半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

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侯慧芝, 王娟, 张绪成, 方彦杰, 于显枫, 王红丽, 马一凡. 半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(10): 1582-1590
HOU Hui-Zhi, WANG Juan, ZHANG Xu-Cheng, FANG Yan-Jie, YU Xian-Feng, WANG Hong-Li, MA Yi-Fan. Effects of Mini-ditch Planting with Plastic Mulching in Ridges on Soil Water Content, Temperature and Potato Yield in Rain-fed Semiarid Region. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(10): 1582-1590 复制到剪切板

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半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

侯慧芝¹, 王娟², 张绪成^1,^*, 方彦杰¹, 于显枫¹, 王红丽¹, 马一凡¹

¹甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070

²甘肃省定西市农业科学院, 甘肃定西 743000

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张绪成, E-mail: gszhangxuch@163.com, Tel: 0931-7614864

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: houhuizhi666@163.com

收稿日期:2015-03-18 接受日期:2015-06-02 网络出版日期:2015-06-29

基金:本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B04)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203031)资助

摘要

根据马铃薯的生长习性调节起垄造沟方式, 2012—2014年进行大田定位试验, 设置全膜覆盖垄上微沟(垄上营造10 cm高, 20 cm宽的微沟, 马铃薯种植在微垄顶部, RMF)、全膜覆盖垄沟种植(RF)和露地平作(CK) 3个处理, 测定土壤温度、土壤含水量和马铃薯产量, 计算≥10℃地积温、作物生育期耗水量、贮水量、水分利用效率等参数, 研究全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热环境和马铃薯水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, RMF和RF在平水年(2012年和2014年)可显著提高各生育期和全生育期≥10℃积温, 在丰水年(2013年)则与CK无差异。块茎膨大期0~80 cm的土壤贮水量RMF比CK低28.20~31.61 mm, 80~200 cm的土壤贮水量RMF高于RF和CK。与CK相比, RMF和RF明显提高马铃薯地上基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重; 马铃薯产量分别比CK提高60.78%~89.37%和41.91%~73.33%, 水分利用效率分别比CK提高49.46%~82.55%和35.62%~65.66%。RMF块茎膨大期的耗水量比CK增加66.52%; 在季节性干旱年份, 0~200 cm土层的土壤耗水量比RF增加14.19%, 从而显著提高产量和水分利用效率。

关键词: 半干旱区; 全膜覆盖; 垄上微沟; 温度; 水分; 产量

Effects of Mini-ditch Planting with Plastic Mulching in Ridges on Soil Water Content, Temperature and Potato Yield in Rain-fed Semiarid Region

HOU Hui-Zhi¹, WANG Juan², ZHANG Xu-Cheng^1,^*, FANG Yan-Jie¹, YU Xian-Feng¹, WANG Hong-Li¹, MA Yi-Fan¹

¹ Institute of Dryland Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China

² Dingxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dingxi 743000, China

Abstract

It is necessary to investigate the effects of the regulation of furrow and ridge regulated according to the potato growing characteristics on soil thermal-moisture status and potato productivity. A three-year (2012 to 2014) field trial was conducted at Dingxi Experimental Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (35º35' N, 104º36' E), in northwest Loess plateau. Potato cultivar Xindaping ( Solanum tuberosum) was selected as test material. With three treatments: 1) mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges (RMF), 2) ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching (RF), and 3) field flat planting (CK). The soil temperature, soil water content and potato yield were determined, as well as soil accumulated temperature of ≥10℃, water consumption, soil water storage, water use efficiency and other parameters were calculated. The results showed that RMF and RF significantly increased ≥10℃ soil accumulated temperature at different growth periods and the whole growth period in normal rainfall years (2012 and 2014) , as compared with CK, but there was no significant difference of the temperature between plastic mulching treatments and CK in the abundant rainfall year (2013). The soil water storage of RMF in 0-80 cm soil was 28.20-31.61 mm lower, but in 80-200 cm soil higher than those of RF and CK. As compared with CK, RMF and RF significantly increased number of basal stems, number of branches and dry weight of stem, resulting in 60.78%-89.37% and 41.91%-73.33% increment of potato tube yield, and 49.46%-82.55% and 35.62%-65.66% increment of potato water use efficiency, respectively. Although the soil moisture and crop evapotranspiration were not varied significantly in RMF, the soil water consumption from 0 to 200 cm soil layer of RMF was 66.52% more than that of CK, and 14.19% more than that of RF in seasonal drought years, resulting in the higher tuber yield and water use efficiency.

Keyword: Semiarid region; Whole plastic mulching; Mini-ditch planting in ridges; Temperature; Soil water; Potato yield

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甘肃中部半干旱区年降雨量300~500 mm, 受降水资源的限制, 作物产量长期低而不稳。尤其是春旱频发, 使春播作物如小麦、豆类作物等的产量长期徘徊在1500 kg hm^-2以下^[1]。因此, 压缩春播作物面积, 扩大夏播作物面积, 是该区作物生产实现稳产高产的主要方向。所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]}。尤其是马铃薯的种植面积近几年迅速增加, 成为一个新兴的主导特色产业, 是农民增收和农业增产的一大经济支柱。

多年地膜覆盖种植试验结果表明, 半干旱区马铃薯在覆盖种植条件下, 季节性干旱胁迫和高湿胁迫并存, 有限的水分资源未能充分利用, 成为制约马铃薯产业发展的主要障碍因子^{[8, 9, 10, 11, 12]}。因此, 如何降低和优化雨季的农田水热环境, 提高该区有限水资源的利用效率, 是提高作物水分生产效率的重点方向。近年来, 西北半干旱区马铃薯全膜覆盖垄沟种植方法(RF)得到大面积应用, 是一项集保墒、集雨、增温为一体的适宜于北部干旱半干旱区的抗旱种植技术。可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]}。目前马铃薯产量依然较低, 徘徊在15 000~22 500 kg hm^-2左右, 水分生产潜力仍有较大挖掘空间。为此, 我们在全膜覆盖垄沟种植的基础上创建了马铃薯全膜覆盖垄上微沟方法(RMF), 该法在地面起垄后, 垄上营建小沟, 并用地膜全地面覆盖。为明确它的增产效应及其水热响应, 拟测定季节和年际土壤温度、土壤水分及生物量和产量, 旨在探索这种方法在生产中的意义, 为合理地应用于生产提供技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

甘肃省定西市安定区香泉镇(35° 34′ N, 104° 37′ E), 海拔1970 m, 年平均气温6.2℃, 年辐射总量5898 MJ m^-2, 年日照时数2500 h, ≥ 10℃积温2075.1℃, 无霜期140 d, 属中温带半干旱气候。作物一年一熟, 为典型旱地雨养农业区。年均降水量415 mm, 6月至9月降水量占年降水量的68%, 降水相对变率为24%, 400 mm降水保证率为48%。试验区土壤为黄绵土, 0~30 cm土层平均容重1.25 g cm^-3, 田间持水量为23.18%, 永久凋萎系数为7.2%。

1.2 试验设计

设3个处理, 分别是全膜覆盖垄上微沟(RMF)、全膜覆盖垄沟种植(RF)和露地平播(CK)(图1), 每处理3次重复。供试马铃薯品种为新大坪, 行距50 cm, 株距35 cm, 播种密度57 000株 hm^-2。小区面积9 m× 10 m = 90 m²。各处理施肥量均为有机肥15 t hm^-2, P₂O₅ 60 kg hm^-2, K₂O 22.5 kg hm^-2, 全部作为基肥, N 90 kg hm^-2, 其中60%作基肥, 40%作花期追肥。

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图1 马铃薯田间种植示意图
RMF: 全膜覆盖垄上微沟; RF: 全膜覆盖垄沟种植; CK: 露地平播。
上图为全膜覆盖垄沟种植(传统种植模式), 下图为全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植模式(改进种植模式)。Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of potato planting patterns
RMF: mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges; RF: ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching; CK: field flat planting. The up panel shows whole field mulched by plastics with ridge-furrow planting model (traditional technology), the down panel shows ridge-furrow planting model which micro-ditch built on the ridge and whole field mulched by plastics (modified technology).

