低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

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谢小兵, 周雪峰, 蒋鹏, 陈佳娜, 张瑞春, 伍丹丹, 曹放波, 单双吕, 黄敏, 邹应斌. 低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(10): 1591-1602
XIE Xiao-Bing, ZHOU Xue-Feng, JIANG Peng, CHEN Jia-Na, ZHANG Rui-Chun, WU Dan-Dan, CAO Fang-Bo, SHAN Shuang-L#cod#x000fc;, HUANG Min, ZOU Ying-Bin. Effect of Low Nitrogen Rate Combined with High Plant Density on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Super Rice. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(10): 1591-1602 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

谢小兵¹, 周雪峰¹, 蒋鹏², 陈佳娜¹, 张瑞春¹, 伍丹丹¹, 曹放波¹, 单双吕¹, 黄敏¹, 邹应斌^1,^*

¹湖南农业大学农学院, 湖南长沙 410128

²四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所, 四川德阳 618000

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 邹应斌, E-mail: ybzou123@126.com, Tel: 0731-84618758

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: xbxie_agri@163.com

收稿日期:2015-03-08 接受日期:2015-06-01 网络出版日期:2015-06-05

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设水稻栽培与土壤岗位科学家项目(2011-2015)资助

摘要

为了研究低氮密植栽培对水稻分蘖发生及成穗率、干物质积累及其转化、氮素利用率和产量的影响, 2012—2013年以超级稻Y两优1号为材料, 在湖南长沙和海南澄迈进行了施氮量(75、150、225 kg N hm^-2)与栽插密度(68、40、27、19穴 m^-2), 每穴苗数(单、双、三本穴^-1)与栽插密度(40、27、19、14穴 m^-2)的大田栽培试验。结果表明, 在基本苗数相同或相近的条件下, 减苗增密在齐穗期和成熟期的干物质量及产量分别比增苗减密高10.5%、5.2%和2.9%, 有效穗数对产量的贡献最大, 达到显著水平; 在低氮密植条件下, 有效分蘖期缩短6 d左右, 分蘖成穗率、表观转化率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率分别提高10.9%、21.0%、150.6%和19.6%。在施氮量为75 kg N hm^-2的密植(40~68穴 m^-2)条件下, 齐穗期和成熟期的干物质量及长沙点产量分别比中、高氮(150~225 kg N hm^-2)常规密度(19~27穴 m^-2)低3.2%、7.5%和1.2%, 但差异不显著, 而澄迈点产量在2012年和2013年分别比之低5.2%和高9.1%, 且差异均达显著水平。在施氮量为150 kg N hm^-2的密植条件下, 成熟期干物质量比高氮常规密度低1.7%, 但齐穗期干物质量和产量比高氮常规密度高10.3%和3.3%。因此, 超级稻采用低氮密植栽培, 在100~150 kg N hm^-2和40穴 m^-2条件下提早了够苗期, 增加了有效穗数, 提高了分蘖成穗率和结实率, 加之齐穗期适宜的干物质积累和较高的表观转化率, 有利于高产的形成和氮肥利用率的提高。

关键词: 超级稻; 低氮密植栽培; 产量; 干物质; 氮素利用率

Effect of Low Nitrogen Rate Combined with High Plant Density on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Super Rice

XIE Xiao-Bing¹, ZHOU Xue-Feng¹, JIANG Peng², CHEN Jia-Na¹, ZHANG Rui-Chun¹, WU Dan-Dan¹, CAO Fang-Bo¹, SHAN Shuang-Lü¹, HUANG Min¹, ZOU Ying-Bin^1,^*

¹Agronomy College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

² Institute of Rice and Sorghum, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, China

Abstract

In order to study the impacts of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on tillering, earbearing tiller percentage, dry matter accumulation, apparent transformation rate, N-use efficiency and grain yield, field experiments with three nitrogen rates (75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^-1) and four plant densities (68, 40, 27, and 19 hill m^-2) as well as with three levels of number of seedlings per hill (1, 2, and 3 seedling(s) hill^-1) and four plant densities (40, 27, 19, and 14 hill m^-2) were conducted using super rice cultivar Y-liangyou 1 at Changsha, Hunan Province and Chengmai, Hainan Province in 2012-2013. The results showed that when seedlings per unit area were the same or approximate in combination with reducing seedlings per hill and increasing density (RSID), the dry matter accumulated 10.5% and 5.2% more than those with increasing seedlings per hill and reducing density (ISRD) at heading and maturity, respectively. RSID also produced 2.9% higher grain yield than ISRD. Panicles m^-2 had the highest and significant contribution to grain yield in RSID. Productive tillering stage was shorter by six days, and earbearing tiller percentage, apparent transformation rate (ATR), partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen (PEP) and internal utilization efficiency of nitrogen (IE) were respectively higher by 10.9%, 21.0%, 150.6%, and 19.6% under low nitrogen rate (75-150 kg N ha^-1) combined with high plant density (40-68 hills m^-2) than under higher nitrogen rate (225 kg N ha^-1) combined with low plant density (19-27 hills m^-2). The combination of applying 75 kg N ha^-1 and transplanting 40-68 hills m^-2 produced 3.2% and 7.5% biomass less than those of applying 150-225 kg N ha^-1 and transplanting 19-27 hills m^-2 at heading and maturity, respectively, but the differences were not significant. Meanwhile, the former combination decreased 1.2% and 5.2% grain yield at Changsha in two years and at Chengmai in 2012, respectively, while increased 9.1% at Chengmai in 2013, and the differences were significant at Chengmai. However, the combination of applying 150 kg N ha^-1 and transplanting 40-68 hills m^-2 produced 10.3% biomass and 3.3% grain yield more than that of applying 225 kg N ha^-1 and transplanting 19-27 hills m^-2, except for biomass decreased 1.7% at maturity. Therefore, the adoption of low nitrogen rate (100-150 kg N ha^-1) combined with high planting density (40 hills m^-2) would improve both grain yield and N-use efficiency for super rice due to reaching the projected tillers earlier, increasing panicles, improving earbearing tiller percentage and seed setting rate, and having suitable biomass and higher ATR at heading stage.

Keyword: Super rice; Cultivation with low nitrogen rate and high planting density; Grain yield; Dry matter; Nitrogen use efficiency

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随着我国耕地面积的不断减少和对粮食需求的不断增加, 通过合理密植和优化施肥等栽培措施提高水稻单产对稳定粮食生产和保障粮食安全具有重要的意义^[1]。缘于水稻品种特性的演变和栽培技术的发展, 我国水稻种植密度经历了由稀植(高秆品种)到密植(矮秆品种的穗数型栽培)再到稀植(半矮秆杂交稻的穗粒兼顾型栽培)的过程^[2]。1996年农业部组织实施超级稻育种计划以来, 超级稻的选育取得重大进展, 分别于2000、2004、2011和2014年实现第一至四期单季水稻产量目标(10.5~15.0 t hm^-2)^{[3, 4]}。超级稻高产潜力主要表现为大穗, 通常在生产上培育带蘖壮秧或小苗稀植移栽以降低本田基本苗数, 促进个体健壮生长以优化群体结构, 在稳定穗数的基础上提高穗重而获得高产(重穗型栽培)^{[5, 6]}。目前我国育成的超级稻品种普遍分蘖能力较强^[6]、根系发达^{[7, 8]}、干物质生产量大^{[9, 10, 11]}, 在稀植条件下要获得稳定穗数的同时培育大穗并保持后期功能叶片不早衰, 必然要确保氮素的供给才能达到高产或超高产。而有研究认为, 在我国南方亚热带地区通过增施氮肥不能弥补超级早稻栽插密度降低所导致的分蘖数不足和产量下降^[12]。虽然超级稻生产1000 kg稻谷需氮量不高于普通水稻(杂交稻)^{[8, 10, 13, 14, 15]}, 但为了充分发挥其产量潜力, 农民常常施用过量的氮肥以获得高产, 从而导致氮肥利用率低^{[14, 16, 17]}和氮肥盈余^[18]。然而研究表明减氮增密(减少施氮量增加密度)既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19, 20, 21, 22, 23]}, 但前人研究的最高密植处理趋近于常规密度以及局限于双季稻或低产田。因此, 本试验在湖南长沙和海南澄迈进行两项大田栽培试验: (1)研究减苗增密(减少每穴苗数增加密度)对一季超级稻产量形成的影响, 以期探明在基本苗数相同或相近时, 增加栽插密度比增加每穴苗数更有利于超级稻高产的形成; (2)在栽插密度比常规密度增加13~49穴 m^-2的基础上, 研究低氮密植对超级稻氮素利用率和产量形成的影响, 以期为超级稻低氮密植高产栽培提供理论和实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料及地点

以超级稻Y两优1号为材料, 于2012— 2013年在湖南长沙(28° 11'11'' N, 112° 04'15'' E)和海南澄迈(19° 45'11''N, 110° 11'52''E)进行大田栽培试验。试验田连年种植水稻, 冬季休闲。其中, 长沙土壤质地为潮泥土, 耕作层土壤pH为6.15, 含有机质25.02 g kg^-1、全氮1.47 g kg^-1、速效磷57.89 mg kg^-1、速效钾55.60 mg kg^-1。澄迈土壤质地为沙壤土, 耕作层土壤pH为5.90, 含有机质21.35 g kg^-1、全氮1.04 g kg^-1、速效磷38.83 mg kg^-1、速效钾114.50 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计

试验1为施氮量与栽插密度试验, 试验2为每穴苗数与栽插密度试验。

试验1按裂区设计排列, 以施氮量为主处理, 设低氮(75 kg N hm^-2)、中氮(150 kg N hm^-2)、高氮(225 kg N hm^-2) 3个水平, 分别以N₁、N₂、N₃表示; 以栽插密度为副处理, 设68、40、27、19穴 m^-2 4个水平, 每穴栽插双本苗, 分别以D₁、D₂、D₃、D₄表示, 其中D₁、D₂为密植处理, D₃、D₄为常规密度。氮肥按基肥(移栽前1 d):分蘖肥(移栽后7 d):促花肥(倒四叶期):保花肥(倒二叶期) = 5:2:2:1施用。磷肥施用75 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2, 全部用作基肥。钾肥施用105 kg K₂O hm^-2, 按基肥:促花肥 = 1:1施用。主处理间作田埂, 用塑料薄膜包埋, 处理间单排单灌。

试验2同样采用裂区设计, 以每穴栽插的基本苗数为主处理, 设每穴单本、双本、三本苗3个水平, 分别以S₁、S₂、S₃表示; 以栽插密度为副处理, 设40、27、19、14穴 m^-2 4个水平, 分别以M₁、M₂、M₃、M₄表示, 其中M₁为密植处理, M₂、M₃、M₄为常规密度。施氮量为150 kg N hm^-2, 按基肥(移栽前1 d):分蘖肥(移栽后7 d):促花肥(倒四叶期):保花肥(倒二叶期) = 5:2:2:1施用, 磷肥、钾肥的用量和施用方法与试验1相同。主处理间留空行, 用作走道。

试验1和试验2设在同一田块, 中间用田埂隔离。除施肥、栽插密度、基本苗数等处理因子不同外, 两个试验的其他栽培管理措施均相同。试验田主区面积60 m², 裂区面积15 m², 重复3次。统一采用湿润育秧, 手工栽插, 秧苗移栽至返青期保持浅水层, 返青期至有效分蘖临界叶龄期采用干湿间歇交替灌溉, 无效分蘖叶龄期排水搁田7 d, 孕穗期至抽穗期采用湿润灌溉, 抽穗后至收获前7 d保持浅水灌溉, 之后断水。按当地高产栽培进行化学防控病虫害和田间杂草。2012年澄迈于1月13日播种, 2月15日移栽, 4月22日至24日齐穗, 5月27日收割; 长沙于5月14日播种, 6月12日移栽, 8月18日至22日齐穗, 9月28日收割。2013年澄迈于1月17日播种, 2月23日移栽, 4月28日至30日齐穗, 5月29日收割; 长沙于5月17日播种, 6月15日移栽, 8月19— 22日齐穗, 9月29日收割。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 分蘖动态 2012年在移栽后10 d, 从每个小区定株选取6穴, 每4 d记载一次分蘖数至齐穗期。

