渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕麦田产量和土壤水分对施肥的响应模拟

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张玉娇, 李军, 郭正, 岳志芳. 渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕麦田产量和土壤水分对施肥的响应模拟. 作物学报, 2015, 41(11): 1726-1739
ZHANG Yu-Jiao, LI Jun, GUO Zheng, YUE Zhi-Fang. Simulating Wheat Yield and Soil Moisture under Alternative No-tillage and Subsoil Tillage in Response to Fertilization Levels in Weibei Highlands. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(11): 1726-1739 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕麦田产量和土壤水分对施肥的响应模拟

张玉娇¹, 李军^1,^*, 郭正², 岳志芳²

¹西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100

²西北农林科技大学林学院, 陕西杨凌 712100

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 李军, E-mail:junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:zhangyujiao@nwsuaf.edu.cn, Tel: 15029904879

收稿日期:2014-12-17 接受日期:2015-07-20 网络出版日期:2015-08-05

基金:本研究由国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2013AA102902-5), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02), 国家自然科学基金项目(31571620)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201303104)资助

摘要

为探索不同肥力水平对渭北旱塬连作冬小麦田在长周期免耕/深松轮耕措施下土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产效应的影响, 在模拟精度验证基础上, 应用WinEPIC模型长周期定量模拟研究了1980-2009年渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕连作麦田5个不同施肥水平下(T1, N 75 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 60 kg hm^-2; T2, N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2; T3, N 150 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2; T4, N 180 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2; T5, N 255 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2)冬小麦产量和土壤水分效应。在30年模拟期间, 各处理的冬小麦产量、年度耗水量和水分利用效率均呈波动下降趋势, 下降幅度表现为T5>T4>T3>T2>T1。0~5 m土层土壤有效含水量呈季节性波动降低趋势, 且随施肥水平的升高而降低, 5个处理的麦田平均干燥化速率依次为每年13.5、17.1、17.4、20.1和23.9 mm。0~1.5 m土层土壤湿度随季节降水波动; 各处理在不同深度形成稳定的土壤干层, 其中T1在1.5~2.0 m, T2和T3在1.5~3.0 m, T4和T5在1.5~4.0 m。上述结果表明, 随着肥力水平的增加, 旱作冬小麦产量和耗水量也增加, 土壤干层加厚。综合考虑认为, 在渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕长期连作小麦田适宜的施肥量为纯氮150 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2。

关键词: 渭北旱塬; 冬小麦产量; 施肥水平; 保护性耕作; WinEPIC模型模拟; 土壤水分

Simulating Wheat Yield and Soil Moisture under Alternative No-tillage and Subsoil Tillage in Response to Fertilization Levels in Weibei Highlands

ZHANG Yu-Jiao¹, LI Jun^1,^*, GUO Zheng², YUE Zhi-Fang²

¹College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

²College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Abstract

This study aimed at understanding the responses of grain yield and soil moisture to fertilization level in dryland winter wheat under long-term alternative no-tillage and subsoil tillage. The WinEPIC model was employed on the basis of precision verification with five fertilization levels (T1, N 75 kg ha^-1+P₂O₅ 60 kg ha^-1; T2, N 120 kg ha^-1+P₂O₅ 90 kg ha^-1; T3, N 150 kg ha^-1+P₂O₅ 120 kg ha^-1; T4, N 180 kg ha^-1+P₂O₅ 150 kg ha^-1; and T5, N 255 kg ha^-1+P₂O₅ 90 kg ha^-1) and the simulation period was from 1980 to 2009. During the 30-year period, water consumption in the growing season and water use efficiency of winter wheat tended to decrease in a fluctuating manner at different fertilization levels with the ranking sequence of T5>T4>T3>T2>T1. In the 0-5 m soil depth, the monthly available soil moisture tended to decrease in a seasonally fluctuating manner and reduced with the increase of fertilization amount. The soil desiccation rates from T1 to T5 were 13.5, 17.1, 17.4, 20.1, and 23.9 mm per year, respectively. During the simulation period, the soil humidity in 0-1.5 m soil layer fluctuated with the seasonal rainfall. A stable dry soil layer was found under all fertilization levels which was 1.5-2.0 m under T1, 1.5-3.0 m under T2 and T3, and 1.5-4.0 m under T4 and T5. These results indicate that grain yield and water consumption of winter wheat may increase with more fertilizer input, however, the dried soil layer is thickened. In a comprehensive consideration, we suggest N 150 kg ha^-1+P₂O₅ 120 kg ha^-1 to be the optimal fertilization rates in winter wheat under long-term alternative no-tillage and subsoil tillage in Weibei Highlands.

Keyword: Weibei Highlands; Yield of winter wheat; Fertilization; Conservation tillage; WinEPIC simulation; Soil moisture

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渭北旱塬是我国北方典型雨养旱作农区^{[1, 2]}, 干旱缺水是当地粮食生产主要限制因素^[3]。冬小麦是该地区主要的粮食作物, 产量低而不稳^{[4, 5]}。研究表明, 干旱胁迫不仅限制冬小麦的生长, 影响植株的株高、地上部干重、根干重和总生物量, 还导致冬小麦穗数、千粒重和穗粒数等产量构成因素的显著降低^[6]。施肥能够有效增加土壤生产力和有机碳含量, 提高小麦产量^[7]。施用氮肥对小麦产量和品质影响显著, 适宜的氮磷钾配比及用量可促进冬小麦对养分的吸收, 形成较大的群体数量和干物质, 提高产量和肥料利用率, 产量随施肥量增加而提高^{[8, 9]}。目前, 关于施肥增产的相关研究较多, 产量随施肥量增加而提高, 但超过一定限度后, 增产不显著, 甚至减产^{[9, 10, 11]}, 且施肥量增加会导致产麦田深层土壤水分消耗, 发生持续性土壤干燥化^[12]。保护性轮耕将翻耕、深松、免耕等保护性耕作措施合理组合与轮换, 能够克服各项单一土壤耕作措施弊端, 改善耕层土壤结构与通气状况, 有利于充分和持续均衡发挥保持水土和蓄水保墒效应, 促进作物生长发育和提高作物产量^{[13, 14, 15, 16, 17]}。柏炜霞等^[18]研究表明, 免耕/深松和深松/翻耕轮耕处理比传统连续翻耕增产9.1%和7.6%, 水分利用效率提高9.6%和11.0%。但由于轮耕试验周期比较长、实施难度较大, 相关土壤轮耕和施肥效应相结合的长期田间试验研究还不多见。

环境政策综合气候模型EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate)是美国农业部农业研究局研制的农田生产和水土资源管理综合评价动力学模型, 能够长周期连续定量模拟和评价“ 气候— 土壤— 作物— 管理” 综合连续系统响应, 可用来定量评价农田作物生产力和水土资源管理策略的效果^{[19, 20, 21, 22, 23]}。本研究采用的WinEPIC3060模型, 对土壤水分动力学过程描述比较细致, 可以输出逐日分层土壤水分数据, 适用于作物生产系统综合性模拟分析和应用研究, 特别适合于旱地不同田间管理措施下土壤水分生态环境效应的模拟和分析研究。WinEPIC模型能够精确有效地模拟土壤中氮磷运转和不同耕作方式^{[24, 25]}, 可较为精确地模拟不同施肥条件下作物轮作的产量和土壤水分状况^[26]。在模型中免耕、深松处理主要是通过各土壤耕作处理参数差异体现的, 免耕时不同的土壤耕作深度、秸秆和土壤混合效率、土壤紧实度与深松、翻耕处理等能影响夏闲期土壤耕层结构、土壤水分入渗和水分蒸发。本研究旨在定量分析和评价不同降水年型下不同施肥水平下免耕/深松轮耕麦田的蓄水保墒效果和增产效应, 筛选该旱作麦田最佳施肥量, 为渭北旱塬麦田蓄水保墒和增产增收提供科学依据。

1 WinEPIC模型模拟方法

1.1 参数设置

选择陕西省合阳县为试验点。合阳县位于渭北旱塬东部, 为暖温带半湿润易旱区, 海拔850 m, 无霜期192 d, 年平均气温11.8℃, 年平均降水量571.9 mm, 主要集中在7月至9月, 年际间变化较大。运行WinEPIC模型的必要参数包括当地逐日气象要素、土壤剖面理化特性、作物生长参数和肥料参数等模型数据集。由于缺乏合阳气象站多年逐日气象数据, 本研究借用临近的白水气象站数据。白水县与合阳县直线距离约52 km, 同属于渭北旱塬暖温带半湿润易旱气候区, 农业气象和农业生产条件基本相同。白水站逐日实时气象要素包括1980— 2009年逐日太阳辐射值、最高气温、最低气温、降水量、相对湿度、风速、风向等。根据渭北旱塬冬小麦田间试验测定数据和文献资料, 确定了渭北旱塬冬小麦生理生态参数^{[18, 22, 23]}。合阳县农田代表性土壤为黑垆土, 土层疏松深厚, 土壤容重1.31 g cm^-3, 田间持水量25.2%, 饱和含水量平均为33.9%。根据合阳大田试验土壤数据, 土壤剖面理化性状参数包括土壤质地、田间持水量、土壤含水量、容重和氮磷钾等, 参考《陕西土壤》^[27]中黑垆土土壤普查数据来确定。本研究根据渭北旱塬农业生产的施肥习惯, 在EPIC模型中肥料数据库添加了尿素和磷酸二铵两种肥料, 并对这两种肥料的参数进行修订, 包括矿质氮和矿质磷等, 建立肥料参数数据库。

1.2 试验设计

试验区为冬小麦连作田, 前茬收获后秸秆全部粉碎还田, 播前采用免耕与深松交替的耕作模式, 其中深松为每隔60 cm宽深松土壤30~35 cm。根据渭北旱塬麦田长期定位试验施肥处理和大田生产施肥水平, 设置5种不同施肥水平, 即T1 (N 75 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅ 60 kg hm^-2)、T2 (N 120 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅90 kg hm^-2)、T3 (N 150 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2)、T4 (N 180 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2)、T5 (N 255 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2), 其中氮磷肥分别为尿素和磷酸二铵, 于每年9月25日播种施肥。供试冬小麦品种为晋麦47, 播量为150 kg hm^-2。

在实时气象条件下, 逐日定量模拟了T1、T2、T3、T4和T5施肥处理下旱作麦田作物生长和产量响应、土壤水分动态变化过程。为了充分反映麦田土壤水分消耗和降水补充平衡状况, 在模型输出的麦田0~5 m土层土壤湿度逐日数据序列中, 选择每月15日麦田0~5 m土层土壤有效含水量代表麦田该月土壤有效含水量特征, 以便比较不同年份和不同季节麦田土壤水分变化动态; 选择每年8月15日麦田土壤湿度剖面分布数据来代表该年麦田土壤湿度剖面分布特征, 比较分析不同耕作处理麦田土壤湿度剖面分布逐年变化特征。

1.3 模型精度验证

WinEPIC模型在长武旱塬麦玉轮作试验中, 不同施肥条件下产量和土壤水分模拟值和观测值相关系数均为0.818~0.886 (P< 0.01) ^{[12, 26]}; 在其他地区农田、草地和果园等不同土地利用类型条件下的模拟验证相关系数均在0.78以上(P< 0.05) ^{[28, 29, 30, 31]}。WinEPIC模型能够较为准确地模拟大田作物产量和土壤水分变化状况。

利用2008— 2013年合阳试点保护性耕作田间定位试验数据为观测值, 选取每年的产量和每隔3个月的土壤水分数据验证T1、T3和T5施肥处理下免耕/深松轮耕麦田冬小麦产量和0~3 m土层土壤有效含水量模拟值(表1)。比较模拟值和观测值发现, 对小麦产量和土壤有效含水量的模拟效果均令人满意, 模拟值与观测值相关系数均超过0.80, 达到极显著水平(表2)。冬小麦产量模拟值平均值低于其观测值, 相对误差介于-3.12%和-12.03%之间(表2), 模型的模拟精度是误差产生的重要原因; 对0~3 m的土壤有效含水量的吻合度较高(图1), 相对误差介于0.50%和2.60%之间(表2)。

表1 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值变化 Table 1 Variation of simulated and observed available soil water amounts in 0-3 m soil layer of no-tillage/subsoil tillage system under different fertilization levels (mm)

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	图1 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田产量和0~3 m土壤有效含水量模拟值与观测值比较Fig. 1 Comparison of simulated and observed wheat yields and available soil water amounts in 0-3 m soil layer under different fertilization levels in no-tillage/subsoil tillage system

表2 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田冬小麦产量与0~3 m土层有效含水量模拟值与观测值 Table 2 Simulated and observed wheat yields and available soil water amount in 0-3 m soil layer under different fertilization levels in no-tillage/subsoil tillage system

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同施肥处理下免耕/深松轮耕麦田耗水量

30年模拟期内年度降水量平均值为569.8 mm, 变化范围为369.7~836.3 mm, 变异系数为21.9%, 且呈波动性下降趋势(图2-A)。前10年(1980— 1989)平均降水量为628.0 mm, 后10年(2000— 2009)平均降水量为573.3 mm, 后期较前期减少54.7 mm。

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图2 模拟期间年度降水量(A)及各处理0~5 m土层耗水量模拟值(B)
年度指小麦生长季, 如1981表示1980年7月至1981年6月期间。土壤耗水量数据来自合阳试验点; 降水量为邻近的白水县数据, 由白水气象站提供。Fig. 2 Annual precipitation during the simulation period (A) and simulated water consumption in 0-5 m soil layer (B)
Annual refers to wheat growing season, for example, the period from July 1980 to June 1981 is abbreviated with 1981. The water consumption data were from Heyang site and the precipitations were from neighboring Baishui, provided by Baishui weather station. T1: N 75 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 60 kg hm^-2; T2: N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2; T3: N 150 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2; T4: N 180 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2; T5: N 255 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2.