2012年4月20日播种, 9月15日收获; 2013年4月20日播种, 9月20日收获; 2014年4月20日播种, 9月25日收获。

1.3 测定指标与计算方法

1.3.1 土壤温度每年按小区定点定时测定土壤温度。播种后每10 d分别于8:00、14:00和20:00测定0 (地表)、5、10、15、20和25 cm土层温度, 每小区测定1个位点。

1.3.2 ≥ 10℃地积温计算参考阿米娜· 麦图尔迪等的方法^[22], 计算≥ 10℃地积温。

$A_{e} = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} T_{i} - 10$

式中, $A_e$为≥ 10℃地积温, $T_i$为当日平均地温, $n$指计算时间(d)。

1.3.3 土壤贮水量根据土壤容重和土壤含水量计算, 在马铃薯关键生育期用土钻取各小区0~200 cm土样, 测定步长为20 cm, 用烘干称重法测定土壤含水量。

1.3.4 产量成熟期按小区收获计产, 并折合成公顷产量(kg hm^-2)。

1.3.5 水分利用效率 WUE=Y/ET, 式中, Y为马铃薯产量, ET为总耗水量。ET = (播前土壤贮水量-收获后土壤贮水量) + 生育期内降雨量。

1.4 统计分析

运用Microsoft Excel 2007软件作图, DPS 12.1软件方差分析, 用Tukey法检验处理间的差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 试验区2012— 2014降雨量及平均气温

2012年试验区全年降雨484.4 mm, 马铃薯生育期降雨396.4 mm, 属平水年; 2013年试验区全年降雨551.9 mm, 马铃薯生育期降雨481.5 mm, 属丰水年; 2014年试验区全年降雨482.2 mm, 马铃薯生育期降雨338.3 mm, 属平水年, 降雨季节分配不均。2012年试验区最低温为-19.8℃, 最高温为21.6℃, 平均气温为6.33℃; 2013年最低温为-13.6℃, 最高温为21.4℃, 平均气温为7.19℃; 2014年最低温为-11.9℃, 最高温为23.6℃, 平均气温为6.82℃。

2.2 马铃薯不同种植方式对≥ 10℃地积温的影响

与CK相比, RMF和RF在平水年(2012年和2014年)显著提高各生育期≥ 10℃地积温, 全生育期RMF≥ 10℃地积温1643.0~2119.6℃, RF为1577.0~ 2038.6℃, 分别比CK高482.8~616.0℃和401.8~550℃; 在丰水年(2013年)与CK无差异(图3)。2012年和2014年, RMF和RF在苗期、开花期、块茎膨大期均显著高于CK, 2013年处理间差异不显著。无论是全生育期还是各个生育时期的地积温, RMF和RF在3年间无显著差异。结果表明, 覆盖可显著提高有效地积温, 但起垄方式对地积温无明显影响。

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	图2 2012-2014试验区降水分布和平均气温变化Fig. 2 Precipitation and average air temperature in test areas from 2012 to 2014

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图3 不同处理在各生育期对马铃薯≥ 10 º C土壤积温的影响
RMF: 全膜覆盖垄上微沟; RF: 全膜覆盖垄沟种植; CK: 露地平播。同一生育期不同字母表示同一年份同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig. 3 Effects of different treatments on soil ≥ 10 º C accumulated temperature at different grow stages
RMF: mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges; RF: ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching; CK: field flat planting. Different letters above bars during the same growth stage in the same year mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level.

2.3 全膜覆盖垄上微沟对马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土壤贮水量和阶段耗水量的影响

播前0~200 cm的土壤贮水量是RF> RMF> CK (图4), 但各处理间无显著差异。现蕾期RF和RMF 0~200 cm 的3年平均土壤贮水量分别为449.02 mm和435.28 mm, 均显著地大于CK; 但RF和RMF 0~200 cm的土壤贮水量3年均无显著差异。块茎膨大期0~200 cm的土壤贮水量表现为CK> RF> RMF, 2012年和2013年3个处理间差异不显著; 2014年CK和RF 0~200 cm的土壤贮水量显著地高于RMF。成熟期3个处理0~200 cm的土壤贮水量为RF最大, RMF次之, CK最小, 但无显著差异。

现蕾期0~200 cm的土壤耗水量为CK> RMF> RF, 且差异均不显著; 块茎膨大期各处理0~200 cm 的土壤耗水量以RMF最大, RF次之, CK最小, 且3年中PMF和RF均显著高于CK, 2014年RMF和RF间差异显著; 成熟期0~200 cm 的土壤耗水量3年均表现为CK> RF> RMF, 但3年3个处理间差异均不显著。

2.4 全膜覆盖垄上微沟对马铃薯生育期贮水量垂直分布的影响

0~200 cm土壤贮水量垂直变化与马铃薯生育时期及降水格局密切相关(图5)。2012年各处理从整地到播种相隔4 d, 降雨1.8 mm, 0~200 cm土壤贮水量均无差异。现蕾期降雨99 mm, 各处理0~200 cm土壤贮水量为RF> RMF> CK, 其中, RF和RMF 0~80 cm的土壤贮水量分别比CK高16.94 mm和7.52 mm。块茎膨大期降雨133.0 mm, RMF 0~80 cm的土壤贮水量分别比RF和CK低26.65 mm和28.39 mm, 均达显著水平, 80~200 cm RMF的土壤贮水量略高于RF和CK。成熟期降雨164.4 cm, 此阶段RF、RMF和CK三个处理0~200 cm各层的土壤贮水量比块茎膨大期分别增加53.59、65.55和35.15 mm, 说明此阶段的降雨除完全满足马铃薯生长所需外, 还有剩余水分下渗, 尤其是2个覆膜处理可以蓄积更多水分到更深土层。

2013年播前RF和RMF 0~200 cm各层的贮水量均高于CK, 在0~80 cm土层, RF和RMF的土壤贮水量分别比CK高16.88 mm和12.99 mm。现蕾期降雨134.7 cm, RF和RMF 0~200 cm各层的土壤贮水量大于CK, 其中, RF和RMF 0~80 cm的土壤贮水量分别比CK高24.34 mm和15.95 mm, 80~200 cm的土壤贮水量分别比CK高21.84 mm和15.13 mm。块茎膨大期降雨210.8 cm, RMF 0~80 cm 的土壤贮水量分别比RF和CK低25.39 mm和28.20 mm, 80~200 cm RMF的土壤贮水量略高于RF和CK。说明此阶段RMF处理加剧了0~80 cm的耗水。成熟期降雨136.0 mm, 3个处理0~200 cm的贮水量与块茎膨大期相比均有增加, 0~200 cm总贮水量表现为RF> RMF> CK。

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图4 不同处理马铃薯0~200 cm土壤贮水量和耗水量的动态变化
RMF: 全膜覆盖垄上微沟; RF: 全膜覆盖垄沟种植; CK: 露地平播。柱形图为耗水量(主纵坐标), 线形图为土壤贮水量(副纵坐标)。
同一生育期不同字母表示同一年份同一生育期不同处理差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig. 4 Changes of different planting patterns on soil water storage and potato water consumption in 0-200 cm soil layer
RMF: mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges; RF: ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching; CK: field flat planting. RMF: mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges; RF: ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching; CK: field flat planting.
The bar is pea water consumption (main Y-axis), the line is soil water storage (sub Y-axis). Different letters above bars during the same growth stage in the same year mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level.