1.3.2 齐穗期干物质于齐穗期, 从每个小区随机选取生长均匀且有代表性的植株6穴(边两行除外), 剪去根系后均按茎叶、穗分类, 在105℃杀青30 min, 转至70℃烘干至恒重, 测定干物质量(2013年长沙点齐穗期数据不完整)。

1.3.3 产量及其构成于成熟期, 按对角线取样法, 从每个小区选取5~10穴(D₁、D₂和M₁选取10穴, D₃、D₄、M₂、M₃和M₄选取5穴), 脱粒后用水选法分离实粒和秕粒, 烘干后考察结实率和千粒重(恒重), 并测定样本稻草、实粒、秕粒的干重。从每小区中心收割5 m²用于测产, 折算成14%含水量的实收产量, 同时调查每个小区20穴, 计算单位面积有效穗数。

1.3.4 花后干物质生产比例和表观转化率根据1.3.2和1.3.3所得齐穗期(茎叶、穗)和成熟期(稻草、实粒、秕粒)的干物质量, 花后干物质生产量=成熟期干物质量– 齐穗期干物质量。花后干物质生产比例(%)=100× 花后干物质积累/成熟期干物质量。表观转化率(%)=100× (齐穗期茎叶干重– 成熟期稻草干重)/籽粒干重。

1.3.5 氮肥偏因素生产率和氮素籽粒生产效率成熟期的稻草、实粒和秕粒经消化后采用荷兰Skalar公司生产的Skalar San++流动注射分析仪测定氮素含量。氮肥偏因素生产率(kg kg^-1)=施氮区稻谷产量(kg hm^-2)/施氮量(kg N hm^-2), 氮素籽粒生产效率(kg kg^-1)=籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)/总氮累积量(kg N hm^-2)。

1.4 数据处理

用Microsoft Excel 2007整理数据, 用DPS软件进行数据分析, 用LSD_0.05法进行多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 施氮量与栽插密度对水稻产量及其构成的影响

2012年长沙和澄迈点施氮量和栽插密度对水稻产量影响达到显著或极显著水平, 但施氮量与密度的互作对产量影响不显著; 2013年长沙点施氮量及其与密度的互作和澄迈点栽插密度对产量影响达到极显著水平, 而其余对产量影响不显著(表1)。由表2可知, 2012— 2013年两点产量随着施氮量和密度的增加表现为增加趋势, 其中密植处理(D₁、D₂)的产量显著高于常规密度(D₃、D₄), 除2013年澄迈点外, 中氮(N₂)和高氮(N₃)水平的产量显著高于低氮水平(N₁), 但中氮与高氮之间产量差异不显著。2013年澄迈在低氮水平(N₁D₁, 8.37 t hm^-2)下获得最高产量, 其余在高氮水平下获得, 分别为N₃D₁ (9.39 t hm^-2, 2012年澄迈)、N₃D₂ (11.12 t hm^-2, 2012年长沙)和N₃D₃ (8.62 t hm^-2, 2013年长沙), 而最低产量均为N₁D₄。从低氮水平密植处理和高氮水平常规密度的产量来看, 2012年澄迈、2013年长沙在低氮水平下密植处理的平均产量分别为8.18 t hm^-2和8.13 t hm^-2, 略低于中、高氮水平常规密度的平均产量(8.64 t hm^-2和8.63 t hm^-2、8.24 t hm^-2和8.59 t hm^-2), 而2012年长沙点在低氮水平下密植处理的平均产量(10.29 t hm^-2)介于中、高氮水平之间, 2013年澄迈点(8.32 t hm^-2)则比中、高氮水平高; 然而除2013年长沙点中氮水平下密植处理的平均产量(8.52 t hm^-2)略低于高氮水平常规密度的产量(8.59 t hm^-2)外, 其余均高于高氮水平。

表1 不同施氮量和每穴苗数与栽插密度对产量影响的方差分析 Table 1 Analysis of variance of grain yield affected by transplanting densities under different N application rates and seedlings per hill

施氮量和栽插密度对有效穗数、每穗粒数、总颖花数和结实率的影响达到显著水平(2012年澄迈的每穗粒数和长沙的结实率及2013年长沙的总颖花数例外)。有效穗数随施氮量和密度的增加而增加, 而每穗粒数与之不同, 一般在N₂水平下最多, 随密度的增加而减少; 总颖花数随施氮量的增加表现为增加趋势, 随密度变化趋势不尽一致。2012年密植处理的总颖花数高于常规密度, 但2013年差异较小; 结实率随施氮量的增加反而表现为降低趋势(2013年长沙例外), 随密度的变化规律不明显, 2012年澄迈密植处理的结实率低于常规密度, 而2012年长沙和2013年两点与之相反。施氮量(2012年澄迈例外)和密度(2013年澄迈例外)对千粒重的影响达显著水平, 但均没有相同规律。通过产量与产量构成的通径分析可知, 除2013年长沙点有效穗数(0.3436^*)对产量的总贡献第二外, 2012年长沙点和两年澄迈点均以有效穗数对产量的总贡献最大, 分别为0.6229^{* *}、0.7366^{* *}、0.6220^{* *}。由此可知, 低氮密植处理获得最高或较高产量主要是因为密植在增加有效穗数和总颖花数的同时, 减少施氮量还可以提高结实率。

2.2 每穴苗数与栽插密度对水稻产量及其构成的影响

两年两试验点每穴苗数和栽插密度对产量的影响达到显著水平(2012年长沙点密度处理例外), 而互作对产量的影响均不显著(表1)。随着每穴苗数的增加, 长沙点产量表现为降低趋势, 以S₁的产量最高, 2012年显著高于S₂、S₃, 2013年显著高于S₂; 澄迈点与之相反, 以S₂或S₃的产量最高, 两年S₂与S₃产量差异不显著, 但均显著高于S₁。随密度的增加, 长沙和澄迈产量均表现为增加趋势, 以M₁的产量最高, M₄的产量最低, 但2012年长沙点密度间产量差异不显著。从表3可知, 2012— 2013年澄迈点最高产量在每穴三本水平(S₃)下获得, 均为S₃M₁(9.00 t hm^-2和8.21 t hm^-2), 最低产量组合为S₁M₄(7.87 t hm^-2和6.62 t hm^-2); 而长沙点的最高产量在每穴单本水平(S₁)下获得, 分别为S₁M₂(10.68 t hm^-2)和S₁M₁(8.77 t hm^-2), 最低分别为S₃M₄(9.63 t hm^-2)和S₂M₄(7.55 t hm^-2)。

有效穗数随每穴苗数和栽插密度的增加而显著增加, 每穗粒数与之相反, 随每穴苗数和栽插密度的增加而显著减少。每穴苗数与密度对2012年澄迈点和2013年长沙点总颖花数的影响达到显著水平, 但没有表现出一致的规律。结实率因每穴苗数和密度的影响较小, 在每穴双本水平(S₂)下最高且随密度增加有提高的趋势, 但只有2013年长沙点和澄迈点(每穴苗数)达到显著水平。千粒重在两年长沙点和2013年澄迈(每穴苗数)的差异达到显著水平, 同样在每穴双本水平下最高且随密度增加而增加。

依据表3基本苗数(每穴苗数和密度的乘积)相同或相近的组合即S₁M₂与S₂M₄(27~28本 m^-2)、S₁M₁与S₃M₄ (40~42本 m^-2)、S₂M₂与S₃M₃ (54~57本 m^-2)、S₂M₁与S₃M₂ (80~81本 m^-2) 可知, S₁M₂、S₁M₁、S₂M₂和S₂M₁通过密度增加基本苗数(减苗增密), S₂M₄、S₃M₄、S₃M₃和S₃M₂通过每穴苗数增加基本苗数(增苗减密)。除2012年澄迈点的S₁M₂与S₂M₄, 2013年长沙点的S₂M₂与S₃M₃和澄迈点S₂M₂与S₃M₃及S₁M₁与S₃M₄外, 其余均通过减苗增密所获得的产量高于增苗减密, 其中2012年长沙点和澄迈点分别高1.7%~9.0%、0.3%~1.9%, 2013年分别高0.5%~14.0%、4.5%~4.9%。对于产量构成因子来说, 通过减苗增密所形成的有效穗数高于增苗减密(2012年长沙点S₁M₁与S₃M₄例外), 两年长沙点均达显著水平, 澄迈点仅2012年S₂M₂与S₃M₃、S₂M₁与S₃M₂和2013年S₁M₂与S₂M₄未达到显著水平。而每穗粒数则是通过增苗减密的处理高于减苗增密, 但两年长沙点及2012年澄迈点的S₁M₂和S₂M₄与之相反。总颖花数、结实率和千粒重因密度或每穴苗数的增加没有一致的规律。通过产量与产量构成的通径分析可知, 除2012年长沙点以每穗粒数(0.3646^*)对产量的贡献最大外, 2013年长沙点和两年澄迈点均以有效穗数对产量的贡献最大, 分别为0.6515^{* *}、0.6822^{* *}、0.8064^{* *}。可见, 在基本苗数相同或相近的情况下, 减苗增密比增苗减密形成更多的有效穗数, 从而达到高产。

2.3 施氮量和每穴苗数与栽插密度对分蘖动态和成穗率的影响

相同密度下单位面积茎蘖数随施氮量或每穴苗数的增加而增加, 而相同施氮量或每穴苗数下在高峰苗期之前随密度的增加而增加(图1)。但在高峰苗期之后, 澄迈点在相同苗数下单位面积茎蘖数始终随密度的增加而增加(S₁M₂例外, 图1-D), 长沙点M₄的茎蘖数反而高于M₃ (图1-C), 而在相同施氮量下D₄的茎蘖数反而高于D₂和D₃ (澄迈点高氮水平下仅高于D₃, 图1-A和B)。

由表2和表3中单位面积有效穗数和图1可知, 随着施氮量的增加和密度的减小, 有效分蘖期均相应延长, 其中长沙点分别为1 d (相对于N₁)左右和4~9 d (相对于D₁), 澄迈点分别为2~4 d和2~8 d。随着每穴苗数的增加和密度的减小, 有效分蘖期分别缩短和延长, 其中长沙点均为4~ 6 d (相对于S₁或M₁), 澄迈点分别为5~8 d和3~8 d。可见, 由于施氮量对有效分蘖期的影响小于密度, 低氮水平密植处理的有效分蘖期比高氮水平常规密度缩短6 d左右。每穴苗数和密度对有效分蘖期的影响相当, 故基本苗数相同或相近的组合(S₁M₂与S₂M₄、S₁M₁与S₃M₄、S₂M₂与S₃M₃、S₂M₁与S₃M₂)有效分蘖期差异不大。

施氮量对分蘖成穗率的影响不明显, 而栽插密度对其影响达到显著水平, 分蘖成穗率随密度的增加而增加; 每穴苗数和密度对澄迈点成穗率的影响不显著, 而对长沙点影响显著, 成穗率随每穴苗数增加而降低, 但随密度变化没有一致规律; 施氮量和每穴苗数与密度的互作对成穗率的影响均未达到显著水平。长沙和澄迈低氮水平密植处理的分蘖成穗率比中氮常规密度分别高18.3%和10.9%, 而与高氮水平相比, 长沙点略低于高氮水平, 澄迈点则高14.6%, 同样中氮水平密植处理的成穗率与高氮常规密度相比, 长沙点低5.7%, 澄迈点则高19.6% (数据未列出)。从基本苗数相同或相近的组合来看, 除S₂M₂与S₃M₃及澄迈点的S₁M₂与S₂M₄外, 其余都是减苗增密的分蘖成穗率高于增苗减密。

表2 施氮量与栽插密度对产量及其构成的影响 Table 2 Effect of N application rates and transplanting densities on grain yield and yield components