根据冬小麦生产年度降水量(P_i)及多年降水量的平均值( )和均方差(d), 将其分为丰水年( )、平水年( )和干旱年( ) 3种年型^[32]。模拟期内3年为平水年, 年度降水量为528.6~611.0 mm; 2012年为丰水年, 年度降水量超过611.0 mm; 2014年为干旱年, 年度降水量低于528.6 mm。

冬小麦生产年度麦田耗水量与上年降水量有密切关系。与平水年相比, 干旱年型麦田耗水量急剧降低, 丰水年型耗水量明显升高(表3)。由于年降水量趋势性降低, 麦田耗水量也随着降水量年度变化呈现波动性降低趋势。干旱年型T5耗水量高于其他施肥水平, 差异显著; 平水年型, 各施肥水平的耗水量差异不显著; 丰水年型降水量明显增加, T4耗水量也明显增加, 与其他施肥水平差异显著。

表3 不同降水年型免耕/深松麦田平均耗水量模拟值比较 Table 3 Comparison of average simulated water consumptions in different rainfall years under no-tillage/subsoil tillage (mm)

随着降水量的减少, 冬小麦生产年度耗水量呈现波动性降低趋势(图2-B)。5个施肥水平间差异显著, T5的平均年耗水量最高, T4次之, T1最低(表4)。在30年模拟期内, 后10年的年度耗水量平均值低于前10年平均值, T1~T5分别降低85.0、84.3、87.3、72.9和76.0 mm。

表4 不同施肥水平0~5 m土层年度耗水量模拟值的变化 Table 4 Variation of simulated water consumption in 0-5 m soil layer during winter wheat growing season under different fertilization levels (mm)

2.2 不同施肥水平下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率

模拟期内5个施肥水平的旱作麦田冬小麦产量均随降水量年际变化呈现剧烈同步波动性变化趋势, 且施肥量越高, 冬小麦产量相应也越高(图3和表5)。T2、T3、T4和T5较T1分别增产39.9%、77.7%、88.7%和102.4%, 各施肥水平间产量有显著差异。但是各施肥水平的小麦产量随时间均呈现明显的减产趋势, T1~T5前10年的平均产量分别为2.62、3.55、4.45、4.69和5.01 t hm^-2, 而后10年的平均产量分别为1.81、2.56、3.16、3.37和3.60 t hm^-2, 减产率依次为31.1%、27.9%、29.1%、28.0%和28.1%。

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图3 不同施肥水平下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值动态Fig. 3 Dynamics of simulated average yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different fertilization levels
T1: N 75 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 60 kg hm^-2; T2: N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2; T3: N 150 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2; T4: N 180 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2; T5: N 255 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2.

表5 不同施肥处理下冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值变化 Table 5 Variation of simulated yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different fertilization levels

水分利用效率(WUE)是指作物消耗单位水分所形成的经济产量。在模拟期内, T2、T3、T4和T5的WUE分别较T1提高14.2%、27.2%、38.1%和46.8%, 各施肥水平间差异显著, 且施肥量越高WUE增长率也越高(表5)。30年间小麦WUE均呈现波动性降低趋势, T1~T5前10年的WUE平均值分别为8.44、9.61、10.69、11.46和12.24 kg hm^-2 mm^-1 (图3), 而后10年降为5.25、5.99、6.69、7.37和7.83 kg hm^-2 mm^-1, 减少37.8%、37.6%、37.5%、35.7%和36.0%。

与平水年型相比, 干旱年型的小麦产量和WUE急剧降低, 而丰水年型明显升高(表6), 反映出小麦产量和WUE与年度降水量密切相关。无论哪种降水年型, T2、T3、T4和T5的小麦产量和WUE均明显高于T1。在30年模拟期间, 小麦产量和WUE均随着施肥量的增加而升高, 5个施肥水平间差异显著, 以T5的产量和WUE最高, T4次之, T1最低。

表6 不同降水年型冬小麦产量和水分利用效率模拟值比较 Table 6 Comparison of simulated wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in different precipitation years

2.3 不同施肥处理下冬小麦水分胁迫和氮素胁迫

干旱胁迫是指由于土壤供水量低于作物需水量对作物生长产生的胁迫, WinEPIC模型通过计算逐日土壤有效含水量和逐日作物需水量判断作物生长是否遭受干旱胁迫。在模拟期内, 不同施肥水平间干旱胁迫日数差异显著, 并随施肥量增加而增加(表7)。不同施肥水平下干旱胁迫日数变化趋势类似(图4), 且与冬小麦生产年度降水量变化呈相反趋势, 即降水量呈逐年趋势性减少, 而干旱胁迫日数呈趋势性增加, T1~T5的平均干旱胁迫日数从前10年的5.5、8.7、10.5、15.6和21.4 d增加到后10年的36.2、41.5、44.8、48.4和56.7 d。

表7 不同施肥水平下冬小麦水分胁迫日数和氮素胁迫日数模拟值变化 Table 7 Variations in simulated water stress days and nitrogen stress days of winter wheat field under different fertilization levels (d)

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图4 不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田水分胁迫和氮素胁迫天数模拟值动态Fig. 4 Dynamics of simulated water stress days and nitrogen stress days in different fertilization levels under no-tillage/subsoil tillage system
T1: N 75 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 60 kg hm^-2; T2: N 120 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2; T3: N 150 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2; T4: N 180 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 150 kg hm^-2; T5: N 255 kg hm^-2+P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2.

随着作物持续高强度耗水作用, 土壤水库贮水量逐渐降低, 在模拟中后期阶段土壤供水量难以满足作物需水量, 干旱胁迫逐渐显现并逐年加剧。施肥量越高, 氮素胁迫(由于土壤氮素供应不足对作物生长产生的胁迫)日数越大。WinEPIC模型中通过计算逐日作物氮素需求量和逐日土壤氮素供给量判断作物生长是否受到氮素胁迫。在30年模拟期内, 不同施肥水平间冬小麦生育期氮素胁迫日数差异显著(表7), 且变化趋势类似(图4), 均呈现波动性上升趋势, 其主要原因是随着土壤氮素逐年消耗, 在模拟中后期采用全部化肥播种期基施的施肥方式, 至小麦生长旺盛期土壤供氮量无法满足作物需氮量, 氮素胁迫逐渐显现并呈现波动性加剧趋势。随着施肥量增加, 氮素胁迫程度逐渐降低, 增加施氮量能明显延迟氮素胁迫出现的时间, 降低氮素胁迫程度。

2.4 不同施肥处理免耕/深松麦田逐月土壤有效含水量

土壤有效含水量是土壤总含水量减去凋萎湿度含水量后可供作物吸收利用的有效水分含量。不同施肥水平下0~5 m土层逐月有效含水量呈现季节性波动变化趋势(图5)。在30年模拟时段内, T2、T3、T4和T5的土壤有效含水量明显低于T1 (表8), T2和T3的土壤有效含水量变化曲线接近重合(图5)。

表8 不同施肥水平下0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值变化 Table 8 Variation of simulated monthly available soil water amount in 0-5 m soil layer under different fertilization levels (mm)

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	图5 不同施肥水平的麦田0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值动态Fig. 5 Dynamics of simulated monthly available soil water amount in 0-5 m soil layer under different fertilization levels

渭北旱塬降水集中在7月至9月, 正值冬小麦的休闲期, 此时0~5 m土壤有效含水量多出现高峰。在模拟初期, 当地年降水量较高, 初始土壤水分和养分含量均较高, 因而模拟期第1~第2年(1980— 1981)的0~5 m逐月土壤有效含水量随着作物生长而剧烈波动性降低, 施肥水平对土壤有效含水量影响不大; 随着模拟年限延长, 土壤养分和水分亏缺现象逐渐显现, 且年降水量趋势性降低, 施肥对麦田土壤水分影响逐渐增大, 模拟中前期5个施肥水平间差异逐渐显现, 土壤有效含水量随着施肥量的增加而降低, 0~5 m土层土壤有效含水量表现为T1> T2> T3> T4> T5, 不同施肥水平变化趋势相似, 其中T2和T3施肥处理逐月有效含水量变化曲线十分接近趋向于重合(图5)。在模拟第1年, 5个施肥水平的0~5 m土壤有效含水量均为936.4 mm, 但模拟结束时(2009年6月), T1~T5的土壤含水量分别为543.9、441.1、433.1、353.1和244.3 mm, 比模拟开始时平均每年减少13.5、17.1、17.4、20.1和23.9 mm。T1、T2、T3和T4的土壤有效含水量明显高于T5, 且T5的土壤干燥化速度明显快于其他施肥水平, T1的土壤干燥化速度最慢, 麦田蓄水保墒效果较好。

5个施肥水平下, 以T1施肥处理夏闲期蓄墒效果好, T2和T3次之, T5最差(表8)。不同降水年型夏闲期土壤有效贮水量有明显变化, 在干旱年型各施肥处理夏闲期土壤有效贮水量表现为T1> T2和T3> T4> T5, 说明低肥有利于夏闲期麦田蓄水保墒。

2.5 不同施肥处理麦田土壤湿度剖面分布年度变化

在模拟初期(1981— 1987), 0~5 m土层土壤湿度逐年降低, 由模拟初期、中期(1991— 1997)到末期(2001— 2007), 0~5 m土壤湿度也呈现递减趋势, 各施肥水平下表现一致(图6)。0~5 m土壤湿度均随着施肥水平提高和模拟年限延长, 土壤干层逐年加深和加厚, 之后形成稳定的土壤干层。模拟初期麦田0~5 m土壤湿度随着年度降水而变化, T1、T2、T3、T4和T5施肥水平下, 土壤水分利用最大深度分别达到2 m (第4~第5年)、3 m (第5~第6年)、3 m (第5~第6年)、3 m (第7~第8年)和5 m (第8~第9年); 到模拟中后期, 5个施肥水平下, 土壤湿度长期保持在稳定低湿状态(0.085~0.089 m m^-1左右)的土层深度分别是1.5~2.0、1.5~3.0、1.5~3.0、1.5~4.0和1.5~ 4.0 m。可见, 随模拟时间的延长深层土壤湿度也保持稳定状态, 已不随降水发生年度变化, 只有0~1.5 m土壤湿度随降水发生年度变化, 尤以距地表1 m内的土壤湿度变化剧烈, 在降水量较高的雨季或严重干旱年份, 1.0~1.5 m土层的土壤湿度也会发生明显变化。在30年模拟期内, 随着肥力水平的提高和降水量的趋势性降低, 麦田土壤干燥化程度逐渐加剧, 土壤干层逐渐加厚。

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	图6 模拟初、中、后期不同施肥水平下0~5 m土壤剖面分布特征变化Fig. 6 Dynamics of soil moisture distribution in 0-5 m soil profile under different fertilization levels during initial, metaphase, and telophase simulations

3 讨论

氮素作为最主要的作物大量营养元素, 对提高作物产量和改善品质具有重要作用^[33]。轮耕有利于改善耕层土壤结构与通气状况, 促进作物生长发育^[17], 起到增产的作用。本研究在1980— 2009年模拟研究期间, T1~T5肥力水平下冬小麦平均产量分别为1.99、2.78、3.53、3.75和4.03 t hm^-2, WUE平均值分别为6.82、7.79、8.68、9.42和10.01 kg hm^-2 mm^-1, 随着施肥量增加, 免耕/深松麦田产量和水分利用效率随之升高, 这与王学春等^[23]研究结论相似。免耕/深松能够有效地提高麦田夏闲期土壤蓄水能力, 故其产量较单一翻耕方式高。肥力越高, 作物耗水量越大, 土壤有效含水量越低^[30]。在本研究30年模拟研究期间, 冬小麦生产年度耗水量因年降水量变化而有明显波动性降低趋势, T1~T5的0~5 m土层生长季耗水量平均值依次为577.0、582.7、583.0、599.2和608.8 mm。耗水量随着施肥量的增加而升高, 这一结果与在晋中半干旱区的研究结果^[30]不同, 这可能是免耕/深松轮耕模式的蓄水效果及与施肥量的互作效应带来的影响。由于30年模拟期间冬小麦生产年度降水量和耗水量均呈现波动性减少趋势, 导致冬小麦产量和WUE模拟值均呈现波动性降低趋势。

在秸秆还田或覆盖条件下, 免耕、翻耕和深松等不同保护性耕作措施各有优缺点, 免耕和深松有利于减缓土壤侵蚀和蓄水保墒, 可使麦田降水蓄存率由翻耕的25%~35%提高到50%~65%, 土壤贮水量增加60~120 mm ^{[34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]}。研究表明, 2年免耕1年深松能保持较高的入渗率, 增加入渗量和入渗速度, 增强土壤的水分入渗能力, 使土壤的蓄水、保墒能力增强^{[41, 42]}。在本研究中, 土壤有效含水量随着肥力水平的增加而降低, 0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量表现为T1> T2> T3> T4> T5, 进一步印证随着施肥量的增加, 作物耗水量增多, 土壤有效贮水量降低^[38]。无论在整个冬小麦生产年度还是夏闲期, 麦田土壤贮水量均随着施肥量的增加而减少。王学春等^[12]研究表明, 低肥麦田的土壤有效含水量比高肥麦田高100~200 mm, 土壤干燥化速率慢(每年46.7 mm)。我们通过研究30年0~5 m土层土壤湿度剖面分布变化动态, 发现0~1.0 m土层土壤湿度年度变化剧烈; 在降水量较高的雨季或严重干旱年份, 1.0~1.5 m土层土壤湿度也会发生明显变化, 5个施肥处理均在模拟过程中发生了土壤湿度降低和土壤干燥化程度加剧现象, 形成一定程度的稳定土壤干层。T1为1.5~2.0 m土层, T2和T3为1.5~3.0 m土层, T4和T5为1.5~4.0 m土层。随着施肥水平提高, 土壤干层逐年加深加厚^[30]。降雨量减少和作物耗水量增加是土壤干层形成的主要原因, 合理控制农田施肥量是控制农田土壤干层形成的有效途径^{[37, 38]}。

关于麦田土壤贮水量、产量和WUE模拟值趋势性降低效应。在初期阶段, 麦田初始土壤含水量较高, 且同期年降水量也较高, 所以麦田土壤有效含水量较高; 但随着麦田肥力水平的提高, 麦田的耗水量增加以及作物多年生产耗水, 导致麦田土壤干燥化逐渐显现和加剧, 深层土壤供水能力逐渐削弱, 土壤干层加厚。小麦生长则主要依靠当季降水供给, 并且伴随自然降水趋势性减少导致麦田耗水量降低, 由于干旱胁迫程度逐渐加剧, 最终导致麦田产量和WUE剧烈波动性降低。本研究中, 各施肥水平下0~5 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量呈现季节波动性减少趋势, 30年间T1~T5的土壤有效含水量分别减少392.5、495.3、503.3、583.3和629.1 mm, 平均每年减少13.5、17.1、17.4、20.1和23.9 mm, 相当于麦田每年减少一场中等强度降水量。随着麦田土壤有效贮水量下降和土壤供水年际调剂能力削弱, 麦田耗水量趋势性降低导致冬小麦产量和WUE同步趋势性下降, 且产量和WUE年际波动性加剧, 这也是旱作高产麦田土壤水分过耗导致的不良土壤水分环境效应。