2014年播前RF和RMF 0~200 cm的贮水量高于CK, 在0~80 cm土层, RF和RMF的土壤贮水量分别比CK高17.32 mm和10.93 mm。现蕾期降雨106.80 mm, RF和RMF 0~200 cm各层的土壤贮水量大于CK, 其中, RF和RMF 0~80 cm的土壤贮水量分别比CK高21.94 mm和15.07 mm。块茎膨大期降雨82.80 mm, 3个处理的耗水量均大于降雨量, RF、RMF和CK此阶段0~200 cm的土壤贮水量分别比现蕾期减少45.55、63.76和6.29 mm; RMF 0~80 cm的土壤贮水量分别比RF和CK低32.22 mm和31.61 mm, 且均差异显著。成熟期降雨148.70 mm, RF、RMF和CK 0~200 cm总的土壤贮水量分别比块茎膨大期增加48.54、68.94和29.03 mm。

2.5 全膜覆盖垄上微沟对马铃薯干物质积累的影响

与CK相比, RMF和RF在各生育期均可明显提高马铃薯地上基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重, RMF和RF的地上干物质各指标在各生育期均无显著性差异。现蕾期RMF的基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重分别比CK高16.0%~31.8%、72.9%~101.8%、73.7%~ 91.9%; 开花期RMF的基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重分别比CK高28.6%~32.3%、45.3%~70.9%、77.0%~95.1%; 块茎膨大期RMF的基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重分别比CK高13.2%~24.1%、60.5%~ 73.3%、56.4%~70.9%; 成熟期RMF的基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重分别比CK高13.2%~29.6%、61.3%~ 72.7%、41.3%~73.1%。

2.6 全膜覆盖垄上微沟对马铃薯耗水量、产量和水分利用效率的影响

耗水量和马铃薯生育期降雨量密切相关, 2012— 2014三年马铃薯生育期降雨量分别为396.4、481.5和338.3 mm。各处理耗水量以2013年最高, 2012年次之, 2014年最低, 与3年马铃薯生育期降雨量呈正相关。3年3个处理间的耗水量无显著差异。

RMF和RF的马铃薯产量分别比CK提高60.78%~ 89.37%和41.91%~73.33%, 达显著水平。RMF三年的马铃薯产量分别比RF提高18.88%、16.05%和30.22%, 其中2014年差异显著。

RMF和RF的水分利用效率分别比CK提高60.61%~81.70%和41.50%~63.71%, 差异均达显著水平。RMF三年的水分利用效率分别比RF提高10.89%、10.99%和20.22%, 其中, 2014年差异显著。

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	图5 不同处理对马铃薯田0~200 cm土壤贮水量随生育期的垂直变化 RMF: 全膜覆盖垄上微沟; RF: 全膜覆盖垄沟种植; CK: 露地平播。Fig. 5 Vertical dynamics of soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil in different treatments RMF: mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges; RF: ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching; CK: field flat planting.

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图6 不同处理对马铃薯耗水量、产量和水分利用效率的影响
RMF: 全膜覆盖垄上微沟; RF: 全膜覆盖垄沟种植; CK: 露地平播。同一年份不同字母表示不同处理差异显著(P< 0.05)。Fig. 6 Effects of different treatments on potato water consumption, yield, and WUE
RMF: mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges; RF: ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching; CK: field flat planting.
Different letters above bars in the same year mean significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level.

表1 各处理对马铃薯干物质积累的影响 Table 1 Effects of different treatments on dry matter of potato

3 讨论

3.1 全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植没有显著改变土壤有效积温

全膜覆盖垄沟种植后, 由于田间光照条件改善, 土壤与大气气流的交换受阻, 使马铃薯生长期间的有效积温增加, 促进早熟^[9]。本研究表明, RF和RMF可显著提高土壤有效积温, RMF和RF平水年(2012年和2014年)全生育期≥ 10℃地积温分别比CK高482.8~616.0℃和401.8~550.0℃。起垄造沟后在田间形成了多个垄和沟, 改变了微地形, 土壤表面积增加, 使受热和散热面积同时增加, 可能使得土壤温度波动幅度更大, 但由于水分蒸发受阻, SPAC的水热交换发生变化, 这对土壤水热特性将产生显著作用。虽然RF和RMF的有效积温较CK显著增加, 但RF和RMF之间无显著差异, 因此, 尽管RMF土壤表面积较RF增加, 但未能显著影响土壤温度, 对马铃薯生长的热量条件没有明显影响。

3.2 全膜覆盖垄上微沟促进了马铃薯在季节性干旱年份的生殖生长阶段耗水

地膜覆盖可促进马铃薯生殖生长阶段的耗水。本研究表明, 在播前和现蕾期RF和RFM均可提高0~200 cm的土壤贮水量; 在块茎膨大期, RMF 0~80 cm的土壤贮水量明显低于FM和CK, 80~200 cm的土壤贮水量高于FM和CK, 尤其在季节性干旱年份(2014年)表现更为突出。相应地, 块茎膨大期RF和RMF 0~200 cm的土壤耗水量分别比CK高44.08%和66.52%, 且差异均显著。2014年RMF 0~200 cm的土壤耗水量比RF高14.19%, 差异显著。增加花后耗水是作物产量提高的一个关键因素, 小麦花后耗水增加, 使粒重和块茎重量显著提高, 产量和WUE显著增加^{[23, 24]}。RMF比RF更能促进季节性干旱年份生殖生长阶段的耗水, 表明RFM在马铃薯生殖生长阶段, 尤其是在季节性干旱的年份, 可加大0~80 cm的耗水, 所以RMF使得土壤的水分分布更有利于马铃薯的利用, 这对产量的提高有利。

3.3 全膜覆盖垄上微沟在季节性干旱年份能增加产量和提高水分利用效率

全膜覆盖垄沟种植可明显提高马铃薯地上干物重, 显著增加块茎产量和WUE^{[3, 4]}。本试验条件下, RMF和RF较CK在各生育期均可明显提高马铃薯地上基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重, RMF和RF的地上干物质各指标在各生育期均无显著性差异。RMF和RF的马铃薯产量分别比CK提高60.78%~89.37%和41.91%~73.33%, 水分利用效率分别比CK提高60.61%~81.70%和41.50%~63.71%, 差异均达显著水平。RMF三年的马铃薯产量分别比RF提高18.88%、16.05%和30.22%, 水分利用效率分别比RF提高10.89%、10.99%和20.22%, 2014年均差异显著。

4 结论

马铃薯全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植在季节性干旱年80~200 cm土壤贮水量、地上基部茎数、茎分枝数、茎干重、产量和WUE高于全膜覆盖垄沟种植和对照, 差异显著; 表明全膜覆盖垄上微沟能够促进马铃薯对土壤水分的利用, 更加充分地发挥旱作区马铃薯的水分生产潜力。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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2003

0.0

肖国举, 王静. 黄土高原集水农业研究进展. 生态学报, 2003, 23: 1003-1011

Xiao G

, Wang

Research on progress of rainwater harvesting agriculture on the Loess Plateau of China. Acta Ecol Sin, 2003, 23: 1003-1011 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The Loess Plateau of China is a central zone of Chinese rainfed farming. Over a long period of time, traditional technologies of dryland agriculture have improved rainwater utilization and played a positive role for development of dryland agriculture in this area. But, problems of agriculture production are still going on, such as low productivity, instable agro-ecosystem, low of yield-investment ratio. In 1980s, specialists who are engaged in arid ecology, arid meteorology and dryland agriculture found th...

回顾了黄土高原集水农业理论与技术体系的研究成果 ,分析评价了集水农业的研究进展。随着黄土高原集水农业研究方法的改进、研究内容的深入、研究领域的扩充 ,提出了广义性集水农业研究范畴。在黄土高原集水农业理论研究的基础上 ,应加强微集雨微灌溉应用技术、现代集雨技术、计算机控制技术与集雨网络等高新技术手段的技术集成 ,以提高雨水汇集与利用效率。同时 ,黄土高原集水农业的研究已经从微生境条件下的农业生态系统延伸至区域生态环境保育。利用汇集雨水合理调配生态用水 ,进行小流域综合治理 ,农林牧综合发展 ,生态环境重建的集水型生态农业是黄土高原集水农业的发展趋势。

... 尤其是春旱频发, 使春播作物如小麦、豆类作物等的产量长期徘徊在1500 kg hm^-2以下^[1] ...

2013

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石有太, 陈玉梁, 刘世海, 厚毅清, 裴怀弟, 王红梅, 张艳萍. 半干旱区不同覆膜方式对土壤水分温度及马铃薯产量的影响. 中国马铃薯, 2013, 27(1): 19-24

Shi Y

, Chen Y

, Liu S

, Hou Y

, Pei H

, Wang H

, Zhang Y

Influence of different mulching models on soil moisture and temperature, and yield of potato in semi-arid land . Chin Potato J, 2013, 27(1): 19-24 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：结合当前生产实际，在西北半干旱区旱作梯田中，以‘庄薯3号’为试验材料，对目前旱作区马铃薯不同垄播覆膜方式进行对比试验，以探索不同栽培模式对马铃薯田间土壤温度、土壤含水量、物侯期及产量的影响。结果表明：覆膜栽培的马铃薯出苗早，生长发育较快，营养生长期延长，尤其双垄全膜黑膜覆盖能优化马铃薯农艺性状，提高马铃薯的产量，降低地温，有利于马铃薯薯块的生长，在多年高温少雨的地方，覆白色地膜栽培的马铃薯不利于其产量的增加。

... 所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]} ...