处理 Treatment	2012						2013
	有效穗数 Panicles m^-2	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花数 Spikelets m^-2 (×10³)	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)	有效穗数 Panicles m^-2	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	总颖花数 Spikelets m^-2 (×10³)	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-Grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield(t hm^-2)
	湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan
N₁D₁	303.3	166.3	50.53	87.97	22.79	10.20	328.2	137.3	45.08	68.98	23.43	8.25
N₁D₂	266.6	197.7	52.77	84.91	23.06	10.37	283.5	146.4	41.52	71.39	23.21	8.01
N₁D₃	241.3	165.3	40.03	90.10	24.37	9.35	255.4	161.8	41.32	68.12	23.50	7.50
N₁D₄	221.8	169.7	37.73	90.42	24.25	8.92	250.3	164.8	41.24	67.29	22.91	7.44
N₂D₁	344.1	158.3	54.47	88.15	23.13	10.74	339.6	121.9	41.43	74.79	23.79	8.43
N₂D₂	288.0	186.3	53.77	89.78	23.55	10.59	288.9	139.5	40.30	76.37	24.08	8.61
N₂D₃	265.0	182.3	48.47	86.21	24.33	10.34	275.5	153.4	42.27	71.95	23.62	8.32
N₂D₄	233.5	199.0	46.60	85.04	24.51	9.72	263.1	160.7	42.25	72.91	23.23	8.16
N₃D₁	369.0	151.3	55.90	87.22	23.04	10.55	335.0	118.3	39.60	80.64	23.68	8.14
N₃D₂	299.6	181.7	54.43	89.53	23.55	11.12	276.0	162.8	44.91	72.42	23.90	8.45
N₃D₃	278.0	177.0	49.30	86.64	24.12	10.24	281.2	158.6	44.60	73.36	24.04	8.62
N₃D₄	270.6	193.3	52.30	82.05	24.27	10.51	272.4	180.8	49.26	68.76	23.58	8.55
LSD_0.05	31.7	11.5	7.51	4.80	0.28	1.08	12.7	11.8	3.92	5.32	0.40	0.41
海南澄迈 Chengmai, Hainan
N₁D₁	322.6	117.3	37.83	80.44	25.55	8.15	319.2	110.3	35.18	81.14	25.45	8.37
N₁D₂	265.0	120.8	32.00	82.75	25.45	8.21	292.5	122.4	35.78	77.87	25.48	8.26
N₁D₃	236.5	141.6	33.47	84.54	25.12	8.04	257.9	135.3	34.86	73.79	25.18	7.72
N₁D₄	220.4	156.7	34.53	82.23	24.92	7.40	216.0	156.7	33.82	69.82	25.30	6.97
N₂D₁	393.3	105.9	41.67	72.04	25.36	8.97	371.2	107.3	39.81	74.33	24.94	8.29
N₂D₂	298.4	133.7	39.90	77.68	25.25	8.90	319.2	129.6	41.37	66.69	24.89	7.86
N₂D₃	288.7	129.1	37.23	80.26	25.12	8.71	286.5	147.8	42.32	64.07	25.10	7.71
N₂D₄	252.8	169.4	42.80	75.18	25.09	8.58	265.4	161.0	42.68	64.07	25.19	7.79
N₃D₁	448.5	121.5	54.50	71.21	25.43	9.39	369.8	106.0	39.19	77.13	25.01	8.19
N₃D₂	332.7	127.0	42.20	71.14	25.45	8.93	338.8	120.5	40.80	70.80	25.01	7.98
N₃D₃	295.1	134.2	39.60	83.34	25.33	8.62	293.2	135.9	39.85	68.71	25.24	7.67
N₃D₄	261.4	150.7	39.43	77.61	25.27	8.64	269.9	132.3	35.68	75.26	24.66	7.33
LSD_0.05	19.9	6.9	3.15	5.17	0.29	0.45	19.8	8.0	2.25	4.03	0.35	0.60

$N_1$、$N_2$ and $N_3$ are 75, 150 and 225 $kg N hm^2$, respectively. $D_1$、$D_2$、$D_3$ and $D_4$ are 68, 40, 27, and 19 hills $m^{-2}$, respectively.$N_1$、$N_2$、$N_3$分别为75、150、225 $kg N hm^2$，$D_1$、$D_2$、$D_3$、$D_4$分别为68、40、27、19穴 $m^{-2}$。

表2 施氮量与栽插密度对产量及其构成的影响 Table 2 Effect of N application rates and transplanting densities on grain yield and yield components

表3 每穴苗数与栽插密度对产量及其构成的影响 Table 3 Effect of seedlings per hill and transplanting densities on grain yield and yield components

处理 Treatment	基本苗数 Seedlings m^-2	2012						2013
处理 Treatment	基本苗数 Seedlings m^-2	有效穗数 Panicles m^-2	每穗粒数 Spikelets panicle^-1	总颖花数 Spikelets m^-2 ($times$10³)	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)	有效穗数 Panicles m^-2	每穗粒数 Spikelets panicle^-1	总颖花数 Spikelets m^-2($times$10³)	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)
湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan
S₁M₁	40	276.8	184.3	50.97	90.63	24.38	10.50	323.2	151.6	49.02	67.25	23.26	8.77
S₁M₂	27	258.6	196.7	50.86	87.94	23.50	10.68	307.2	184.9	54.37	61.77	23.27	8.26
S₁M₃	19	229.0	210.3	48.34	87.82	23.53	10.34	293.5	211.1	55.16	60.14	23.06	8.36
S₁M₄	14	230.4	200.3	46.24	84.98	23.69	10.38	292.4	213.0	51.87	61.16	22.91	8.09
S₂M₁	80	287.1	166.7	47.86	89.88	24.27	10.25	291.1	138.9	40.63	74.42	23.84	8.17
S₂M₂	54	276.3	170.3	47.01	89.06	24.13	10.03	275.1	169.9	45.92	65.11	23.87	8.04
S₂M₃	38	252.3	179.3	45.20	90.51	24.10	9.85	269.9	167.3	43.99	67.47	23.29	8.03
S₂M₄	28	231.4	200.3	46.29	87.79	23.50	9.99	262.8	166.4	40.12	70.10	23.53	7.55
S₃M₁	120	301.8	173.7	52.37	88.66	24.39	9.79	260.8	142.0	43.59	72.59	23.57	8.51
S₃M₂	81	294.3	179.7	52.79	90.15	24.08	10.08	255.1	165.8	48.29	66.92	23.10	8.14
S₃M₃	57	251.6	185.7	46.69	86.69	23.32	9.80	243.2	167.7	46.13	67.95	23.69	8.42
S₃M₄	42	249.1	175.0	43.62	89.82	23.22	9.63	241.8	181.5	46.30	64.69	23.08	7.69
LSD_0.05		19.0	10.5	4.42	3.51	0.26	0.58	23.0	13.7	6.49	4.00	0.27	0.53
海南澄迈 Chengmai, Hainan
S₁M₁	40	260.0	156.8	40.74	77.02	24.91	8.55	262.1	138.9	36.38	69.65	25.25	7.57
S₁M₂	27	243.8	164.5	40.10	79.82	25.35	8.21	238.5	156.1	37.22	70.45	24.88	7.34
S₁M₃	19	232.9	176.0	41.01	66.69	25.55	7.97	229.5	165.4	37.95	65.98	24.74	6.82
S₁M₄	14	191.0	189.6	36.19	72.80	25.41	7.87	199.4	165.4	32.97	71.55	25.25	6.62
S₂M₁	80	300.1	138.4	41.59	77.16	25.09	8.82	310.7	121.3	37.68	77.18	24.96	8.03
S₂M₂	54	251.0	161.1	40.51	70.99	25.33	8.47	274.5	139.0	38.15	69.13	25.05	7.66
S₂M₃	38	247.2	162.5	40.20	75.35	25.04	8.82	260.1	143.6	37.37	72.04	25.10	7.56
S₂M₄	28	228.3	155.7	35.57	74.01	25.12	8.52	231.7	160.9	37.33	69.57	25.13	7.02
S₃M₁	120	330.2	135.1	44.61	70.30	25.15	9.00	317.9	117.8	37.45	75.99	25.02	8.21
S₃M₂	81	297.5	140.7	41.87	73.53	25.11	8.72	276.9	131.7	36.44	78.88	25.44	8.08
S₃M₃	57	250.0	165.4	41.34	72.47	25.16	8.45	251.8	143.5	36.14	78.60	25.25	7.75
S₃M₄	42	239.4	164.2	39.31	73.20	25.08	8.39	237.3	156.6	37.16	70.71	25.35	7.22
LSD_0.05		14.6	10.5	4.10	4.70	0.38	0.56	12.9	11.7	3.16	5.90	0.34	0.53

$S_1$, $S_2$, and $S_3$ are 1, 2, and 3 seedling(s) per hill, respectively. $M_1$, $M_2$, $M_3$, and $M_4$ are 40, 27, 19, and 14 hills $m^{-2}$, respectively.$S_1$、$S_2$、$S_3$分别为每穴单本、双本、三本，$M_1$、 $M_2$、$M_3$、$M_4$分别为40、27、19、14穴$m^{-2}$。

表3 每穴苗数与栽插密度对产量及其构成的影响 Table 3 Effect of seedlings per hill and transplanting densities on grain yield and yield components

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图1 施氮量和每穴苗数与栽插密度对水稻分蘖动态的影响
N₁、N₂、N₃分别为75、150、225 kg N hm^-2, D₁、D₂、D₃、D₄分别为68、40、27、19穴 m^-2; S₁、S₂、S₃分别为每穴单本、双本、三本, M₁、M₂、M₃、M₄分别为40、27、19、14穴 m^-2。A(C)、B(D)分别代表长沙和澄迈的分蘖动态。Fig. 1 Effect of N application rates, seedlings per hill and transplanting density on tillering dynamic in rice
N₁, N₂, and N₃ are 75, 150, and 225 kg N hm^-2, respectively. D₁, D₂, D₃, and D₄ are 68, 40, 27, and 19 hills m^-2, respectively. S₁, S₂, and S₃ are 1, 2, and 3 seedling(s) per hill, respectively. M₁, M₂, M₃, and M₄ are 40, 27, 19, and 14 hills m^-2, respectively. A(C) and B(D) are tillering dynamic of Changsha and Chengmai, respectively.

2.4 施氮量与栽插密度对干物质积累和氮肥利用率的影响

齐穗期和成熟期干物质随施氮量与栽插密度的增加表现为显著增加趋势, 而其互作仅2012年澄迈点齐穗期有显著差异。施氮量与栽插密度及其互作对齐穗期茎叶表观转化率和花后干物质占总干重比例的影响不显著, 而收获指数仅2012年长沙的施氮量及其与密度的互作和2013年澄迈的密度对其影响未达显著水平。对于氮肥利用率而言, 减少氮肥的施用量可以显著提高氮肥偏因素生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率, 两年两点均以低氮(N₁)水平下的氮肥利用率最高, 显著高于N₂、N₃; 增加密度仅能提高氮肥偏因素生产力, 以D₁、D₂处理最高, 显著高于D₃、D₄, 而氮素籽粒生产效率随密度的增加反而有下降趋势, 但差异较小。

由表4和表5可知, 齐穗期和成熟期在低氮水平密植处理的干物质均低于高氮水平常规密度。2012年齐穗期干物质在中氮水平密植处理最高, 2013年则在高氮水平密植处理最高, 而成熟期干物质除2013年长沙点在高氮水平下常规密度最高外, 其余均在高氮水平下密植处理最高。在两年两点试验中, 低氮和中氮水平下密植处理的表观转化率均高于高氮水平常规密度, 但花后干物质占总干重比例表现为低氮水平密植处理低于高氮水平常规密度。另外, 澄迈点低氮密植处理的收获指数高于中、高氮常规密度, 而长沙点与之相反。从表4和表5还可以看出, 不管是氮肥偏因素生产力还是氮素籽粒生产效率, 低氮水平的密植处理分别比高氮水平的常规密度平均高150.6%和19.6%。

表4 施氮量与栽插密度对干物质积累和氮肥利用率的影响(2012) Table 4 Effect of N application rates and transplanting densities on dry matter accumulation, PEP and IE in 2012

表5 施氮量与栽插密度对干物质积累和氮肥利用率的影响(2013) Table 5 Effect of N application rates and transplanting densities on dry matter accumulation, PEP and IE in 2013