本研究采用WinEPIC模型长周期定量模拟不同施肥水平下免耕/深松麦田蓄水保墒和作物产量变化动态, 弥补了传统田间试验中试验周期长、试验难度较大等方面的不足, 能够较为快速、准确地获得不同施肥条件下渭北旱塬旱作麦田较长时间序列下免耕/深松轮耕麦田的小麦生产力和水肥利用规律。在本研究模型精度验证所采用的大田试验施肥处理中包含了钾肥, 但WinEPIC模型中并不包含钾素模块, 模拟结果对钾肥施用量并没有响应, 因而模拟试验施肥处理中没有涉及钾肥相关内容。由于黄土高原土壤富钾, 钾素尚不成为作物生长发育的限制因素。今后需要进一步修订EPIC模型, 补充和完善钾素模块, 以便详细描述氮磷钾肥互作效应及其对作物生长和土壤水分利用的影响。

4 结论

通过30年的模型模拟研究, 发现在免耕/深松轮耕模式下, 施肥量越高小麦产量和WUE越高, 作物耗水量越大, 导致土壤有效含水量降低, 土壤干燥化程度严重, 土壤干层加厚, 最终作物产量和WUE增幅缩小, 施肥节水和增产报酬递减。在5个施肥处理中, T3的土壤有效含水量和土壤干层与T2接近, 深层土壤水分消耗较为适度, 但小麦产量增幅明显, 节水和增产效果最好。从施肥对作物增产影响和土壤水分可持续利用角度统筹考虑, 渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕麦田较为适宜的施肥水平为纯氮150 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[33]	顾炽明, 郑险峰, 黄婷苗, 侯仰毅, 王朝辉. 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2013, 31(5): 48-53 Gu C M, Zheng X F, Huang T M, Hou Y Y, Wang C H. Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer application on yield of winter wheat and nitrogen regulation. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2013, 31(5): 48-53 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[35]	付国占, 李潮海, 王俊忠, 王振林, 曹鸿鸣, 焦念元, 陈明灿. 残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(1): 52-56 Fu G Z, Li C H, Wang J Z, Wang Z L, Cao H M, Jiao N Y, Chen M C. Effects of stubble mulch and tillage managements on soil physical properties and water use efficiency of summer maize. Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(1): 52-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[36]	方日尧, 同延安, 赵二龙, 梁东丽. 渭北旱塬不同保护性耕作方式水肥增产效应研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 2003, 21(1): 54-57 Fang R Y, Tong Y A, Zhao E L, Liang D L. Effect of conservation tillage on moisture, fertility and yield in Weibei Highland . Agric Res Arid Areas, 2003, 21(1): 54-57 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[37]	彭文英, 张雅彬. 免耕对粮食产量及经济效益的影响评述. 干旱地区农业研究, 2006, 24(4): 114-118 Peng W Y, Zhang Y B. Review of impacts of no-tillage on crop yield and economic benefit. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2006, 24(4): 114-118 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
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2000

0.0

杨文治, 邵明安. 黄土高原土壤水分研究. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000. pp 10-45

Yang W

, Shao M

Research of Soil Water on Loess Plateau. Beijing: Science Press, 2000. pp 10-45(in Chinese)

... 渭北旱塬是我国北方典型雨养旱作农区^[1,2], 干旱缺水是当地粮食生产主要限制因素^[3] ...

2012

0.0

... 渭北旱塬是我国北方典型雨养旱作农区^[1,2], 干旱缺水是当地粮食生产主要限制因素^[3] ...

2004

0.0

李军, 邵明安, 张兴昌. 黄土高原旱塬地冬小麦水分生产潜力与土壤水分动态的模拟研究. 自然资源学报, 2004, 19: 738-746

, Shao M

, Zhang X

Simulation of water potential productivity of winter wheat and soil water dynamics on rainfed highland of the Loess Plateau.

J Nat Res, 2004, 19: 738-746 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on introduction,calibration and validation,the EPIC model was used to simulate water potential productivity (WPP) of winter wheat and soil water dynamics on rainfed highland at Changwu of the Loess Plateau for medium term (12 years) and long term (30 years) assessment simulation research respectively.The results show that:1)during the 12 year simulation period under real time weather conditions,WPP of winter wheat on rainfed highland fluctuates and decliness along with precipitation changes,crop available soil water amount in 3m soil layer also fluctuates and declines evidently,and trend of soil desiccation is remarkable;2)during 30 year simulation period under simulated weather conditions,WPP of winter wheat on rainfed highland fluctuates along with precipitation but declines slightly,crop available soil water amount in 3m soil layer fluctuates seasonally and annually,but without remarkable soil desiccation;and 3)after integrated analysis,it is thought that soil desiccation of wheat field on rainfed highland is a short time phenomenon and usually won't continue long if decline trend of precipitation is insignificant,but fluctuation of wheat yield along with precipitation change is inevitable.

在EPIC模型介绍和模拟精度验证的基础上,利用EPIC模型对黄土高原旱塬地冬小麦水分生产潜力和土壤水分动态进行了中期(12a)和长期(30a)评价定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)在12a实时气象条件下的模拟时段内,旱塬地小麦水分生产潜力随降水量变化呈现波动性降低趋势,3m土层土壤有效含水量也表现为剧烈波动性和逐渐下降趋势,土壤干燥化趋势明显;(2)在30a模拟气象条件下的模拟时段内,旱塬地小麦水分生产潜力呈现波动性轻微降低趋势,3m土层土壤有效含水量季节性和年际间波动性显著,但土壤干燥化趋势并不明显;(3)综合分析认为,在降水量减少幅度不显著的情况下,旱塬地麦田土壤干燥化只是一种短期现象,不会导致长期性土壤强烈干燥化现象发生,但产量随降水量变化的波动性不可避免。

... 渭北旱塬是我国北方典型雨养旱作农区^[1,2], 干旱缺水是当地粮食生产主要限制因素^[3] ...

2003

0.0

高焕文, 李问盈, 李洪文. 中国特色保护性耕作技术. 农业工程学报, 2003, 19(3): 1-4

Gao H

, Li W

, Li H

Conservation tillage technology with Chinese characteristics.

Trans CSAE, 2003, 19(3): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Conservation tillage (CT) has been shown as a wind and water erosion reduction technology from many years, research in developed countries. This program mainly evaluates the suitability of CT to China and what kinds of technology and machinery should be adopted. From 1991, China Agricultural University cooperated with Shanxi Agricultural Mechanization Bureau and so on, commenced systematic CT experiments combined agronomy and mechanization research together. It has been proved that the CT can not only reduce the wind and water erosion, but also increase the crop yield, after 10 years' experiment. Through improvement of CT operations and development of small size CT equipment, the conserration tillage technology with Chinese characteristics is basically formed, which can realize CT in small piece of land with small CT equipment, and can gain higher yield from poor soil. Therefore, it can meet the requirements of protecting environment and increasing farmers' incomes. The study shows that, due to different natural conditions, cropping systems and economical levels, different CT technological systems should be adopted in different regions.

国外多年的保护性耕作实践表明，旱地保护性耕作能减少土壤风蚀水蚀，抑制沙尘暴。项目研究目的是检验保护性耕作技术在我国的适应性、应采取的工艺体系及机具。从1991年开始，中国农业大学和山西省农机局等合作，开始农艺农机结合的保护性耕作系统试验，10年试验表明，保护性耕作不仅减少水土流失，而且增产增收。通过改进保护性耕作工艺，开发研制中小型保护性耕作机具，形成了中国特色的保护性耕作技术。主要特色在于用小型机具在小地块上实现保护性耕作、以及能在贫瘠的土地上获得较高产量，从而满足我国既要保护环境又要提高产量的要求。研究表明，我国北方自然条件、种植制度、经济水平等差别较大，在保护性耕作推广中需要分区采用不同的技术体系。

... 冬小麦是该地区主要的粮食作物, 产量低而不稳^[4,5] ...

2001

0.0

李军, 王立祥, 邵明安, 樊廷录. 黄土高原地区小麦生产潜力模拟研究. 自然资源学报, 2001, 16: 161-165

, Wang L

, Shao M

, Fan T

Simulation of wheat potential productivity on Loess Plateau region of China.

J Nat Resour, 2001, 16: 161-165 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The shortcomings of traditional research method on crop productive potential were analyzed,and advantages of crop growth modeling on the field were proposed.Based on model validation and establishment of weather,soil and crop parameter database,the CERES wheat model of DSSAT3 was used to simulate wheat thermal potential productivity (TPP) and climate potential productivity (CPP) of 28 sites on the Loess Plateau region.The mean yield,yield standard deviation,maximum yield and minimum yield of wheat TPP and CPP were calculated for each site.The annual and locational changes of TPP and CPP were analyzed,and water content ratio (WCR,WCR=CPP/TPP) was calculated.The values of TPP,CPP and WCR of winter wheat on Loess Plateau are 7,970～8,647kg/ha,2,219～7,545kg/ha and 0.278～0.872 separately.And values of TPP,CPP and WCR of spring wheat in the region are 7,436～9,127kg/ha,0～7,598kg/ha and 0.192～0.961 respectively.

分析了作物生产潜力常规研究方法的不足,探讨了作物生长模型模拟方法的优势,在模型验证和气象、土壤和作物数据库组建的基础上,应用DSSAT3中的CERES小麦模型模拟研究了黄土高原地区28个代表点冬小麦和春小麦的光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力,统计计算了各点小麦产量潜力多年平均值、标准差、最高值和最低值,分析了潜力值年际变异与地区分布差异,并计算了小麦的水分满足率。黄土高原冬小麦光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力和水分满足率分别为7970～8647kg/hm 2 、2219～7545kg/hm 2 和0.278～0.872,春小麦分别为7436～9127kg/hm 2 、0～7598kg/hm 2 和0.192～0.961。

... 冬小麦是该地区主要的粮食作物, 产量低而不稳^[4,5] ...

2014

0.0

曹阳, 杨婕, 熊伟, 武永锋, 冯灵芝, 杨晓光. 1962-2010年潜在干旱对中国冬小麦产量影响的模拟分析. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(7): 128-139

Cao

, Yang

, Xiong

, Wu Y

, Feng L

, Yang X

Simulation of winter wheat yield influenced by potential drought in China during 1962-2010

Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(7): 128-139 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: Frequency of extreme weathers is projected to increase under the scenario of climate change, which can cause extensive damages on crop production. Wheat is one of the most important staple crops in China, and drought is the main climate disaster affecting its yield, particularly in northern parts of the country. The temporal and spatial changes of drought impacts under climate change on wheat are therefore a great concern. Most previous studies investigated the drought impacts through the use of climate indices, such as SPI. The climate indices usually neglect the diverse responses of different crop growth stages to a certain degree of drought shock, and they also disregard the contrasting characteristics in terms of the drought resistance between crop genotypes. This study assessed the potential yield impacts of past drought anomaly (1962-2010) on winter wheat, by using a process-based crop model CERES-Wheat. The model was driven by daily weather data and soil data at a grid scale of 50 km ×50 km. The output of rainfed and fully irrigated yields were retrieved for further analysis. We used the difference between simulated irrigated and rainfed wheat yields to define a potential yield loss caused by drought. The anomaly percentage of the potential yield loss was employed to reflect the interannual and interdecadal variation of estimated impact of drought on winter wheat. We investigated the moving of drought susceptible regions by calculating a geographically drought-affecting center for each 10-year period from 1962 to 2010 (1960s: 1962-1970, 1970s: 1971-1980, 1980s: 1981-1990, 1990s: 1991-2000, 2000s: 2001-2010). Finally, the relationships between estimated yield impacts and recorded indices of atmosphere circulation was examined to understand the underlying mechanisms of past drought risks. The indices were averaged over the prior to winter wheat growing-season (June-Sept.) and the whole growing-season (Oct.-May), respectively. Our results demonstrated that simulated winter wheat yield exhibited a fast decreasing rate under the rainfied environment than that under the full irrigated condition, resulting in a slight increase of estimated potential yield loss from 1962 to 2010. These suggest that overall past climate change has caused increased drought risks for winter wheat production in China. Northwest China, especially the Loess Plain and Hexi Corridor showed the fastest increase of the drought risks among all winter wheat growing regions of China. However, the potential yield loss experienced a decrease in a few simulated time periods, such as the1960s and the 1980s, suggesting obvious temporal fluctuation and variability of the drought risks under climate change. Furthermore, the inferred primary drought susceptible areas moved toward northwest during the past 50 years, indicated by the drift of the geographically drought-affecting centers. This moving is interpreted by the increased yield loss due to drought in northwest China, especially in the Loess Plain and Hexi Corridor. The moving of the drought susceptible areas was fast in the periods of 1960s-1970s and 1980s-1990s, probably caused by the associated changes in precipitation and temperature patterns. In addition, the estimated yield loss and the moving of the drought-affecting center demonstrated significant (P<0.05) correlations to a number of atmosphere indices (i.e. North Pole Vortex, subtropical high system). A stronger subtropical high system during the winter wheat growing season associated with a west moving of the drought-affecting center. A stronger North Pole Vortex before or during the winter wheat growing season associated with a south moving of the drought-effecting center.

旱灾是冬小麦生产中常见的气象灾害，该研究旨在了解气候变化背景下中国冬小麦小麦受干旱的历史影响及变化情况，这对合理指导冬小麦生产的减灾、防灾，稳定冬小麦产量有重要的指导意义和作用。该研究采用CERES- Wheat模型，模拟了1962－2010年潜在干旱对中国冬小麦产量影响的时空变化趋势，并分析其与大气环流因子间的关系，以期了解中国近50a来冬小麦受旱程度的变化情况。结果表明：1）1962－2010年中国冬小麦因干旱造成的潜在产量损失总体呈上升的趋势，但不同时期表现不同，其中20世纪60年代、20世纪80年代表现为下降趋势。2）在过去近50a里，中国冬小麦潜在旱灾产量损失中心有向西北移动的趋势，这主要是受黄土高原和河西走廊地区受旱程度增强的影响。3）中国冬小麦潜在旱灾产量损失中心的经纬度和影响中国降水的副热带高压、北极涡系统的部分指数具有显著的负相关关系。冬小麦生长季同期（前一年10月－当年5月）的副热带高压系列指数与中心的相关关系表现显著，而生长季同期和生长季前期（前一年6月－前一年9月)的北极涡系列指数与中心都具有显著的相关关系。当冬小麦生长季同期北半球的西太平洋副高、印度副高和南海副高的强度偏强、范围偏大时，潜在旱灾产量损失中心的位置将会偏西；当北极涡在冬小麦生长季前期或同期偏大偏强时，中国冬小麦潜在产量损失中心将偏南，反之亦然。

... 研究表明, 干旱胁迫不仅限制冬小麦的生长, 影响植株的株高、地上部干重、根干重和总生物量, 还导致冬小麦穗数、千粒重和穗粒数等产量构成因素的显著降低^[6] ...

