CK 3个梯度上,G s -A n 和G s-T r 均有极显著正相关关系;轻干热风对胞间CO 2 浓度(C i )无显著影响,重干热风下C i 显著升高。综合分析认为:轻、重干热风对灌浆期旗叶光合蒸腾均有显著抑制作用,重干热风抑制作用要显著强于轻干热风;干热风引起气孔部分闭合G s 减小是光合蒸腾受抑制的主要原因,重干热风下光合还明显受到非气孔限制;非气孔因素是导致同等干热风条件下光合受抑制程度大于蒸腾的原因。

... 干热风会引起叶片气孔部分闭合, 抑制光合蒸腾, 重干热风下叶片光合还明显受到非气孔限制^[2] ...

2013

0.0

解树斌, 曹新有, 刘建军, 程敦公, 赵振东. 高温与干热风对小麦的影响及其防控措施. 山东农业科学, 2013, 45(3): 126-131

Xie S

, Cao X

, Liu J

, Cheng D

, Zhao Z

Effects of high-temperature and hot-dry wind on wheat and preventative measures. Shand ong Agric Sci, 2013, 45(3): 126-131 (in Chinese with English abstract)

小麦生长后期常遇到高温、干热风的危害.本文就高温、干热风对小麦产量、品质及生理生化的影响、防控措施及研究进展进行了论述,以期为我国小麦耐高温、抗干热风育种提供参考.

... 一般来说, 气温20~24℃、相对湿度60%~80%是小麦籽粒灌浆较适宜的温、湿度范围^[3] ...

... 为抵御和减轻干热风的危害, 前人在耐高温、抗干热风品种选育方面做了大量工作, 亦提出了调整播种期、喷施生长调节剂、遮阴等措施^{[3, 8]} ...

2007

0.0

... 3 m s^{-1 [4]} ...

1983

0.0

北方小麦干热风科研协作组. 小麦干热风气象指标的研究. 中国农业科学, 1983, 16(4): 68-75

Coordinated Research Group of Hot-Dry Wind for Wheat in North China. Study on the meteorological index of hot-dry wind for wheat. Sci Agric Sin, 1983, 16(4): 68-75 (in Chinese with English abstract)

正干热风是我国北方小麦开花、灌浆期间主要的灾害性天气,对小麦产量影响很大。关于小麦干热风的气象指标,国内外学者作过很多研究,提出过一系列干热风指标,对小麦生产、科研和气象服务都起了一定的作用。但由于这些指标的气象要素选择和取值不同,植株受害标准又不统一,也给科研和服务带来许多不便。因此,有必要

... 这种气象灾害天气能在很短时间内强烈破坏小麦的光合作用和水分平衡, 显著降低籽粒灌浆速率, 造成减产, 一般在干热风较轻年份减产5%~10%, 在较重年份达10%~30%^[5,6] ...

2014

0.0

成林, 张志红, 方文松. 干热风对冬小麦灌浆速率和千粒重的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2014, 34: 248-254

Cheng

, Zhang Z

, Fang W

Effects of dry-hot wind on grain filling speed and 1000-kernel weight of winter wheat. J Triticeae Crops, 2014, 34: 248-254 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Quantitatively analyzing the effect of dry hot wind occurred at different grain filling stages on final 1 000 kernel weight could provide scientific basis for hazard impact assessment. Taking advantage of data from artificially controlled dry hot wind field experiment carried out for two consecutive years at Zhengzhou agrometeorological experimental station, combined with historical crop observational information, the influence of dry hot wind on kernel increasing process and final 1 000 kernel weight was studied. The results showed that:after the treatments of dry hot wind hazard, the grain filling speed immediately decreased, and the decreasing amount was as mid grain filling stage> late stage>early stage, meanwhile, heavy dry hot wind> light. With recovering situation of the crop and grain filling process after the hazard, 1 000 kernel weight of winter wheat was most tremendously influenced by heavy dry hot wind occurred at late stage of grain filling, the final 1 000 kernel weight decreased by 5.4 g, and the decreasing amplitude reached to 14.5%; secondly, 1000 kernel weight was effected seriously by heavy and light dry hot wind at middle grain filling stage,1 000 kernel weight decreased by 9.7% and 4.8%, respectively; then, at late stage of grain filling. The effect of light degree of dry hot wind was relatively small; the final 1 000 kernel weight wasn't decreased significantly under the hazard treatment at early stage of grain filling.

