干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响

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张自常, 李永丰, 杨霞, 陆凡, 邱光, 李建伟. 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(11): 1748-1757
ZHANG Zi-Chang, LI Yong-Feng, YANG Xia, LU Fan, QIU Guang, LI Jian-Wei. Effects of Different Species in Echinochloa on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Rice under Alternate Wetting and Moderate Drying Condition . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(11): 1748-1757 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响

张自常¹, 李永丰^1,^*, 杨霞¹, 陆凡², 邱光², 李建伟²

¹江苏省农业科学院植物保护研究所, 江苏南京210014

² 江苏省苏科农化有限责任公司, 江苏南京210014

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 李永丰, E-mail:Liyongfeng_2010@163.com, Tel: 025-84390821

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:zfe915@163.com

收稿日期:2015-03-16 接受日期:2015-07-20 网络出版日期:2015-08-05

基金:本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303031), 国家自然科学基金项目(31301276)和江苏省农业科技自主创新基金项目SCX(13)3063资助

摘要

以两优培九和南粳9108为试验材料, 自水稻移栽至成熟分别与无芒稗(T1)、稗(T2)、西来稗(T3)和光头稗(T4)共生, 以无稗草水稻处理(CK)为对照, 研究干湿交替灌溉条件下不同稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明, 稗草对水稻产量的干扰因稗草种和水稻品种的不同而异。稗草种间干扰强度表现为T3>T1>T2>T4, 两优培九减产率小于南粳9108。T1、T2、T3和T4处理后两优培九的减产幅度分别为11.16%~13.78%、10.19%~10.60%、19.00%~23.79%和0.50%~1.57%, 除T4外其他处理较对照显著降低; 南粳9108的减产幅度分别为38.44%~45.51%、31.29%~36.86%、54.88%~60.65%和8.28%~15.14%, 均达显著差异。T1、T2和T3处理后对两优培九叶面积指数和叶绿体色素含量无显著影响, 但使南粳9108的叶面积指数降低和叶绿体色素含量增加。4种处理还显著降低了水稻冠层的透光率、剑叶光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度以及干物质积累量。冠层透光率、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和成熟期干物质积累量降低以及灌浆期叶绿体色素含量不同程度增加可能是水稻产量降低的重要原因。

关键词: 水稻; 稗草; 干湿交替灌溉; 产量; 光合特性

Effects of Different Species in Echinochloa on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Grain Yield in Rice under Alternate Wetting and Moderate Drying Condition

ZHANG Zi-Chang¹, LI Yong-Feng^1,^*, YANG Xia¹, LU Fan², QIU Guang², LI Jian-Wei²

¹ Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China

² Suke Agro-chemical of Jiangsu Province Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210014, China

Abstract

In order to investigate the effects of different barnyardgrass species on photosynthetic characteristic and grain yield of rice, two rice cultivars, Liangyoupeijiu (an indicahybrid cultivar) and Nanjing 9108 (a japonica cultivar), were co-cultured with four barnyardgrass species from transplanting to maturity under alternate wetting and moderate drying condition. The treatments were designed as follow: weed free (control), rice with Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis (T1), rice with Echinochloa crusgalli (T2), rice with Echinochloa crusgalivar. zelayensis (T3), and rice with Echinochloa colonum(T4). The results showed that the degree of interference of barnyardgrass on rice yield depended on different barnyardgrass species and rice cultivars. The interference intensity of barnyardgrass was in the order of T3>T1>T2>T4, and grain yield loss rate in Liangyoupeijiu was less than that in Nanjing 9108. T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments respectively reduced 11.16%-13.78%, 10.19%-10.60%, 19.00%-23.79%, and 0.50%-1.57%, for Liangyoupeijiu of the grain yield and 38.44%-45.51%, 31.29%-36.86%, 54.88%-60.65%, and 8.28%-15.14% for Nanjing 9108, T1, T2, and T3 significantly reduced rice grain yield, while the effect of T4 was significant for Nanijng 9108 but not for Liangyoupeijiu when compared with CK. Moreover T1, T2, and T3 had no effects on leaf area index and contents of photosynthetic pigments for Liangyoupeijiu, but Nanjing 9108 significantly reduced leaf area index and increased contents of photosynthetic pigments under the same treatment condition. Furthermore, four treatments significantly reduced rice canopy light transmission, leaf photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, transpiration rate and dry matter accumulation during grain filling stage. The results indicated that the decrease in canopy light transmission, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomata conductance and the increase in some degree in contents of photosynthetic pigments during grain filling stage may contribute to grain yield reduction of rice.

Keyword: Rice; Barnyardgrass; Alternate wetting and moderate drying; Grain yield; Photosynthetic characteristics

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为应对水资源短缺的问题, 国内外稻作科学工作者创建了多种节水灌溉技术如干湿交替灌溉、覆膜旱种、生育中期搁田、无水层种稻、旱育秧等等^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]}, 其中干湿交替灌溉被认为是一种行之有效的灌溉方式。干湿交替灌溉, 是指在水稻生育过程中, 在一段时间里保持水层, 田间水自然落干至土壤不严重干裂再灌水, 再落干, 再灌水, 如此循环^{[6, 7]}。该技术正在我国和东亚的国家如孟加拉国、印度、越南推广应用, 取得了明显的节水效果^[8]。水稻在生长过程中不可避免地受到伴生杂草危害。调查表明, 在亚洲有害生物引起水稻减产平均达37%, 其中杂草引起的损失达21%~23%, 稗草是危害最大的杂草之一^[9]。有关稗草对水稻产量影响的研究已有较多报道^{[10, 11, 12]}。徐正浩等^[10]研究表明, 在无芒稗干扰下, 水稻每穗粒数和千粒重显著降低, 产量减少21.7%。Chauhan和Johnson报道, 1株水稻和4株稗草共生时水稻减产高达86%^[11]。稗草有多个种或变种, 在江苏省发生的稗属杂草共有5种3变种, 其中无芒稗(Echinochloa crusgallivar. mitis)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli crusgalli)、西来稗(Echinochloa crusgalli crusgali var. zelayensis)在稻田中较为常见, 光头稗(Echinochloa crusgalli colonum)也时有发生。干湿交替灌溉技术作为一种高产、优质、节水技术, 已在江苏省各县市示范, 但在该灌溉技术下不同种稗草对水稻产量有何影响, 目前鲜有报道。