2009

0.0

高会议, 郭胜利, 刘文兆, 车升国. 黄土旱塬区冬小麦不同施肥处理的土壤呼吸及土壤碳动态. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 2551-2559

Gao H

, Guo S

, Liu W

, Che S

Soil respiration and carbon fractions in winter wheat cropping system under fertilization practices in arid-highland of the Loess Plateau.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 2551-2559 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on a long\|term location experiment on Caliche soil in Changwu Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changwu, Shaanxi, China, we monitored diurnal changes and seasonal changes of CO2 flux from soils in a continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system by LI-8100 automated soil CO2 flux system, and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were also measured during returning green, heading, jointing, filling and mature stages during the wheat growing period Six fertilization practices arranged as a block with 3 replicates from the long\|term experiment were selected, which consists of fallow (F), control (CK), farm yard manure (M, 75 t?hm-2), nitrogen (N, 120 kg?hm-2), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP, 120 kg N?hm-2, 39 kg P?hm-2 ), and nitrogen and phosphorus plus farm yard manure (NPM, 120 kg N?hm-2, 39 kg P?hm-2, 75t ?hm-2 ). The soil CO2 flux showed significant diurnal changes and seasonal changes. For the diurnal changes, the soil CO2 flux rate followed a single peak curve with time, and the maximum of soil respiration appeared about at 12:00 or 14:30, and the minimums between 0:00 to 3:00 or about 6:00. Fertilization significantly increased soil CO2 flux rate, and the order of CO2 flux rate under different fertilizations followed as NPM > M > NP > N > CK > F. For the seasonal changes, the soil CO2 flux rate was highest during the jointing stage, followed by late filling stage, and minimum rate appeared during heading stage. Soil water deficit contributed to most of reduction of soil CO2 flux rate during heading and filling stage. Fertilization significantly affect MBC and DOC, there were significant seasonal changes in DOC and MBC. For DOC, the order was filling stage > heading stage > mature stage> turning green stage > jointing stage in all treatments. For MBC, the order followed as mature stage > heading stage > filling stage > jointing stage > returning green stage, and except manure treatments (M, NPM), MBC in jointing stage was more than in filling stage in all treatments. The relationships between DOC, MBC and soil CO2 flux rate under different growth stages was low under the condition of same fertilization, on contrast, the relationships between DOC, MBC and soil respiration rate were significant under different fertilizations. Soil respiration measurement using the root-exclusion technique indicated that fertilization enhance root respiration. Averaged cross the growing stages, the contribution of the root respiration to soil respiration in CK, N and NP treatment, were 36%, 45% and 54%, respectively.

依据黄土旱塬区黑垆土上中国科学院长武站长期定位试验 (始于1984年)，于2008年3月到6月，测定了冬小麦连作系统中返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期土壤呼吸日变化、生育期变化以及土壤可溶性有机碳（Dissolved organic C， DOC）和微生物量碳（Soil microbial biomass C， MBC），研究了施肥措施对土壤呼吸、DOC和MBC的影响以及土壤呼吸与碳组分之间的关系。研究涉及6个处理：休闲地（F）、不施肥（CK）、有机肥（M）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥(NP)和氮磷有机肥（NPM）。结果表明，冬小麦连作系统中土壤呼吸的日变化格局呈单峰曲线，最高值出现在12：00左右(拔节期)和14：30左右(成熟期)，最小值出现在0:00～3:00之间或6:00左右；冬小麦土壤呼吸速率拔节期最高，其次是灌浆后期，抽穗期最低；不同施肥条件下，各生育期土壤呼吸速率大小顺序：NPM＞M＞NP＞N＞CK＞F。土壤水分亏缺是导致抽穗期和灌浆期土壤呼吸速率降低的重要原因。各施肥处理DOC含量高低顺序为灌浆期＞抽穗期＞成熟期＞返青期＞拔节期；除M，NPM处理MBC含量拔节期＞灌浆期外，各施肥处理MBC含量高低顺序为成熟期＞抽穗期＞灌浆期＞拔节期＞返青期。同一处理不同生育期土壤呼吸速率与DOC，MBC的相关性较低，但同生育期不同施肥处理土壤呼吸与土壤有机碳组分间存在显著的相关性。以F处理土壤呼吸为基础，估算CK、N和NP处理生育期根系对土壤呼吸的平均贡献率依次为36%、45%和54%。

... 施肥能够有效增加土壤生产力和有机碳含量, 提高小麦产量^[7] ...

2008

0.0

赵鹏, 陈阜. 秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 1014-1018

Zhao

, Chen

Effects of straw mulching plus nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen efficiency and grain yield in winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 1014-1018 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer is approved to cause low nitrogen use efficiency in crops and environmental pollution by NO 3 - -N accumulation in soil. Straw returning to field takes the advantages of improving physical and chemical characteristics and nutrition status of soil, resulting in yield promotion of crops. The nitrogen managements for straw mulching cultivation have been studied well in single cropping system. The wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)-maize ( Zea mays L.) double cropping system is typical in North China Plain, however, nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in straw-mulching double-cropping system extended rapidly in the region are poorly studied. In the current fixed-plot field experiments, we aimed at the changes of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under straw mulching plus a series of amount of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat, and provided some advices on nitrogen application regime in mulch farming. A wheat cultivar, Zhoumai 14, was used in a two-factor randomized block design with 3 replicates. A total of 10 treatments were coded as N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360 for only nitrogen fertilizer applied (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg ha -1 , respectively) and S+N0, S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 for straw mulching plus nitrogen applications (nitrogen rates as above), respectively. About 7 500 kg ha -1 straw residue from previous cropping season was ploughed into soil. Compared with no straw mulching treatments, S+N treatments increased dry matter accumulation during wheat growth. The S+N treatments showed the amount and proportion of dry matter accumulation lower before heading than N treatments, but significantly higher at the period of heading to maturity. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer rates, grain yields of S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 were higher than those of corresponding N treatments by 7.1%, 8.4%, 11.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. The S+N270 treatment had the largest amount and increasing ratio of grain yield with significant differences from other S+N and those of N treatments, indicating that S+N270 might be the proper treatment in wheat production. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in S+N treatments were higher than those of N treatments by 3.3–9.2%, 0.7–4.0, and 2.7–7.3 kg kg -1 , respectively. Our results indicate that returning straw to field has positive effects on winter wheat under the experimental conditions, and straw mulching plus nitrogen fertilizer has larger productivity than only applying nitrogen fertilizer.

2006—2007年生长季, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量干物质积累、氮效率和产量的影响。结果表明, 与单施氮肥相比, 秸秆还田配施氮肥的冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量较高, 干物质积累量及其占全生育期干物质积累量的百分比抽穗前阶段较低, 而抽穗到成熟阶段则较高。秸秆还田配施纯氮90、180、270和360 kg hm -2 比单施同量氮肥分别增产7.1%、8.4%、11.1%和10.2%, 其中秸秆还田配施纯氮270 kg hm -2 的产量最高, 显著高于其他各处理。秸秆还田配施氮肥比单施氮肥提高冬小麦的氮效率, 氮肥表观利用率、氮素生产效率和氮肥农学效率分别提高3.3%~9.2%、0.7~4.0和2.7~7.3 kg kg -1 。

... 施用氮肥对小麦产量和品质影响显著, 适宜的氮磷钾配比及用量可促进冬小麦对养分的吸收, 形成较大的群体数量和干物质, 提高产量和肥料利用率, 产量随施肥量增加而提高^[8,9] ...

2012

0.0

陈毓君, 陈黎岭, 同延安, 杨宪龙, 王少杰, 马海洋, 梁连友. 不同施肥水平对冬小麦群体动态和产量形成的影响. 西北农业学报, 2012, 21(4): 47-53

Chen Y

, Chen L

, Tong Y

, Yang X

, Wang S

, Ma H

, Liang L

Effect of different fertilizer levels on population dynamics and grain yield formation of winter wheat.

Acta Agric Boreali-Occident Sin, 2012, 21(4): 47-53 (in Chinese with English abstract)

One year field experiment from 2010 to 2011 was conducted to study yield, culms, shoot nutrients and dry matter accumulation at various growth stages and fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat(Xiaoyan 22) under different fertilizer levels, which was aimed to provide a theoretical basis for fertilizer application of winter wheat in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. The results showed that wheat grain yield increased significantly above middle application rate of NPK, but the difference of grain yield was not significant between H and M treatments, so that middle application rate of NPK was more reasonable which yield was 6 927.1 kg/hm 2 and 13.4% higher than that of FP treatment. The grain yield of H+OM treatment was 10 443.7 kg/hm 2 and 49.1% higher than that of H treatment. The culm number, shoot nutrients and dry matter accumulation amount was increased with application rate improved at various growth stages. The spike number of M, H and H+OM treatments were 539.2×10 4 ，599.2×10 4 and 891.7×10 4 /hm 2 respectively, which the difference was significant among the three treatments. The total shoot dry matter accumulation amount of M, H and H+OM treatments were 15 254.1，15 600.8 and 26 026.2 kg/hm 2 respectively, which showed that H+OM treatment can increase total shoot dry matter accumulation amount significantly over the other two treatments. Balanced fertilization of N, P, K could increase fertilizer use efficiency, the RE N and RE P of M treatment were highest of L, M and H treatments, which were 44.5% and 24.7%, the RE N and RE P of H+OM treatment were highest of all treatments, which were 71.8% and 40.2%. In conclusion, the recommend N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O application rate was 180, 120, 75 kg/hm 2 respectively without organic manure (target yield is 7 000 kg/hm 2 ) in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi province, while in order to get super high yield, the recommend N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O application rate was 240, 150, 120 kg/hm 2 respectively accompanied by basal dressing 20 000 kg/hm 2 organic manure (target yield is 10 500 kg/hm 2 ).

通过田间试验，研究不同施肥水平对冬小麦生育期群体数量、地上部养分和干物质累积、产量以及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明，氮磷钾配施在中肥以上水平可显著提高产量，但高肥与中肥相比增产不显著，说明中肥施用量较适宜，产量达6 927.1 kg/hm 2 ，比农民习惯施肥量增产13.4%，施有机肥处理可达10 443.7 kg/hm 2 的超高产水平，比高肥增产49.1%；生育期群体数量、养分和干物质累积量大体随施肥水平提高而提高，中肥、高肥和施有机肥处理的成穗数分别为539.2、599.2和891.7万/hm 2 ，三者间差异显著，成熟期干物质累积量则分别为15 254.1、15 600.8和26 026.2 kg/hm 2 ，施有机肥处理显著大于高肥和中肥处理；氮磷钾配施可显著提高肥料利用率，以中肥最高，N和P肥利用率分别为44.5%和24.7%，农民习惯施肥量仅为15.9%和3.7%，施有机肥处理可达71.8%和40.2%。综合来看，陕西关中地区冬小麦在只施化肥的情况下，N、P 2 O 5 、K 2 O适宜用量分别为180、120 、75 kg/hm 2 (目标产量7 000 kg/hm 2 )；在基施干牛粪20 000 kg/hm 2 情况下，施N、P 2 O 5 、K 2 O分别为240、150、120 kg/hm 2 ，可获得超高产(目标产量10 500 kg/hm 2 )。

... 目前, 关于施肥增产的相关研究较多, 产量随施肥量增加而提高, 但超过一定限度后, 增产不显著, 甚至减产^[9,10,11], 且施肥量增加会导致产麦田深层土壤水分消耗, 发生持续性土壤干燥化^[12] ...

2003

0.0

郝明德, 来璐, 王改玲. 黄土高原塬区旱地长期施肥对小麦产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14: 1893-1896

Hao M

, Lai

, Wang G

Effect of yield wheat with long-term fertilization in table dry-land of the Loess Plateau.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2003, 14: 1893-1896 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effect of long-term fertilization on the yield of winter wheat was studied on the basis of 18-year located experiment on the Loess Plateau. The results showed that the winter wheat yield increased 418.1 kg穐m -2 under Nfertilization, and the average increasing rate was different with precipitation. In average and rain rich year, the average increasing rate were 30.3% and 58.9%,respectively,but in drought year, the yield decreased,and its average decreasing rate was 13.9%. The winter wheat yield under Pfertilizer increased in drought year, and decreased in average and rain rich year. The average increasing rate was 6.5% in drought year,and the average decreasing rate was 15.4% and 10.0%,respectively. The average increasing rate in M, NP, PM, NM and NPM was 82.8%, 127.8%, 18.9%, 144.4%, and 169.3%, respectively. In addition, precipitation affected the amount of spike, grains per spike,and weight of thousand-grains.

以18年长期肥料定位试验为背景,研究了长期施肥条件下小麦的增产效应.18年单施氮肥平均增产418.1kg·hm -2 ,增产率达28.4%,其中干旱年减产率为13.9%,常态年、丰水年增产率达30.3%、58.9%;单施磷肥平均减产率为9.3%,干旱年增产率达6.5%,常态年、丰水年减产率为15.4%、10.0%;有机肥平均增产率达82.8%;NP、PM、NM、NPM平均增产率分别达127.8%、118.9%、144.4%,169.3%.不同降水年型施肥对小麦的产量结构影响不同,普遍表现为干旱年成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重减少,丰水年增加,不同降水年型穗粒数、成穗数、千粒重的变化是不同施肥处理对小麦产量结构的调控措施.