为定量分析冬小麦灌浆不同时期出现的干热风对小麦产量形成带来的危害，利用郑州农业气象试验站连续两个年度的干热风人工控制试验数据，结合前期作物观测资料，研究了干热风对冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重的影响。结果表明，干热风导致冬小麦灌浆速率不同程度下降，不同时期干热风的降幅表现为灌浆中期>灌浆后期>灌浆前期，重度干热风>轻度干热风。随着干热风后冬小麦的自身修复和后续灌浆进程，最终千粒重不同程度降低，降低幅度最大的是灌浆后期重度干热风，千粒重降低5.4 g，降幅达14.5%；其次为灌浆中期重度和轻度干热风，千粒重分别降低9.7%和4.8%；再次为灌浆后期轻度干热风；而灌浆前期干热风对千粒重影响不显著。

... 8%, 再次为灌浆后期轻度干热风, 而灌浆前期干热风对千粒重影响不显著^[6] ...

2012

0.0

赵俊芳, 赵艳霞, 郭建平, 房世波. 过去50年黄淮海地区冬小麦干热风发生的时空演变规律. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2815-2825

Zhao J

, Zhao Y

, Guo J

, Fang S

Spatial-temporal changes of dry-hot wind for winter wheat in Huanghuaihai Plain during the past 50 years. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2815-2825 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The spatial-temporal changes of dry-hot wind of winter wheat in Huanghuaihai plain under climate change were studied and the effective defense strategies were proposed.【Method】Based on the daily meteorological data from 1961 to 2010 of 68 meteorological stations in Huanghuaihai Plain, by using the meteorological industry standards of “Disaster grade of dry-hot wind for wheat” published by the China Meteorological Administration, the spatial-temporal changes of annual average days and process times of high temperature and low humidity dry-hot wind for winter wheat in Huanghuaihai Plain were systematically analyzed, and the defensive countermeasures were specially put forward.【Result】 As for high temperature and low humidity dry-hot wind for winter wheat in Huanghuaihai Plain, from 1961 to 2010, the annual average days and process times of light and severe dry-hot wind showed a decreasing trend. The light and severe dry-hot wind slowly reduced during the periods of 1960-1980 and 2001-2010, and did not change significantly during the period of 1981-2000. The most serious damages were both found in 1968, and the lightest damages were both found in 1987. In the past 50 years, the inter-annual variabilities of light and severe dry-hot wind were great, which were related with the match of temperature, moisture and wind speed. The most serious damages of light and severe dry-hot wind both occurred in the 1960s, and then Then were in the 1970s and the last 10 years. The lighter damages appeared in the 1980s and the 1990s. The spatial distributions of annual average days and process times of light and severe dry-hot wind were consistent, showing a trend of high in the middle and low in the ends, a significant differences among regions and higher in the inland than on the coast at the same latitude. The damage was the lightest around the north and northwest of Hebei Province, and southeast of Henan Province, and serious in the southern of Hebei Province and in the northwestern of Henan Province. Thus the crop yields were greatly affected and the production was more relatively vulnerable in these areas.【Conclusion】From 1961 to 2010, the dry-hot wind for winter wheat in Huanghuaihai Plain showed a decreasing trend. However, it might still occur in different periods and regions owing to the matching combination differences of temperature, moisture and wind speed among the meteorological elements, with large inter-annual variability, and significant region differences. In actual production, great importance should be attached to the defense of dry-hot wind for wheat. The measures related to reducing the impacts and harm of dry-hot wind for wheat include biological measures, technical measures and agricultural chemical measures, and the most effective measure is improvement field microclimate and should be attached enhancing the resistance of wheat to dry-hot wind.

【目的】研究近50年来中国黄淮海麦区小麦干热风时空变化特征，针对其变化趋势，提出有效防御干热风的科学对策。【方法】基于黄淮海地区68个气象台站1961—2010年的逐日气象资料，采用中国气象局发布的气象行业标准“小麦干热风灾害等级”指标，系统分析近50年来黄淮海冬小麦高温低湿型干热风年平均发生日数与过程次数的时空分布特征，针对其变化趋势，提出有效防御干热风的主要途径和技术措施。【结果】（1）1961—2010年，黄淮海地区冬小麦轻度、重度高温低湿型干热风出现的平均日数和过程次数随时间的变化总体呈减少趋势，其中1960—1980年和2001—2010年均为缓慢减少时期，1981—2000年变化则不太明显。1968年各地干热风危害均最为严重，1987年危害均最轻；（2）近50年来，该区轻度、重度干热风灾害的年际变化很大，这和该时期气象要素匹配程度有关。各地20世纪60年代干热风发生最严重。其次，为20世纪70年代和最近10年。20世纪80、90年代危害较轻；（3）就空间平均分布状况而言，该区轻度和重度干热风年平均发生日数和干热风过程次数分布具有一致性，总体呈中间高、两头低的趋势，且地区间差异都很显著，同纬度地区的内陆高于沿海。河北省的北部和西北部、河南省的东南部一带等地干热风危害最轻，河北省南部、河南省西北部等地危害最重，该地作物产量受到冲击很大，生产相对更脆弱。【结论】1961—2010年，中国黄淮海地区冬小麦干热风灾害总体表现为减少趋势，但由于不同时期和不同区域气象要素温度、水分、风速等匹配组合的差异，干热风灾害年际变化很大，地区间差异显著，在不同时期、不同区域仍有可能发生。实际生产中，必须重视小麦干热风灾害的防御，可从生物措施、农业技术措施和化学措施着手来减少干热风对小麦生产的影响和危害。

... 5 d, 今后干热风仍是影响该地区小麦生产最重要的农业气象灾害之一^[7] ...