干物质积累是作物产量形成的基础, 而光合作用是干物质积累的核心, 也是作物产量形成的主要机制^[13]。近年来有关节水灌溉对作物光合特性的研究已有较多报道, 研究结论尚不完全一致^{[14, 15]}。有的研究表明, 适度的干旱能够提高光合速率, 重度的干旱胁迫降低叶片光合能力^[16], 有的研究结果则是作物遭受干旱胁迫后净光合速率下降, 产量降低^[17]。上述研究主要针对节水灌溉条件下对作物光合特性和产量的影响, 但当伴生稗草存在时在节水灌溉条件下水稻光合特性有何变化, 以及不同种稗草对节水灌溉条件下水稻产量影响有何差异, 目前均缺乏深入系统的报道。为此, 本研究探讨干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对水稻光合特性和产量的影响, 以期为水稻的高产、节水栽培和杂草的综合治理提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与试验地点

2014年分别在江苏省农业科学院玄武区试验田及江苏省农业科学院溧水基地试验田进行试验。供试材料为粳稻南粳9108和杂交籼稻两优培九。试验地前茬为小麦, 土壤质地为白浆土, 溧水基地的耕作层含有机质1.80 g kg^-1、有效氮102.8 mg kg^-1、速效磷34.1 mg kg^-1、速效钾84.3 mg kg^-1; 南京试验田耕作层含有机质1.88 mg kg^-1、有效氮104.3 mg kg^-1、速效磷34.8 mg kg^-1、速效钾85.2 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计

水稻分别与无芒稗、稗、西来稗和光头4种稗属杂草混种, 以无稗草区水稻为对照, 共5个处理, 稗草密度为6株 m^-2。水稻5月12日播种育秧, 秧龄20 d后移栽至大田, 小区面积为15 m², 水稻行、株距分别为20 cm和20 cm, 粳稻双本栽, 杂交籼稻单本栽, 各处理重复4次, 随机设计, 小区间筑埂并用地膜包埂隔离。试验区整田上水当日将4种稗草种分别播于苗盘上, 水稻移栽后当天将发芽的稗草点入各小区内4穴水稻之间, 具体位置为水稻在四角, 稗草点播在对角线的交点, 稗草为1穴1株, 稗草成活后人工拔除自然生长的杂草。

移栽前在每个小区内埋一根PVC管, 埋深为20 cm, PVC管的直径为10 cm, 长为60 cm, 四周等间距打4排孔, 其中两排为距PVC管底端1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15、17和19 cm处打孔, 另两排为2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18和20 cm处打孔, 孔径为0.5 cm。灌水方式如下: (1)从移栽至返青期建立浅水层, 田间保持水层2~3 cm; (2)返青期至有效分蘖临界期, 进行间歇湿润灌溉: 田间灌水层2~3 cm, 然后自然落干至地下水埋深5 cm; 再田间灌水层2~3 cm, 然后自然落干至地下水埋深5 cm; 如此循环; (3)有效分蘖临界期至拔节期搁田: 田间灌溉水层自然落干至地下水埋深20 cm并保持5 d, 然后再灌水, 田间灌水层2~3 cm; (4)拔节至抽穗, 田间灌水层自然落干至土壤地下水埋深15 cm, 灌水2~ 3 cm, 然后落干至地下水埋深15 cm, 灌水2~3 cm, 如此循环; (5)抽穗至抽穗后50 d, 田间水层自然落干至地下水埋深10 cm, 灌水层2~3 cm, 然后自然落干、灌水层2~3 cm, 如此循环; (6)抽穗后50 d至收获, 田间不灌水, 土壤落干。尿素、过磷酸钙(P₂O₅含量13.5%)和氯化钾(K₂O含量60%)的施用量分别为490、750和300 kg hm^-2, 磷肥和钾肥在移栽前作基肥一次施用, 氮肥按基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=6:1:3施用。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 干物质积累和叶面积指数分别于分蘖中期、穗分化始期、抽穗期和成熟期, 从每小区取4穴生长均匀并有代表性的植株, 分茎鞘、叶片和穗, 用Li-3000型自动叶面积仪测定叶片叶面积, 然后105℃杀青, 75℃烘干称重, 每处理重复4次。

1.3.2 光合特性分别于水稻分蘖中期、穗分化始期、抽穗期和灌浆前期、中期和后期, 采用美国LI-COR公司生产的LI-6400便携式光合测定仪测定稻株最上部全展叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。叶室CO₂浓度为380 μ mol mol^-1, 使用红蓝光源, 光量子通量密度(PFD)为1400 μ mol m^-2 s^-1, 温度为28~30℃。

1.3.3 叶绿体色素含量参照高俊凤^[18]等方法测定和计算。用95%乙醇提取叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素, 以756 MC型紫外可见分光光度计, 分别在波长665、649和470 nm处测定吸光度值。

1.3.4 透光率用照度计测定光照强度。

透光率(%)=稻株不同位置的光照强度/稻株上方光照强度× 100%。

1.3.5 考种、计产取成熟期各小区4穴考察每穴穗数、结实率、千粒重和每穗粒数。以各小区实收计产。

1.4 数据分析

采用SPSS 16.0软件统计分析数据, SigmaPlot 10.0绘制图表。由于所测定的主要指标不同地点间差异均不显著, 故所有数据除产量外, 均用两地的平均数表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其产量构成因素

由表1可知, 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对不同水稻品种产量的影响不同。南京试验点两优培九产量在无芒稗(T1)、西来稗(T2)、稗(T3)和光头稗(T4)处理下分别降低13.78%、10.60%、23.79%和0.50%, T1、T2和T3差异显著, T4处理与对照(CK)差异不显著; 南粳9108在T1、T2、T3和T4处理下产量分别降低45.51%、36.86%、60.65%和15.13%, 4种稗草处理均显著降低了产量。两品种间比较, 同种稗草处理下, 粳稻产量下降幅度高于籼稻; 稗属种对水稻的竞争作用从轻到重分别为光头稗、稗、无芒稗和西来稗。从产量构成因素分析, 籼稻品种产量降低主要是因结实率和千粒重显著降低, 粳稻产量降低主要因每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重的显著降低, 不同种稗草的存在对其最终穗数无显著影响。两试验地供试品种表现相似的变化趋势。