处理 Treatment	齐穗期 Heading (g m^-2)	成熟期 Maturity (g m^-2)	表观转化率 ATR (%)	花后干物质生产比例 PPR (%)	收获指数Harvest index	氮肥偏因素生产力 PEP (kg kg^-1)	氮素籽粒生产效率 IE (kg kg^-1)
湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan
N₁D₁	— ^#	1613.4	—	—	0.45	110.0	82.4
N₁D₂	—	1475.0	—	—	0.44	106.8	82.2
N₁D₃	—	1462.3	—	—	0.46	99.9	88.4
N₁D₄	—	1345.4	—	—	0.45	99.1	91.4
N₂D₁	—	1800.7	—	—	0.47	56.2	67.6
N₂D₂	—	1676.6	—	—	0.45	57.4	73.2
N₂D₃	—	1745.9	—	—	0.48	55.4	78.2
N₂D₄	—	1574.0	—	—	0.47	54.4	76.7
N₃D₁	—	1696.2	—	—	0.46	36.2	66.1
N₃D₂	—	1791.8	—	—	0.45	37.6	60.6
N₃D₃	—	1884.8	—	—	0.45	38.3	60.0
N₃D₄	—	1717.2	—	—	0.48	38.0	67.3
LSD_0.05		183.0			0.02	3.7	17.8
海南澄迈 Chengmai, Hainan
N₁D₁	870.1	1426.5	18.4	38.6	0.54	111.6	64.2
N₁D₂	919.0	1332.9	31.3	31.2	0.53	110.2	90.2
N₁D₃	840.5	1196.6	33.1	29.0	0.51	103.0	98.7
N₁D₄	780.0	1160.7	30.3	31.8	0.51	93.0	93.3
N₂D₁	1010.3	1481.3	26.8	31.0	0.49	55.3	73.1
N₂D₂	1049.9	1389.9	39.8	24.6	0.49	52.4	66.5
N₂D₃	981.3	1410.8	31.5	30.2	0.48	51.4	64.8
N₂D₄	934.8	1341.1	32.1	29.9	0.48	51.9	81.7
N₃D₁	1289.3	1496.5	56.0	13.1	0.49	36.4	67.9
N₃D₂	1043.1	1531.2	27.1	31.8	0.48	35.5	58.4
N₃D₃	897.1	1408.1	20.5	36.3	0.48	34.1	62.6
N₃D₄	948.2	1416.5	26.6	32.6	0.51	32.6	62.6
LSD_0.05	184.2	214.3	31.0	17.0	0.02	4.9	13.5

N₁, N₂, and N₃ are 75, 150, and 225 kg N hm^-2, respectively. D₁, D₂, D₃, and D₄ are 68, 40, 27, and 19 hills m^-2, respectively. ATR, PPR, PEP, and IE are abbreviations of apparent transformation rate, post-anthesis dry matter production rate, partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen, and internal utilization efficiency of nitrogen, respectively. ^# Not sampling at heading in 2013 in Changsha.

N₁、N₂、N₃分别为75、150、225 kg N hm^-2, D₁、D₂、D₃、D₄分别为68、40、27、19穴 m^-2。ATR、PPR、PEP和IE分别为表观转化率、花后干物质生产比例、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率。^#2013年长沙齐穗期数据不完整。

表5 施氮量与栽插密度对干物质积累和氮肥利用率的影响(2013) Table 5 Effect of N application rates and transplanting densities on dry matter accumulation, PEP and IE in 2013

2.5 每穴苗数与栽插密度对干物质积累的影响

每穴苗数对齐穗期和成熟期干物质、表观转化率、花后干物质生产比例和收获指数的影响未达到显著水平, 而密度对其影响除收获指数和2012年澄迈点成熟期干物质外均达到显著水平, 其中齐穗期和成熟期的干物质随密度增加表现为增加趋势, 其他指标没有一致规律; 每穴苗数与密度的互作仅对2012年澄迈点表观转化率和花后干物质生产比例的影响显著, 其余均不显著。

在基本苗数相同或相近的组合之间, S₁M₂、S₁M₁、S₂M₂和S₂M₁齐穗期的干物质积累量高于S₂M₄、S₃M₄、S₃M₃和S₃M₂, 成熟期干物质除S₂M₂与S₃M₃(澄迈)和S₂M₁与S₃M₂外, 其余也均前者高于后者, 即通过减苗增密积累的干物质量高于增苗减密。各组合之间收获指数差异较小, 而表观转化率与花后干物质生产比例呈互补趋势, 即表观转化率下降时花后干物质生产比例则提高, 前者提高则后者下降。

表6 每穴苗数与栽插密度对干物质积累和收获指数的影响 Table 6 Effect of seedlings per hill and transplanting densities on dry matter accumulation and harvest index

地点 Site	处理 Treatment	基本苗数 Seedlings m^-2	齐穗期 Heading (g m^-2)	成熟期 Maturity (g m^-2)	表观转化率 ATR (%)	花后干物质生产比例 PPR (%)	收获指数 Harvest index
2012
湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan	S₁M₂	27	1278.1	2045.4	17.2	37.6	0.54
	S₂M₄	28	1140.7	1922.3	11.7	40.6	0.54
	S₁M₁	40	1287.7	2346.1	5.6	45.0	0.55
	S₃M₄	42	1152.5	1921.3	10.7	40.0	0.54
	S₂M₂	54	1238.7	2211.1	4.7	43.9	0.54
	S₃M₃	57	1177.1	1866.5	17.5	36.8	0.54
	S₂M₁	80	1345.6	2235.8	10.1	39.7	0.53
	S₃M₂	81	1212.1	2273.5	2.5	46.7	0.55
	LSD_0.05		244.5	249.2	17.0	10.7	0.03
海南澄迈 Chengmai, Hainan	S₁M₂	27	986.3	1368.0	34.2	27.9	0.53
	S₂M₄	28	823.7	1321.5	16.6	37.5	0.51
	S₁M₁	40	998.6	1533.5	23.2	34.9	0.52
	S₃M₄	42	903.6	1422.0	17.1	36.4	0.51
	S₂M₂	54	1054.3	1322.4	48.0	20.2	0.51
	S₃M₃	57	910.5	1356.7	27.0	32.7	0.52
	S₂M₁	80	1088.4	1474.0	36.1	26.0	0.53
	S₃M₂	81	958.0	1472.7	24.6	34.9	0.52
	LSD_0.05		102.8	174.0	14.8	9.2	0.02
2013
湖南长沙 Changsha, Hunan	S₁M₂	27	— ^#	1758.6	—	—	0.45
	S₂M₄	28	—	1413.1	—	—	0.47
	S₁M₁	40	—	1750.3	—	—	0.44
	S₃M₄	42	—	1525.1	—	—	0.45
	S₂M₂	54	—	1724.8	—	—	0.44
	S₃M₃	57	—	1705.1	—	—	0.44
	S₂M₁	80	—	1646.9	—	—	0.44
	S₃M₂	81	—	1749.8	—	—	0.46
	LSD_0.05			241.1			0.02
海南澄迈 Chengmai, Hainan	S₁M₂	27	775.3	1260.1	19.3	38.5	0.52
	S₂M₄	28	746.9	1201.5	21.2	37.6	0.51
	S₁M₁	40	858.2	1269.6	24.7	32.4	0.50
	S₃M₄	42	781.5	1198.0	24.9	34.7	0.52
	S₂M₂	54	897.4	1255.0	35.9	28.5	0.51
	S₃M₃	57	899.1	1357.0	28.7	33.4	0.54
	S₂M₁	80	1071.7	1337.6	48.6	18.7	0.52
	S₃M₂	81	951.4	1472.8	23.2	34.9	0.52
	LSD_0.05		142.2	147.2	23.4	14.1	0.03

S₁, S₂, and S₃ are 1, 2, and 3 seedling(s) per hill, respectively. M₁, M₂, M₃, and M₄ are 40, 27, 19, and 14 hills m^-2, respectively. ATR and PPR are abbreviations of apparent transformation rate and post-anthesis dry matter production rate, respectively. ^# Not sampling at heading in 2013 in Changsha.

S₁、S₂、S₃分别为每穴单本、双本、三本, M₁、M₂、M₃、M₄分别为40、27、19、14穴 m^-2。ATR和PPR分别为表观转化率和花后干物质生产比例。^#2013年长沙齐穗期数据不完整。

表6 每穴苗数与栽插密度对干物质积累和收获指数的影响 Table 6 Effect of seedlings per hill and transplanting densities on dry matter accumulation and harvest index

3 讨论

“ 密” , 即合理密植, 是我国农业的“ 八字宪法” 之一。20世纪50年代末至70年代中, 随着第一次水稻绿色革命的矮秆化和早熟化, 我国水稻高产栽培强调增加栽插密度; 20世纪70年代中至90年代末, 随着化肥施用量的增加和分蘖能力强的杂交水稻的推广应用, 移栽密度大幅度降低; 20世纪90年代中期以来, 超级稻的选育获得重大进展, 其产量潜力主要表现为大穗, 在生产上通常培育带蘖壮秧或小苗稀植移栽^{[2, 5, 6]}。然而, 超级稻在稀植条件下要获得稳定穗数的同时培育大穗并保持后期功能叶片不早衰, 必然要确保氮素的供给才能达到高产或超高产。目前, 为了充分发挥超级稻的增产潜力, 氮肥施用量过大, 导致氮肥利用率低^{[14, 16, 17]}和氮肥盈余^[18]。已有研究表明通过适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19, 20, 21, 22, 23]}。从本研究结果来看, 密植处理D₁与D₂之间, 或常规密度D₃与D₄之间的产量差异不显著, 但密植处理的产量显著高于常规密度, 增幅为4.5%~12.5%。低氮(N₁)密植处理与中氮(N₂)或高氮(N₃)常规密度比较, 产量或高或低, 存在年度间和地点间差异。其中, 2012年澄迈、2013年长沙点低氮密植处理的平均产量略低于中、高氮常规密度, 但2012年长沙点介于中氮和高氮之间, 2013年澄迈点则比中氮和高氮高; 而两年两点中氮密植处理的平均产量均高于高氮常规密度。低氮密植处理的氮肥偏生产力分别比中氮和高氮常规密度高89.4%~114.6%和184.0%~232.6%, 氮素籽粒生产效率分别高5.4%~30.9%和23.3%~29.2%; 中氮密植处理的氮肥偏生产力比高氮水平常规密度高48.8%~61.4%, 氮素籽粒生产效率高3.6%~14.6%。这与前人的研究结果基本一致。但是, 大幅增加栽插密度也会带来如下问题。

(1) 超级稻一般分蘖能力较强^[6], 栽插密度过大会缩短有效分蘖期, 增加无效分蘖数, 降低分蘖成穗率, 影响个体和群体的健壮^{[24, 25]}。本研究表明, 密植处理与常规密度相比, 有效分蘖期缩短6 d左右, 但分蘖成穗率平均提高10.9%。密植处理D₁在所有处理中有效穗数最多, 每穗粒数最少, 总颖花量最多或较多, 虽然最终产量显著高于常规密度, 但与密植处理D₂差异不显著, 甚至略低于D₂(长沙), 可能是由于D₁的密度过高, 影响了个体和群体的健壮。

(2) 依据刘学军等^[26]的研究结果, 我国南方稻田每年干湿沉降和灌溉水中输入的氮素总量约为70 kg hm^-2, 按氮素表观吸收利用率为50%计算, 2012年长沙点N₁D₁、N₁D₂的土壤供氮达69.2 kg hm^-2和61.3 kg hm^-2, 而2013年则余留至土壤的氮素达12.4 kg hm^-2和15.0 kg hm^-2; 海南点除2013年N₁D₁需要土壤供氮17.9 kg hm^-2外, 其余低氮密植处理均余留至土壤1.7~20.9 kg hm^-2氮素。可见, 长期低氮(75 kg hm^-2)密植(68穴 m^-2)栽培可能对土壤肥力产生不利影响, 建议生产上增施有机肥培肥地力。

(3) 由于本研究是小区试验且采用手工栽插, 用工成本较高, 随着水稻机械化插秧和轻简栽培的大面积推广, 用工成本会大大降低。低氮密植可以节省氮肥, 但同时增加密度也会增加用种量, 伴随病虫害的加重, 因此, 低氮密植栽培的综合经济效益和病虫危害的程度有待深入研究。