2013

0.0

王勇, 马廷蕊, 赵刚, 党翼, 李尚忠, 张建军, 唐小明, 王磊. 遮荫补灌提高陇东旱塬区小麦对干热风的抗逆适应. 灌溉排水学报, 2013, 32(2): 78-80

Wang

, Ma T

, Zhao

, Dang

, Li S

, Zhang J

, Tang X

, Wang

Effect of shading and irrigation on wheat resilience and adaption to dry-hot wind in Longdong Arid High Area. J Irrig Drain, 2013, 32(2): 78-80 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：利用灌浆期模拟干热风胁迫,并结合遮荫补灌措施,研究干热风对小麦叶片失绿黄化特性、渗透调节物质质量分数和产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,干热风胁迫使灌浆期叶片叶绿素降解转化能力显著增强,叶片失绿黄化程度加重、渗透调节功能失衡,产量下降。遮荫或补灌均能提高小麦旗叶持绿面积、叶绿素质量分数和产量,降低叶片黄化指数、类胡萝卜素质量分数、渗透调节物质质量分数。遮荫灌水在缓解干热风对小麦抗逆伤害方面具有加性效应。因此,遮荫补灌可有效提高小麦在干热风胁迫下的抗逆适应。

... 为抵御和减轻干热风的危害, 前人在耐高温、抗干热风品种选育方面做了大量工作, 亦提出了调整播种期、喷施生长调节剂、遮阴等措施^{[3, 8]} ...

2006

0.0

... 还有研究提出, 灌浆期喷灌或短时喷雾能显著改善田间小气候, 减轻干热风危害, 提高籽粒产量^[9,10] ...

... 5 mm, 冠层温度迅速降低, 虽然受空气温度和相对湿度及风速的影响, 在喷雾停止50~60 min后, 冠层温度又回升至与未喷雾处理相同的水平, 但喷雾处理的小麦籽粒产量提高291 kg hm^{-2 [9]} ...

2006

0.0

... 还有研究提出, 灌浆期喷灌或短时喷雾能显著改善田间小气候, 减轻干热风危害, 提高籽粒产量^[9,10] ...

... 这可能与自然风速和小麦中上部冠层空气流通程度有关^[10] ...

2013

0.0

... 7)^[11], 取得显著的节水高产效果^[12,13] ...

2014

0.0

... 7)^[11], 取得显著的节水高产效果^[12,13] ...

2014

2012

0.0

... _n) ^[13,14] ...

2010

0.0

韩占江, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽. 测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 457-465

Han Z

, Yu Z

, Wang

, Zhang Y

Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 457-465 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water shortage is a serious problem threatening sustainable agricultural development in the North China Plain (NCP), where winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water-consuming crop. Water-saving technique is one of the most important components in wheat cultivation system in this area. The purpose of this study was to optimize irrigation scheduling for high yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat. Unlike earlier studies in which fixed irrigation amounts were given, we designed a ladder of relative soil moisture content at critical growth stages of wheat. The results are expected to provide general and valuable guidelines to farmers and irrigation managers in high-yielding wheat production in the NCP. The field experiments was conducted with the cultivar of Jimai 22 in Shiwang village (35.41°N, 116.41°E) , Yanzhou, Shandong, China in 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009 growing seasons. The irrigation treatments were designed based on the contents of relative soil moisture at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages which were 80%, 65%, and 65% for treatment W0 ; 80%, 70%, and 70% for treatment W1 ; 80%, 80%, and 80% for treatment W2 ; 90%, 80%, and 80% for treatment W3, respectively. The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat plants were investigated subject to soil moisture and supplemental irrigation. The results showed that dry matter accumulation amount in treatment W0 was the lowest whereas that in treatment W1 was the highest at maturity stage. The grain dry matter ratio was significantly higher in treatment W1 than in treatments W2 and W3. After anthesis, the redistribution amount and the ratio of dry matter that stored in vegetative organs before anthesis were presented as W0>W3>W2>W1, and the contribution of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grains as W1>W2>W3>W0. Under the W1 condition, the filling rate and net photosynthetic rate maintained a relative high level at the end of filling stage, which was favorable for increasing the accumulation and distribution ratio of dry matter and the grain weight at maturity. The WUE in treatment W0 was higher than that in other treatments. However, the grain yield was the lowest in treatment W0. In both growing seasons, the grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency (WUE I ), precipitation use efficiency (WUE P ), and irrigation benefit (IB) in the three irrigation treatments decreased significantly as more water was supplied. Under the experimental condition, the W1 regime was considered as the optimal irrigation treatment, whose re lative soil moisture content 80% at sowing, 70% at jointing, and 70% at anthesis stage. When 43.8 and 13.8 mm of water was supplied in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons, the final grain yield reached the highest level of 8 837.8 kg ha - 1 for 2007–2008 and 9 040.9 kg ha - 1 for 2008–2009 with the highest WUE I and WUE P . s in the 0–140 cm soil layer were