2006

0.0

张少民, 郝明德, 陈磊. 黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2006, 11(6): 85-89

Zhang S

, Hao M

, Chen

Effects of long-term fertilization on yield of wheat and soil fertility in dry-land of Loess Plateau.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2006, 11(6): 85-89 (in Chinese with English abstract)

重点分析黄土高原长武试验站长期定位施肥试验地2004年长期施肥对小麦产量、肥料利用率及土壤肥力影响的试验结果,表明:单施磷肥和单施氮肥的产量很低,与对照的产量无明显差异,氮磷钾配施与氮磷配施能显著提高小麦的产量.单施磷肥的磷肥利用率最低,为1%;单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为12.5%;氮磷配施的氮、磷肥利用率均较高,磷肥利用率比单施磷肥提高5.7%,氮肥利用率比单施氮肥提高42.1%.氮磷钾配施较氮磷肥配施的氮肥利用率降低了4.5%,而磷肥利用率升高了2.2%,钾肥的利用率不高,仅为7.3%.单施磷肥只增加土壤磷素含量而降低了氮素含量,单施氮肥能增加土壤中氮素的含量, 速效磷含量增加了31%,氮磷肥配施增加了土壤中有机质和氮、磷养分含量.氮、磷配施或氮、磷、钾配施是提高黄土高原小麦产量和土壤肥力的有效措施.

2008

0.0

王学春, 李军, 郝明德. 施肥水平对冬小麦田土壤水分影响的模拟. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(9): 38-43

Wang X

, Li

, Hao M

Effects of fertilization levels on soil water in winter wheat field.

Trans CSAE, 2008, 24(9): 38-43 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on model validation, the WinEPIC model was used to simulate soil desiccation of continuous winter wheat under different fertilization treatments in Changwu dry highland. The simulated results show that simulated monthly available soil water content of all 4 fertilization treatments decline with annual and seasonal precipitation changes, average annual decreasing rates are 8.6, 8.6, 11.1 and 13.7 mm separately, and differences of soil water content among low fertilization and medium and high fertilization treatments are very significant, but no significant difference between no fertilization and low fertilization treatments. Soil moisture decreased and desiccated soil layers thickened gradually at beginning of simulation, and stable desiccated soil layers occurred after 5-8 years of continuous cropping simulation. Distribution depth of desiccated soil layers are 2-3 m of no fertilization and low fertilization treatments, and 2-4 m and 2-5 m of medium and high fertilization treatments respectively. The desiccated soil layers thicken with the increasing fertilization and crop yields. Annual water consumption amounts of 4 fertilization treatments are similar and decrease gradually with fluctuation, but soil water overuse of medium and high fertilization treatments are 91 mm and 203 mm separately than no fertilization treatment during the first to the fourth year period. Soil water carrying capacity of dry highland wheat field is 1.422-2.405 t/hm 2 , and its fertilization amounts are N 45-90 kg/hm 2 and P 15-30 kg/hm 2 .

在模拟精度验证基础上，应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原长武旱塬地1957～2001年期间不同肥力水平下连作冬小麦田的土壤干燥化效应。结果表明：4种肥力处理下连作冬小麦逐月土壤有效含水量均呈现波动性降低趋势，平均每年分别减少8.6、8.6、11.1和13.7 mm，无肥和低肥与中肥和高肥处理间土壤有效含水量差异十分显著，但无肥和低肥处理间无明显差异；在模拟初期出现了土壤湿度逐年降低、土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程，在连作第5～8年以后均出现了稳定的土壤干层，无肥和低肥处理土壤干层均分布于2～3 m土层，中肥和高肥肥处理分别分布于2～4 m和2～5 m土层，随肥力和作物产量水平的提高，土壤干层厚度增厚；4种肥力处理麦田生产年度耗水量接近且呈现波动性缓慢降低趋势，但前1～4年中肥和高肥处理麦田共计较无肥处理麦田多耗水91和203 mm，长武旱塬地麦田土壤水分承载力为1.422～2.405 t/hm 2 ，相应的肥力水平为N 45～90 kg/hm 2 和P 15～30 kg/hm 2 。

... 01) ^[12,26] ...

... 王学春等^[12]研究表明, 低肥麦田的土壤有效含水量比高肥麦田高100~200 mm, 土壤干燥化速率慢(每年46 ...

2005

0.0

江晓东, 李增嘉, 侯连涛, 王芸, 王雪, 颜红. 少免耕对灌溉农田冬小麦/夏玉米作物水、肥利用的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(7): 20-24

Jiang X

, Li Z

, Hou L

, Wang

, Yan

Impacts of minimum tillage and no-tillage systems on soil NO₃--N content and water use efficiency of winter wheat/summer corn cultivation.

Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(7): 20-24 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to research the impacts of minimum tillage and no-tillage on crop yield, crop water use efficiency and soil NO - 3 -N content under the condition of winter wheat/relays summer maize cultivation and irrigation field, five tillage systems were adopted in Longkou city, Shandong Province. The five tillage systems were as follows: conventional tillage without straw turnover , conventional tillage with straw turnover, rotary tillage with straw turnover, serrated disk harrow tillage with straw turnover, no-tillage with straw cover. The soil moisture content was measured by oven drying method. The soil NO - 3 -N content was measured by continued flow analysis extraction. Results showed that minimum tillage especially rotary tillage with straw returned could increase soil water content, water use efficiency and crop yield in a whole year, NO - 3 -N content in 0～60 cm layer of soil and decrease the leaching loss of NO - 3 -N in soil. Preliminary studies showed that rotary tillage with straw turnover could be adopted in this region, while no-tillage with straw cover returned was not suitable.

土壤耕作可影响土壤硝态氮的淋失、土壤的贮水量和作物的水分利用效率。为了研究少免耕在冬小麦套作夏玉米一年两熟灌溉农田对作物产量、水分利用效率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响，采用了5种土壤耕作体系(常规耕作无秸秆还田、常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、缺口圆盘耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖)在山东龙口进行了田间试验。利用烘干法测定了土壤含水率，利用连续流动分析仪测定了土壤硝态氮的含量。结果表明：相对于常规耕作，少耕特别是旋耕还田方式能够增加土壤贮水量、提高作物水分利用效率和全年作物产量，提高土壤0～60 cm层次硝态氮含量、减少硝态氮的淋失。以旋耕还田为主的耕作体系可以在该地区应用，而免耕覆盖则不适宜。

... 保护性轮耕将翻耕、深松、免耕等保护性耕作措施合理组合与轮换, 能够克服各项单一土壤耕作措施弊端, 改善耕层土壤结构与通气状况, 有利于充分和持续均衡发挥保持水土和蓄水保墒效应, 促进作物生长发育和提高作物产量^{[13,14,15,16,17]} ...

1990

0.0

1992

0.0

2012

0.0

李娟, 李军, 尚金霞, 贾志宽. 轮耕对渭北旱塬春玉米田土壤理化性状和产量的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20: 867-873

, Li

, Shang J

, Jia Z

Effects of rotational tillage on soil physicochemical properties and spring maize yield in Weibei Highland s.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012, 20: 867-873 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physiochemical properties and spring maize yield. The study consisted of a continuous experiment of spring maize in six rotational tillage treatments conducted in the Weibei Highlands of Heyang County, Shaanxi Province from 2008 to 2010. The tillage treatments included NT/ST/NT (3-year rotational no-tillage, sub-soiling and no-tillage system), ST/CT/ST (3-year rotational sub-soiling, conventional tillage and sub-soiling rotated system), CT/NT/CT (3-year rotational conventional tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage system), NT/NT/NT (3-year continuous no-tillage system), ST/ST/ST (3-year continuous sub-soiling system) and CT/CT/CT (3-year continuous conventional tillage system). Among other parameters, soil bulk density, soil nutrient and spring maize yield under different rotational tillage treatments were measured and analyzed. Compared with CT/CT/CT, conservation tillage significantly ( P P -1 ) for all the treatments. The average total soil nitrogen content under NT/ST/NT treatment increased by 10.65% and 4.31% respectively compared with initial value and CT/CT/CT treatment. Total N and alkali-hydrolyzable-N contents in the 0~20 cm soil layer and available P and K contents in the 20~40 cm soil layer were more significantly affected by different tillage treatments compared with other indexes. Rotational conversation tillage treatments showed significantly higher soil fertility-enhancing effect compared with the conventional tillage. Spring maize yield under NT/ST/NT, ST/CT/ST, CT/NT/CT, NT/NT/NT and ST/ST/ST increased by 22.42%, 16.33%, 3.77%, 9.91% and 14.18% ( P < 0.05), respectively, compared with CT/CT/CT. The rate of increase of spring maize yield under NT/ST/NT treatment was the highest among all the treatments.

为了揭示不同轮耕处理对渭北旱塬春玉米田土壤理化性状及春玉米产量的影响, 于2008-2010年在陕西合阳设置了免耕深松免耕(NT/ST/NT)、深松翻耕深松(ST/CT/ST)、翻耕免耕翻耕(CT/NT/CT)、免耕免耕免耕(NT/NT/NT)、深松深松深松(ST/ST/ST)和翻耕翻耕翻耕(CT/CT/CT)6种轮耕模式, 测定和分析了各轮耕处理下土壤容重、土壤养分与玉米产量差异。结果表明: (1)各轮耕处理降低了土壤容重, 提高了土壤孔隙度, 增加了田间持水量, 且以NT/ST/NT处理效果最佳; 与对照CT/CT/CT相比, NT/ST/NT处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤容重分别降低11.43%和9.79%, 土壤孔隙度分别增加11.05%和9.87%。(2)NT/ST/NT处理对耕层0~20 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量影响显著( P -1 ), 土壤全氮含量平均值比试验开始前和对照CT/CT/CT分别提高10.65%和4.31%; 各耕作处理对0~20 cm土层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量影响较大, 而对20~40 cm土层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量影响较大, 保护性轮耕处理对土壤培肥效应显著( P P <0.05), 以NT/ST/NT处理春玉米增产率最高。

2007

0.0

孙国锋, 陈阜, 肖小平, 伍芬琳, 张海林. 轮耕对土壤物理性状及水稻产量影响的初步研究. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(12): 109-113

Sun G

, Chen

, Xiao X

, Wu F

, Zhang H

Preliminary study on effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and rice yield.

Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(12): 109-113 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Conservation tillage for paddy is very common in Southern China. However, problems such as bulk density and compaction increasing occurred for paddy fields with long-term conservation tillage, which was not favorable for paddy rice growth. In order to solve those problems, rotational tillage was introduced in this study. No-tillage(NT), rotary tillage(RT), and conventional tillage(CT) were conducted in the paddy field with seven years no-tillage in double rice cropping region, Hunan Province. And treatments were NT-NT, NT-RT and NT-CT, respectively. The tillage methods were the same of early rice and late rice. Results showed as follows: NT-RT and NT-CT treatments showed lower soil bulk density and higher water storage than NT-NT during the rice-growing stage. The soil saturated mass water content and bulk density showed inverse proportion under tillage treatments. The capillary porosity at 0～5 cm soil layer was significantly higher for NT-RT and NT-CT than that for NT-NT at the 5% level, but it was not significant in deeper soil during late rice harvest. The situ soil saturated hydraulic conductivity at 0～5 cm soil layer was significantly higher under NT-CT than those under NT-NT and NT-RT at the 5% level, but the difference was not significant at 5～10 cm soil layer during drying field periods for both early rice and late rice. Yields from the highest to the lowest were NT-RT, NT-CT, NT-NT in order for both early rice and late rice, and the key of yield components was effective panicles of rice.

针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的主要问题，进行了土壤轮耕效应的初步研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田，设置免耕、旋耕和翻耕3种耕作处理(即免耕-免耕，免耕-旋耕和免耕-翻耕)，早稻和晚稻采取同一耕作措施。研究结果表明：连续免耕后进行土壤耕作(翻耕、旋耕)可以降低耕作层土壤容重，增加土壤水贮量，尤为翻耕显著，早、晚稻均表现为这一趋势；晚稻收获时，表层0～5 cm的毛管孔隙度表现为免耕-翻耕、免耕-旋耕在5%水平上显著高于免耕-免耕，而下层差异不显著；早、晚稻晒田时，表层0～5 cm原状土饱和导水率均表现为免耕-翻耕在5%水平上显著高于免耕-免耕和免耕-旋耕，而5～10 cm无显著性差异；早、晚稻的实际产量均表现为免耕-旋耕＞免耕-翻耕＞免耕-免耕, 起主要作用的构成因素是有效穗数。

... 轮耕有利于改善耕层土壤结构与通气状况, 促进作物生长发育^[17], 起到增产的作用 ...

2014

0.0

柏炜霞, 李军, 王玉玲, 王丽. 渭北旱塬小麦玉米轮作区不同耕作方式对土壤水分和作物产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 880-894

Bai W

, Li

, Wang Y

, Wang

Effects of different tillage methods on soil water and crop yield of winter wheat -spring maize rotation region in Weibei Highland .

Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 880-894 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】陕西渭北旱塬属于暖温带半湿润易旱气候区,干旱对旱地农作物生产威胁严重,降水短缺及其季节分布不均制约着旱地冬小麦和春玉米生长发育,是导致作物产量低而不稳的主要因素。论文旨在探索渭北旱塬冬小麦—春玉米轮作区在不同轮耕措施下土壤蓄水保墒效果和作物增产增收效应。【方法】于2007—2013年在陕西合阳实施了免耕/深松、深松/翻耕、翻耕/免耕、连续翻耕等不同耕作处理田间定位试验,测定休闲期和作物生育期土壤水分及作物收获期土壤理化性状,分析各耕作处理作物产量和水分利用效率的变化规律。【结果】(1)3种耕作处理均能降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,增加田间持水量和土壤有机质,且以免耕/深松轮耕处理效果最佳, 与连续翻耕相比,免耕/深松轮耕处理平均土壤容重较连续翻耕处理降低3.6%,平均土壤孔隙度、田间持水量和土壤有机质含量较连续翻耕处理分别增加 4.4%、11.6%和6.9%。(2)在6个试验年度的3个休闲期间,平均土壤蓄墒率:免耕/深松翻耕/免耕深松/翻耕连续翻耕,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕处理平均土壤蓄墒率较连续翻耕处理分别增加22.4个百分点、4.4个百分点和4.9个百分点,增墒效果显著;免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕处理0—200 cm土层平均土壤蓄水量较连续翻耕处理分别高18.2、1.3和11.8 mm。(3)在冬小麦生长期,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕处理0—200 cm土层平均土壤蓄水量较连续翻耕处理分别增加13.2、1.7和14.6 mm;在春玉米生长期,免耕/深松和深松/翻耕处理0—200 cm土层平均土壤蓄水量较连续翻耕处理分别增加17.8和15.1 mm,深松/翻耕处理低于连续翻耕处理5.0 mm。(4)在冬小麦生产年度,免耕/深松、深松/翻耕和翻耕/免耕处理平均产量较连续翻耕处理分别增产8.1%、8.9%和4.9%,水分利用效率平均提高14.3%、13.8%和10.2%;在春玉米生产年度,免耕/深松和深松/翻耕处理平均产量较连续翻耕处理分别增产10.2%和6.4%,水分利用效率平均提高4.6%和8.2%,翻耕/免耕与连续翻耕处理平均产量接近,水分利用效率接近。【结论】综合可知,3种轮耕模式中,与连续翻耕处理相比,深松/翻耕轮耕模式土壤水分状况较差,但其作物产量和水分利用效率较高;翻耕/免耕轮耕模式

... 柏炜霞等^[18]研究表明, 免耕/深松和深松/翻耕轮耕处理比传统连续翻耕增产9 ...