表1 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effects of different of barnyardgrasss on grain yield and its components of rice under alternate wetting and drying

2.2 对稗草与水稻相对株高的影响

水稻和稗草共存生时, 相对株高表现为无芒稗、稗和西来稗显著高于两优培九和南粳9108, 光头稗株高显著低于两优培九, 高于南粳9108 (图1)。

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图1 干湿交替灌溉条件下抽穗期稗草和水稻的相对高度
T1: 无芒稗; T2: 稗; T3: 西来稗; T4: 光头稗。Fig. 1 Relative height of barnyardgrass-rice at heading stage under alternate wetting and drying condition
T1: Echinochloa crusgalli var.mitis; T2: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgalli; T3: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgali var. zelayensis; T4: Echinochloa crusgalli colonum.

2.3 不同种稗草对水稻-稗草共生群体透光率的影响

不同种稗草与水稻共生过程中, 距地面不同高度的透光率因品种表现不同。在距地面20~80 cm条件下, 各处理间两优培九的透光率无显著差异, 距地面110 cm时, T1、T2和T3处理的透光率显著降低, T4与CK (对照)无显著差异, 距地面140 cm时, T1、T2和T4处理的透光率与对照差异不显著, T3处理的透光率显著低于对照。在距地面20~50 cm时, 各处理间的透光率无显著差异, 距地面80~110 cm时, T1、T2和T3处理的透光率显著低于对照, 距地面140 cm时, T3处理的透光率显著低于对照, 其他处理与对照差异不显著(图2)。

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图2 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草对透光率的影响
T1: 无芒稗; T2: 稗; T3: 西来稗; T4: 光头稗。Fig. 2 Effects of different of barnyardgrass on light transmission rate of rice under alternate wetting and drying
T1: Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis; T2:Echinochloa crusgalli crusgalli; T3: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgali var. zelayensis; T4: Echinochloa crusgalli colonum.

2.4 不同种稗草对水稻光合特性的影响

干湿交替灌溉条件下不同种稗草处理后两水稻品种最新全展叶光合特性表现不同(图3-A~F)。不同稗草处理后, 两优培九在分蘖中期和穗分化始期各处理最新全展叶光合速率与对照无显著差异, 在抽穗期和灌浆期T3处理显著降低了水稻剑叶光合速率, T1和T2在抽穗期与对照无显著差异, 但在灌浆期光合速率显著降低, 而T4处理在各个主要水稻生育期叶片光合速率与对照无显著差异(图3-A); 不同种稗草处理后南粳9108光合速率表现略有不同, 在分蘖中期各处理的光合速率均与对照差异不显著, 自穗分化始期至灌浆期T3处理显著降低光合速率, T1和T2处理则是从抽穗期起显著降低水稻光合速率(图3-B)。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的变化与光合速率变化趋势一致(图3-C~F)。

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图3 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同稗草对水稻光合特性的影响
CK: 无稗; T1: 无芒稗; T2: 稗; T3: 西来稗; T4: 光头稗; MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; GF: 灌浆期。Fig. 3 Effects of different barnyardgrasss on leaf photosynthetic characteristics of rice under alternate wetting and drying
CK: barnyardgrass free; T1:Echinochloa crusgallivar.mitis; T2: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgalli; T3: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgali var. zelayensis; T4:Echinochloa crusgalli colonum; MT: mid-tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading; GF: grain filling.

2.5 不同种稗草对水稻叶绿体色素含量的影响

T1、T2、T3和T4处理中两优培九叶片的叶绿素a含量呈增加的趋势, 但与对照无显著差异。不同稗草种与南粳9108共生对分蘖中期、穗分化始期和抽穗期水稻叶片中叶绿体色素a无显著影响, 但在灌浆期, T1、T2和T3均显著增加叶绿素a含量。叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素变化与叶绿素a表现相似的变化趋势(图4-A~F)。

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图4 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同稗草对水稻叶片叶绿体色素含量的影响
CK: 无稗; T1: 无芒稗; T2: 稗; T3: 西来稗; T4: 光头稗; MT: 分蘖中期; PI: 穗分化始期; HD: 抽穗期; GF: 灌浆期。Fig. 4 Effects of different of barnyardgrass on leaf chloroplast pigment content of rice under alternate wetting and drying
CK: barnyardgrass free; T1:Echinochloa crusgallivar. mitis; T2: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgalli; T3: Echinochloa crusgalli crusgali var. zelayensis; T4:Echinochloa crusgalli colonum; MT: mid-tillering; PI: panicle initiation; HD: heading; GF: grain filling.

2.6 对水稻干物质积累和叶面积指数的影响

干湿交替灌溉条件下不同稗草对水稻不同时期干物重的积累量影响不同(表2)。不同种稗草对两优培九分蘖中期和穗分化始期干物重无显著影响, 在抽穗期和成熟期T1、T2和T3处理的干物质积累量显著降低, T4与对照差异不显著; 对于南粳9108, T3处理显著降低了穗分化始期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物重, T1、T2和T4显著降低了抽穗期和成熟期的干物重, 其他时期与对照差异不显著。稗草对水稻的干扰表现为T3> T1> T2> T4, 两优培九受干扰程度小于南粳9108。

表2 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同处理种对水稻干物质积累量 Table 2 Dry matter accumulation of rice in different treatments under alternate wetting and drying (t hm^-2)

干湿交替灌溉条件下, 不同种稗草对两优培九分蘖中期、穗分化始期和抽穗期的叶面积指数无显著影响; 而南粳9108, 在分蘖中期、穗分化始期各处理间叶面积指数无显著差异, 在抽穗期, T1、T2和T3处理分别降低9.61%、8.58%、13.61%和2.37%, T1、T2和T3处理与对照差异显著, T4处理与对照差异不显著(表3)。

表3 干湿交替灌溉条件下不同处理水稻的叶面积指数 Table 3 LAI of rice in different trentments under alternate wetting and drying