于 2007—2008 和 2008—2009 小麦生长季 , 以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦 22 为材料 , 在山东兖州小孟镇史王村 (35.41°N, 116.41°E) 采用大田试验 , 研究了 4 种灌水处理对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明 , 不灌水的 W0 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 80% + 拔节期 65% + 开花期 65%) 成熟期干物质积累量最低 , W1 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 80% + 拔节期 70% + 开花期 70%) 成熟期干物质积累量最高 , 籽粒干物质分配量显著高于 W2 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 80% + 拔节期 80% + 开花期 80%) 和 W3 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 90% + 拔节期 80% + 开花期 80%) ；开花前贮藏在营养器官中的干物质开花后向籽粒的再分配量和再分配率均为 W0>W3>W2>W1, 开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率为 W1>W2>W3>W0 ； W1 处理在灌浆末期保持较高灌浆速率和净光合速率 , 提高了开花后干物质的积累量和向籽粒的分配比例 , 有利于增加粒重； W0 处理水分利用效率较高 , 但产量最低；灌水处理的籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率、降水利用效率和灌溉效益两生长季均随测墒补灌量的增加而显著降低。综合两年结果 , W1 是本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌溉处理 , 其播种期、拔节期和开花期设计 0~140 cm 土层土壤平均相对含水量分别为 80% 、 70% 和 70%, 在两个小麦生长季中 , 通过测墒 , 分别补充灌水 43.8 mm 和 13.8 mm, 灌溉水和降水的利用效率最高 , 并获得了最高籽粒产量 , 分别为 8837.8 kg hm - 2 和 9040.9 kg hm - 2 。

... 灌水利用效率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1) = 籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)/灌水量(mm)^[15] ...

2006

0.0

史长丽, 郭家选, 梅旭荣, 赵全胜, 卢志光. 夏玉米农田表面温度影响因素分析. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 48-56

Shi C

, Guo J

, Mei X

, Zhao Q

, Lu Z

Analysis of the factors influencing surface temperature in summer maize field. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 48-56 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The variation regularity and characteristics of surface temperature in field are important for monitoring soil and crop water status.【Method】Energy flux and surface temperature at field scale were differently measured using the eddy covariance technique and remote sensing in summer maize field in the North China Plain, the effect of energy balance components and air temperature on the diurnal and seasonal variation of surface temperature was analyzed during the whole growth and development period of maize.【Result】The relationship between surface temperature and air temperature in diurnal pattern was remarkable different for the difference of leaf area index (LAI) under no-water stress. It was a good linear correlation between them at 0.01 level under small LAI, but complex during full cover period. Net radiation and latent heat flux were the main energy factors influencing surface temperature, the variation of correlation degree between them showed a parabola curve with LAI increasing and decreasing, and there was a highest correlation between surface temperature and energy balance components during full cover period under clear day(α=0.01). There was a close correlation between average daily surface temperature and average daily air temperature, transient surface temperature and air temperature in the seasonal pattern. The value of the surface-air temperature difference was about -5.3℃ under clear day when the soil water content was above about 65% of field capacity in depth of 0 cm-100 cm.【Conclusion】In conclusion, surface temperature is determined by many factors, such as crop growth potential, radiation and soil water conditions and so on.