... 根据渭北旱塬冬小麦田间试验测定数据和文献资料, 确定了渭北旱塬冬小麦生理生态参数^[18,22,23] ...

2000

0.0

... 综合连续系统响应, 可用来定量评价农田作物生产力和水土资源管理策略的效果^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2004

0.0

李军, 邵明安, 张兴昌. EPIC模型中农田水分运移与利用的数学模拟. 干旱地区农业研究, 2004, 22(2): 72-75

, Shao M

, Zhang X

Simulation equations for soil water transfer and use in the EPIC model.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2004, 22(2): 72-75 (in Chinese with English abstract)

土壤侵蚀和生产力影响估算模型EPIC是目前国际上较有影响的水土资源管理评价动力学模型.介绍了EPIC模型中描述农田降水、径流、渗透、蒸散、吸收和胁迫等水分运移和利用过程的主要数学方程,可供农田水分动态管理与定量评价研究借鉴.

... 综合连续系统响应, 可用来定量评价农田作物生产力和水土资源管理策略的效果^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2007

0.0

李军, 邵明安, 张兴昌, 李世清. 黄土高原旱塬区高产玉米田土壤干燥化与产量波动趋势模拟研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2007, 15(2): 54-58

, Shao M

, Zhang X

, Li S

Simulation of soil desiccation and yield fluctuation of high yield maize field on rain-fed highland of the Loess Plateau.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2007, 15(2): 54-58 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the soil desiccation and yield fluctuation of high yield maize on Loess Plateau,the EPIC model was used to simulate water potential productivity(WPP)of spring maize and soil water dynamics on rain-fed highland at Changwu County of the Loess Plateau for a medium term (12 years) assessment and a long term(30 years)forecast simulated research,respectively.The results show that during 12-year real-time weather condition simulation period,WPP of spring maize on rain-fed highland fluctuates and declines along with precipitation changes,crop available soil water amount in 3m soil layer also fluctuates and declines evidently,and the trend of soil desiccation is remarkable.During 30-year simulated weather condition simulation period,WPP of spring maize on rain-fed highland fluctuates along with precipitation but declines slightly;crop available soil water amount in 3m soil layer fluctuates seasonally and annually,and has a light increase trend for a long term period.Soil desiccation of maize field on rain-fed highland is a short time phenomenon and usually does not last for long time if the declining trend of precipitation is not distinct,but the fluctuation of maize yield along with precipitation change is inevitable.

为了研究黄土高原旱作高产玉米田土壤干燥化与产量波动趋势，利用EPIC模型对黄土高原南部旱塬区玉米水分生产潜力和土壤水分动态进行了中期(12年)和长期(30年)定量模拟研究。结果表明，在12a实时气象条件下的模拟时段内，旱塬地玉米水分生产潜力随降水量变化呈现波动性降低趋势，3m土层土壤有效含水量也表现为剧烈波动性和逐渐下降趋势，土壤干燥化趋势明显；在30a模拟气象条件下的模拟时段内，旱塬地玉米水分生产潜力呈现明显波动性轻微降低趋势，3m土层土壤有效含水量季节性和年际间波动性剧烈，从长时段看土壤有效含水量呈现略微上升趋势；在降水量减少幅度不显著的情况下，旱塬玉米地土壤干燥化现象只是一种短期过程，通常不会导致长期性土壤强烈干燥化现象发生，但玉米产量随降水量变化的波动性不可避免。

... 综合连续系统响应, 可用来定量评价农田作物生产力和水土资源管理策略的效果^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

2004

0.0

李军, 邵明安, 张兴昌, Williams J

EPIC模型中作物生长与产量形成的数学模拟. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2004, 32(增刊): 25-30

, Shao M

, Zhang X

, Williams J

Simulation equations for crop growth and yield formation in the EPIC model.

J Northwest Sci-Tech Univ Agric For (Nat Sci Edn), 2004, 32(suppl): 25-30 (in Chinese with English abstract)

侵蚀和生产力影响估算模型EPIC是世界上较有影响的水土资源管理和作物生产力评价动力学模型.文章简要介绍了EPIC模型中描述作物生长、产量形成和环境胁迫的主要数学方程,有助于理解EPIC模型模拟作物生长与产量形成的基本原理和基本过程,可供我国作物生长模拟与生产力定量评价研究中借鉴.最后指出了该模型中需要改进之处.

... 综合连续系统响应, 可用来定量评价农田作物生产力和水土资源管理策略的效果^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

... 根据渭北旱塬冬小麦田间试验测定数据和文献资料, 确定了渭北旱塬冬小麦生理生态参数^[18,22,23] ...

2008

0.0

王学春, 李军, 郝明德. 施肥水平对长武旱塬地冬小麦产量影响的模拟. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(8): 45-50

Wang X

, Li

, Hao M

Simulation of fertilization effect on winter wheat yield in Changwu dry highland .

Trans CSAE, 2008, 24(8): 45-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to determine the suitable level of fertilization and production in dry highland under real time meteorological condition, the WinEPIC model was used to simulate continuous winter wheat yield under different fertilization treatments in Changwu dry highland based on model validation. The validation result shows that correlation coefficients of winter wheat yield between observed and simulated are 0.740, 0.762 and 0.740 respectively for treatments of CK, N and NP, which all reach significant level. Win EPIC model can simulate winter wheat yield precisely under different fertilization treatments. The simulation results indicate that grain yields of the continuous winter wheat under no fertilization, low fertilization, medium fertilization and high fertilization treatments decrease significantly with fluctuation, average yields are 1.055, 1.422, 2.405 and 3.170 t/hm2, respectively. The differences among treatments are significant. Medium and high fertilization treatments are better to increase winter wheat yield. The results can provide scientific basis for sustainable development of winter wheat in Loess Plateau.

为了在实时气象条件下确定旱塬区适宜的肥力水平和产量水平，在模拟精度验证基础上，应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原长武旱塬地1957～2001年期间不同肥力水平下连作冬小麦田产量效应。模型验证结果表明CK、N、NP处理产量模拟值与观测值之间的相关系数分别为0.740、0.764和0.740，均达到显著水平，WinEPIC模型对不同肥力处理下冬小麦籽粒产量模拟较为准确。模拟结果表明，无肥、低肥、中肥和高肥处理下连作冬小麦的产量均呈现波动性降低趋势，其平均值分别为1.055、1.422、2.405和3.170 t/hm2，不同肥力处理间差异显著, 以中肥和高肥处理增产效果最好。为黄土高原南部沟壑区旱地小麦生产的可持续发展提供了科学依据。

... 综合连续系统响应, 可用来定量评价农田作物生产力和水土资源管理策略的效果^{[19,20,21,22,23]} ...

... 根据渭北旱塬冬小麦田间试验测定数据和文献资料, 确定了渭北旱塬冬小麦生理生态参数^[18,22,23] ...

... 01 kg hm^-2 mm^-1, 随着施肥量增加, 免耕/深松麦田产量和水分利用效率随之升高, 这与王学春等^[23]研究结论相似 ...

2005

0.0

李军, 邵明安, 张兴昌. EPIC模型中土壤氮磷运转和作物营养的数学模拟. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2005, 11: 166-173

, Shao M

, Zhang X

Simulation equations for soil nitrogen and phosphorus transfer and crop nutrition in the EPIC model.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2005, 11: 166-173 (in Chinese with English abstract)

EPIC(Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator, now it is renamed as Environmental Policy-Integrated Climate Model)is a world famous comprehensive dynamic model developed by US. The major components in EPIC are weather simulation, hydrology, erosion-sedimentation, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, plant growth, soil temperature, tillage, economics, and plant environment control. It can be used to assess the effect of management strategies on field soil and water resources and crop productivity. Because the systematical and functional simulation model related to processes of soil nitrogen and phosphorus transfer and transform and crop nutrition has not been developed in China yet, the principles and mathematical equations used for simulating soil nitrogen and phosphorus transfer and crop nutrition in the EPIC model were briefly introduced in this paper. The nutrient cycling process is affected by biological factors, such as crop and soil microbe, and weather factors, such as temperature and rainfall, and also soil management factors, such as fertilization, irrigation and soil tillage, hence, soil nitrogen and phosphorus spatially migrate in the soil profile and transform into (different) forms ceaselessly. More than 80 mathematical equations are used in the EPIC model to describe the detail (dynamic) processes of soil nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization and immobilization, nitrate and soluble P loss in surface runoff, organic N and P transported by sediment in soil erosion, nitration, detrification, NO 3 - -N leaching and transported by soil water evaporation, ammonia volatilization, mineral P cycling among labile, active mineral, and stable mineral pool, and crop N and P demands and soil supplies, nitrogen fixation of legume etc. The flow rates and amounts of soil nitrogen and phosphorus migration and transformation and crop nutrition are simulated continuously with a daily time step for one to hundred years, and the simulated results can be outputted with daily, weekly, decade, monthly or annually (interval). It can be used to analyze the dynamic principle of soil nitrogen and phosphorus transfer and transform in soil profile and crop nutrition in crop production. This paper can be used as reference for field soil management and crop (nutrition) quantitative assessment research.

土壤侵蚀和生产力影响估算模型EPIC是国际上较有影响的水土资源管理和作物生产力评价动力学模型。本文简要介绍了EPIC模型中描述土壤氮磷养分运转与作物氮磷营养的基本原理及其主要数学方程。在作物和土壤微生物等生物因素,热量、降水等气候因素,施肥、灌溉和土壤耕作等管理因素的影响下,农田土壤氮素和磷素不断发生空间运移和形态转化。EPIC模型能够逐日定量描述土壤中氮磷养分的矿化与固定、硝化与反硝化、淋洗与挥发、流失与吸收、矿质磷循环、豆科作物固氮等运移、转化及作物吸收过程的变化速率和数量,揭示出土壤剖面氮磷运移、转化和作物营养的动态变化规律,可供农田土壤管理和作物营养定量评价研究中借鉴。

... WinEPIC模型能够精确有效地模拟土壤中氮磷运转和不同耕作方式^[24,25], 可较为精确地模拟不同施肥条件下作物轮作的产量和土壤水分状况^[26] ...

2015

0.0

张玉娇, 李军, 郭正, 岳志芳. 渭北旱塬小麦产量和土壤水分对保护性耕作的响应模拟. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26: 800-808

Zhang Y

, Li

, Guo

, Yue Z

Simulated responses of winter wheat yield and soil moisture to different conservation tillage practices in Weibei Highland s, Northwest China.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2015, 26: 800-808 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... WinEPIC模型能够精确有效地模拟土壤中氮磷运转和不同耕作方式^[24,25], 可较为精确地模拟不同施肥条件下作物轮作的产量和土壤水分状况^[26] ...

2008

0.0

王学春, 李军, 樊廷录. 黄土旱塬不同施肥水平下小麦玉米轮作的产量和土壤水分效应模拟研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2008, 14: 242-251

Wang X

, Li

, Fan T

Modeling the effects of winter wheat and spring maize rotation under different fertilization treatments on yield and soil water in rain-fed highland of Loess Plateau.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2008, 14: 242-251 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了黄土高原旱塬地1957 ～ 1998年期间不同施肥水平下小麦玉米轮作方式"春玉米→春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦→冬小麦→冬小麦"的产量变化和土壤水分效应.模拟结果表明: 1)无肥、低肥、中肥和高肥处理下,小麦玉米轮作方式的模拟产量均呈现波动性降低趋势,其平均值分别为1.573、3.272、3.877和4.318 t/hm2,其适宜的施肥量范围为N 90 ～ 120 kg/hm2、P 30 ～ 60 kg/hm2;2)4种施肥处理下,小麦玉米轮作田逐月土壤有效含水量均呈现波动性降低趋势,平均每年分别减少8.5、10.3、12.3和12.0 mm,无肥、低肥和中肥处理间土壤有效含水量差异十分显著;3)在模拟初期(1957 ～ 1962)出现了土壤湿度逐年降低、土壤干层逐年加厚的干燥化过程,在模拟中后期(1975 ～ 1980,1993 ～ 1998)均出现了稳定的土壤干层,无肥和低肥处理土壤干层分布于2-3 m和2-4 m土层,中肥和高肥处理均分布于2-5 m土层,表现出随肥力和作物产量水平的提高,土壤干层厚度逐渐加深.

... WinEPIC模型能够精确有效地模拟土壤中氮磷运转和不同耕作方式^[24,25], 可较为精确地模拟不同施肥条件下作物轮作的产量和土壤水分状况^[26] ...

... 01) ^[12,26] ...

1992

0.0

... 根据合阳大田试验土壤数据, 土壤剖面理化性状参数包括土壤质地、田间持水量、土壤含水量、容重和氮磷钾等, 参考《陕西土壤》^[27]中黑垆土土壤普查数据来确定 ...

2011

0.0

王亚莉, 李军, 王学春, 张社红. 陇东旱塬旱作苹果园水分生产力与土壤干燥化效应模拟. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2011, 39(8): 131-140

Wang Y

, Li

, Wang X

, Zhang S

Simulation of water productivity and soil desiccation effects of dryland apple orchard on the plateau of eastern Gansu.