2011

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秦舒浩, 张俊莲, 王蒂, 肖洪浪, 蒲育林. 陇中半干旱区马铃薯集雨限灌效应研究. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 138-145

Qin S

, Zhang J

, Wang

, Xiao H

, Pu Y

Effects of limited supplemental irrigation on potato in the semiarid areas of middle Gansu province. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 138-145 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water supply scarcity is the main limiting factor for sustainable agriculture development in semiarid areas on the Western Loess Plateau. Because of imbalance for rainfall distribution, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of potato, one of the dominant crops in middle Gansu province, are relatively low. To optimize supplemental irrigation system using limited catchment rainfall for rain-fed potato in the area, field experiments were carried out in 2008–2009 to determine evapotranspiration, WUE, yield, yield traits and quality of rain-fed potato under different supplemental irrigation amounts and timings. The results showed thatWUE of potato increased significantly in the supplemental irrigation treatment of 45 mm, and decreased with increasing of irrigation amount. WUE and irrigating water use efficiency (IWUE) of potato were higher with supplemental irrigation at the seedling than the tuber expanding stage. WUE and IWUE were the highest under the 45 mm of irrigation at the seedling stage.Yield, rates of bigger tuber and middle tuber in rain-fed potato were increased, and small tuber rates were decreased by supplemental irrigation. Big tuber rates were increased by supplemental irrigation at the seedling stage, while medium tuber rates were increased by supplemental irrigation at the tuber expanding period. Potato numbers per plant were decreased, but tuber yield per plant was increased by supplemental irrigation. With increasing of irrigation amount, the yield of potato was not increased significantly, but green tuber rate and blet tuber rate were increased significantly. Starch content of potato was reduced, while protein content of tuber was increased by supplemental irrigation. Supplemental irrigation of 45 mm at seedling is optimal irrigation system for rain-fed potato in the area.

采用大田试验与实验室分析相结合的方法，研究了集雨限灌对旱作马铃薯田蒸散量、灌水利用率、产量、产量性状及薯块品质的影响。结果表明，集雨限灌45 mm条件下马铃薯水分利用效率(WUE)显著提高，在此基础上增加灌水量，WUE降低；苗期限灌处理的WUE和灌水利用效率(IWUE)均高于薯块膨大期；苗期限灌45 mm处理综合用水效率较高。限灌可提高旱作马铃薯产量、大薯率与中薯率，降低小薯率，苗期限灌有利于大薯率的提高，薯块膨大期限灌有利于中薯率的提高；限灌降低马铃薯单株结薯数，可提高单株薯产量；超过45 mm随限灌量的增加，产量增加不显著，绿薯率和烂熟率显著增加。限灌能降低马铃薯薯块淀粉含量，提高薯块蛋白质含量。苗期限灌45 mm为半干旱区马铃薯最佳集雨限灌模式。

... 所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]} ...

... 3 全膜覆盖垄上微沟在季节性干旱年份能增加产量和提高水分利用效率全膜覆盖垄沟种植可明显提高马铃薯地上干物重, 显著增加块茎产量和WUE^[3,4] ...

2012

0.0

赵鸿. 黄土高原(定西)旱作农田垄沟覆膜对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率影响 . 兰州大学博士学位论文, 甘肃兰州, 2012

Zhao

Effects of ridge and furrow mulching with plastic film on yield and water use efficiency of potato in semi-arid agroecosystem (Dingxi). PhD Dissertation of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou,

China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]} ...

2012

0.0

姚玉璧, 王润元, 邓振镛, 韩树林, 邢托勤. 黄土高原半干旱区气候变化及其对马铃薯生长发育的影响. 应用生态学报, 2012, 21: 379-385

Yao Y

, Wang R

, Deng Z

, Han S

, Xing T

Effects of climate change on potato growth in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau, China. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2012, 21: 379-385 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the 1988-2008 located observation and 2007-2008 encrypted observation of potato growth and the 1957-2008 meteorological observation in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau, this paper studied the effects of climate change on the potato growth in this region. In 1957-2008, the annual precipitation in this region had a descending trend, with a linear fitting rate of the annual precipitation change curves being -13.359 mm·(10 a) -1 , while the annual mean temperature displayed an ascending trend, with a linear fitting rate of the annual mean temperature change curves being 0.239 ℃·(10 a) -1 . During potato growth period, the aridity index displayed a marked ascending trend, and the linear fitting rate of the aridity index change curves was 0.102·(10 a) -1 . The growth rate of potato tuber became faster from the 96th day after sowing, reached the maximum on the 110th day, and turned slower from the 124th day. The interval from sowing to seedling emergence was shortened by 1-2 d·(10 a) -1 , and that from inflorescence formation to reaping and of whole growth period was lengthened by 9-10 d·(10 a) -1 . In the study region, climate warming shortened the vegetative growth stage, but lengthened the reproductive growth stage and whole growth period of potato.

基于黄土高原半干旱区1988—2008年马铃薯生长发育定位观测资料、2007—2008年加密观测和1957—2008年地面气象观测资料，研究了气候变化对马铃薯生长发育的影响.结果表明：1957—2008年，研究区年降水量呈下降趋势，降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率为-13.359 mm·(10 a) -1 ；年均气温呈上升趋势,年均气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率为0.239 ℃·(10 a) -1 ；作物生长季干燥指数呈显著上升趋势，干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率为0.102 ·(10 a) -1 .从播种后第96 天开始，马铃薯块茎由缓慢生长转为迅速生长，在播种后第110天，马铃薯块茎的生长速度达最大；从播种后第124 天开始，马铃薯块茎从迅速生长又转为缓慢生长.从播种至出苗期的间隔日数为每10年缩短1～2 d，花序形成至采收期和全生育期的间隔日数均为每10年延长9～10 d.气候变暖导致马铃薯生育前期的营养生长阶段缩短以及生殖生长阶段和全生育期延长.

... 所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]} ...

2010

0.0

... 所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]} ...

2013

0.0

汤瑛芳, 高世铭, 王亚红, 张绪成. 旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2013, 31(1): 1-7

Tang Y

, Gao S

, Wang Y

, Zhang X

Soil water and thermal effects of different mulching and planting methods and their influences on yield in dryland potato production. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2013, 31(1): 1-7 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：在大田条件下,以不同沟垄覆盖种植方式为处理,通过测定土壤含水量、耕层土壤温度和产量等, 计算马铃薯耗水量和水分利用效率,研究旱作条件下马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,马铃薯采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播能有效增加马铃薯生育前期地温,苗期日均地温较传统平播（CK）增加了0.5℃~2.23℃,0~100 cm土壤贮水量提高52.8 mm。6月底至7月中旬的伏旱期间,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理0~25 cm土层日均地温较全地膜覆盖处理降低3.6℃~6.9℃,较CK仅增加0.6℃~0.8℃;0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量较全膜覆盖处理增加6.2~8.3 mm,较CK增加27.3 mm。表明采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播种植,可改善伏旱期间的土壤水热状况,有利于马铃薯的生长发育,产量和水分利用效率较其它覆盖种植方式分别提高 8.39%~58.38%和8.46%~67.97%。因此,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理实现了水温对马铃薯生长的协同作用,能显著提高马铃薯对自然降水的利用效率和产量。

... 所以, 该区域夏播作物如马铃薯、玉米的种植面积逐年增加, 目前已占总耕地面积的50%以上^{[2,3,4,5,6,7]} ...