【目的】农田表面温度变化规律及其特征的研究，对于采用该指标进行农田墒情监测具有重要的实践指导意义。【方法】以华北平原夏玉米农田尺度为研究对象，采用涡度相关技术和热红外遥感技术，研究了夏玉米全生育期内不同环境条件下农田能量平衡各分量及气温环境因素与农田表面温度的关系。【结果】在不存在土壤水分胁迫情况下，夏玉米不同生育阶段日变化过程中，气温与农田表面温度的相关程度不同，叶面积指数(LAI)较低时二者高度相关，随着生长发育LAI的增加，二者相关程度降低且分散程度增大；净辐射和潜热通量的大小是确定农田表面温度高低的主要能量因子，二者相关程度随着生育期LAI的增减呈抛物线变化趋势, 晴天日农田郁闭时，农田表面温度与能量平衡各分量之间的相关程度达到最高。季节变化过程中，日平均表面温度和瞬时表面温度与日平均气温和瞬时气温间呈高度相关。夏玉米生长大喇叭口期至乳熟期，0～100 cm土层土壤相对含水量超过65%以上时，晴天或云天日表面温度与气温差值相差不大，基本稳定，平均为－5.3℃。【结论】农田表面温度的高低是由作物生长势和外界的辐射、土壤水分状况等因素共同作用确定。

... 3 讨论农田表面温度的高低依赖于农田表面与大气之间的能量交换平衡, 由土壤-植物-大气连续体内的热量和水汽流决定, 受作物、土壤、大气三方面因子的综合影响^[16] ...

1997

0.0

石培华, 梅旭荣, 冷石林, 杜宝华. 冠层温度与冬小麦农田生态系统水分状况的关系. 应用生态学报, 1997, 8: 332-334

Shi P

, Mei X

, Leng S

, Du B

Relationship between canopy temperature and water condition of winter wheat farmland ecosystem. Chin J Appl Ecol, 1997, 8: 332-334 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on field experiments and using the temperature difference between canopy and air as well as the canopy temperature difference between wet and dry fields as main parameters, the models for soil moisture monitoring were established.According to the response of winter wheat, water diagnostic indices were also obtained. The study shows that canopy temperature difference between wet and dry fields can exclude the effect of atmosphere, and comparing with the temperature difference between canopy and air, it is a better of farmland water conditions.

1 引言通过表面温度遥感监测作物和土壤水分一直是一个共同关注的问题,而该问题解决的一个基础是冠层温度与农田土壤湿度和作物水分状况的关系的研究. 国内这方面的研究起步于80年代并已取得一些结果[1～3].但主要集中在冠层空气温度差与农田土壤湿度的关系上,对于冠层温

... 有研究指出, 冠气温度差与0~50 cm土层土壤相对湿度有良好相关^[17], 利用防雨棚分别控制土壤重量含水量为田间持水量的45%、55%、65%、70%和80%, 小麦乳熟期的平均和最高冠层温度随着土壤含水量的增加整体呈下降趋势^[18], Zhang等^[19]采用盆栽的方法, 在水稻扬花期分别控制土壤体积含水量为24%、55%、90%和175%, 也得到基本一致的结论 ...

2012

0.0

李丽, 申双和, 李永秀, 韩小梅, 汪秀敏, 李倩, 邹学智. 不同水分处理下冬小麦冠层温度、叶片水势和水分利用效率的变化及相关关系. 干旱地区农业研究, 2012, 30(2): 68-72

, Shen S

, Li Y

, Han X

, Wang X

, Li

, Zou X

Variation and interrelationship of winter wheat canopy temperature, leaf water potential and water use efficiency under different water treatments. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2012, 30(2): 68-72 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：小区栽培冬小麦,设计5种程度的干旱胁迫,利用防雨棚分别控制土壤重量含水量为田间持水量的45%、55%、65%、70%、80%,观测不同水分处理下冬小麦冠层温度、叶片水势和水分利用效率的变化及相关关系。结果显示,随着含水量的增加,各处理的平均和最高冠层温度整体呈下降趋势,叶水势和蒸腾速率呈上升趋势,在小麦抽穗期干旱胁迫最严重处理表现出最大水分利用效率,开花期的水分利用效率较抽穗期整体下降了50.70%;相关分析表明,抽穗期小麦的冠层温度与空气饱和差极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,开花期的冠层温度和叶水势呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,冠层温度和空气饱和差存在着极显著正相关,空气饱和差和蒸腾速率极显著负相关,冠层温度和水分利用效率有着显著的正相关性。综上所述,冠层温度在小麦抽穗和开花期完全可以作为作物水分状况的有效监测指标之一。