综上所述, 超级稻的施氮量100~150 kg N hm^-2和栽插密度40穴 m^-2左右, 不仅有利于稻田的可持续生产, 还能获得高产并显著提高氮肥利用率。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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[10]	吴文革, 张洪程, 陈烨, 李杰, 钱银飞, 吴桂成, 翟超群. 超级中籼杂交水稻氮素积累利用特性与物质生产. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 1060-1068 Wu W G, Zhang H C, Chen Y, Li J, Qian Y F, Wu G C, Zhai C Q. Dry-matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization in middle-season indica super hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 1060-1068 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[11]	纪洪亭, 冯跃华, 何腾兵, 李云, 武彪, 王小艳. 两个超级杂交水稻品种物质生产的特性. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2238-2246 Ji H T, Feng Y H, He T B, Li Y, Wu B, Wang X Y. Dynamic characteristics of matter population in two super hybrid rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2238-2246 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[12]	Huang M, Yang C L, Ji Q M, Jiang L G, Tan J L, Li Y Q. Tillering responses of rice to plant density and nitrogen rate in a subtropical environment of southern China. Field Crops Res, 2013, 149: 187-192 [本文引用:1]
[13]	朱德峰, 林贤青, 陈苇, 孙永飞, 卢婉芳, 段彬伍, 张玉屏. 超级稻协优9308营养特性与施肥技术. 中国稻米, 2002, (2): 18-19 Zhu D F, Lin X Q, Chen W, Sun Y F, Lu W F, Duan B W, Zhang Y P. The nutritional characteristics and technique of fertilization in super rice Xieyou 9308. China Rice, 2002, (2): 18-19 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[14]	Huang J L, He F, Cui K H, Buresh Roland J, Xu B, Gong W H, Peng S B. Determination of optimal nitrogen rate for rice varieties using a chlorophyll meter. Field Crops Res, 2008, 105: 70-80 [本文引用:3]
[15]	Zhang Y B, Tang Q Y, Zou Y B, Li D Q, Qin J Q, Yang S H, Chen L J, Xia B, Peng S B. Yield potential and radiation use efficiency of ‘super’ hybrid rice grown under subtropical condition. Field Crops Res, 2009, 114: 91-98 [本文引用:1]
[16]	彭少兵, 黄见良, 钟旭华, 杨建昌, 王光火, 邹应斌, 张福锁, 朱庆森, Buresh R, Witt C. 提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35: 1095-1103 Peng S B, Huang J L, Zhong X H, Yang J C, Wang G H, Zou Y B, Zhang F S, Zhu Q S, Buresh R, Witt C. Research strategy in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China. Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35: 1095-1103 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[17]	张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰, 崔振岭, 马文奇, 陈新平, 江荣风. 中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径. 土壤学报, 2008, 45: 915-924 Zhang F S, Wang J Q, Zhang W F, Cui Z L, Ma W Q, Chen X P, Jiang R F. Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedol Sin, 2008, 45: 915-924 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[18]	张卫峰, 马林, 黄高强, 武良, 陈新平, 张福锁. 中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战. 中国农业科学, 2013, 15: 3161-3171 Zhang W F, Ma L, Huang G Q, Wu L, Chen X P, Zhang F S. The development and contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer in China and challenges faced by the country. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 15: 3161-3171 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[19]	马国辉, 龙继锐, 戴清明, 周静. 超级杂交中稻Y两优1号最佳缓释氮肥用量与密度配置研究. 杂交水稻, 2008, 23(6): 73-77 Ma G H, Long J R, Dai Q M, Zhou J. Studies on the optimized allocation of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application and planting density for medium super hybrid rice combination Yliangyou 1. Hybrid Rice, 2008, 23(6): 73-77 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[20]	周江明, 赵琳, 董越勇, 徐进, 边武英, 毛杨仓, 章秀福. 氮肥和栽植密度对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(2): 274-281 Zhou J M, Zhao L, Dong Y Y, Xu J, Bian W Y, Mao Y C, Zhang X F. Nitrogen and transplanting density interactions on the rice yield and N use rate. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16(2): 274-281 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[21]	樊红柱, 曾祥忠, 张冀, 吕世华. 移栽密度与供氮水平对水稻产量、氮素利用影响. 西南农业学报, 2010, 23: 1137-1141 Fan H Z, Zeng X Z, Zhang J, Lü S H. Effects of transplanting density and nitrogen management on rice grain and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Southwest China J Agric Sci, 2010, 23: 1137-1141 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[22]	陈海飞, 冯洋, 蔡红梅, 徐芳森, 周卫, 刘芳, 庞再明, 李登荣. 氮肥与移栽密度互作对低产田水稻群体结构及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 1319-1328 Chen H F, Feng Y, Cai H M, Xu F S, Zhou W, Liu F, Pang Z M, Li D R. Effect of the interaction of nitrogen and transplanting density on the rice population structure and grain yield in low-yield paddy fields. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 1319-1328 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[23]	陆秀明, 黄庆, 刘怀珍, 张彬, 李惠芬, 邹积祥. 机插超级稻在不同施肥水平和不同插植密度下的生育特性及产量表现. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(21): 152-157 Lu X M, Huang Q, Liu H Z, Zhang B, Li H F, Zou J X. The performance of yield and growth characteristics in different fertilizer levels and different transplanting densities of super mechanical transplanting rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2014, 30(21): 152-157 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[24]	苏祖芳, 霍中洋. 水稻合理密植研究进展. 耕作与栽培, 2006, (5): 6-9 Su F Z, Huo Z Y. Progress for research in rational close planting in rice. Gengzuo yu Zaipei, 2006, (5): 6-9 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	李木英, 石庆华, 王涛, 方慧铃, 潘晓华, 谭雪明. 种植密度对双季超级稻群体发育和产量的影响. 杂交水稻, 2009, 24(2): 72-77 Li M Y, Shi Q H, Wang T, Fang H L, Pan X H, Tan X M. Effects of different transplanting densities on the population development and grain yield of double cropping super rice. Hybrid Rice, 2009, 24(2): 72-77 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	刘学军, 张福锁. 环境养分及其在生态系统养分资源管理中的作用——以大气氮沉降为例. 干旱区研究, 2009, 26: 306-311 Liu X J, Zhang F S. Nutrient from environment and its effect in nutrient resources management of ecosystems—A case study on atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Arid Zone Res, 2009, 26: 306-311 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2005

0.0

章秀福, 王丹英, 方福平, 曾衍坤, 廖西元. 中国粮食安全和水稻生产. 农业现代化研究, 2005, 26(2): 85-88

Zhang X

, Wang D

, Fang F

, Zeng Y

, Liao X

Food safety and rice production in China. Res Agric Modern, 2005, 26(2): 85-88 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在分析水稻生产历史、粮食消费和国际贸易的基础上,指出水稻在我国粮食生产中具重要地位,水稻的稳定增产对保障国家食物安全起基础作用;在对国内外水稻单产水平进行比较的基础上,分析了我国水稻的生产潜力,提出水稻单产还有很大的提高空间,可以满足我国未来对稻谷的需求;探讨了确保粮食安全的水稻发展对策.

... 随着我国耕地面积的不断减少和对粮食需求的不断增加, 通过合理密植和优化施肥等栽培措施提高水稻单产对稳定粮食生产和保障粮食安全具有重要的意义^[1] ...

2011

0.0

邹应斌. 长江流域双季稻栽培技术发展. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 254-262

Zou Y

Development of cultivation technology for double cropping rice along the Changjiang River Valley. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 254-262 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：综述长江流域双季稻栽培技术的沿革和变更,为发展双季稻生产提供参考。根据区域内双季稻品种由单季稻改双季稻,由高秆稻改矮秆稻,由常规稻改杂交稻,由普通稻改超级稻的4次变革,总结和分析栽培技术的发展。随着品种的变更,双季稻栽培技术经历了多穗型栽培、穗粒兼顾型栽培和重穗型栽培3个发展阶段。重点介绍了早稻少耕分厢撒播技术、杂交晚稻＂双两大＂栽培技术、双季稻起垄栽培技术、早稻旱育稀植栽培技术、双季稻＂旺壮重＂栽培技术、双季稻抛秧栽培技术、双季超级稻＂三定＂栽培技术的原理、要点及适应范围。指出双季稻生产将向化肥化、轻型化和机械化发展变化,并提出了发展双季稻生产的建议。

... 缘于水稻品种特性的演变和栽培技术的发展, 我国水稻种植密度经历了由稀植(高秆品种)到密植(矮秆品种的穗数型栽培)再到稀植(半矮秆杂交稻的穗粒兼顾型栽培)的过程^[2] ...

... 20世纪90年代中期以来, 超级稻的选育获得重大进展, 其产量潜力主要表现为大穗, 在生产上通常培育带蘖壮秧或小苗稀植移栽^[2,5,6] ...

2012

0.0

袁隆平. 选育超高产杂交水稻的进一步设想. 杂交水稻, 2012, 27(6): 1-2

Yuan L

Conceiving of breeding further super-high-yield hybrid rice. Hybrid Rice, 2012, 27(6): 1-2 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在当前水稻超高产育种不断取得新的突破后,如何实现更高的水稻产量目标?作者提出了在保持现有水稻收获指数的基础上,通过逐步提升植株高度的株型发展模式来实现水稻产量不断提高的新设想。

... 0 t hm^-2)^[3,4] ...

2014

0.0

李建武, 张玉烛, 吴俊, 舒友林, 周萍, 邓启云. 超高产水稻新组合Y两优900百亩方15. 40 t/hm²高产栽培技术研究. 中国稻米, 2014, 26(6): 1-4

Li J

, Zhang Y

, Wu

, Shu Y

, Zhou

, Deng Q

High-yielding cultural techniques of super hybrid rice YLY900 yielded 15. 40 t/hm² on a 6. 84 hm² scale. China Rice, 2014, 26(6): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Y两优900是以广适性光温敏不育系Y58S为母本,籼粳杂交选育的偏籼型恢复系R900为父本配组育成的超高产杂交稻新组合,具有根系发达、穗大粒多、结实率高、株叶形态理想、熟期适中、适应性广、高产稳产、优质多抗等特点。2014年在湖南溆浦对该组合进行了较大面积攻关试验,创造了6.84 hm2面积单产15.40 t/hm2的世界纪录。介绍了Y两优900的特征特性,并详细阐述了Y两优900百亩攻关片单产达15.40 t/hm2的高产栽培技术。

... 0 t hm^-2)^[3,4] ...

2002

0.0

马均, 陶诗顺. 杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀高产栽培技术的研究. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35: 42-48

, Tao S

Study on the practice and high-yielding mechanism of super-sparse-cultivation associated with maximum-tiller seedling of hybrid rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35: 42-48 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以5个杂交中稻品种为材料,对作者提出的“杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀高产栽培技术”的高产原理及技术进行了5年的研究。结果表明,使用该技术不仅能获高产,而且能节省种子、劳力等生产成本,是多熟制地区特别是迟栽田及发挥重穗型品种增产潜力的一条重要的高产途径。“两超”栽培高产的直接原因是颖花数量的增加和籽粒的良好充实。“两超”栽培高素质的“超多蘖壮秧”和本田期健壮的个体生长是其穗足、穗大粒多的前提,而其高质量的群体结构和明显的后期生长优势是其籽粒灌浆结实良好和单穗重提高的物质保证。

... 超级稻高产潜力主要表现为大穗, 通常在生产上培育带蘖壮秧或小苗稀植移栽以降低本田基本苗数, 促进个体健壮生长以优化群体结构, 在稳定穗数的基础上提高穗重而获得高产(重穗型栽培)^[5,6] ...

... 20世纪90年代中期以来, 超级稻的选育获得重大进展, 其产量潜力主要表现为大穗, 在生产上通常培育带蘖壮秧或小苗稀植移栽^[2,5,6] ...

2003

0.0

邹应斌, 周上游, 唐起源. 中国超级杂交水稻超高产栽培研究的现状与展望. 中国农业科技导报, 2003, 5(1): 31-35

Zou Y

, Zhou S

, Tang Q

Status and outlook of high yielding cultivation researches on China super hybrid rice. Rev China Agric Sci & Technol, 2003, 5(1): 31-35 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本文综述了近年有关中国超级杂交水稻的栽培特性和生态适应性的研究结果.指出目前已育成的超级杂交水稻在我国南方多种生态区域作一季稻栽培,产量可达12 t/hm2,生育期130-150 d,颖花量5.5-6.0万/m2,LAI 9-10,株高100-110 cm,分蘖力偏强,表现出足穗大穗、源库协调、耐肥抗倒的潜在高产优势.通过对超级杂交水稻的生长发育、光合生产及其分配、分蘖及其成穗、根系生长及其活力、适宜种植区域及其栽培期、超高产途径与技术体系等方面的研究,初步明确了单本稀植、增施氮肥条件下产量形成的生理基础、栽培环境和农艺调控技术.为了充分发挥超级杂交水稻的高产潜力,有必要对其足穗大穗与高结实率相互协调的高产生理机制进行酶学水平、激素水平、甚至分子水平的研究,并对SRI强化栽培技术措施的优化作进一步的研究.