2012

0.0

范士杰, 王蒂, 张俊莲, 白江平, 宋吉轩, 马智黠. 不同栽培方式对马铃薯土壤水分状况和产量的影响. 草业学报, 2012, 21: 271-279

Fan S

, Wang

, Zhang J

, Bai J

, Song J

, Ma Z

Effects of tillage strategies on the topsol water content and the yield of potato. Acta Pratac Sin, 2012, 21: 271-279 (in Chinese with English abstract)

针对我国西南高寒山区春播马铃薯频繁出现的干旱问题，试验于２００９－２０１０年设置绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式（ＧＭＰＭ）、绿肥聚垄栽培方式（ＧＭ）、地膜覆盖栽培方式（ＰＭ）、普通翻耕栽培方式（ＣＫ）４个不同处理，研究其对马铃薯田间耕层土壤水分状况、生长动态及产量的影响，并用ＦＬＩＮＴ１模型对水分利用情况进行了分析。结果表明，与普通翻耕栽培方式相比，播种后至封行前，绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式、绿肥栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式田间土壤（０～２１ｃｍ）含水率比对照平均提高了１２．９３％，６．３０％和１０．８８％。封行后，绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式田间土壤含水率比对照平均低６．３５％和６．４０％。ＦＬＩＮＴ１模型分析结果显示，地膜绿肥栽培方式和地膜栽培方式在马铃薯生长中后期有一定的水分胁迫。绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式马铃薯的块茎产量比对照增加２５．６％，但是地膜覆盖栽培方式马铃薯的块茎产量比对照降低１５．８％。因此，绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式能显著地提高苗期耕层土壤含水率和马铃薯的块茎产量，地膜覆盖可采取前期覆膜、中后期撤膜的栽培技术措施。

... 多年地膜覆盖种植试验结果表明, 半干旱区马铃薯在覆盖种植条件下, 季节性干旱胁迫和高湿胁迫并存, 有限的水分资源未能充分利用, 成为制约马铃薯产业发展的主要障碍因子^{[8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2011

0.0

范士杰, 王蒂, 张俊莲, 白江平, 刘文贤, 马智黠, 彭慧元. 不同栽培方式对马铃薯田间土壤温湿度及产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(11): 216-221

Fan S

, Wang

, Zhang J

, Bai J

, Liu W

, Ma Z

, Peng H

Effects of different cultivation techniques on soil temperature, moisture and potato yield. Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(11): 216-221 (in Chinese with English abstract)

马铃薯是我国种植比较广泛的作物，具有很高的产量。马铃薯的种植方式与马铃薯生长的土壤温湿度和产量密切相关。本文主要从不同种植方法对马铃薯田间土壤温湿度和产量的具体表现入手，通过实验分析，对各种影响进行阐述。

... 1 全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植没有显著改变土壤有效积温全膜覆盖垄沟种植后, 由于田间光照条件改善, 土壤与大气气流的交换受阻, 使马铃薯生长期间的有效积温增加, 促进早熟^[9] ...

2009

0.0

陈继康, 李素娟, 张宇, 陈阜, 张海林. 不同耕作方式麦田土壤温度及其对气温的响应特征: 土壤温度日变化及其对气温的响应. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 2592-2600

Chen J

, Li S

, Zhang

, Chen

, Zhang H

Characteristics of soil temperature and response to air temperature under different tillage systems: diurnal dynamic of soil temperature and its response to air temperature. Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 2592-2600 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Earlier techniques made the measurement and analysis of soil temperature uncertain. Tillage effects on soil temperature are insufficiency at previously studies. An experiment was conducted to characterize the tillage effects of diurnal dynamic of soil temperature and its response to air temperature in winter wheat field, North China Plain. 【Method】 Conventional tillage (CT), rotary tillage (RT) and no tillage with stubble covered (NT) were treated from 2004 to 2005 at Luancheng Station of Hebei Province. Temperature was measured continuously by thermo-time domain reflectometry. 【Result】 Results showed that the diurnal dynamic of each layer soil was a sine wave; the diurnal temperature fluctuation was a taper and soil temperature was delayed by 1.2 h per 5 cm increment of soil depth from 2.5-80 cm; diurnal highest and lowest soil temperature was significantly affected by different tillage systems with one of the reason was residue covering ratio; diurnal highest soil temperature at 2.5 cm layer was decreased by 0.66-4.85℃ under NT at active stages of winter wheat, but it was increased by 0.64-0.87℃ at overwintering stage; diurnal soil temperature fluctuation range at the 2.5 cm layer was decreased significantly by 0.65-5.21℃ and 0.48-3.89℃ at early stages (emergence -jointing) of winter wheat under NT, compared with CT and RT, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Soil temperature responses to air temperature significantly under different tillage systems. The main characteristic of tillage effects on soil temperature is that the extentence of soil temperature fluctuation is changed significantly at early stages of winter wheat. More decrease in high temperature and less increase in low temperature are the reasons that NT shows a lower temperature effect at active stages. NT with higher temperature at each time of day results in higher temperature effect at hibernation of winter wheat.

（中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院/农业部农作制度重点开放实验室）

【目的】针对以往研究在土壤温度观测和不同耕作条件下土壤温度效应规律上的不足，研究了华北平原不同耕作方式冬小麦田土壤温度日变化及其对气温的响应特征。【方法】试验于河北省栾城县设置翻耕、旋耕和秸秆覆盖免耕处理，采用热脉冲-时域反射技术，连续监测2004-2005年冬小麦生育期土壤温度和气温。【结果】各层次土壤温度日变化随气温呈正弦函数变化;土壤温度日变化随土壤深度呈“锥形”;2.5～80 cm土壤深度每增加5 cm，土壤温度随气温的变化滞后1.2 h左右;不同耕作方式土壤日最高和最低温度均具有显著差异，秸秆覆盖度是其主要影响因素之一;免耕在冬小麦活动期，显著降低了2.5 cm土层土壤最高温度0.66～4.85℃，而在越冬期提高最低温度0.64～0.87℃;冬小麦生长前期（出苗-拔节）免耕较其他处理显著降低了2.5 cm土层土壤温度日变化幅度，其中较翻耕降低0.65～5.21℃，较旋耕降低0.48～3.89℃。【结论】不同耕作方式各层次土壤温度均极显著响应气温变化;耕作方式主要影响土壤温度的变化幅度而且主要表现在冬小麦生长前期;免耕在冬小麦活动期表现为降温效应，究其原因是由于较大程度地降低高温而较小程度地提高低温;越冬期表现增温效应是由于显著提高了各个时刻的土壤温度。

2003

0.0

李世清, 李东方, 李凤民, 白红英, 凌莉, 王俊. 半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2003, 31(5): 21-29