2007

0.0

2013

0.0

徐银萍, 宋尚有, 樊廷录. 旱地冬小麦扬花至灌浆期冠层温度与产量和水分利用效率的关系. 甘肃农业科技, 2013, (7): 21-26

Xu Y

, Song S

, Fan T

Relationship between canopy temperature and water use efficiency/grain yield among dryland winter wheat genotypes from blooming to grain filling period. Gansu Agric Sci Tech, 2013, (7): 21-26 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Canopy temperature ( CT ) has been considered as a physiological indicator of plant fitness, and can be used as an effective tool in screening wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for water use efficiency ( WUE ) and high yield. Field studies were conducted at Zhenyuan, Gansu, China, in 2005-2006 to examine the differences in CT and the relationships between CT to grain yield and WUE in winter wheat genotypes. Twenty three winter wheat genotypes (supplied by North China Winter Wheat Performance Tests Program) were grown under a dryland condition. CT s were recorded during early to mid-late grain filling stage between 1.30 pm and 3.30 pm on 3 clear days with a portable infrared thermometer. Genotypes showed considerable differences in CT , the differences increased with the development of plant and the maximum differences were observed at mid-late grain filling stage. Among the genotypes studied, a highly negative regression between CT and grain yield/ WUE ( R 2 =0.445-0.812) was established, no matter in early or middle or mid-late grain filling stage and the R 2 values increased as grain filling proceeded. Grain yield reduced by about 280 kg hm -2 and WUE reduced by 0.6 kg hm -2 mm -1 respectively when CT increased 1 ℃ at mid-late grain filling stage. These results clearly indicated genotypes maintained a consistent CT after middle grain filling, indicating some genotypes with high-yield and high- WUE consistently had low CT s, whereas the low-yield and low- WUE genotypes had high CT s. Regression results suggested that, to use CT as an parameter to estimate yield and WUE , the best time to take the measurement is at mid-late grain filling stage. The highly negative regression between CT and yield/WUE also suggested that CT can be used by breeding programs as a potential selection criterion for grain yield and WUE in wheat.

利用红外测温仪，于2005~2006年在甘肃陇东旱原研究了我国北方冬麦区域的23个小麦品种（系）灌浆不同时期冠层温度的差异及其与产量和水分利用效率的关系。结果表明，不同基因型小麦在籽粒灌浆结实期存在着冠层温度高度分异的现象，其分异程度随灌浆过程的进行明显加大，到灌浆中后期达到最大。无论灌浆初期还是中期或中后期，旱地冬小麦产量、水分利用效率与冠层温度均呈极显著的负相关( R 2 = 0.445-0.812)，并且随着灌浆期推移，相关性增大，灌浆中后期冠层温度每升高1℃，旱地冬小麦产量减少近280 kg hm -2 ，水分利用效率下降约0.6 kg hm -2 mm -1 。灌浆中期以后不同基因型小麦冠层温度保持较高的一致性，冠层温度偏低的品种具有较高的产量和水分利用效率。灌浆中后期的冠层温度在评价小麦产量和水分利用效率上具有较高的可靠性，可作为一个田间选择指标应用。

... 冠层温度与作物自身的生理特性有关, 不同品种冬小麦开花至灌浆期的冠层温度和水分利用效率均存在显著差异, 冠层温度较低的品种, 其产量和水分利用效率较高^[20] ...

2011

0.0

胡单, 王长发. 大麦冠层温度及其与光合性能的关联. 西北农业学报, 2011, 20(2): 62-67

, Wang C

Relationships between canopy temperature and physiological characters of barley. Acta Agric Boreali-Occident Sin, 2011, 20(2): 62-67 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to investigate the characteristic of canopy temperature and photosynthetic physiological of barley varieties, used infrared radiation thermometer to observe the barley's canopy temperature during the flowing to ripening for a long time, and surveyed chlorophyll content and photosynthetic performance content of the functional leaves of barley during grain filling period. The results showed that the canopy temperature of different barley varieties population were markedly different. 95 83, D 18, and Favorit were constantly low, and Ganpi 4, Harrington, and 99 6 were constantly high. The low canopy temperature barley varieties were better in chlorophyll content, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( t ��r), stomata conductance ( G s ) after flowering, declining slowly in chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate at the late stage. It is considered that the canopy temperature of barley is closely related with a series of important Physiological characters of barley.

为了解不同大麦品种冠层温度及光合生理特性，应用红外测温仪对大麦植株开花至成熟期的冠层温度进行长期观测，并测定功能叶的叶绿素含量和光合性能。结果表明，自然界大麦品种的冠层温度存在明显差异，95 83、D 18、法瓦维特持续偏低，甘啤4号、哈瑞特、99 6持续偏高。冠层温度持续偏低的大麦品种在花后功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等方面具有显著优势，且叶绿素含量、净光合速率下降缓慢。由此可见，大麦冠层温度与其光合性能密切相关。

... 冠层温度持续偏低的大麦品种在花后功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等方面具有显著优势, 且叶绿素含量、净光合速率下降缓慢^[21] ...

2014

0.0

... 冠层温度不仅是作物、土壤、大气综合作用的结果, 其变化也会对作物叶片气体交换和光合同化等带来显著影响^[22] ...