... 目前我国育成的超级稻品种普遍分蘖能力较强^[6]、根系发达^[7,8]、干物质生产量大^[9,10,11], 在稀植条件下要获得稳定穗数的同时培育大穗并保持后期功能叶片不早衰, 必然要确保氮素的供给才能达到高产或超高产 ...

... 20世纪90年代中期以来, 超级稻的选育获得重大进展, 其产量潜力主要表现为大穗, 在生产上通常培育带蘖壮秧或小苗稀植移栽^[2,5,6] ...

... (1) 超级稻一般分蘖能力较强^[6], 栽插密度过大会缩短有效分蘖期, 增加无效分蘖数, 降低分蘖成穗率, 影响个体和群体的健壮^[24,25] ...

2000

0.0

朱德峰, 林贤青, 曹卫星. 超高产水稻品种的根系分布特点. 南京农业大学学报, 2000, 23(4): 5-8

Zhu D

, Lin X

, Cao W

Characteristics of root distribution of super high-yielding rice varieties.

J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2000, 23(4): 5-8 (in Chinese with English abstract)

利用不同类型水稻品种和组合,采用根箱钉板法研究了全量根系在土壤中纵向和横向的分布特征.结果表明,根系生物量的52%～63%分布在0～12 cm土层中,70%～79%分布在0～24 cm土层中.后期耐早衰的协优9308表现根系生物量大,深根系比例高.根系横向分布随土壤深度增加,趋向离开植株中心分布.根系重量密度以表层最高,并随深度增加逐渐下降.协优9308在表土层以下的根系重量密度比其他品种明显提高.

2010

0.0

袁小乐, 潘晓华, 石庆华, 吴建富, 漆映雪. 超级早、晚稻的养分吸收和根系分布特性研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 27-32

Yuan X

, Pan X

, Shi Q

, Wu J

, Qi Y

Characteristics of nutrient uptake and root system distribution in super early and super late rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 27-32 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了阐明双季超级稻的高产机理和指导合理施肥,采用品种比较的方法,研究了超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收和根系分布特性.结果表明,超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收量平均分别为N 170.04、224.90 kg/hm~2,P 21.97、39.88kg/hm~2,K 107.48、144.47 kg/hm~2,均高于对照.生育中期(穗分化至抽穗)的养分吸收量与产量密切相关.生产100kg稻谷所需要的养分较对照低10%左右.超级早、晚稻品种根系发达,根量较大.抽穗后15 d(早稻)或20 d(晚稻)的根量与产量密切相关,其中5-10 cm的根量与养分吸收总量密切相关.说明生育中期较多的养分吸收和发达的根系是超级早、晚稻高产的重要原因. Abstract： In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in high yield of rice and provide guidance for fertilization in rice farming, the characteristics of nutrient uptake and root distribution in both super early rice and super late rice were studied under field conditions. The average uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) was 170.04, 21.97 and 107.48 kg/ha, respectively, by super early rice, and was224.90, 39.88 and 144.47 kg/ha, respectively, by super late rice. Except for super early rice zhuliangyou819, the nutrient uptakes of super rice were higher than those of control rice cultivars. The total amount of nutrient uptakes from panicle differentiation to heading were positively correlated with the grain yield of super rice. Compared to the control cultivars, super rice had a larger root system and higher dry root weight, but the nutrient requirement for per 100 kg of grain production was 10% less. The dry root weights of super rice at 15 d or 20 d post-heading were positively correlated with grain yield. Furthermore, only the root weight in 5-10 cm deep soil exhibited significant correlation with super rice's nutrient uptake. In general, these observations suggest that a higher grain yield of super early and late rice is mainly due to the higher uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from panicle differentiation to heading, and a larger root system.

... 虽然超级稻生产1000 kg稻谷需氮量不高于普通水稻(杂交稻)^{[8,10,13,14,15]}, 但为了充分发挥其产量潜力, 农民常常施用过量的氮肥以获得高产, 从而导致氮肥利用率低^[14,16,17]和氮肥盈余^[18] ...

2001

0.0

杨惠杰, 李义珍, 杨仁崔, 姜照伟, 郑景生. 超高产水稻的干物质生产特性研究. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15(4): 26-31

Yang H

, Li Y

, Yang R

, Jiang Z

, Zheng J

Dry matter production characteristics of super high yielding rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15(4): 26-31 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Physiological characteristics of super high yielding rice cultivars, which were bred recently, were studied in Longhai, Fujian and Taoyuan, Yunnan. The results showed that super high yielding rice cultivars accumulated high biomass production. The grain yield were raised with the increase of total dry matter accumulation. The grain yield resulted primarily from biomass production and harvest index contributed little to the grain yield. The production superiority of super high yielding rice was exhibited during the middle and late growth stages and the yield was increased with the increase of net dry matter accumulation during the two stages. The crop growth rate(CGR) of the cultivar during the middle and late growth stages had high positive correlation with the yield. However there was no close correlation between the CGR and the yield during the early stage. The average exportation amount of stem and leaf dry matter contributed 24%(Fujian) or 33%(Yunnan) to grain production. Both stem and leaf dry matter exportation amount and dry matter accumulation after heading had a very significant positive correlation with the grain yield. The contribution of CGR to dry matter accumulation was significantly larger than that of growth duration.

以我国近年育成的超高产水稻品种为材料, 在福建龙海和云南涛源研究分析了超高产水稻品种的高产生理特性。结果表明超高产水稻品种积累了高额的生物量。稻谷产量随干物质积累总量的增加而提高，产量主要取决于生物产量的高低，而收获指数对稻谷产量的贡献较小。超高产水稻干物质生产优势在中期和后期，产量随中期和后期干物质净积累量的增加而提高。中期和后期的群体生长率(CGR)与产量呈高度正相关，而前期CGR与产量的关系不密切。茎叶干物质输出量构成籽粒产量平均为24％（福建龙海）和33％（云南涛源），茎叶干物质输出量和抽穗后干物质积累量均与稻谷产量呈极显著正相关。在同一地点，对干物质积累的作用，CGR显著大于生长日数。

2008

0.0

吴文革, 张洪程, 陈烨, 李杰, 钱银飞, 吴桂成, 翟超群. 超级中籼杂交水稻氮素积累利用特性与物质生产. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 1060-1068

Wu W

, Zhang H

, Chen

, Li

, Qian Y

, Wu G

, Zhai C

Dry-matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption and utilization in middle-season indica super hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 1060-1068 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The field experiment was conducted in 2006 to research the difference of characteristics of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake and utilization between five super rice cultivars and the control—Shanyou 63. The dry matter production of middle-season indica super hybrid rice was started from the beginning of elongation stage, and with the rice growing, the comparative advantage of dry matter accumulation was gradually speeded up. The middle-season indica super hybrid rice had apparent advantage in biomass accumulation after heading. Total amount of nitrogen absorption was 196.5 (184.3–200.8) kg ha -1 in super rice cultivar, which was 20.0 kg ha -1 higher than that of control. The amount of nitrogen absorption of middle-season indica super hybrid rice cultivar corresponded to that of control before jointing stage, however, increased 9.2 kg ha -1 more than that of CK from jointing stage to heading stage, 4.9 kg ha -1 more than that of CK at 25 days after heading stage, and 4.3 kg ha -1 more than that of CK from 25 days after heading stage to maturity. The Nitrogen uptake rate reached its peak at booting stage, and the middle-season indica super hybrid rice was 3.68 (3.44–3.96) kg N ha -1 d -1 while the control was 3.55 kg N ha -1 d -1 . And then, the nitrogen uptake was slower and slower after booting stage, and at 25 days after heading and at maturing stage, the N-uptake rate was 0.36 kg N ha -1 d -1 in super rice, whereas it was almost zero in the control. It can be seen that middle-season indica super hybrid rice held high N rate in the leaf blade after heading stage, which was beneficial to chlorophyll contents stability and photosynthate accumulation so that the super high yield of the rice could become true. The result also showed that the super hybrid rice should absorb about 1.83 kg N per hundred kilogram grain when its yielding level was 10.5 t ha -1 .

在大田条件下比较了5个超级稻品种和对照汕优63的物质生产及氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明, 超级稻物质生产与积累优势始于拔节期, 并随着生育进程而扩大, 抽穗以后的干物质量积累优势明显。超级稻对氮素的吸收积累总量达196.5 (184.3~200.8) kg hm -2 ,较对照的176.5 kg hm -2 增加20.0 kg hm -2 , 其中拔节前与对照相当, 拔节至抽穗期增加9.2 kg hm -2 , 抽穗至抽穗后25 d增加4.9 kg hm -2 , 抽穗后25 d至成熟期增加4.3 kg hm -2 。氮素吸收速率拔节至孕穗阶段达最高峰, 超级稻为3.68 (3.44~3.96) kg N hm -2 d -1 , 对照为3.55 kg N hm -2 d -1 ; 孕穗期以后吸氮速率随着生育进程而逐渐下降, 抽穗25 d以后, 对照基本不具再吸收能力, 而超级稻仍具一定吸收能力(0.36 kg N hm -2 d -1 )。超级稻生育中、后期氮素吸收利用能力的提高促进了抽穗和灌浆结实期植株特别是叶片含氮率的提高, 孕穗期、抽穗期、抽穗后25 d、成熟期叶片含氮率均与相应生育阶段的干物质积累量显著相关, 与最终总生物量极显著相关。超级稻在10.5 t hm -2 产量水平下的百千克籽粒吸氮量在1.83 kg左右。

2013

0.0

纪洪亭, 冯跃华, 何腾兵, 李云, 武彪, 王小艳. 两个超级杂交水稻品种物质生产的特性. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2238-2246

Ji H

, Feng Y

, He T

, Li

, Wu

, Wang X

Dynamic characteristics of matter population in two super hybrid rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2238-2246 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to find foundations of high-yield cultivation in super hybrid rice (SHR), we modeled on dynamics of population indexes. A field experiment with two super hybrid cultivars (Zhunliangyou 527, Q you 6) and Control ( II you 838) was conducted in 2011 and 2012, and dry matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured. The dynamic equations of DMA and relative leaf area index (RLAI) were established and the dynamic characteristics of crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), and Specific leaf area (LAR) were analyzed based on the equations. The DMA and its proportion to the total biomass at rapid growth stage were significantly higher than those of Control. In the process of time after transplanting, the tendency of CGR was expressed in a single peak curve, and CGR of two SHR was higher than that of Control in rapid growth stage. The RGR of Zhunliangyou 527 was higher than that of control from 23 d after transplanting to mature period. As compared with the RGR of Control, the RGR of Q you 6 was lower before 43 d after transplanting, higher from 43 d to 113 d after transplanting , and not much difference from 113 d after transplanting to maturity . A significant correlation was observed between gross LAD and LAD at rapid growth stage, and also between gross LAD and duration of LAI at rapid growth stage. Compared with Control, the RGR of SHR showed faster increasing and decreasing, and its peak value was higher. A single peak curve was available for the dynamic changes of NAR with its most high value from 43 d to 53 d after transplanting. The LAR of two SHR decreased fast from 23 d to 43 d after transplanting, moderately from 73 d to mature stage, and slowly from 43 d to 73 d after transplanting stage. The LAR of two SHR was higher in rapid growth stage than that of Control.

定量分析超级杂交水稻若干群体指标的动态特征，以期为其高产栽培提供依据。于2011年和2012年在大田条件下，以超级杂交水稻准两优527、Q优6号和对照品种II优838为试材，通过连续测定干物质和叶面积，建立了水稻群体干物质和相对叶面积指数动态模型，进而以群体干物质和相对叶面积指数模型为基础，分析了超级杂交水稻作物生长率、相对生长率、光合势、净同化率、叶面积比率动态变化特征。结果表明，超级杂交水稻快增期的干物质积累量及其占总生物量的比例均高于对照。作物生长率(CGR)随移栽后时间呈先升高后下降的单峰曲线变化，其快增期的CGR较大。与对照相比，超级杂交水稻相对生长率(RGR)表现出上升快、峰值大、下降快的特点。准两优527在移栽后23 d至成熟期高于对照，Q优6号的RGR在移栽后43 d以前低于对照，移栽后43 d至113 d高于对照，两者在移栽后113 d至成熟期的RGR相差不大。不同水稻净同化率(NAR)随移栽后时间呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线变化，最大NAR出现在移栽后43~53 d。总光合势与快增期光合势及与快增期绿叶面积持续时间均呈极显著正相关。2个超级杂交水稻叶面积比率(LAR)在移栽后23 d至43 d迅速下降，移栽后43 d至73 d缓慢下降，移栽后73 d至成熟期快速下降，其快增期的LAR较大。

2013

0.0

... 而有研究认为, 在我国南方亚热带地区通过增施氮肥不能弥补超级早稻栽插密度降低所导致的分蘖数不足和产量下降^[12] ...