Li S

, Li D

, Li F

, Bai H

, Ling

, Wang

Soil ecological effects of plastic film mulching in semiarid agro-ecological system. J Northwest A&F Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 2003, 31(5): 21-29 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Field experiments have been carried out on Loess Plateau in middle part with 415 mm average precipitation and in south part with 632 mm precipitation per year.In these experiments,spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) have been used as indicating crops to study the effects of plastic film mulching (for spring wheat included no mulching,mulching for 30 days and 60 days after sowing,and mulching for the whole growth period,and for winter wheat included no mulching,mulching for 75 days and for 150 days after sowing,and mulching for the whole growth period) and nitrogen fertilizer application (for spring wheat including no nitrogen application and nitrogen application 75 kg N/hm 2 ,and for winter wheat including no nitrogen application and nitrogen application 225 kg/hm 2 ) on soil moisture,temperature,nitrogen availability,the flux of CO 2 and N 2 O in soil.The results showed that,in 2 years experiment on spring wheat,plastic film mulching almost didn’t affect the soil water storage amount in 2 m soil layer,but could increase the soil water content in 0-20 cm layer significantly;and the effect of plastic film mulching on soil temperature in 5 cm layer changes as the “U” pattern,that is,the effect was significant at early and latter growth stage,and was insignificant at middle growth stage;plastic film mulching decreased the soil microbial biomass nitrogen,but increased the soil respiration and the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen,so it could significantly affect the accumulation of residual NO - 3 -N in 0-100 cm layers after harvest:the averages of the soil storage water amount before sowing of 2 levels of nitrogen application showed that the accumulation of NO - 3 -N respectively increased by -23.0,-10.1 and 49.7 kg/hm 2 in treatments of mulching for 30 days,60 days and the whole growing period (126 d) than CK of no mulching in 1999;Under the same condition,in 2000,it’s respectively increased by 4.6,-5.0 and 8.2 kg/hm 2 ,so it was obvious that plastic film mulching for the whole growing period increased the amount of residual NO - 3 -N in soil profile after harvest.The effect of different mulching course on the mineralization nitrogen in the soil profile after harvest were different,especially on the accumulation of NO - 3 -N,the main reasons of resulted in this phenomenon was related to the uptake of NO - 3 -N by crops and the mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil:to mulching for 30 days and 60 days,these treatments improved the growing of wheat and the uptake of wheat for NO - 3 -N,but due to the 2 treatments had no mulching between 30-90 days (125 d) and 60-90 days (125 d),the products of organic nitrogen mineralization was reduced,especial the amount of NO - 3 -N in soil profile are significantly reduced;but to film mulching for the whole growing period,the soil moisture and temperature condition were better in 60-90 day’s (125 d) in tillage layer,and it was benefit to the mineralization of organic nitrogen,and at this stage,the uptake ability and requirement amount of wheat on the accumulation amount of NO - 3 -N became weak,so the amount of residual NO - 3 -N in soil profile was accumulated.The determining results showed that the film mulching can significantly increase the flux of N 2 O,and also is related to the growth course of wheat.The results of experiment on winter wheat shows that,either mulching or no mulching,the flux of N��2O in field is the highest at the flowering stage and is the lowest at the ripening stage;film mulching could increase the flux of N 2 O,the average of the whole growth period showed that,under the cultivated condition,the flux of N 2 O was increased by 4.7 μg/(m 2 ・h) after mulching,while under the fallow condition,it was increased by 10.4 μg/(m��2・h).Obviously,the long��term mulching for the whole growing period has the negative effect on stabilizing or maintaining the soil organic matter,such as the excessively mineralizing of the soil organic matter.The soil organic nitrogen pool,microbial biomass,microbial nitrogen and other factors have been decreased,and the flux of N 2 O and the accumulation of residual of NO - 3 -N in soil profile at the latter growth stage have been significantly increased.Simultaneously,due to the absorbing and weakening assimilating power of root for nutrients at latter growth stage,the accumulated NO - 3 -N in soil profile are easily to be lost through leaching and denitrification.

在年降水量415 mm的黄土高原中部黄绵土和年降水量632 mm的黄土高原南部红油土上，分别以春小麦和冬小麦为供试作物进行大田试验，研究地膜覆盖（春小麦设不覆膜、播种后覆膜30 d、覆膜60 d和全程覆膜4个水平；冬小麦设不覆膜、播种后覆膜75 d、覆膜150 d和全程覆膜4个水平）和施氮（春小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮75 kg 2个水平；冬小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮225 kg 2个水平）对土壤水分、温度、氮素有效性、土壤中CO 2 和N 2 O释放量的影响。结果表明，在2年的春小麦试验中，覆膜对2 m深土层的贮水量基本没有影响，但能显著提高0～20 cm土层的含水量；覆膜对5 cm土层土壤温度的影响呈“U”型变化，即在作物生长前期和后期影响显著，中期影响较小；覆膜后虽然土壤微生物体氮有下降趋势，但由于覆膜能够增加土壤呼吸和有机氮的矿化，从而显著影响收获后0～100 cm土层中NO - 3 -N的累积。从2个施氮水平和底墒平均值看，1999年覆膜30，60 d和全程覆膜（126 d）处理土层中累积的NO - 3 -N分别比不覆膜的对照增加-23.0，-10.1和49.7 kg/hm 2 ；2000年覆膜30,60 d和全程覆膜处理土层中累积的NO - 3 -N分别比不覆膜的对照增加4.6,-5.0和8.2 kg/hm 2 。可见，全生育期覆膜能够显著增加作物收获后土壤剖面中的残留NO - 3 -N。不同覆膜进程对作物收获后土壤剖面中的矿质氮，特别是NO - 3 -N累积量的影响程度不同，产生这一现象的主要原因与作物对NO - 3 -N的吸收和土壤中有机氮的矿化有关：一方面由于覆膜30 d或覆膜60 d处理促进了小麦生长和对NO - 3 -N的吸收；另一方面由于这2个处理在第30～90天（125 d）或第60～90天（125 d）时没有地膜覆盖，有机氮的矿化能力减弱，因此土壤剖面中矿质氮，特别是NO - 3 -N的累积量显著减少;而全程覆膜处理，由于播种后第60～90天（125 d）耕层土壤中的水分和温度条件较好，有利于有机氮的矿化，而在这一时期，小麦对NO - 3 -N的吸收能力减弱,需要量减少，因此在土壤剖面中大量累积矿质氮，特别是NO - 3 -N。对冬小麦试验的测定结果表明，地膜覆盖能够显著增加N 2 O释放通量，并且与小麦生育进程有关，不管覆盖地膜与否，田间N 2 O释放通量均在扬花期最高，成熟期最低；从全生育期平均看，在种植作物条件下，覆膜后N 2 O释放通量增加4.7 μg/(m 2 ?h);在休闲条件下，覆膜后N 2 O释放通量增加10.4 μg/(m 2 ?h)。显然，长期全程覆膜，对稳定或者维持土壤有机质有一定的负面效应，如土壤有机质的过分矿化，使土壤水稳性团粒、土壤中有机氮库、微生物数量和微生物体氮等减少，N 2 O释放通量和作物生长后期土壤剖面中NO - 3 -N残留累积量显著增加，同时，由于作物生长后期根系对养分的吸收利用能力减弱，土壤剖面中累积的NO - 3 -N非常容易通过淋溶和反硝化而损失。

2013

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王颖慧, 蒙美莲, 陈有君, 张静, 王朝霞, 崔成龙. 覆膜方式对旱作马铃薯产量和土壤水分的影响. 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(3): 147-152

Wang Y

, Meng M

, Chen Y

, Zhang

, Wang Z

, Cui C

Effect of different film-covering modes on the yield and soil moisture of dry land tillage potato. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2013, 29(3): 147-152 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The experiment, combining field experiment and laboratory analysis, was conducted to study yield components, water use efficiency and the change rule of soil moisture under the different film-covering mode, such as the traditional planting, harrowed bedding planting with film mulching, double ridge mulched completely by film, ridge mulched by film, ridge culture mulched by film and ridge side planting, and to identify the best film-covering mode under the dry land tillage potato of Wuchuan Inner Mongolia. It indicated that film-covering modes could increase the tuber yield, the single stub tuber number. Film-covering mode could increase the tuber yield and the water use efficiency by 6.71%-83.57% and 12.04%-135.36% respectively contrasted to the traditional planting. Under the one film-covering mode, drought-resistant agent could increase the tuber yield and the water use efficiency by 4.24%-37.11% and 0.59%-23.24% respectively. The conclusion from the change rule of soil moisture, showed that the film covering had the obvious rainwater harvesting, double ridge mulched completely by film was able to increase availably the soil water in 0-10 cm soil profile, the soil water of ridge culture mulched by film and ridge side planting in 20-40 cm soil profile remained at relatively high level. Drought-resistant agent had the obvious water holding effects, and could decrease soil water infiltration and made the water preserved in 0-40 cm soil profile.