3 讨论

采用干湿交替灌溉能够保持较高的水稻产量甚至改善稻米品质、提高氮肥利用效率^{[16, 19, 20]}, 但稻田的干干湿湿也促进了稻田杂草种的萌发。方荣杰^[21]和朱文达^[22]研究表明, 节水灌溉条件下杂草总量与淹灌条件下相比差别不显著, 但稻田中一些旱生或半旱生杂草获得了生长空间, 特别是稗草数量明显增多, 水稻产量也随稗草密度的增加而降低。稗草有不同种和变种, 其中无芒稗、西来稗和稗在稻田中尤为常见, 光头稗也时有发生。干湿交替灌溉作为一种高产节水栽培措施被广泛应用, 但在此灌溉方式下不同种稗草对水稻产量有何影响, 目前鲜有报道。本研究表明不同种稗草对水稻产量的干扰存在明显的差异, 干扰程度表现为T3> T1> T2> T4。T1、T2和T3处理均显著降低了水稻产量, T4对两优培九产量无显著影响, 但显著降低了南粳9108的产量。T1、T2、T3和T4处理下两优培九的减产幅度分别为11.46%~13.78%、10.18%~10.60%、19.00%~23.79%和0.50%~1.57%, 南粳9108的减产率分别为38.43%~45.51%、31.29%~36.86%、54.88%~60.65%和8.28%~15.14%。在常规灌溉条件(农民习惯灌溉)下T1、T2、T3和T4对两优培九产量降低幅度分别为1.80%~5.28%、1.17%~1.90%、7.22%~12.46%、1.69%~ 2.97%, 对南粳9108的影响为30.09%~35.85%、20.26%~30.17%、42.54%~49.59%、6.28%~12.71%。采用干湿交替灌溉后, 相同处理下T1、T2和T3水稻产量较常规灌溉下呈降低趋势, 籼稻品种两优培九减产幅度较小, 南粳9108产量降低幅度较为明显, 分别达到了12.56%~14.58%、10.36%~13.23%和18.44%~ 24.94%。本课题组在以往的杂草调查中发现, 水稻移栽后1~2 d, 浅水层灌溉方式下如干湿交替灌溉条件下稻田即进入出草高峰期。因此, 干湿交替灌溉条件下如何在早期有效控制稻田尤其是粳稻田中稗草的发生有待进一步深入系统研究。

株高在水稻和稗草竞争中发挥着重要作用, 相对较高的植物更易捕获光照。本研究表明, 不同种稗草与水稻株高存在明显差异, T1、T2和T3的株高均显著高于两优培九和南粳9108, T4株高低于两优培九, 但高于南粳9108 (图1)。相对较高的稗草利于其对光的捕获, 使稗草选择性吸收红光, 反射远红光, 导致周围水稻吸收远红光量增加和红光、远红光吸收比率降低。红光、远红光吸收比率的降低引起叶片一系列的生理反应如光敏色素A和光敏色素B的转变、气孔的发育及闭合, 以及乙烯的合成等^{[23, 24]}。另外, 较高的株高还可能对邻近植物遮阴, 使邻近植物光合速率降低、叶面积减小、干物质积累下降。本研究表明, 当T1、T2或T3与水稻共生时降低了灌浆期水稻冠层(80~110 cm)的透光率, 产生了“ 遮阴” 现象, T3显著降低了两优培九抽穗期叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率, 其他几种稗草处理与对照无显著差异, T1、T2和T3显著降低了灌浆期上述光合特性指标; 对于南粳9108, T3处理在穗分化始期已显著降低最新全展叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率, T1、T2和T4则在灌浆期降低光合上述指标。表明稗草对水稻的遮阴严重, 尤其南粳9108 (粳稻)受干扰时间早、遮阴程度严重, 导致水稻灌浆期功能叶气孔导度、光合速率以及蒸腾速率全面弱化、紊乱、衰变, 影响了水稻的生长发育, 致使水稻叶面积指数、干物质积累量和产量降低。在与常规灌溉条件下对比中发现, 相同稗草种处理相比, 采用干湿交替灌溉后加剧了光合速率、干物质积累量的降低, 不同处理以T3降低幅度最大(数据未列出)。

叶绿素是参与光能吸收、传递和转化的重要色素, 叶片的光合速率与叶绿素含量有密切的关系。叶绿素a主要是将汇聚的光能转化为化学能, 进行光化学反应, 叶绿素b主要的功能则是收集光能^{[25, 26]}。本研究表明干湿交替灌溉条件下, 不同种稗草对不同类型水稻叶绿体色素含量的影响不同。对两优培九(籼稻)叶绿体色素含量无显著影响, 而粳稻南粳9108受T1、T2和T3处理干扰后显著增加了灌浆期剑叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量。稻-稗共生后水稻叶片叶绿素含量增加, 有利于叶片收集光能、吸收弱光环境下漫射光中的蓝紫光, 是对稗草胁迫下的一种生态适应性。

4 结论

干湿交替灌溉条件下稗草对水稻的干扰因水稻品种和稗草种的不同而异。T1、T2和T3均显著降低了籼稻两优培九和粳稻南粳9108的产量, T4处理对两优培九产量无显著影响, 但显著降低了南粳9108的产量。4种稗草对水稻产量的干扰程度表现为T3> T1> T2> T4, 籼稻减产率小于粳稻。不同稗草处理后水稻灌浆期透光率、光合速率、气孔导度和成熟期干物质积累量降低以及叶绿体色素不同程度增加可能是水稻减产的重要原因。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2013

0.0

... 为应对水资源短缺的问题, 国内外稻作科学工作者创建了多种节水灌溉技术如干湿交替灌溉、覆膜旱种、生育中期搁田、无水层种稻、旱育秧等等^[1,2,3,4,5], 其中干湿交替灌溉被认为是一种行之有效的灌溉方式 ...

2003

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1997

0.0

2005

0.0

2001

0.0

2005

0.0

... 干湿交替灌溉, 是指在水稻生育过程中, 在一段时间里保持水层, 田间水自然落干至土壤不严重干裂再灌水, 再落干, 再灌水, 如此循环^[6,7] ...