J Northwest Sci-Tech Univ Agric For (Nat Sci Edn), 2011, 39(8): 131-140 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The study was done to investigate occurrence rule of soil desiccation of apple orchards and effects of soil desiccation on apple productivity.【Method】Based on model validation,the WinEPIC model was used to simulate the dynamic changes of water productivity and soil desiccation effects of dryland apple orchards at Xifeng on the dry plateau of eastern Gansu during 1960-1999.【Result】(1)Apple yields decreased obviously with fluctuation after 10 years’ yield reached 26.83 t/hm 2 which was the highest.The yield of 71% apple orchards reached the low-yielding orchards (18 t/hm 2 ) and fluctuated with precipitation changes in 23-24-year-old whose average yield was 16.47 t/hm 2 .(2)The average annual water consumption was higher than annual precipitation from 1 to 23 years,the soil desiccation rates of 1-10-year-old and 11-23-year-old orchards were 94.42 and 22.6 mm/a respectively,which made the monthly available soil water amounts decreased rapidly in 0-10 m soil profile of 1-23-year-old orchards.The average annual water consumption was equal to annual precipitation from 24 to 40 years,the monthly available soil water amounts of 24-40-year-old orchards were 70-240 mm which fluctuated with growth seasons and precipitation changes.(3)Soil moisture fluctuated obviously with precipitation changes in 0-2 m soil profile while it decreased annually in 2-10 m soil profile,therefore,the desiccated soil layers became thicker and deeper.The depth of desiccated soil layers of 12-year-old orchard reached 10 m and soil moisture gradually got close to the local soil wilting moisture and then kept steady until 24 years.(4)Soil desiccation intensified gradually until 24 years when it kept steady and was in strong desiccation state from no desiccation (1 to 6 years) to slight desiccation (7 years) to moderate desiccation (8 to 9 years) to serious desiccation (10 to 11 years) to strong desiccation (after 12 years).【Conclusion】The reasonable utilization period of dryland apple orchard at Xifeng on the dry plateau of eastern Gansu is 23-24 years.

【目的】揭示苹果园地土壤干燥化发生规律及土壤干燥化对果园生产力的长远影响。【方法】在WinEPIC模型模拟精确度验证的基础上，应用该模型模拟研究了1960～1999年期间陇东旱塬旱作苹果园地水分生产力变化动态和土壤干燥化效应。【结果】(1)1960～1999年模拟研究期间，果树产量在10龄达到最高值26.83 t/hm 2 后，呈显著波动下降趋势；23～40龄，低产果园（年产量小于18 t/hm 2 ）占71%，且随降水量的变化呈不稳定波动趋势，平均值为16.47 t/hm 2 。(2)1～23龄苹果园地年耗水量均高于同期降水量，0～10 m土层土壤有效含水量呈显著降低趋势，其中，1～10龄与11～23龄0～10 m土层土壤干燥化速率分别为94.42和22.6 mm/a；24～40龄苹果园地年均耗水量与同期降水量基本相当，土壤有效含水量为70～240 mm，随生长期与降水量的变化稳定波动。(3)苹果园地0～2 m土层土壤湿度随降水量的变化波动明显；2～10 m土层土壤湿度逐年降低，干层逐年加深和加厚，12龄果园干层已达10 m，此后各树龄土壤湿度逐渐趋于凋萎湿度直到24龄达到稳定。(4)土壤干燥化强度由无干燥化(1～6龄)?轻度干燥化(7龄)?中度干燥化(8～9龄)严重干燥化(10～11龄)?强烈干燥化(12龄以后)而逐渐加强，以至24龄以后形成稳定的强烈干燥化状态。【结论】陇东旱塬西峰地区旱作苹果园地土壤水分合理利用年限为23~24年。

... 05) ^{[28,29,30,31]} ...

2011

0.0

张社红, 李军, 王学春, 王亚莉. 渭北旱塬苹果园地产量和深层土壤水分效应模拟. 生态学报, 2011, 31: 3767-3777

Zhang S

, Li

, Wang X

, Wang Y

Modeling the changes of yield and deep soil water in apple orchards in Weibei rainfed highland .

Acta Ecol Sin, 2011, 31: 3767-3777 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on model applicability and precision validation, the WinEPIC model was used to simulate the changes of yield and deep soil desiccation of rainfed apple orchards, using real-time weather data and soil data from 1962 to 2001. Variation of apple productivity and soil moisture in apple orchards were analyzed, based on the simulated results at Luochuan, one typical area of Weibei Rainfed Highland. The simulated results showed as follows: (1) Fruit yield showed a decline tendency with fluctuation as a whole from 4 year-old orchard to 40 year-old orchard during the simulation period. The fruit yield increased gradually from 4 th year to 11 th year, and reached the highest value ( averaged 28.8 t/hm 2 ) during 11 th year to 23 th year, then decreased obviously with the fluctuation of annual rainfall. (2) During the simulation period, annual rainfall at Luochuan fluctuated and decreased gradually, therefore, water stress days of 1-40 year-old apple orchards showed an upward trend which was opposed to the change trend of annual rainfall. And a peak value of 147.8 stress days occurred at 38 year-old apple orchard (in 1999). (3) Mean annual consumption of soil water was higher than mean annual rainfall in apple orchards at Luochuan. Therefore, soil had been drying strongly in apple orchards, and the total amount of soil water overuse was 1009 mm during the 40 years. The monthly available soil water contents in 0-10 m soil layers declined obviously during the simulation period. However, the fluctuation range was higher in the beginning period than in the later period. The soil desiccation of apple orchards occurred in the period of 1-10 years, 11-20 years and 21-40 years and aggravated gradually, but the desiccation rate slowed down, with the soil desiccation rates of 95.4, 12 and 1.5 mm per year, respectively. (4) As the soil moisture decreased in 0-10 m soil layers, the thickness of drying layers increased and became deeper gradually with the growth years of apple trees and the deeper of apple roots distribution, and the depth of drying layers distribution was more than 10 m in 14 year-old apple orchard. However, rainfall infiltrated no more than 2 m at Luochuan and there was no water supply below 2 m soil layers, so soil water content in 2-10 m soil layers was stable relatively in 15-40 year-old apple orchards. When apple trees grew to 23 years, soil water in 2-10 soil layers almost could not be used by apple trees, and soil water in 0-2 m soil became the main water resources for the growth of apple trees. Therefore, soil water content varied sharply with the variation of annual rainfalls in 0-2 m soil layers. Both fruit yield and soil desiccation were significantly different in different ages of apple orchards. Considering economic and ecological benefits, reasonable growth and utilization years of apple orchard is 20 years, the longest should not exceed 23 years.

为了研究实时气象条件下渭北旱塬不同生长年限苹果园地产量变化趋势和深层土壤水分变化规律,在模型适用性与模拟精度验证基础上,应用WinEPIC模型模拟研究了1962-2001年期间洛川旱塬苹果园地产量演变动态和深层土壤水分效应。结果表明:(1) 在模拟研究期间,洛川旱塬4-40年生苹果园产量整体上呈波动性下降趋势,初期产量逐渐增加,11-23年生达到最大值(平均为28.8 t/hm 2 ),之后随降水量年际波动呈现出明显的波动性降低趋势。(2) 40a间苹果园地遭受的干旱胁迫日数呈波动性上升趋势,与年降水量波动趋势相反。(3) 1-15年生期间苹果园地平均年耗水量高于同期年降水量,导致苹果园地0-10 m土层土壤强烈干燥化,逐月土壤有效含水量波动性降低,1-10年生、11-20年生和21-40年生期间发生土壤干燥化并且程度逐渐加剧,但干燥化速率逐渐减缓,土壤干燥化速率分别为95.4、12\,1.5 mm/a。(4) 随生长年限的延长,苹果园地0-10 m土层土壤湿度逐渐降低、土壤干层分布深度逐渐加大,在14年生时超过了10 m,20年生以后2-10 m 土层形成稳定的土壤干层。因此,基于土壤水分利用的苹果生长与果园利用的合理年限为20 a,最长不宜超过23 a。

... 05) ^{[28,29,30,31]} ...

2008

0.0

... 05) ^{[28,29,30,31]} ...

... 肥力越高, 作物耗水量越大, 土壤有效含水量越低^[30] ...

... 耗水量随着施肥量的增加而升高, 这一结果与在晋中半干旱区的研究结果^[30]不同, 这可能是免耕/深松轮耕模式的蓄水效果及与施肥量的互作效应带来的影响 ...

... 随着施肥水平提高, 土壤干层逐年加深加厚^[30] ...

2011

0.0

王学春, 李军, 郝明德. 长武旱塬草粮轮作田土壤水分可持续利用模式模拟. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(增刊1): 257-266

Wang X

, Li

, Hao M

Simulation of sustainable use of soil water in dry land for alfalfa-grain rotation system at Changwu arid-plateau of China.

Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(suppl-1): 257-266 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to find out a grain-crop system for sustainable usage of soil water, effects of different alfalfa-grain rotation systems on soil water restoration were simulated and investigated, based on long-term experiment at Changwu arid-plateau, by combining on-spot investigation and computer simulation methods. Validation results showed that correlation coefficient between simulated and observed values of soil water storage in 0-2m soil for alfalfa-grain rotation system (4-years-old-alfalfa, potato, winter-wheat, winter-wheat and winter-wheat) was 0.97(a<0.01). The correlation coefficient between simulated and observed value of soil moisture in 0-5m soil for alfalfa land, winter-wheat field and potato field was 0.94(a<0.01), 0.93(a<0.01) and 0.87(a<0.01) respectively. Simulation results showed that the cultivation of potato and broomcorn millet was benefit to recover soil desiccation. When spring maize or winter wheat cultivated, soil water varied with soil desiccation grade. When soil desiccation grade was serious, soil water restored slowly; when soil desiccation was slight, soil water reduced. Grain crop rotation system with annual sequence of potato, broomcorn millet, spring maize, potato, broomcorn millet and winter wheat was benefit to restore soil water after alfalfa plantation. At Changwu arid-plateau, alfalfa could be replanted after its cultivation years reached to 9-12 years.

采用实地观测和计算机模拟相结合的方法，以长期定位试验数据为基础，通过对不同草粮轮作模式的模拟研究，分析了长武旱塬草粮轮作田的土壤水分恢复效应，以期探索出适合该地区的土壤水分可持续利用的草粮轮作模式。验证结果表明：草粮轮作田0～2 m土层土壤贮水量模拟值和观测值间的相关系数为0.97；0～5 m土层土壤湿度的模拟值和观测值间相关系数在苜蓿草地、冬小麦田和马铃薯田分别为0.94、0.93和0.87，均达到了极显著水平。模拟结果表明：苜蓿翻耕后，种植马铃薯和糜子均有利于土壤水分的恢复。在土壤干燥化程度较严重时，种植冬小麦或者春玉米能够在一定程度上缓解土壤干燥化；在无干燥化或者干燥化程度较轻时，种植冬小麦和春玉米会导致土壤含水率的下降。在长武旱塬，“马铃薯-糜子-春玉米-马铃薯-糜子-冬小麦”的粮食轮作模式有利于苜蓿地土壤水分恢复，持续种植9～12 a后可以再次种植苜蓿。

... 05) ^{[28,29,30,31]} ...

2000

0.0

陶林威, 马洪, 葛芬莉. 陕西省降水特性分析. 陕西气象, 2000, (5): 6-9

Tao L

, Ma

, Ge F

Analysis on the characteristics of precipitation in Shaanxi province.

Shaanxi Meteorol, 2000, (5): 6-9

摘　要：根据陕西水文和气象部门１１２６处雨量站资料，使用等值线图及经纬网格两种方法分析计算了全省及各地市历年和多年平均降水总量，分析了我省降水的地区分布、年际及年内变化的规律，可以看出：陕西降水量偏少且地区分布不均，造成了大部分地区易旱；而由于降水时间分布的检不均匀性，又导致了洪涝灾害频繁。

... 根据冬小麦生产年度降水量(P_i)及多年降水量的平均值( )和均方差(d), 将其分为丰水年( )、平水年( )和干旱年( ) 3种年型^[32] ...

2013

0.0

顾炽明, 郑险峰, 黄婷苗, 侯仰毅, 王朝辉. 秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2013, 31(5): 48-53

Gu C

, Zheng X

, Huang T

, Hou Y

, Wang C

Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer application on yield of winter wheat and nitrogen regulation.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2013, 31(5): 48-53 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Using the wheat cultivar Zhoumai 23 as material,there were 10 treatments that were coded as N0, N84, NI68, N252 and N336 (standingfor single nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 84, 168, 252 kg·hm -2 and 336 kg·hm -2 , respectively), and S+N0, S+N84, S+NI68, S+N252 and S+N336 (standing for 5 500 kg·hm -2 straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer at therates as above). The results showed that, compared with the single N treatments,the yield of wheat under S+N treatments showed a trend of decrease, but the difference between them was insignificant statistically. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency under S+N treatments was 1.6%～9.1% higher than that of N treatments. Straw returning combined with an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer tendedto decrease N requirement per 100 kg grain. In conclusion, straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer application produced positive effects on wheatproduction, and 252～321 kg·hm -2 was a suitable rate of nitrogen application for winter wheat in the experimental area.

以周麦23为供试材料，采用裂区设计的大田试验研究了关中地区秸秆还田配施不同氮肥水平对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响。结果表明：相较于单施氮肥处理，秸秆还田配施氮肥处理冬小麦产量在低施氮量处理时有降低的趋势，在高施氮量处理时有增加的趋势，但两者间的差异不显著；秸秆还田配施氮肥能有效提高冬小麦的氮素利用效率，冬小麦的氮肥表观利用率提高了1.6%～9.1%；秸秆还田措施配施适量的氮肥有降低冬小麦百公斤籽粒需氮量的趋势。综合考虑到生产成本及潜在环境污染的可能性因素，在秸秆还田条件下，试验地区冬小麦施氮量以252～321 kg·hm -2 为宜。

... 3 讨论氮素作为最主要的作物大量营养元素, 对提高作物产量和改善品质具有重要作用^[33] ...

2005

0.0

李玲玲, 黄高宝, 张仁陟, 晋小军, Li

, Chan K

不同保护性耕作措施对旱作农田土壤水分的影响. 生态学报, 2005, 25: 2326-2332

Li L

, Huang G

, Zhang R

, Jin X

, Li

, Chan K

Effects of conservation tillage on soil water regimes in rainfed areas.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2005, 25: 2326-2332 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Low and extremely variable precipitations limit dryland crop production in the semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau. These areas are also affected by serious soil erosion, and intensive tillage of conventional agriculture has worsened the situation. Therefore, conventional tillage and five conservation agriculture patterns', that is, conventional tillage(T), conventional tillage with stubble incorporating(TS), no-till with no stubble(NT), no-till with stubble retention(NTS), conventional tillage with plasti...