为探讨适合内蒙古武川县旱作马铃薯栽培的覆膜方式，采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法，研究了露地平播、平作行上覆膜、双垄全膜覆盖、起垄行上覆膜及起垄覆膜膜侧播种5种不同覆膜方式对旱作马铃薯产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率和土壤含水量变化的影响。结果表明，覆膜有利于提高旱作马铃薯的产量和单株结薯数。与露地平播相比，4种覆膜方式均有利于提高旱作马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率，提高幅度分别变化在6.71%~83.57%、12.04%~135.36%。同种覆膜方式下，施用抗旱剂较未施抗旱剂的产量和水分利用效率高，其提高幅度分别变化在4.24%~37.11%、0.59%~23.24%。由0~80 cm土层土壤含水量变化看出，覆膜具有明显的集雨效果，双垄全膜覆盖能有效增加表层0~10 cm土壤含水量，起垄覆膜膜侧播种能使20~40 cm土层的土壤含水量处于较高水平；施用抗旱剂具有明显的保水效果，能够减少土壤水分的下渗，使水分更多的保存在0~40 cm土层内。

2011

0.0

秦舒浩, 张俊莲, 王蒂, 蒲育林, 杜全中. 覆膜与沟垄种植模式对旱作马铃薯产量形成及水分运移的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 389-394

Qin S

, Zhang J

, Wang

, Pu Y

, Du Q

Effects of different film mulch and ridge-furrow cropping patterns on yield formation and water translocation of rainfed potato. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22: 389-394 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper studied the effects of different film mulch and ridge-furr ow cropping patterns on the yield formation and water translocation of rainfed potato in the semi-arid area of west Loess Plateau. Comparing with those under traditional harrowed bedding without film mulch (T 1 ), the potato yield under harrowed bedding with film mulching (T 2 ), completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting (T 3 ), completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with ridge planting (T 4 ), mulched raised bedding with furrow planting (T 5 ), and mulched raised bedding with bedding planting (T 6 ) was increased by 50.1%, 75.9%, 86.8%, 69.6%, and 60.6%, and the water use efficiency (WUE) was increased by 47.0%, 82.7%, 84.0%, 75.2%, and 54.3% respectively, with the increments being the highest under T 4 and T 3 . All the film much and ridge -furrow cropping patterns improved the yield component of potato, and T 4 and T 3 were most beneficial to the increase of mid and big tubers, tuber number per plant, and tuber yield per plant, and to the decrease of the proportions of green and blet tubers. It was concluded that completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with ridge planting (T 4 ) and completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting (T 3 ) were the two better cropping patterns in water-saving and high yielding for potato cultivation in semiarid areas.

研究了覆膜及不同沟垄种植模式对黄土高原西部半干旱区旱作马铃薯产量形成和水分运移的影响.结果表明：平畦覆膜（T 2 ）、全膜双垄沟播（T 3 ）、全膜双垄垄播（T 4 ）、半膜膜侧种植（T 5 ）和半膜沟垄垄播（T 6 ）种植方式的产量分别比传统平畦不覆膜（T 1 ）方式高50.1%、75.9%、86.8%、69.6%和60.6%；水分利用效率（WUE）分别提高47.0 %、82.7%、84.0%、75.2%和54.3%，其中，T 4 、T 3 产量和WUE增加幅度最大.与传统方式相比，各覆膜及沟垄处理普遍优化了马铃薯各产量构成性状，其中T 4 和T 3 最有利于大薯率和中薯率的提高、绿薯率和烂薯率的降低，其单株结薯数和单株薯产量也较高.因此，全膜双垄垄播和全膜双垄沟播为半干旱区马铃薯适宜的抗旱节水高产种植模式.

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2001

0.0

王殿武, 程东娟, 刘树庆, 谢建治, 吴印宗, 李德平. 高寒半干旱区马铃薯聚垄集肥覆膜技术效应. 干旱地区农业研究, 2001, 19(1): 14-19

Wang D

, Cheng D

, Liu S

, Xie J

, Wu Y

, Li D

Effect of ridging and fertilization and plastic film covering technique for potato in semiarid region with cold climate and high elevation. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2001, 19(1): 14-19 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在河北张北小二台旱农试区研究表明，高寒半干旱区马铃薯聚垄集肥覆膜技术效应显著，生育前期具有明显的保水增温效果，且显著地促进了地上部和地下部生长发育和块茎与地上部比值的提高，但同聚垄覆膜处理相比，施肥在一定程度上又抑制了块茎与地上部比值的提高。同平种处理相比，聚垄集肥覆膜干薯产量提高185.3%～230．3％，作物水分利用效率提高10.9kg/(mm.hm2)～10.93kg/(mm.hm2)，聚垄集肥覆膜是提高作物水分利用效率与充分挖掘作物生产潜力的有效途径。 Abstract： The effect of ridging and fertilization and plastic film coveringof potato was great in semiarid region with cold climate and high elevation. The result showed that the influence to the water conversation and heat preservation was great in the early stage of growth. The method of ridging and fertilization and plastic film covering not only could accelerate the development of aerial parts and subsurface parts but also increase the ratio of tuber/aerial parts. Compared with the treatment of ridging and plastic film covering, fertilizer application had restrained the increasing of the ratio of tuber/aerial parts. Compared with the treatment of common sowing, the yield of dry potato of ridging and fertilization and plastic film covering had increased 185.3%～230．3％， the water use efficiency had increased 10.9 kg/(mm.hm2)～10．93 kg/(mm.hm2). So the ridging and fertilization and plastic film covering was an effective way of increasing water use efficiency and full excavating crop productive potential.

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2003

0.0

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2008

0.0

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2006

0.0

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2003

0.0

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2009

0.0

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2005

0.0

王琦, 张恩和, 李凤民, 王晓凌. 半干旱地区沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯最优沟垄比的确定. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(2): 38-41

Wang

, Zhang E

, Li F

, Wang X

Optimum ratio of ridge to furrow for planting potato in micro-water harvesting system in semiarid areas. Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(2): 38-41 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The ridge and furrow micro-water harvesting(RFMH) system was developed by scientists in Gansu Province over a decade ago, which was designed to increase water available for crops for higher and more stable agricultural yield on rainfed lands under semiarid condition. In the experiment there are three ridge-furrow ratios and two pad materials. The ridges covered with plastic film and ridges compacted with soil serve as rainfall harvesting zones, and furrows serve as planting zones. The field experiment(potato as an indicator crop, because potato is popular and suitable in the study region) was conducted to determine the effects of different ridge-furrow ratios and different pad materials on tuber yield and water use efficiency(WUE) in the RFMH system during the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002.The experimental results showed that the ridge-furrow ratio and pad material had significant effects on tuber yields and WUE. The WUEs in ridges covered with plastic film were 2.8 times as high as that of the controls in 2001 and 2.4 times in 2002, respectively. No differences were found in WUE between ridges compacted with soil and controls. Although the tuber yields are different because of precipitation in 2001 and 2002, the increases of tuber yields have the similar tendency. On the average the tuber yields in ridges covered with plastic film increased by 231% in 2001 and by 153% in 2002 compared with those of the controls, and the tuber yields in the ridges compacted with soil increased by 58% in 2001 and by 23% in 2002 compared with those of the controls. By straight line regression analysis, the optimum ridge-furrow ratios for ridges covered with plastic film were 60 cm∶41 cm in 2001 and 60 cm∶39 cm in 2002, respectively. Through two years' field experiments, the optimum ridge-to-furrow ratio was 60 cm∶40 cm for plastic-covered ridge in the semiarid areas in Loess Plateau of Northwest China.

采用沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯，垄作为集水区，沟作为种植区，采用三种沟垄比和两种下垫面材料。在2001～2002年的试验中，膜垄种植马铃薯平均水分利用效率分别是对照的2.8倍(2001)和2.4倍(2002)，土垄种植马铃薯水分利用效率和对照相差不大；由于降雨量和降雨高峰期出现时段的不同，虽然使2001～2002年度沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯产量有所差异，但在两年试验中，马铃薯增产趋势基本一致,膜垄种植马铃薯产量分别比对照平均提高231%(2001)和153%(2002)，土垄种植马铃薯产量分别比对照平均提高58%(2001)和23%(2002)。通过直线回归分析，在半干旱地区膜垄种植马铃薯最佳沟垄比为60 cm∶40 cm，当沟垄比为60 cm∶40 cm马铃薯产量的期望值可以达到最大，该技术是适合于半干旱地区的能较好提高降水利用率和产量的一种种植方式。

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2007

0.0

田媛, 李凤民, 刘效兰. 半干旱区不同垄沟集雨种植马铃薯模式对土壤蒸发的影响. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18: 795-800

Tian

, Li F

, Liu X

Effects of different ridge-furrow planting patterns of potato on soil evaporation in semiarid area. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2007, 18: 795-800 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper studied the soil evaporation in potato field in semi-arid area under effects of covering ridge with plastic film (CR), uncovering ridge but compacted (UR), and belt planting on flat soil without ridge (CK). The results showed that in the whole growth season of potato, soil evaporation was 122.9-165 mm, 90.9-101.2 mm, and 80.7 mm under CR, UR, and CK, respectively. Treatment CR 60 had the maximum soil evaporation (2.6 mm·d -1 ) at maturing stage, with a mean of 1。46 mm·d -1 , while the soil evaporation in CK was 0。65 mm·d -1 . In treatment UR 30 , soil evaporation was the minimum (0。2 mm·d -1 ) at seedling stage, with a mean of 0。39 mm·d -1 , while CK was 0。58 mm·d -1 . However, water surface evaporation was the maximum at budding and flowering stages, with the daily average evaporation being 8.3 mm and 9.0 mm, respectively, and not in-phase with soil evaporation. At maturing stage, soil evaporation was the maximum in all treatments. It was suggested that covered ridge had high efficiency of rainfall harvesting, but owing to its maximum soil evaporation, measures should be taken to inhibit soil evaporation to increase water use efficiency.