2004

0.0

... 干湿交替灌溉, 是指在水稻生育过程中, 在一段时间里保持水层, 田间水自然落干至土壤不严重干裂再灌水, 再落干, 再灌水, 如此循环^[6,7] ...

2007

0.0

... 该技术正在我国和东亚的国家如孟加拉国、印度、越南推广应用, 取得了明显的节水效果^[8] ...

2012

0.0

方长旬, 许铁城, 黄力坤, 王清水, 何海斌, 林文雄. 水稻品种“Lemont”响应低氮培养及共培稗草的上调表达基因分析. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20: 1185-1190

Fang C

, Xu T

, Huang L

, Wang Q

, He H

, Lin W

Analysis of up-regulating of “lemont” rice accdssion in response to low nitrogen supply and accompanying barngardgrass.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012, 20: 1185-1190 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Nutrient deficiency and the accompanying weeds are generally the influencing factors of rice growth. In this research, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to investigate up-regulating genes in non-allelopathic "Lemont" rice accession respectively in response to low nitrogen condition and accompanying barnyardgrass. The results showed that genes encoding auxin-responsive protein which involved in plant growth and cell cycle regulation, NBS-LRR-like protein, catalase, metallothionein-like protein that involved in stress resistance, and protein metabolism relevant genes were up-regulated under low nitrogen condition. When rice was accompanied with barnyardgrass, genes encode NADH dehydrogenase, ATP-dependent RNA helicase and cytochrome oxidase that relative to plant growth and cell cycle regulation, RING finger family protein and two-component sensor histidine kinase relative to signal transduction, chitinase and glycosyl hydrolases relative to rice resistance were increased expression. The findings suggested that rice survived in low nitrogen supply or barnyardgrass competition by increased expression levels of various genes related with enhancement of resistance and plant growth regulation.

营养匮乏和伴生杂草是水稻种植过程中的常见影响因素。本研究应用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术, 分别研究低氮、稗草条件下, 非化感水稻品种"Lemont"的上调表达基因。结果显示, 低氮条件下, "Lemont"水稻中参与生长调控的生长素响应蛋白, 参与抗逆防御的类NBS-LRR蛋白、过氧化氢酶、金属硫因蛋白, 以及参与蛋白质代谢相关蛋白的编码基因上调表达。稗草共培下, 编码NADH脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶、ATP依赖性RNA解旋酶等与植物生长相关的基因, 与抗逆防御相关的几丁质酶和糖基水解酶基因, 以及与信号转导相关的锌指蛋白及组氨酸激酶基因增强表达。研究结果表明, 非化感水稻"Lemont"能够通过调节抗逆以及生长调节相关基因的表达, 从而响应不同的胁迫。

... 调查表明, 在亚洲有害生物引起水稻减产平均达37%, 其中杂草引起的损失达21%~23%, 稗草是危害最大的杂草之一^[9] ...

2013

0.0

徐正浩, 谢国雄, 周宇杰, 高屾. 三种栽植方式下不同株型和化感特性水稻对无芒稗的干扰控制作用. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 537-548

Xu Z

, Xie G

, Zhou Y

, Gao

Interference of rice with different morphological types and allelopathy on barnyardgrass under three planting patterns.

Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 537-548 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The interference effects of 17 rice materials with different morphological and allelopathic characteristics on Echinochloa crus - galli were studied using split-split plot experiment design. Three common rice planting patterns including water direct seeding, small rice seedling transplanting and big rice seedling transplanting were designed as main treatment, and two weeding inoculations, barnyardgrass mixture transplanting and without barnyardgrass as split treatment, and 17 rice materials as split-split treatment. The results showed that direct seeding and small seedling transplanting treatments had better inhibitory effects on plant height, tiller ability and dry weight of barnyardgrass compared with big seedling transplanting treatment. The rice with advantageous morphological and allelopathic characteristics could suppress barnyardgrass effectively. With 30 plants per square meter of barnyardgrass interference competition, the rice yield under three different planting patterns was not significantly different, with 21.73% of reduction due to weed interference. On the other hand, the allelopathic rice materials Xiayitiao, IR644-1-63-1-1 and Gumei 2 controlled barnyardgrass effectively, remaining relatively better rice yield in spite of weed infestation. Barnyardgrass competition restrained rice growth, especially in direct seeding treatment. Under such circumstances, the rice plant height, tillering ability and dry weight in most growth phases of direct seeding treatment were worse than those of transplanting treatments. The effects of weed competition on rice agronomic traits were quite different. Allelopathic rice material Xiayitiao had better tillering ability in tiller stage, and higher plant height and dry weight at most growth stages. Weed infestation could not affect the rice ultimat plant height, but influence rice tillering ability, stem and panicle dry weight remarkably. Weed competition did not change grain weight significantly under three rice planting patterns. The grain weight per rice plant in transplanting treatments was significantly greater than that in direct seeding. The panicle length, total panicle number, setting number and seed setting percentage were also notably larger than those in direct seeding. Both panicle number and setting number of allelopathic rice materials Gumei 2, IR644-1-63-1-1, TN1, and PI312777 were smaller. Although panicle number of allelopathic rice Xiayitiao was smaller, the seed setting percentage was quite higher. Rice materials Zhongzao 27, Zhe 207, Zhe 101, and Zhongzao 22 had higher 1000-grain weight. The 1000-grain weight of allelopathic rice Gumei 2 was significantly larger than those of IR644-1-63-1-1, TN1, and PI312777. The grain weight of Zhe 101, Zhe 207 and Zhongzao 22 was higher; meanwhile, the grain weight of allelopathic rice 156 was significantly larger than that of Gumei 2, Xiayitiao, IR644-1-63-1-1, TN1, and PI312777.