2011

0.0

周颖, 刘钰, 蔡甲冰, 施垌林. 冬小麦主要生长期内冠气温差与蒸腾速率的关系. 山西农业科学, 2011, 39: 939-942

Zhou

, Liu

, Cai J

, Shi J L. Relationship between canopy-air temperature difference and transpiration rate at main growth stages in winter wheat. J Shanxi Agric Sci, 2011, 39: 939-942 (in Chinese with English abstract)

作物冠气温差即冠层一空气温度差,它可以反映作物的水分状况.在不同的土壤水分条件下,用便携式红外测温仪和Li-6400光合仪采集了冬小麦主要生长期的冠层温度和蒸腾速率进行分析,结果表明,在冬小麦的主要生长期内,其冠气温差和蒸腾速率存在密切联系:冠气温差和蒸腾速率的日变化规律基本一致;在冠气温差较小时,随冠气温差的增大,蒸腾速率呈上升趋势,而当冠气温差＞0℃后,随冠气温差的增大,蒸腾速率不再增加,甚至出现下降趋势.

... 0℃后, 随冠气温差的增大, 蒸腾速率不再增加, 甚至出现下降趋势^[23] ...

2013

0.0

王勇, 马廷蕊, 赵刚, 党翼, 李尚忠, 张建军, 唐小明, 王磊. 遮荫补灌提高陇东旱塬区小麦对干热风的抗逆适应. 灌溉排水学报, 2013, 32(2): 78-80

Wang

, Ma T

, Zhao

, Dang

, Li S

, Zhang J

, Tang X

, Wang

Effect of shading and irrigation on wheat resilience and adaption to dry-hot wind in Longdong Arid High-area. J Irrig Drain, 2013, 32(2): 78-80 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 在干热风条件下, 遮阴或补灌措施亦能提高小麦旗叶持绿面积、叶绿素质量分数, 降低叶片黄化指数、类胡萝卜素质量分数、渗透调节物质质量分数, 有效缓解干热风对小麦的伤害^[24] ...

2000

0.0

封超年, 郭文善, 施劲松, 彭永欣, 朱新开. 小麦花后高温对籽粒胚乳细胞发育及粒重的影响. 作物学报, 2000, 26: 399-405

Feng C

, Guo W

, Shi J

, Peng Y

, Zhu X

Effect of high temperature after anthesis on endosperm cell development and grain weight in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2000, 26: 399-405 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The pot experiment was carried out from 1993 to 1995 in Yangzhou to study the in fluence of high temperature after anthesis on endosperm cell development and gra in growth in wheat(T. aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 5 and PH85-4). The main resu lts were as follows. The effect of high temperature after anthe

试验探讨了花后高温对小麦籽粒胚乳细胞发育及粒重的影响，结果表明：花后高温时间对籽粒发育及粒重影响表现为： 20～22天>12～14天>5～7天>1～3天>28～30天>对照。高温短时间内提高籽粒胚乳细胞分裂速率，但由于胚乳细胞分裂时间明显缩短，而减少最终胚乳细胞数，显著降低粒重。局部高温处理对籽粒重有显著影响

... 17:30进行30℃高温处理极显著地降低小麦粒重, 以花后20~22 d高温对粒重的影响最大^[25] ...

2001

0.0

... 一般认为, 灌浆期空气相对湿度在75%左右比较适宜, 可获得较高的千粒重^[26], 高温低湿或高温高湿均不利于粒重和产量的提高^[27] ...

2013

0.0

王位泰, 王智丽, 张天峰, 蒲金涌, 刘世雄, 车向军, 黄斌. 生态气候因子对黄土高原中部冬小麦粒重的影响规律分析, 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(12): 131-135

Wang W

, Wang Z

, Zhang T

, Pu J

, Liu S

, Che X

, Huang

A study on impact of eco-climatic factors on seed weight of winter wheat in the middle of Loess Plateau. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2013, 29(12): 131-135 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to grasp the laws of ecological climatic factors on seed weight of winter wheat in dryland of the middle loess plateau, scientifically develop and utilize the climate resources, improve the productivity benefits of winter wheat. Based on experiment data at agro-meteorological experiment station of Xifeng, Gansu Province and meteorological data from 1995 to 2009, the relationship between TKW of wheat and grouting rate, spacing interval had been analyzed with statistics methods. The author found the characteristic of impact of synthetic eco-climatic factors on TKW. The result showed that the contribution rate of grouting rate for TKW was 69% and 2.23 times of that grouting spacing interval. It showed increasing trend of TKW and sprouting rate year by year indicated that variation of eco-climatic factors were still restricts to the suitable option. There still was range of increasing potential of yield per unit. It also showed that the when the precipitation increased by 10 mm during the pustulation period, the TKW would be increased by 2.15 g , The active accumulated temperature increased by 100℃, the TKW would be decreased by 2.7 g The relative air humidity increased by 1%, the TKW would be decreased by 1.0 g.