2002

0.0

朱德峰, 林贤青, 陈苇, 孙永飞, 卢婉芳, 段彬伍, 张玉屏. 超级稻协优9308营养特性与施肥技术. 中国稻米, 2002, (2): 18-19

Zhu D

, Lin X

, Chen

, Sun Y

, Lu W

, Duan B

, Zhang Y

The nutritional characteristics and technique of fertilization in super rice Xieyou 9308. China Rice, 2002, (2): 18-19 (in Chinese with English abstract)

与普通水稻不同,超级稻协优9308生长量大,对氮、磷、钾的吸收量大,且穗大粒多,花后物质生长量大,要求叶片有较好的光合作用功能.这对超级稻高产提出了新的施肥要求.

2008

0.0

... 目前, 为了充分发挥超级稻的增产潜力, 氮肥施用量过大, 导致氮肥利用率低^[14,16,17]和氮肥盈余^[18] ...

2009

0.0

2002

0.0

彭少兵, 黄见良, 钟旭华, 杨建昌, 王光火, 邹应斌, 张福锁, 朱庆森, Buresh

, Witt

提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35: 1095-1103

Peng S

, Huang J

, Zhong X

, Yang J

, Wang G

, Zou Y

, Zhang F

, Zhu Q

, Buresh

, Witt

Research strategy in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China. Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35: 1095-1103 (in Chinese with English abstract)

介绍了中国水稻生产氮肥使用及利用率概况。中国氮肥消费量占世界氮肥总量的 30 %,水稻生产所消耗的氮肥占世界水稻氮肥总消耗量的 37%。与主要产稻国相比 ,中国水稻生产氮肥施用量较高而利用率较低 ;介绍了国际上公认的氮肥利用率的概念和相应的定量方法 ;总结了国内外水稻氮肥的施用方法 ,肥料种类 ,计算机推荐施肥以及实时施氮管理模式等对降低氮素损失 ,提高氮肥利用率的研究概况和研究进展 ;从水稻品种耐肥性、土壤供肥能力、施肥技术及水分管理等多方面分析了中国水稻氮肥利用率低的可能原因 ;提出了通过改善水稻品种对氮肥的敏感反应 ,以作物氮素状况为指导适时和适量施用氮肥 ,以及合理调节土壤背景氮来降低氮素损失 ,提高水稻的氮肥利用率的研究策略。

... 目前, 为了充分发挥超级稻的增产潜力, 氮肥施用量过大, 导致氮肥利用率低^[14,16,17]和氮肥盈余^[18] ...

2008

0.0

张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰, 崔振岭, 马文奇, 陈新平, 江荣风. 中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径. 土壤学报, 2008, 45: 915-924

Zhang F

, Wang J

, Zhang W

, Cui Z

, Ma W

, Chen X

, Jiang R

Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement. Acta Pedol Sin, 2008, 45: 915-924 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Nutrient use efficiency is an important index not only for fertilizer recomm endation on the field scale but also for forecasting fertilizer demand on the regional and national scales,however,exact nutrient use efficiencies of the major cereal crops in China are not well known yet.In this paper,data from 1 333 field experiments were collected and used for analysis and evaluation of partial factor productivity(PFP),agronomic efficiency(AE),apparent recovery efficiency (RE)and physiological efficiency(PE)of these crops.Results show that AE N of rice,wheat and maize was 10.4 kg kg -1 ,7.99 kg kg -1 and 9.80 kg kg -1 ,respectively,and RE N of rice,wheat and maize was 28.3%,28.2% and 26.1%,respectively,obviouslymuch lower than the world's average,whichis attributed to over-use of chemical fertilize,rignorance of contribution of nutrients from the environment and the soil, failure to bring crop yield potential into full play, and inability to inhibit nutrient losses effectively.

总结了近年来在全国粮食主产区进行的1 333个田间试验结果,分析了目前条件下中国主要粮食作物水稻、小麦和玉米氮磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料利用率和生理利用率等,发现水稻、小麦和玉米的氮肥农学效率分别为10.4 kg kg -1 、8.0 kg kg -1 和9.8 kg kg -1 ,氮肥利用率分别为28.3%、28.2%和26.1%,远低于国际水平,与20世纪80年代相比呈下降趋势。造成肥料利用率低的主要原因包括高产农田过量施肥,忽视土壤和环境养分的利用,作物产量潜力未得到充分发挥以及养分损失未能得到有效阻控等。要大幅度提高肥料利用率就必须从植物营养学、土壤学、农学等多学科联合攻关入手,充分利用来自土壤和环境的养分资源,实现根层养分供应与高产作物需求在数量上匹配、时间上同步、空间上一致,同时提高作物产量和养分利用效率,协调作物高产与环境保护。

... 目前, 为了充分发挥超级稻的增产潜力, 氮肥施用量过大, 导致氮肥利用率低^[14,16,17]和氮肥盈余^[18] ...

2013

0.0

张卫峰, 马林, 黄高强, 武良, 陈新平, 张福锁. 中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战. 中国农业科学, 2013, 15: 3161-3171

Zhang W

, Ma

, Huang G

, Wu

, Chen X

, Zhang F

The development and contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer in China and challenges faced by the country. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 15: 3161-3171 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Nitrogen is essential to human life, environment quality and ecosystem sustainability; Chemical fertilizer is becoming a dominant source of human’s nitrogen supply, therefore, its role and development strategy are core issues for China’s sustainability. 【Method】This study analyzed the sources of nitrogen in ecosystem, its contribution to crop production and protein production, and nitrogen balance through food chain model. Finally, This study drafted a strategy for nitrogen fertilizer development from fertilizer production to field consumption. 【Result】After half a century development, China’s nitrogen fertilizer production and consumption have both ranked the first in the world since 1991, and in the past two decades (1990-2009) 61% of the world’s increase of nitrogen production and 52% of the world’s increase of nitrogen consumption occurred in China. Results of this study show that 72% of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystem, and about 56% of human protein consumption come from nitrogen fertilizer. According to its role in crop yield improvement, a kilogram of nitrogen fertilizer is equivalent to 0.016 hm2 cultivated land, and per capita cultivated land area increased by 6.5-fold through technologies innovation including N fertilizer between 1960 and 2009. This is why China survived 20% of world’s population by using 10% of world’s land and 21% of world’s irrigated area. Currently, China’s nitrogen fertilizer production exceeds its consumption, and nitrogen fertilizer application rate exceeds crop demand for maximum yield. The nitrogen surplus in agro-ecosystem is more than 175 kg•hm-2, which has been a main factor of environmental pollution. 【Conclusion】Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer management has to be transformed from solely high yield to both high yield and high resources use efficiency. The strategy is to balance nitrogen input and output in crop land, to update fertilizer products, to improve energy use efficiency in fertilizer production.

【目的】氮素是生命活动的必需元素，也是生态系统变化的主要因子。定量氮素的来源和贡献，并确定未来的发展方向是协调中国资源、环境与粮食安全的重要内容。【方法】通过食物链模型分析中国陆地生态系统中氮素来源的构成、特点和变化，以及氮素投入变化对农业生产、人体营养改善的贡献，并通过国内外综合比较提出了未来中国氮素管理的重点方向。【结果】中国已是世界上最大的氮肥生产和消费国，对近二十年全球氮肥产用量增长的贡献达61%和52%。氮肥已占中国陆地生态系统氮素输入量的72%，中国人蛋白质消费量中有56%来自于氮肥，氮肥等新技术的增产作用相当于将人均耕地面积从0.08 hm2提高到了0.52 hm2，扩大了6.5倍，这是中国以全球10%的土地资源、21%的灌溉面积养活20%的人口并不断提高生活水平的关键。但目前中国氮肥生产量超过了消费量、而消费量超过作物最高产量需求量，农业系统中的氮肥盈余量已经达到175 kg•hm-2，成为环境污染因子。【结论】中国需要尽快转变发展方式，从鼓励施肥转向控制施肥，以同时实现增产和环保；从满足化肥供应数量转向提高质量，加强节能和产品优化工作；从单一促进农业管理转向能源、农业和环境管理的同步。

... 目前, 为了充分发挥超级稻的增产潜力, 氮肥施用量过大, 导致氮肥利用率低^[14,16,17]和氮肥盈余^[18] ...

2008

0.0

马国辉, 龙继锐, 戴清明, 周静. 超级杂交中稻Y两优1号最佳缓释氮肥用量与密度配置研究. 杂交水稻, 2008, 23(6): 73-77

Ma G

, Long J

, Dai Q

, Zhou

Studies on the optimized allocation of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application and planting density for medium super hybrid rice combination Yliangyou 1. Hybrid Rice, 2008, 23(6): 73-77 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用二因素裂区设计,研究了缓释氮肥用量、移栽密度对超级杂交中稻新组合Y两优1号生长发育和产量的影响,并建立了产量与施氮量和密度的数学模型.结果表明:施氮量、移栽密度以及两者交互作用均显著地影响水稻产量;氮肥用量和密度分别为189.5 kg/hm2(折纯N)和20.8万穴/hm2时产量最高(10.608 t/hm2),最佳经济施氮量和最佳密度分别为189.0 kg/hm2和20.7万穴/hm2,此时最佳经济产量为10.069 t/hm2.

... 然而研究表明减氮增密(减少施氮量增加密度)既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19,20,21,22,23]}, 但前人研究的最高密植处理趋近于常规密度以及局限于双季稻或低产田 ...

... 已有研究表明通过适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2010

0.0

周江明, 赵琳, 董越勇, 徐进, 边武英, 毛杨仓, 章秀福. 氮肥和栽植密度对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(2): 274-281

Zhou J

, Zhao

, Dong Y

, Xu

, Bian W

, Mao Y

, Zhang X

Nitrogen and transplanting density interactions on the rice yield and N use rate. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16(2): 274-281 (in Chinese with English abstract)

An experiment was carried out to study the interactive effect of increasing N fertilizer and reducing planting density on rice yield and N use rate. Two early rice varieties and two late rice varieties was used as test materials. The results showed that there was a significant influence of N level and transplanting density on the rice yield separately, but interactive effect was no significant. However, the influence of N level, transplanting density and their interactive effect on N use rate was significant. The average absorption rate of N fertilizer increased 4.2%-14.0% under the low N level in comparison with that under high N level with same planting density. The average absorption rate of N fertilizer under high transplanting density increased by 10.1%-14.6% in comparison with that under the condition of low density. The results of the trial indicated that both the rice yield and N use efficiencycould be raised by properly increasing the transplanting density and decreasing the amount of nitrogen application. As a result, high yield of the rice and high N use rate can be obtained by increasing the transplanting density and decreasing the amount of nitrogen application. Take the yield and N use rate into consideration, the N fertilization rate was recommended as: N 153.1-169.4 kg/ha for the early rice with the transplanting density of 29.3×10 4 -36.0×10 4 clusters/ha and N 161.5-190.1 kg/ha for the late rice with the transplanting density of 23.1×10 4 -30.0×10 4 clusters/ha.