以直播、小苗移栽和大苗移栽 3 种栽植方式为主处理，接种和不接种稗草为裂区处理， 17 份不同株型和化感特性水稻材料为再裂区处理，设计了对无芒稗干扰控制田间试验。结果表明，直播和小苗移栽对无芒稗株高、分蘖和干重有较好的抑制作用，优势株型和化感特性水稻对无芒稗具有较好的干扰控制作用。在 30 株 m -2 无芒稗的竞争干扰下， 3 种栽植方式间水稻产量差异不显著，杂草竞争干扰使水稻减产 21.73% ，化感作用水稻吓一跳、 IR644-1-63-1-1 、谷梅 2 号对稗草竞争力强，仍具一定产量水平。无芒稗竞争干扰对直播水稻株高、分蘖和植株干重影响大，与移栽水稻的差异显著。杂草干扰对供试水稻材料的农艺性状产生不同影响，水稻化感种质吓一跳中期分蘖强、植株高、干重大。无芒稗竞争干扰对成熟水稻株高无影响，但对分蘖、植株茎秆和穗干重差异显著。杂草竞争对 3 种种植方式的水稻千粒重无显著影响，但单株谷粒重以大苗移栽显著大于直播，移栽水稻的穗型较大，每穗总颖花数、每穗实粒数和结实率显著大于直播水稻。化感作用水稻谷梅 2 号、 IR644-1-63-1-1 、 TN1 和 PI312777 每穗颖花数不高、每穗实粒数少，化感作用水稻吓一跳每穗颖花数不高，但结实率高。水稻材料中早 27 、早籼浙 207 、早籼浙 101 、中早 22 等拥有较高的千粒重，化感作用水稻谷梅 2 号的千粒重显著高于 IR644-1-63-1-1 、 TN1 和 PI312777 。早籼浙 101 、早籼浙 207 和中早 22 等拥有较高的单株谷粒重，化感作用水稻中 156 的单株谷粒重显著高于谷梅 2 号、吓一跳、 IR644-1-63-1-1 、 TN1 和 PI312777 。

... 有关稗草对水稻产量影响的研究已有较多报道^[10,11,12] ...

... 徐正浩等^[10]研究表明, 在无芒稗干扰下, 水稻每穗粒数和千粒重显著降低, 产量减少21 ...

2010

0.0

... 有关稗草对水稻产量影响的研究已有较多报道^[10,11,12] ...

... Chauhan和Johnson报道, 1株水稻和4株稗草共生时水稻减产高达86%^[11] ...

2014

0.0

张自常, 李永丰, 张彬, 杨霞. 稗属杂草对水稻生长发育和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25: 3177-3184

Zhang Z

, Li Y

, Zhang

, Yang

Influence of weeds in Echinochloa on growth and yield of rice.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25: 3177-3184 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 有关稗草对水稻产量影响的研究已有较多报道^[10,11,12] ...

1999

0.0

李少昆, 赵明, 许启风, 王树安, 王玉萍, 王美云, 王崇桃, 曹连莆. 我国常用玉米自交系光合特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 1999, 32(2): 53-59

Li S

, Zhao

, Xu Q

, Wang S

, Wang Y

, Wang M

, Wang C

, Cao L

A study on photosynthetic rates of inbred lines extensively used in China.

Sci Agric Sin, 1999, 32(2): 53-59 (in Chinese with English abstract)

捶要对我国M 个省, 市(区n32 份玉米自交系资源叶片光合特性的研究表明1 在同一测定条件下自交系内各单株光合速率的变异系数集中在3%~ 跚%, 而自交系闻的为2 也滤%, 经方差分析玉米盲交系问光合速率存在极显著差异= 我国目前常用1 驼铃自交系光合

... 干物质积累是作物产量形成的基础, 而光合作用是干物质积累的核心, 也是作物产量形成的主要机制^[13] ...

2006

0.0

程建平, 曹凑贵, 蔡明历, 汪金平, 原保忠, 王建漳, 郑传举. 不同灌溉方式对水稻生物学特性与水分利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 1859-1865

Cheng J

, Cao C

, Cai M

, Wang J

, Yuan B

, Wang J

, Zheng C

Effects of different irrigation modes on biological characteristics and water use efficiency of paddy rice.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 1859-1865 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With hybrid rice cultivar Liangyou Peijiu as test material, this paper studied its biological characteristics and water use efficiency under effects of four irrigation modes. Compared with continuous flooding irrigation, intermittent irrigation increased the leaf area index, photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, and decreased the leaf transpiration rate. Semi-dry cultivation increased the leaf water use efficiency, while dry cultivation decreased the leaf area index, photosynthetic rate, and water use efficiency, and induced the leaf senescence in later growth period. Under intermittent irrigation, semi-dry cultivation and dry cultivation, the water consumption of paddy rice was 8.75%, 17.96% and 29.69% lower, and its grain yield was 24.02% higher but 5.07% and 38.93% lower than that under continuous flooding irrigation, respectively. The water use efficiency was the highest under intermittent irrigation, relatively high under semi-dry cultivation, but relatively low under continuous flooding irrigation and dry cultivation. Compared with other irrigation modes, intermittent irrigation increased the milled rice rate, head rice rate and grain length, while decreased the chalky rice and chalkiness. With the reduction of water consumption, the amylose content of rice grain decreased, but the gel consistency and protein content increased. Intermittent irrigation could be a favorable irrigation mode for the paddy rice planting in Southern China.

以杂交水稻两优培九为试验材料,利用测坑栽培条件，比较了4种灌溉方式下的水稻生物学特性与水分利用效率.结果表明，与淹水灌溉相比，间歇灌溉叶面积指数大，叶片光合速率高，蒸腾速率较低，叶片水分利用效率高；半干旱栽培叶片水分利用效率相对较高；干旱栽培叶面积指数小，叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低，且后期叶片早衰.间歇灌溉、半干旱栽培和干旱栽培比淹水灌溉分别节水8.75%、17.96%和29.69%；产量分别增产24.02%、减产5.07%和减产38.93%；水分利用效率以间歇灌溉最高，半干旱栽培次之，淹水灌溉和干旱栽培较低.间歇灌溉下稻粒的整精米率、精米率、粒长均高于其它处理，但垩白粒率和垩白度低于其它处理；随着稻田耗水量的减少，水稻的直链淀粉含量降低，而胶稠度和蛋白质含量提高.试验结果表明间歇灌溉为南方稻区较适宜的灌溉方式.

... 近年来有关节水灌溉对作物光合特性的研究已有较多报道, 研究结论尚不完全一致^[14,15] ...