研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施和五种保护性耕作措施对土壤水分垂直分布、动态变化、作物耗水量、水分利用效率及作物产量的影响。结果表明,不同保护性耕作措施对表层0~10cm土壤水分含量影响较大,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)在作物播种期可以显著增加播种期表层土壤含水量。0~200cm土壤剖面贮水量年变化分春夏作物旺盛生长失墒期(5月中旬~7月中旬)、夏秋雨季增墒期(7月中旬~10月下旬)和冬春稳墒期(11月~翌年5月上旬)3个阶段。尽管不同保护性耕作措施对0~200cm剖面贮水量影响不大,但作物耗水量却存在显著差异。免耕秸秆覆盖在增加作物耗水量的同时也提高了作物产量以及水分利用效率。地膜覆盖在有些年份也有利于降水的高效利用和作物产量的提高,但与秸秆覆盖相比不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。而且,如果种植小麦,出苗前若一次性降水较多时地膜覆盖将造成严重板结,影响出苗,进而降低产量和水分利用效率。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕+秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施,既有利于作物对有限降水的高效利用,提高作物产量,也可以促进农业可持续发展。

... 在秸秆还田或覆盖条件下, 免耕、翻耕和深松等不同保护性耕作措施各有优缺点, 免耕和深松有利于减缓土壤侵蚀和蓄水保墒, 可使麦田降水蓄存率由翻耕的25%~35%提高到50%~65%, 土壤贮水量增加60~120 mm ^{[34,35,36,37,38,39,40]} ...

2005

0.0

付国占, 李潮海, 王俊忠, 王振林, 曹鸿鸣, 焦念元, 陈明灿. 残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(1): 52-56

Fu G

, Li C

, Wang J

, Wang Z

, Cao H

, Jiao N

, Chen M

Effects of stubble mulch and tillage managements on soil physical properties and water use efficiency of summer maize.

Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(1): 52-56 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Field experiment on soil physical properties and water use efficiency of summer maize in three kinds tillage management of no tillage, moldboard plowing and subsoiling under two conditions of stubble mulch and no mulch with field and simulated rain fall methods have been conducted. Stubble mulch combined with subsoiling could balance and improve the status of soil temperature through the function of heat preservation on lower soil temperature condition and decrease the temperature at higher soil temperature. It could also increase the ability of water storing and preserving. After 24 hours of simulated rain fall, one meter deep soil water content was 26.1 mm more than that of the treatment of no mulch combined with no tillage, and plowing layer soil moisture was 9.73% higher than that of the treatment of no mulch combined with no tillage in whole growth duration. The soil density properties could be improved, and the whole water use efficiency was increased by 25.26% finally.

采用田间和小面积模拟降水试验的方法，对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米田的土壤物理性状和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明，残茬覆盖与深松相结合，可平衡和改善耕层土壤温度状况，在土壤温度较低时具有保温作用，在土壤温度较高时具有降温作用；可以增加土壤的蓄水和保水能力，模拟降水后24 h测定1 m土层含水量比免耕不盖多26.1 mm，全生育期平均耕层土壤含水量比免耕不覆盖高9.37%；土壤通透性也得到改善；最终水分利用效率比免耕不盖提高25.26%。

2003

0.0

2006

0.0

彭文英, 张雅彬. 免耕对粮食产量及经济效益的影响评述. 干旱地区农业研究, 2006, 24(4): 114-118

Peng W

, Zhang Y

Review of impacts of no-tillage on crop yield and economic benefit.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2006, 24(4): 114-118 (in Chinese with English abstract)

根据国内外有关免耕的试验研究成果,总结了免耕措施对粮食生产及农田经济效益的影响.对于干旱缺水的我国北方地区,如果采取合理的作物轮作,科学的去除杂草方法,免耕后粮食产量一般还高于传统耕种,同时,由于节能、省工、减少操作工序和生产成本等,免耕的投入产出效益也往往高于传统耕作.

... 降雨量减少和作物耗水量增加是土壤干层形成的主要原因, 合理控制农田施肥量是控制农田土壤干层形成的有效途径^[37,38] ...

2008

0.0

蒋斌, 李军, 王学春, 胡伟. 不同施肥水平下宝鸡旱塬连作冬小麦产量与深层土壤水分效应的模拟研究. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 36(8): 73-83

Jiang

, Li

, Wang X

, Hu

Simulation of yield and deep soil water effects of winter wheat field under different fertilization levels in Baoji dry-land of the Loess Plateau.

J Northwest Sci-Tech Univ Agric For (Nat Sci Edn), 2008, 36(8): 73-83 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[目的]探寻与黄土高原半湿润区降水状况相适应的、有利于土壤水分可持续利用的合理施肥水平,为当地小麦生产的可持续发展提供科学依据.[方法] 在模拟精度验证的基础上,应用侵蚀和生产力影响计算模型(WinEPIC模型)模拟研究了黄土高原半湿润区宝鸡旱塬1961～2000年无肥(N 0 kg/hm2,P 0 kg/hm2)、低肥(N 90 kg/hm2,P 30 kg/hm2)、中肥(N 120 kg/hm2,P 60 kg/hm2)、高肥(N 150 kg/hm2,P 75 kg/hm2)和超高(N 180 kg/hm2,P 90 kg/hm2)肥力处理5种施肥水平下,连作冬小麦的产量变化和深层土壤的水分效应.[结果] 无肥、低肥、中肥、高肥和超高肥处理下1961～2000年宝鸡旱塬冬小麦的产量均呈波动性降低的趋势,其平均值分别为1.588,2.306,3.327,3.981和4.764 t/hm2;连作冬小麦逐月土壤有效含水量也均呈波动性降低趋势,5种施肥处理的年均土壤干燥化速率分别为11.4,11.6,14.9,14.9和18.2 mm/a.在5种施肥条件下,模拟期间均出现了土壤干燥化现象,在5～16年都形成了相对稳定的土壤干层,其中无肥和低肥处理的土壤干层分布于2～3 m土层,中肥和高肥处理分布于2～4 m土层,超高肥处理分布于2～5 m土层.[结论] 随肥力和作物产量水平的提高,作物耗水量增大,土壤干层厚度逐渐加深.宝鸡旱塬连作冬小麦适宜的施肥量为N 120～150 kg/hm2,P 60～75 kg/hm2.

... T5, 进一步印证随着施肥量的增加, 作物耗水量增多, 土壤有效贮水量降低^[38] ...

... 降雨量减少和作物耗水量增加是土壤干层形成的主要原因, 合理控制农田施肥量是控制农田土壤干层形成的有效途径^[37,38] ...

2005

0.0

陈洪松, 邵明安, 王克林. 黄土区深层土壤干燥化与土壤水分循环特征. 生态学报, 2005, 25: 2491-2497

Chen H

, Shao M

, Wang K

Desiccation of deep soil layer and soil water cycle characteristics on the Loess Plateau.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2005, 25: 2491-2497 (in Chinese with English abstract)

As the result of the excessive depletion of deep soil water by plants, the desiccation of the soil layer below the depth of rainfall infiltration(about 2 m) occurs widely in the Loess Plateau,particularly under artificial grassland and forestland,and thus influences the survival of the plants.However,the interactions between the development of the desiccation and water cycle in the soil layer have little understood.In the region,field investigations were carried out under grassland at a selected watershed i...

深层土壤干燥化是黄土高原地区植被建设过程中出现的重大生态环境问题。采用人工和天然降雨试验,研究了黄土高原沟壑区荒草地和裸地的土壤水分循环特征,并分析和探讨了深层土壤干燥化的成因。2002年天然降雨量为459.9mm(多年平均降雨量为584.1mm),属干旱年,土壤水分观测期间(2002年6月13日至11月24日)天然和人工降雨试验小区的天然降雨量分别为305.2mm和236.8mm。人工降雨试验主要在2002年6~8月进行,土壤水分观测期间荒草地和裸地的人工降雨量分别为360.7mm和418.5mm。试验结果表明:干旱年,荒草地和裸地土壤储水量处于负补偿,入渗雨量全为蒸发蒸腾作用所消耗。在强烈的蒸发蒸腾作用下,剖面内(0~200cm)土壤水分的整体移动性能较强,最大蒸发蒸腾作用层深度很快形成。荒草地土壤水分循环强度大于裸地,表现为荒草地最大蒸发蒸腾作用层深度较大,两者分别为200cm和180cm。雨季量少且分散的降雨极易为强烈的蒸发蒸腾作用所消耗,深层土壤由于缺乏降雨入渗的补给而逐渐干燥化。丰水年,荒草地和裸地土壤储水量处于正补偿,但入渗雨量的大部分(80%以上)为强烈的蒸发蒸腾作用所消耗。在相同的降雨量条件下，荒草地土壤水分循环强度高于裸地，表现为荒草地降雨入渗补给深度较小。连续降雨有利于土壤水分向深层的运移，从而部分缓减深层土壤的干燥化进程。近50a来黄土高原地区气候变暖和降雨减少可能是土壤干层形成的直接原因，而植被类型选择失当、群落密度过大和生产力过高则会加剧深层土壤的干燥化进程。

2004

0.0

樊军, 郝明德, 邵明安. 黄土高原沟壑区草地土壤深层干燥化与氮素消耗. 自然资源学报, 2004, 19: 201-206

Fan

, Hao M

, Shao M

Soil desiccation and nitrogen consumption of artificial meadow in the Loess Plateau.

J Nat Resour, 2004, 19: 201-206 (in Chinese with English abstract)

According to a long term experiment in dry land of the Loess Plateau and field survey of wilderness,we studied the distribution of soil water and nitrogen content in the soil profiles.The results showed that artificial meadow could consume lots of soil water in deep layers of soil,and it also absorbed much of nitrogen.The mean soil water content of200cm～1000cm soil layers was12.6%,furthermore,the nitrate content of150cm～1000cm soil layers was less than1mg /kg.But soil water content of the wilderness was better than that of artificial meadow;the mean soil moisture was18.8%.In the arid area,the storage water in deep layers of soil can adjust water utilization of plants,but artificial alfalfa can absorb lots of water from deep layers and lead to soil desiccation.Because of in availability of enough water to adjust effects of arid weather on growth of plants,reasonable yield should be advised to control soil desiccation.Fertilizers application can not contribute to yield of grassland distinctly,but it can maintain output of artificial alfalfa to avoid the yield getting down in the short time.Unfortunately,fertilizers were not used in grassland by farmers,because it is difficult to profit from fertilizers application.

根据设在黄土高原沟壑区旱塬地的长期田间定位试验结合野外调查,对旱塬人工草地土壤0～1000cm水分含量及剖面氮素含量与分布进行研究。结果显示,旱地人工草地连续种植会显著消耗土壤深层储水与土壤氮素,苜蓿的耗水深度超过1000cm,剖面200cm以下平均含水量12.6%;同时,也使深层土壤硝态氮含量降低,150cm以下硝态氮含量均小于1mg/kg,荒草地的水分状况好于人工草地,这是因为荒草地的生物量远低于人工草地,200cm以下平均含水量18.8%。在干旱地区,土壤深层储水可以调节植物用水,但是人工苜蓿从土壤深层吸收大量水分导致土壤干燥化的发生。因此,土壤储水的调节作用丧失,合理的草地产量是控制土壤干燥化的途径。草地施肥并没有显著的增产作用,但可以延缓人工草地的衰退时间。因为草地施肥的效益不明显,生产实践中农民并不施肥。

2012

0.0

侯贤清, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 孙红霞, 王维, 聂俊峰, 杨宝平. 不同轮耕模式对旱地土壤结构及入渗蓄水特性的影响. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(5): 85-94

Hou X

, Jia Z

, Han Q

, Sun H

, Wang

, Nie J

, Yang B

Effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil structure, infiltration and water storage characteristics in dryland .

Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(5): 85-94 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to determine the effects of no-tillage (NT), subsoiling (ST) rotational tillage patterns on soil structure, infiltration and water storage characteristics, the rotational tillage experiments were conducted to study on soil bulk density, aggregate, infiltration rate and water use efficiency in arid areas of southern Ningxia from 2007 to 2010. Tillage treatments comprised NT/ST/NT (no-tillage in first year, subsoiling in second year, again no-tillage in third year), ST/NT/ST (subsoiling in first year, no-tillage in second year, again subsoiling in third year) and CT (conventional tillage in 3 years). The results showed that, compared with CT, the soil bulk density of NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST treatments in 0-60 cm soil layers decreased averagely by 3.5% and 6.2%(P 0.25 mm, DR0.25) in 0-20 cm layer increased averagely by 10.28% (P 20-40 cm soil layer. The water-stable aggregates stability rate (WSAR) of NT/ST/NT treatment in 0-10 cm and >30-40 cm layers increased by 35.1% and 45.8%(P 10-20 cm and >20-30 cm layers. The different rotational tillage patterns significantly enhanced soil infiltration characteristics, improved soil water use efficiency and rainfall use rate; The rainfall infiltration rate of NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST treatment increased averagely by 35.2% and 15.3% (P<0.05), water use efficiency (WUE) increased by 7.2% and 7.7%(P<0.05), precipitation use efficiency (PUE) increased by9.6% and 10.7% (P<0.05) respectively compared with CT.

为了探索免耕与深松隔年轮耕对土壤结构及入渗蓄水性能的影响，2007－2010年在宁南旱区采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松与连年翻耕3种耕作模式，对土壤体积质量、团聚体、入渗率及水分利用效率等方面的影响进行了研究。结果表明：与连年翻耕相比，免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理使0～60 cm各土层土壤体积质量平均降低3.5%、6.2%（P 0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体数量平均分别增加10.3%（P 20～40 cm土层分别平均增加17.2%（P 30～40 cm土层的水稳性团聚体稳定率分别比连年翻耕提高35.1%和45.8%（P 10～20 cm和>20～30 cm土层水稳性团聚体稳定率分别提高101.7%和61.7%（P<0.01）。不同轮耕模式显著增强了土壤的入渗性能，提高对土壤水分的有效利用及降水利用率，免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理降雨入渗率较连年翻耕分别提高35.2%和15.3%（P<0.05），水分利用效率平均提高7.2%和7.7%（P<0.05），降水生产效率平均提高9.6%和10.7%（P<0.05）。

... 研究表明, 2年免耕1年深松能保持较高的入渗率, 增加入渗量和入渗速度, 增强土壤的水分入渗能力, 使土壤的蓄水、保墒能力增强^[41,42] ...

2008

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... 研究表明, 2年免耕1年深松能保持较高的入渗率, 增加入渗量和入渗速度, 增强土壤的水分入渗能力, 使土壤的蓄水、保墒能力增强^[41,42] ...