为了掌握黄土高原中部地区旱作冬小麦粒重受生态气候因素的影响规律，科学开发利用气候资源，提高冬小麦生产效益，使用1995—2009年位于黄土高原中部旱作农业区的甘肃西峰试验田资料和当地平行气象观测资料，应用统计学原理和分析方法，较系统地分析了冬小麦千粒重与灌浆速率及灌浆时间之间的增长规律，探讨了生态气候综合因子对千粒重的影响特征。结果表明：灌浆速率对千粒重的贡献比率为69%，是灌浆时间贡献比率的2.23倍；千粒重和灌浆速率逐年变化为线性增加趋势，反映出生态气候因子对冬小麦生长表征为适宜有利限度内，单位面积产量仍有增加潜能；千粒重与生态气候因子的逐步回归分析表明，灌浆期降水量每增加10 mm千粒重增加2.15 g，≥20℃的活动积温每增加100℃千粒重减少2.7 g，空气相对湿度每增大1%千粒重减少1.0 g。

... 一般认为, 灌浆期空气相对湿度在75%左右比较适宜, 可获得较高的千粒重^[26], 高温低湿或高温高湿均不利于粒重和产量的提高^[27] ...

2008

0.0

李卫民, 张佳宝, 朱安宁. 空气温湿度对小麦光合作用的影响. 灌溉排水学报, 2008, 27(3): 90-92

Li W

, Zhang J

, Zhu A

Effects of air temperature and humidity on the photosynthesis of winter wheat. J Irrig Drain, 2008, 27(3): 90-92 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对田间环境不同水分处理光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用率和气孔导度的分析表明,增加土壤含水量有助于缓解空气高温低温对小麦光合作用的胁迫.气温对蒸腾的促进作用随土壤含水量提高而得到加强,湿度降低对蒸腾的促进作用随土壤含水量提高而得到抑制.随着土壤含水量的增加,叶片水分利用率向高温低湿方向移动,低温低温对气孔导度的抑制效应愈加明显.综合比较这几个指标,使叶片既能保持最高光合速率又能维持较高叶片水分利用率的土壤含水量为0.22 g/g.

... 增加土壤含水量有助于缓解空气高温低湿对小麦的胁迫, 但当土壤含水量过高时, 则易损害部分根系, 出现高土壤含水量不能供给高蒸腾的现象^[28] ...

2003

0.0

刘海军, 康跃虎, 刘士平. 喷灌对农田小气候的影响研究, 中国生态农业学报, 2003, 11(4): 103-107

Liu H

, Kang Y

, Liu S

Effects of sprinkler irrigation on the field microclimate. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2003, 11(4): 103-107 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The experiment of the effects of sprinkler irrigation on the field microclimate shows that sprinkler irrigation affects the air temperature and humidity near crop canopy not only at the sprinkler day but also during the whole sprinkler irrigation season．The air temperature inversion appears for a very 1ong time，the air temperature is decreased sharply，and the vapor pressure within heights from lm to 4m is significantly increased near canopy under sprinkler irrigation condition．Daily soil temperature amplitude under sprinkler irrigation condition is smaller than that under surface irigation condition at ground surface．The temperature amplitude decreases sharply as depth increa ses under both sprinkler irrigation and surfaca irrigation conditions．Total water uses during winter wheat growing period are 436．5mm and 459．4 mm under both sprinkler irigation and surface irrigation conditions，respectively．However，the winter wheat yield under sprinkler irrigation is 6430kg/hm 2 ，and 4455kg／hm 2 under surface irrigation condition．The water use efficiency(WUE )of winter wheat on the field under sprinkler irrigation condition is 1．47kg／m 3 while it is 0．97 kg／m 3 under surface irigation condi．tion．WUE under sprinkler irrigation condition is about 52％ higher than that under surfaca irigation condition.

试验研究喷灌对农田小气候的影响结果表明，喷灌影响灌水当时冠层附近空气温度与湿度，且整个喷灌周期均对其产生影响。喷灌作物冠层上方出现的逆温时间较长，冠层附近温度较低且湿度较大。喷灌地表温度日变幅明显小于地面灌处理且随土层深度的增加2种灌水处理地温日变幅迅速减小。喷灌和地面灌处理冬小麦金生育期总耗水量分别为436．5mm 和459．4mm，产量分别为6430kg／hm 2 和4455kg／hm 2 ，水分利用效率分别为1．47kg/m 3 和0．97kg/m 3 ，喷灌比地面灌水分利用效率高52％。

... 小麦灌浆中后期喷灌可降低冠层附近的气温, 提高田间水汽压, 减小冠层-大气水汽压驱动势, 降低水汽流量, 使冠层附近蒸发力减小, 有效降低叶片蒸腾和地面蒸发, 从而缓解和减弱高温下植株过度蒸腾失水对生理和生长造成的不良影响, 显著提高产量和水分利用效率^[29] ...