2007

0.0

邵玺文, 刘红丹, 杜震宇, 杨晶, 孟繁霞, 马景勇. 不同时期水分处理对水稻生长及产量的影响. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21: 193-196

Shao X

, Liu H

, Du Z

, Yang

, Meng F

, Ma J

Effects of water disposal on growth and yield of rice.

J Soil Water Conserv, 2007, 21: 193-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To study the effects of water disposal on the growth and yield of rice,the method of the pot culture was adopted in this experiment,and three levels were designed in tillering stage,booting stage,blooming stage and milk stage of rice.Comparing with the treatment of keeping water flooding,there were three other treatment.Treatment H1,soil water potential was 0 kPa(90%~100% of soil saturation contains water);treatment H2,soil water potential was-30 kPa;treatment H3,soil water potential was-50 kPa.The results showed that in tillering stage the effects of water stress on tillering number,LAI,and plant height of rice were evident,the yield was seriously affected with no enough effective panicles in unit area,and the average yield of the treated was 29.5% lower than that of the control.In booting stage,owing to water stress on rice,the rice tillering panicles was restrained,the yield was seriously affected because there were not enough effective panicles in unit area,and fewer of the grains of panicle and light of weight of 1000-grain.The average effective panicles of the treated was 26.7% lower than that of the control,the average yield of the treated was 63.8% lower than that of the control.In blooming stage,1000-grain weight of treatment H1 was 12.9 % higher than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01),the yield of treatment H1 was higher than that of the control,the yield of treatment H2 and treatment H3 was lower than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01).In milking stage,1000-grain weight of treatment H1 was 11.2 % higher than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01),the yield of treatment H1 was 12.76% higher than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.05).

为了研究水分胁迫处理对水稻生长及产量的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期进行水分胁迫处理,设3个处理水平,处理H 1土壤水势为0（土壤饱和含水量90%-100%）,处理H2土壤水势-30 kPa,处理H3土壤水势-50 kPa,保水层作对照（CK）。结果表明,分蘖期水分胁迫影响水稻分蘖数、LA I和株高,导致单位面积有效穗数不足而严重影响产量,处理平均产量比对照低29.5%;孕穗期水分胁迫影响水稻库容的建立,穗小、穗粒数少、千粒重低而严重影响产量,处理平均有效穗数比对照少26.7%,处理平均产量比对照低63.8%;开花期千粒重处理H 1比CK高12.9%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）,产量处理H1高于CK,处理H2和处理H3产量均低于CK,差异极显著（P〈0.01）;灌浆期处理H1千粒重比CK高11.2%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）,产量处理H1比CK高12.76%,差异显著（P〈0.05）。

... 近年来有关节水灌溉对作物光合特性的研究已有较多报道, 研究结论尚不完全一致^[14,15] ...

2008

0.0

... 有的研究表明, 适度的干旱能够提高光合速率, 重度的干旱胁迫降低叶片光合能力^[16], 有的研究结果则是作物遭受干旱胁迫后净光合速率下降, 产量降低^[17] ...

... 3 讨论采用干湿交替灌溉能够保持较高的水稻产量甚至改善稻米品质、提高氮肥利用效率^[16,19,20], 但稻田的干干湿湿也促进了稻田杂草种的萌发 ...

2003

0.0

1996

0.0

... 3 叶绿体色素含量参照高俊凤^[18]等方法测定和计算 ...

2012

0.0

... 3 讨论采用干湿交替灌溉能够保持较高的水稻产量甚至改善稻米品质、提高氮肥利用效率^[16,19,20], 但稻田的干干湿湿也促进了稻田杂草种的萌发 ...

2013

0.0

... 3 讨论采用干湿交替灌溉能够保持较高的水稻产量甚至改善稻米品质、提高氮肥利用效率^[16,19,20], 但稻田的干干湿湿也促进了稻田杂草种的萌发 ...

2001

0.0

方荣杰. 非充分灌溉条件下稻田生态环境影响. 节水灌溉, 2001, (5): 35-37

Fang R

The effect of deficit irrigation conditions on ecological environment of paddy field.

Watet Saving Irrig, 2001, (5): 35-37 (in Chinese)

本文以水稻非充分灌溉试验的大量实测资料为基础,分析比较了不同水分条件下水稻田间养分特征、病虫害发生情况、田间杂草生长及变化和小气候条件等,并对稻田生态系统内主要环境因素随田面水层状况的变化规律及原因进行了初步研究.研究结果对于探讨既能节水,又能改善稻田生态环境的水稻灌溉制度具有重要意义.

... 方荣杰^[21]和朱文达^[22]研究表明, 节水灌溉条件下杂草总量与淹灌条件下相比差别不显著, 但稻田中一些旱生或半旱生杂草获得了生长空间, 特别是稗草数量明显增多, 水稻产量也随稗草密度的增加而降低 ...

2005

0.0

朱文达. 稗对水稻生长和产量性状的影响及其经济阈值. 植物保护学报, 2005, 32: 81-86

Zhu W

Influence of barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crusgalli, on the growth and yield of paddy rice and its economic threshold.

Acta Phytophy Sin, 2005, 32: 81-86 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The occurrence and infestation of barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv., in paddy fields constitutes a major threat in rice production. To determine the influence of barnyardgrass on the growth of paddy rice and its economic infestation level, additive series experiment and curve fit were adopted to study the change of rice yield characters under different density of barnyardgrass. The results showed that with the interference of barnyardgrass, the tillers, effective spikes, 1000-grain weight and yield of paddy rice decreased gradually as the weed density increased. The exponential regression model y =b e a x was relatively better for describing the relationship between barnyardgrass density and rice tillers ( y=493.74e -0.0164x , P , effective spikes ( y=437.2e -0.0165x , P and 1000-grain weight ( y=21.876e -0.0006x , P while logarithmic regression model y= aLn x +b was the best for rice yield ( y= -1250.4Ln x+6375.4, P or yield loss ( y=18.844 Ln x+3.9182, P When herbicide such as acetochlor+bensulfuron-methyl, butachlor, molinate or quinclorac was used to control barnyardgrass in paddy fields, the economic infestation level for barnyardgrass was 0.71%-1.10% and the economic threshold was about 0.85 plant/m 2 .