通过垄沟集雨种植马铃薯试验，研究了不同垄沟集雨种植模式对土壤蒸发的影响.结果表明，在马铃薯全生育期，垄上覆盖塑料薄膜(CR)处理土壤蒸发量为122.9～165 mm，垄上原土夯实不覆膜(UR)处理土壤蒸发量为90.9～101.2 mm，无垄带状种植(CK) 土壤蒸发量为80.7 mm.其中，覆膜垄处理CR 60 在马铃薯成熟期土壤蒸发强度最大，达2.6 mm·d -1 ，平均为1.46 mm·d -1 ，而对照的土壤蒸发强度为0.65 mm·d -1 ；不覆膜土垄处理(UR 30 )土壤蒸发强度苗期最小，只有0.2 mm·d -1 ，平均为0.39 mm·d -1 ，而对照的土壤蒸发强度为0.58 mm·d -1 .在马铃薯生长的现蕾期和开花期，水面蒸发量最大，日平均水面蒸发量分别为8.3和9.0 mm，与土壤蒸发不同步.马铃薯成熟期，各处理棵间土壤蒸发量都达到最大值.覆膜垄蒸发量最大，集雨效果显著，所以应采取抑制土壤蒸发措施，以便进一步提高水分利用效率.

... 可提高降水利用效率和马铃薯产量^{[13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]} ...

2013

0.0

阿米娜·麦图尔迪, 张弥, 于贵瑞, 韩士杰. 1990-2010年长白山温带针阔叶混交林生长季及积温的变化. 沙漠与绿洲气象, 2013, 7(5): 44-50

Amina

Matturdi

, Zhang

, Yu G

, Han S

Variation of the growing season and accumulated temperature for temperate missed forest in Changbai mountains during 1990-2010. Desert Oasis Meteorol, 2013, 7(5): 44-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

长白山温带针阔叶混交林作为典型的温带森林生态系统,对气候变化的反应比较敏感,其生长季及积温的变化是准确评价该我国东北林区气候变化的重要依据.本研究采用中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站获取的1982-2010年气温日值观测资料,分析了近20 a该地区生长季长度及积温的变化,结果标明长白山温带针阔叶混交林29 a的平均温度为3.6℃,29 a中该地区气温有较弱的上升趋势;长白山温带针阔叶混交林1990-2010年生长季长度的平均值为174 d,近20 a中生长季长度呈弱增长趋势;长白山温带针阔叶混交林1990-2010年生长季起始日期变化较稳定,生长季终止日期有推后的趋势;长白山温带针阔叶混交林1990-2010年≥5℃的活动积温和有效积温平均值分别为2616.9℃、1 744.8℃.近20 a中,≥5℃活动积温和有效积温都有着缓慢升高的趋势.

... 麦图尔迪等的方法^[22], 计算#cod#x02265 ...

2013

0.0

董浩, 陈雨海, 周勋波. 灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质生产的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 1871-1878

Dong

, Chen Y

, Zhou X

Effects of irrigation and planting pattern on winter wheat water consumption characteristics and dry matter production. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 1871-1878 (in Chinese with English abstract)

于2008-2010年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水 (W0)、拔节水(W1)、拔节水+开花水(W2)、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响.结果表明:随灌水量的增加,3种植方式下农田总耗水量均增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加,而土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低;与W0处理相比,各灌水处理提高了开花后干物质的积累量、小麦籽粒产量,而水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式土壤贮水量消耗比例、籽粒产量和WUE均较高.综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和WUE, 沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.

... 增加花后耗水是作物产量提高的一个关键因素, 小麦花后耗水增加, 使粒重和块茎重量显著提高, 产量和WUE显著增加^[23,24] ...

2008

0.0

郑成岩, 于振文, 马兴华, 王西芝, 白洪立. 高产小麦耗水特性及干物质的积累与分配. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 1450-1458

Zheng C

, Yu Z

, Ma X

, Wang X

, Bai H

Water consumption characteristic and dry matter accumulation and distribution in high-yielding wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 1450-1458 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water resource deficiency is one of major problems in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in North Plain of China. Irrigation plays an important role to obtain high grain yield and quality. Currently, many reports on the basis of different experiments and cultivars have suggested several irrigation regimes in wheat, but no consistent conclusion is available due to interactions between eco-environment and cultivar. In this study, two winter wheat cultivars were used under high-yielding cultivation in 2005–2007 growing seasons (with precipitations of 128.0 and 246.4 mm, respectively) to reveal the effects of irrigation amount on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulations in various organs. The results showed that the yield of treatment W2 (irrigated each 60 mm before sowing and at jointing) was the highest and the WUE of treatment W2 was significantly higher than that of other irrigation treatments in 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 wheat growing seasons. And when the precipitation was 246.4 mm from sowing to maturity in 2006–2007, the ratios of precipitation, irrigation amount and soil water amount to water consumption amount in treatment W2 were 47.32%, 23.04%, and 29.64%, respectively. Compared with in treatment W0, dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and contribution of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grains in irrigated treatments increased significantly with the highest of 8 241.59 kg ha -1 and 84.18% respectively in W2. However over-irrigation significantly reduced the photosynthate and grain yield. Water consumption amount increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount, and the ratio of irrigation amount to water consumption amount increased too, but the ratio of precipitation to water consumption amount and the ratio of soil water amount to water consumption amount both decreased. The variation in the ratio of soil water amount to water consumption was larger than others. As far as grain yield, WUE and WUE of irrigation concerned in the experiment, the most appropriate treatment for recommendation was treatment W2, which was irrigated 60 mm before sowing and at jointing stage respectively. The ratio of soil water amount to water consumption amount and the WUE of irrigation were higher in treatment W1 than in treatment W2, and the grain yield in treatment W1 was 8 797.73 kg ha -1 when the precipitation was 246.4 mm. The results can offer a useful reference for formulating water-saving cultivation techniques in the areas with different water resources.

在2005—2006年和2006—2007年小麦生长季降水量分别为128.0 mm和246.4 mm条件下, 采用不同灌水量处理, 研究了高产条件下冬小麦的耗水特性和小麦干物质的积累与分配。结果表明, 底水和拔节水分别灌溉60 mm处理(W2)在两个生长季获得了最高的籽粒产量, 2005—2006年生长季其水分利用效率和灌溉水的利用效率均显著高于其他灌水处理; 2006—2007年生长季, 其水分利用效率较高, 降水量、灌水量和土壤供水量分别占农田耗水量的47.32%、23.04%和29.64%; 与不灌水处理(W0)相比, 灌水处理显著提高开花后干物质的积累量和开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率, 以W2处理最高, 分别达8 241.59 kg hm-2和84.18%。灌水量过多显著减少光合产物向籽粒的分配, 使产量降低。随灌水量增加, 小麦全生育期耗水量显著增大, 灌水量占农田耗水量的比例增加, 降水量和土壤供水量占农田耗水量的比例均降低, 以土壤供水量所占比例降低最大。综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和水分利用效率, 在本试验条件下, 以底水和拔节水各60 mm的灌溉量为最优。在小麦生长季降雨量为246.4 mm条件下, 仅灌60 mm底水亦可获得较高的籽粒产量, 其土壤供水量占农田耗水量的比例和灌溉水的利用效率高于底水和拔节水处理。

... 增加花后耗水是作物产量提高的一个关键因素, 小麦花后耗水增加, 使粒重和块茎重量显著提高, 产量和WUE显著增加^[23,24] ...