针对部分地区水稻生产中氮肥用量过高及水稻移植密度越来越低的状况，选择2个早稻和2个晚稻品种为试验材料，设置施氮水平和移植密度互作试验，分析两因素及其互作对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明，氮水平和移植密度对水稻产量有显著影响，但其互作效应不显著；氮水平、移植密度及其互作对氮素利用率的影响均达显著水平。其中，低氮水平处理平均氮素利用率比高氮水平增加2.1%～5.6%；高密度的氮素利用率比低密度增加10.1%～45.7%。说明提高移植密度，减少氮肥用量，既可通过大幅度增加有效穗来实现高产，又能显著提高氮素利用率。在资源日益短缺、生产成本渐高及面源污染越来越严重的形势下，密植少氮应是值得推广的水稻栽培技术。在本试验条件下，早稻移植密度在29.3～36.0万穴/hm 2 的基础上施N 153.1～169.4 kg/hm 2 、晚稻移植密度在23.1～30.0万穴/hm 2 的基础上施N 161.5～190.1 kg/hm 2 氮素是高产高效节氮的合理组合。

... 已有研究表明通过适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2010

0.0

樊红柱, 曾祥忠, 张冀, 吕世华. 移栽密度与供氮水平对水稻产量、氮素利用影响. 西南农业学报, 2010, 23: 1137-1141

Fan H

, Zeng X

, Zhang

, Lü S

Effects of transplanting density and nitrogen management on rice grain and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Southwest China J Agric Sci, 2010, 23: 1137-1141 (in Chinese with English abstract)

探讨不同移栽密度和氮素供用水平对水稻产量、氮素吸收和利用的影响,为水稻生产的科学施肥提供参考依据.采用田间试验在3种栽培密度(30 cm×30 cm、40 cm×40 cm、50 cm×50 cm)和5个施氮水平(0、150、225、300、375 kg/ hm2)条件下研究了水稻产量、产量构成因子及氮素吸收利用的差异.施用氮肥或增加密度,均可显著增加水稻产量;当施肥过量或密度较高时,产量降低.同一密度下,施氮量增加,水稻单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、子粒、秸秆和总吸氮量先增加后降低;氮素收获指数相反;而氮素干物质生产效率、氮素稻谷生产效率、氮素农学利用效率、氮素利用效率与氮素偏生产力显著降低.相同施氮量下,移栽密度变大,单位面积有效穗数、氮素农学利用效率、氮素利用效率与氮素偏生产力呈增加趋势;总吸氮量先增加后降低.综合考虑产量、氮素利用及环境污染等因素,该地区水稻生产合理的栽培密度和氮肥施用量分别为40 cm×40 cm和150 kg/ hm2.

... 已有研究表明通过适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2014

0.0

陈海飞, 冯洋, 蔡红梅, 徐芳森, 周卫, 刘芳, 庞再明, 李登荣. 氮肥与移栽密度互作对低产田水稻群体结构及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 1319-1328

Chen H

, Feng

, Cai H

, Xu F

, Zhou

, Liu

, Pang Z

, Li D

Effect of the interaction of nitrogen and transplanting density on the rice population structure and grain yield in low-yield paddy fields. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 1319-1328 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】Both the nitrogen application rate and transplanting density affect the formation of good population structure and rice yield. The suitable coupling of the two factors are the base of reaching highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency. An experiment was carried out in low-yield paddy field to setup the optimal nitrogen application rate and transplanting density.【Methods】Regarding low-yield paddy as the object of this research,an interactive test of four levels of nitrogen application rate (0,135,180,225 kg/ha) and three gradients of transplanting density (12×10 4 ,16.5×10 4 ,21×10 4 holes/ha) were conducted with a rice cultivar of Liangyoupei9 as tested material. The items are investigated including stem and tillerring dynamics,leaf area indices in different growth periods,the nitrogen contents in grain and straw,and the yield and yield components. The optimum structure index when the yield reaches the highest was calculated by the curvilinear regression of yield along with LAI,TAB,SPP and PN. The nitrogen use efficiencies were compared among the treatments.【Results】Both the N application rate and transplanting density have significant effects on yield,and effect of interaction exists between them. 1) Yield and total aboveground biomass are improved with the increase of nitrogen application rates and transplanting densities. When the nitrogen application rate reaches 225 kg/ha,harvest indices decrease,instead. The harvest index decrease with the increase of transplanting density. 2) The rice production is closely related to panicles per square meter,sword leaf area in filling stage and shoot dry weight. Quadratic equation best describes the correlations with the highest correlation coefficients. Calculated with the equation,the theoretical highest yield will be obtained when the sword foliage area index in filling stage is 1.36,the above ground dry weight is 24371 kg/ha,the panicle numbers per square meter is 338,the spikelet number per panicle is 195,respectively. 3) N agronomic efficiency (NAE),N partial factor productivity (PFP N ),N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) are significantly decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rates,particular for NAE,PFP N . Increasing transplanting density could obviously improve the NAE,PFP N and NRE,but had not on NPE.【Conclusions】With less nitrogen application rate,higher yield can be acquired by increasing transplanting density. In the tested soil condition and the nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha,the suitable transplanting density can be as high as 21×10 4 holes/ha for the highest grain yield.Under the combination,the population structure indicesand the nitrogen efficiency indices are all the highest. So the N application rate of 180 kg/ha with transplanting density of 21×10 4 holes/ha are the optimal choice in the low-yield paddy field in the tested area.

【目的】适宜施氮量和移栽密度影响着水稻的群体结构和产量,也影响着氮素的利用率。因此,开展了田间小区试验以确定低产水稻田最佳的适宜施氮量和移栽密度组合。【方法】本研究选择湖北省咸宁市崇阳县产量水平较低的低产田为对象,以水稻品种两优培九为供试品种,设置四个施氮水平(0、 135、 180、 225 kg/hm 2 )与三个移栽密度 (12×10 4 、 16.5×10 4 、 21×10 4 holes/hm 2 )的田间小区互作试验。在水稻各个生育期分别调查茎蘖动态、成穗率、灌浆期剑叶叶面积、水稻产量及其构成因子、地上部干重及收获指数,采用SPSS 17.0软件对不同处理的产量与相应群体指标间进行回归分析,获得产量与各因子之间的回归方程。同时测定地上部籽粒与秸秆氮含量,计算氮利用效率。【结果】施氮量与移栽密度对低产田水稻产量和相关指标有显著影响,且存在交互作用。1)产量与地上部干物重均随着施氮水平与移栽密度的提高而增加,但是在施氮量最高(225 kg/hm 2 )时,收获指数略有下降;收获指数随着移栽密度提高而降低。2)产量与每平米穗数、灌浆期剑叶叶面积、地上部干重关系密切,用二次方程拟合的曲线相关系数最高,经回归方程计算,理论上当灌浆期剑叶叶面积指数达到1.36,成熟期地上部干重达到24371 kg/hm 2 ,每平米穗数达到338个,平均每穗粒数达到195粒时产量最高。3)随着施氮水平提高氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、偏生产力(PFP N )、氮肥吸收利用率(NRE)和氮肥生理利用率(NPE)均降低,尤其是NAE和PFP N 降低程度较大;提高移栽密度显著增加NAE、 PFP N 、 NRE,但是NPE无变化。【结论】在施氮较少的情况下,提高移栽密度增产效果明显。移栽密度为21×10 4 holes/hm 2 和施氮量为180 kg/hm 2 的组合产量最高,达到8220 kg/hm 2 ,其群体结构指标与利用拟合模型估计的最优指数最为接近, 并且有较高的NAE、PFP N 、 NRE和NPE。综合考虑,本研究的供试低产水稻田施氮量为180 kg/hm 2 结合移栽密度为21×10 4 holes/hm 2 为本试验的最优处理,可以获得较高的水稻产量和较高的氮肥利用率。

... 已有研究表明通过适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2014

0.0

陆秀明, 黄庆, 刘怀珍, 张彬, 李惠芬, 邹积祥. 机插超级稻在不同施肥水平和不同插植密度下的生育特性及产量表现. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(21): 152-157

Lu X

, Huang

, Liu H

, Zhang

, Li H

, Zou J

The performance of yield and growth characteristics in different fertilizer levels and different transplanting densities of super mechanical transplanting rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2014, 30(21): 152-157 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The experiment of different fertilization and mechanized planting density were investigated with Hemeizhan,a traditional super rice, as the materials at early and late season in 2012.The results showed that:（1） At the same level of fertilization, dry matter accumulation、leaf area index(LAI)、effective panicle、yield increased withtransplanting density increases and the difference is remarkable.(2)At the same transplanting density, dry matter accumulation、leaf area index(LAI)、effective panicle、 the yield increased with fertilizer levels increased was in low-middle fertilization level(8-10kg/667m2),more than 10kg/667m2(12kg/667m2) that were decline.Chlorophyll content(SPAD value )was no obvious regularity.Transplanting density of 1.9×104 / 667m2 and fertilizing 8kg/667m2 is the best cultivation program of obtained highest yield and agronomic use efficiency (AE)in this experiment , appropriate transplanting density and rational fertilization level is an effective way to increase production.

2012年早、晚季，以超级稻合美占为材料进行了不同施肥水平和不同密度机械化插秧试验，结果表明：在相同施肥水平下，植株干物质积累、叶面积系数和产量随着插植密度的增加而增加且差异显著：在相同插植密度下，植株干物质积累、叶面积系数、有效穗、产量随着施肥水平的提高而增加的趋势是在中低施肥水平下（8-10kg/667m2）,12kg/667m2施肥处理反而下降了，SPAD值测定结果没有明显规律性。插植密度1.9万/667m2和施肥量8kg/667m2是本次试验取得高产和氮肥农学利用率最高的最佳栽培方案，说明适当密植和合理施肥是提高产量的有效途径。

... 已有研究表明通过适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2006

0.0

苏祖芳, 霍中洋. 水稻合理密植研究进展. 耕作与栽培, 2006, (5): 6-9

Su F

, Huo Z

Progress for research in rational close planting in rice. Gengzuo yu Zaipei, 2006, (5): 6-9 (in Chinese with English abstract)

阐述了水稻合理密植(水稻合理栽插密度)研究现状和发展及其构成要素合理基本苗(每667m2穴数),合理行株距和每穴苗数的涵义,从高产角度归纳提出了合理基本苗和行株距的标准和计算方法及今后的发展方向.

... (1) 超级稻一般分蘖能力较强^[6], 栽插密度过大会缩短有效分蘖期, 增加无效分蘖数, 降低分蘖成穗率, 影响个体和群体的健壮^[24,25] ...

2009

0.0

李木英, 石庆华, 王涛, 方慧铃, 潘晓华, 谭雪明. 种植密度对双季超级稻群体发育和产量的影响. 杂交水稻, 2009, 24(2): 72-77

Li M

, Shi Q

, Wang

, Fang H

, Pan X

, Tan X

Effects of different transplanting densities on the population development and grain yield of double cropping super rice. Hybrid Rice, 2009, 24(2): 72-77 (in Chinese with English abstract)

选择超级杂交早、晚稻组合陆两优996和淦鑫688为材料,研究种植密度对双季超级稻群体发育和产量的影响.结果表明,陆两优996稻谷产量、干物质产量和N素积累量均随密度的增加递增,淦鑫688稻谷产量和N素积累量以中等密度处理M2和M3较高.有效分蘖期随着密度降低而后移,最高茎蘖数和有效穗数随密度的提高而递增.有效穗数与移栽基本苗数显著正相关,成穗率与移栽基本苗数和最高茎蘖数显著负相关,低密度有利于提高成穗率.早稻移栽基本苗数对有效穗数的影响大于晚稻,早稻群体自动调节能力不如晚稻.每穗粒数和结实率均随密度的提高而递减.二次枝梗和颖花的退化率与其分化数量关系密切.

... (1) 超级稻一般分蘖能力较强^[6], 栽插密度过大会缩短有效分蘖期, 增加无效分蘖数, 降低分蘖成穗率, 影响个体和群体的健壮^[24,25] ...

2009

0.0

刘学军, 张福锁. 环境养分及其在生态系统养分资源管理中的作用——以大气氮沉降为例. 干旱区研究, 2009, 26: 306-311

Liu X

, Zhang F

Nutrient from environment and its effect in nutrient resources management of ecosystems—A case study on atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Arid Zone Res, 2009, 26: 306-311 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以大气氮素沉降为例,对环境养分的概念、研究方法、数量及其与人为活性氮排放的关系进行了阐述。总结文献资料发现,大气氮素干湿沉降等环境养分已经成为我国农田及自然生态系统一项重要的养分资源,其数量高达1.8×10 7 t/a,相当于全国氮肥用量的60%。因此,通过养分资源综合管理,充分利用好这一环境养分资源是实现我国农田及自然生态系统可持续发展的关键所在。

... (2) 依据刘学军等^[26]的研究结果, 我国南方稻田每年干湿沉降和灌溉水中输入的氮素总量约为70 kg hm^-2, 按氮素表观吸收利用率为50%计算, 2012年长沙点N₁D₁、N₁D₂的土壤供氮达69 ...