稗 Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv.在稻田的发生危害对水稻生产造成了严重威胁。为明确稗对水稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻各产量性状的变化规律。研究结果表明,水稻在稗的竞争干扰下,植株的分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低。指数模型 y =b e a x 可以较好地拟合稗对水稻分蘖数(y=493.74e -0.0164x ,P -0.0165x ,P -0.0006x ,P =aLn x +b拟合稗与水稻产量 ( y=-1250.4 Ln x+6375.4,P Ln x+3.9182,P 2 左右。

2009

0.0

... 红光、远红光吸收比率的降低引起叶片一系列的生理反应如光敏色素A和光敏色素B的转变、气孔的发育及闭合, 以及乙烯的合成等^[23,24] ...

2011

0.0

... 红光、远红光吸收比率的降低引起叶片一系列的生理反应如光敏色素A和光敏色素B的转变、气孔的发育及闭合, 以及乙烯的合成等^[23,24] ...

2006

0.0

李伟, 曹坤芳. 干旱胁迫对不同光环境下的三叶漆幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响. 西北植物学报, 2006, 26: 266-275

, Cao K

Effects of drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in seedings of Terminthia paniculata grown under different light level.

Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2006, 26: 266-275 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以2年生三叶漆(Terminthia paniculata)幼苗为实验材料,研究了生长于全自然光和遮荫条件(光强相当于自然光强的50%)下幼苗的光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数对不同土壤水分条件的响应,探讨了其对干旱和强光胁迫的生理适应机制.结果表明,叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶水势(Ψ)、最大光合速率 (Pmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光合色素含量都随干旱胁迫的加剧而下降.Pmax、AQY、Rd和比叶重(LMA)随光强的增加而升高,色素含量则随光强升高而降低.Chla/b、Car/Chl随干旱程度和光强的增加有升高的趋势.PSⅡ的最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学量子效率(ФPSⅡ)在日间光较强时明显降低,说明发生了光抑制.电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随日间光强的增大而升高,表明三叶漆可能通过增强光呼吸和热耗散抵御光抑制、保护光合机构.二元方差分析表明,水分和光强具有明显的交互作用.全自然光下严重干旱的幼苗仍有较高的Pmax(9.65 μmol·m-2·s-1),说明三叶漆对干旱和强光具有极强的适应能力,这也是其成为干热河谷植被优势种的重要原因.

... 叶绿素a主要是将汇聚的光能转化为化学能, 进行光化学反应, 叶绿素b主要的功能则是收集光能^[25,26] ...

2013

0.0

崔海岩, 勒立斌, 李波, 赵斌, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 张吉旺. 大田遮阴对夏玉米光合特性和叶黄素循环的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 478-485

Cui H

, Jin L

, Li

, Zhao

, Dong S

, Liu

, Zhang J

Effects of shading on photosynthetic characteristics and xanthophyll cycle of summer maize in the field.

Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 478-485 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading on photosynthetic characteristic and xanthophyll cycle of summer maize. One non-shading treatment was used as control and three shading treatments with a shading degree of 60% were designed in growing period ranging from tasseling to maturity (S1), from jointing to tasseling stage (S2) and whole growing period (S3), respectively. Two cultivars Zhengdan 958 and Zhenjie 2 were used as experimental materials. Results showed that grain yield decreased significantly under shading condition. Effects of different shading treatments on grain yield showed S3 > S1 > S2, and there was a yield reduction of 96.87% and 90.78% for Zhengdan 958 and Zhenjie 2 in S3. Compared with CK, photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( T r ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), chlorophyll content decreased and the intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) increased at first and then decreased, with the rame tendency for two maize cultivars. The stomatal factor and the non-stomata factor had double impacts decreasing photosynthesis. The actual photo-chemical efficiency ( Φ PSII ), the xanthophyll cycle pool (A+Z+V) and the de-epoxidation extent of xanthophyll cycle (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) increased, and the maximal photochemical efficiency ( F v /F m ) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased. In other words, in a long time shading, the distribution of sunlight captured by leaves changed and the start of the xanthophyll cycle promoted the heat dissipation of excess light energy. Meanwhile, the ratio of the energy of photosynthetic electron transport to the absorbed light reduced. Finally, the (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) and NPQ increased rapidly in early days after ceasing shading, showing that leaves adapted shading are sensitive to normal illumination in initial stage of light recovery and the enhancement of xanthophyll cycle restrains the damage of photosynthetic structure by sunlight .

以郑单 958 和振杰 2 号为试验材料，大田条件下设置花粒期遮阴 (S1) 、穗期遮阴 (S2) 、全生育期遮阴 (S3) 3 个处理，遮光度为 60% ，以自然光照为对照，研究遮阴对夏玉米光合特性和叶黄素循环的影响。结果表明，遮阴后夏玉米产量显著降低，且遮阴时期对产量的影响表现为 S3>S1>S2 ，郑单 958 和振杰 2 号的 S3 分别减产 96.87% 和 90.78% 。遮阴后叶片的光合速率 ( P n ) 、蒸腾速率 ( T r ) 、气孔导度 ( G s ) 、叶绿体色素含量显著降低，胞间 CO 2 浓度 ( C i ) 较同期对照先降低后升高，即叶片光合作用的降低受到气孔与非气孔因素双重影响， 2 个供试品种变化一致。遮阴期间光合电子传递量子效率 ( Ф PSII ) 降低，原初光能转换效率 ( F v /F m ) 和非光化学猝灭 (NPQ) 显著升高，叶黄素循环库 (A+Z+V) 和脱环化状态 (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) 升高，即在长期遮阴条件下叶片捕获的光能分配发生了变化，光合电子传递的能量占吸收光能的比例降低，叶黄素循环的启动辅助过剩光能的热耗散。遮阴结束初期 (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) 和 NPQ 迅速升高，说明光恢复初期叶片对弱光适应后的自然光照比较敏感，叶黄素循环增强抑制强光对光合机构的破坏。

... 叶绿素a主要是将汇聚的光能转化为化学能, 进行光化学反应, 叶绿素b主要的功能则是收集光能^[25,26] ...